Academic literature on the topic 'Zánětlivá reakce'

Eis, V., Luckow, B., Vielhauer, V., Sireke, J., Linde, Y., Segerer, S., Perez de Lema, G., Cohen, C. D., Kretzler, M., Mack, M., Horuk, R., Murphy, P. M., Gao, J.-L., Hudkins, K. L., Alpers, C. E., Gröne, H.-J., Schlöndorff, D., Anders, H.-J.: Chemokine receptor CCR1 but not CCR5 mediates leukocyte recruitment and subsequent renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol, 15, 2004; 2: 337-347. We examined the role of chemokine receptor CCR1 and CCR5 in renal inflammatory infiltrate and subsequent interstitial fibrosis. Unilateral ureteral obstruction model in mice deficient for CCR1 or CCR5 was used for experiments. Analysis of UUO kidneys from CCR1-deficient mice or BX471 treated mice revealed a reduction of interstitial macrophages and lymphocytes compared with wild type controls. In contrast, renal leukocytes and fibrosis were unaffected in CCR5-deficient mice with UUO. Interstitial fibroblasts, renal TGF-β1 mRNA expression, interstitial volume and collagen I depositions were significantly reduced in CCR1-deficient mice. Lack of CCR5 does not affect renal fibrosis after UUO. Thus, CCR1 but not CCR5 is required for leukocyte recruitment and fibrosis after UUO in mice. Anders, H.-J., Belemezova, E., Eis, V., Segerer, S., Vielhauer, V., Perez de Lema, G., Kretzler, M., Cohen, C. D.,...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a heterogenous population of multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from various tissues of adult organism. Due to their immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, cytoprotective and differentiation capabilities, MSC hold a great promise for treatment of many inflammatory diseases and for use in regenerative medicine. We aimed to analyze the therapeutic effect of MSC in a model of skin transplantation. In our research, nanofiber scaffolds were used for application of MSC. Allogeneic skin grafts were transplanted from C57BL/6 mice to BALB/c mice and they were subsequently covered with nanofiber scaffolds prepared from poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) by the original needleless electrospun Nanospider technology. Some animals remained untreated, others were treated by specific therapies that combined usage of nanofiber scaffolds with cultivated MSC and nanofiber scaffolds with or without incorporated cyclosporin A (CsA). We used various methods, including FACS analysis, ELISA, PCR, immunohistochemistry and Griess reaction to determine effect of MSC on immune response. It has been reported that MSC home preferentially to sites of inflammation within damaged tissues and can be localised also in lymphatic organs. Six days after transplantation and local MSC application we...

Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are tightly interconnected pathophysiological conditions that increase the risk for development of cardiovascular diseases. Our current knowledge indicates that one of important reasons leading to the development of insulin resistance could lies in a dysfunction of adipose tissue with subsequent ectopic lipids accumulation in muscles and liver. Adipose tissue represents the main body storage site of energy. Furthermore, adipose tissue is also an active endocrine organ producing numerous biologically active molecules, e.g. cytokines, proinflammatory or to a lesser degree anti-inflammatory factors or components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Some of the components of the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system produced by the adipose tissue can directly induce local insulin resistance within the adipose tissue. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are also common in critically ill patients and exaggeration of insulin resistance in these patients is accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality. Our previous study has demonstrated that adipose tissue plays an important role in the development of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in critically ill patients by production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. First part of this dissertation thesis is...

5 Summary: Currently, the outcomes from traumatic exsanguination cardiac arrest (CA) show that over 50% of deaths due to trauma occur at the scene, where medical care is limited. Less than 10% of patients who become pulseless from trauma survive. However, in an appropriate setting, some of those traumatic injuries could be surgically repairable. Emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) is a novel approach for resuscitation of exsanguination CA victims. EPR uses deep hypothermic preservation for prolonged CA to buy time for transport, damage control surgery, and delayed resuscitation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Initially, we used a dog model to maximize clinical relevance. We showed that the efficacy of EPR is related to the depth of hypothermia and duration of CA. Pharmacologic adjuncts tested to augment hypothermia generally failed. Extended hemorrhagic shock did not prevent the success of EPR vs. conventional resuscitation if extended post-resuscitative hypothermia was provided. Oxygenation of the flush allowed extending of survivable duration of deep hypothermic CA. Because of the lack of molecular tools available for use in dogs, we developed a rat EPR model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying deep hypothermic neuroprotection to allow us to define specific targets for...

Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients was considered for many years an adaptive response to stress conditions being present in both patients with and without previous history of diabetes. Hyperglycemia is caused mainly by peripheral insulin resistance induced by the factors acting counteracting insulin signalling at the postreceptor level. Furthermore, hyperglycemia itself can then increase serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (Il-6) and interleukin-8 (Il- 8) and others. On the contrary, peripheral insulin resistance induced by pro- inflammatory cytokines may further potentiate hyperglycemia. White adipose tissue represents in addition to its energy storage function also a very active endocrine active organ. In addition to regulation of a number of metabolic processes it also significantly modulates the inflammatory response. In critically ill patients, adipose tissue changes its morphology, i.e. the adipocytes are shrinking and adipose tissue is abundantly infiltrated by macrophages. Paradoxically, overweight and obese critically ill patients have lower mortality than underweight, lean and morbidly obese subjects. In our studies, we selected population of the patients undergoing elective major cardiac surgery with extracorporeal...

In my study thesis Effect of eikosapentaenoic and dokosahexaenoic acids on expression of selected genes, which participate in modulation of inflammatory reaction at model organism I evaluated expression of genes GPR120, PPARgamma, LBP, ICAM, Il-4, Il-10, Il-1beta and TGF-beta. As model organism was selected pig. The pigs were divided in two groups, the control group was fed with 2,5% addition of palmic oil (P), the second group was fed with 2,5% addition of fish oil. After 70 days long fattening was each group divided into halfs. One half of each group was stimulated LPS (P+ and R+). Liver and adipose tissue were collected, mRNA was isolated (Rneasa Mini Kit), after reverse transcription the expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. By almost every genes there was increase in expression after LPS stimulation in groups P+ and R+. between P- and R- the expression was same or a little bit higher in R-. R+ was allways bigger than R-. The hypothesis were that EPA and DHA should reduce expression in inflammation. This hypothesis was not proofed. I recomend further studies with the same model organism to refill the results.

Purpose: To evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with the preferential the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, nabumetone in the treatment of the neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Methods: A prospective, double-blind, randomized study on 60 patients with subfoveal CNV secondary to ARMD without any previous treatment. Patients were divided into a nabumetone or placebo group. The main endpoints were the change of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CRT) and number of required PDT treatments Results: In the nabumetone group, 27 patients (90%) and 28 (93%) in the placebo group completed the follow-up of 12 months. In the nabumetone group, the mean CRT decreased from 332 μm (SD 68 μm) to 220 μm (SD 46 μm). In the placebo group, CRT decreased from 331 μm (SD 72 μm) to 254 μm (SD 61 μm). The mean BCVA was 0.68 log MAR (SD 0.22 log MAR) in the nabumetone group and 0.62 log MAR (SD 0.23 log MAR) in the placebo group at baseline. This stabilised in the placebo group to 0.66 log MAR (SD 0.33) but deteriorated in the nabumetone group to 0.86 logMAR (SD 0.41 logMAR). There was a significant reduction in the number of required PDTs in the nabumetone group, but significant progression of the RPE atrophy area. Conclusion: Combined PDT with oral intake of the COX-2...

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an influence of the active components of the fish oil, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids n3 (PUFA n3) on expression of selected proteins which modulate the inflammatory response in model organisms pig. In the n3 PUFA is to assume that over signaling pathway PPARgamma, NFkappaB, increase adiponectin production, inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, increase antiinflammatory cytokines production, thereby suppressing the inflammatory response in the body. This hypothesis was tested on 32 pigs, which were divided into two groups of 16 pieces in each group. The first experimental group was fed the basic feed mixture enriched with 2.5% fish oil (F) and the second control group was fed the basic feed with 2.5% palm oil (P). Last day of fattening pigs were 8 F and 8 P pigs intravenously application lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response, the rest of group left without LPS stimulation, followed by intramuscular application of anesthetics and defeat. By Western blot was measured protein expression PPARgamma and NFkappaB in selected tissues, by ELISA concentration of adiponectin in plasma and by multiplex analysis plasma levels of cytokines. The results indicate that PPARgamma concentration in the F adipocytes after LPS stimulation tended to increase by 21% in comparison with P control stimulation with LPS, but the result was not statistically significant (P> 0.05; P = 0.11). Further, the F pigs stimulation with LPS as compared with intact F counterparts trend toward increased plasma levels of adiponectin by 18%, which was likely a reflection of the tendency to higher values in adipocytes by 18% (P> 0.05, p = 0.12), result was not statistically significant. Plasma adiponectin took on the same values of 21.1 ng x mL-1 in experimental and control groups (P> 0.05). Elevation (P <0.05) of NFkappaB in fatty tissue F pigs after LPS stimulation. In addition, the plasma level of anti-inflammatory IL4 and IL10 interleukins, as well as the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalfa, was increased (P <0.05) in the F group of pigs stimulated with LPS. The results of the present experiment are thus ambiguous. The hypothesis of the effect of fish oil or n3 PUFA to suppress the inflammatory response cannot this experiment conclusively confirmed.

Experimental models of a transfer of stem cells for therapeutic purposes Abstract Stem cell therapy currently represents a standard procedure of treating a wide variety of hereditary diseases and serious injuries. Development of the most suitable way of transfer of stem cells into the patient body remains very important question concerning this type of therapy. In our experiments we used nanofiber scaffolds for stem cell cultivation and their subsequent transfer. These nanofibers were prepared by the original needleless electrospun NanospiderTM technology. Allogeneic cornea or skin graft were transplanted from B6 mice to BALB/c mice. The grafts were covered by a nanofibrous scaffold with cultivated stem cells. Stem cells were stained by an imunofluorescent dye to enable us to monitore their migration from nanofibers into tissues and consequent distribution in the body and characterize changes of this distribution in the time. The methods of ELISA and PCR were used to confirm that mesenchymal stem cells support the production of antiinflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 and contribute to inhibition of production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IFNγ and inducible nitric oxide synthase. We confirmed an important beneficial role of nanofiber scaffolds in transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells. Nanofiber...