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Journal articles on the topic 'ZDDP'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Yu, L. G., E. S. Yamaguchi, M. Kasrai, and G. M. Bancroft. "The chemical characterization of tribofilms using XANES — Interaction of nanosize calcium-containing detergents with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, no. 10 (2007): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-045.

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A Plint friction and wear tester was used to investigate the effect of several calcium-containing detergents on the tribological and tribochemical performance of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) lubricating oil additive in a low-sulfur base stock, 100N. Thus, the friction and wear behavior of a steel-on-steel contact lubricated by 100N oil containing ZDDP alone and ZDDP–detergent mixtures at 100 °C was evaluated in a pin-on-disc configuration. The wear scar width of the upper steel pins was determined using an optical microscope, while the tribofilms formed on the lower steel discs were an

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2

Kumbhar, Sachin Sadanand, Sachin Aatmaram Khiste, and Shilpi Shrivastava. "SYNTHESIS OF DITHIOPHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCES AS ANTIWEAR AND ANTIFRICTION LUBRICANT ADDITIVES." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 01 (2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213122.

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ZDDPs are the most widely used antiwear additive in lubricants. It adds several performances attributes to lubricant but also adds to metal ashes produced due to the aging and burning of the lubricants. Being the major contributor to the ash produced by lubricants, Zinc needs to be replaced or removed out to claim lubricants ashless. This paper gives insights on various dithiophosphate compounds that can be considered a replacement to the ZDDP without compromising the performance of lubricants. In this study, the synthesis methods were analyzed for ashless dithiophosphate compounds. These comp

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3

Somayaji, Anuradha, Ramoun Mourhatch, and Pranesh B. Aswath. "Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of In-Situ Tribofilms Generated from ZDDP and F-ZDDP with and without Antioxidants." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 12 (2007): 4378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.905.

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Tribofilms with thickness ranging from 100–200 nm were developed in-situ during wear tests using a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) and fluorinated ZDDP (F-ZDDP). The influence of the antioxidant alkylated diphenyl amine on the formation and properties of these tribofilm is examined. Results indicate that the thickness of the tribofilms formed when F-ZDDP is used is always thicker than the tribofilm formed with ZDDP. In addition, in the presence of antioxidants the tribofilm thickness is increased. The hardness of these tribofilms in the absence of the antioxidants is significantly higher

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4

Huynh, Khai K., Kiet A. Tieu, and Sang T. Pham. "Synergistic and Competitive Effects between Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphates and Modern Generation of Additives in Engine Oil." Lubricants 9, no. 4 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9040035.

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The increasing demand for low-viscosity engine oil has underscored the role of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) as a conventional anti-wear and antioxidant additive. It is essential to investigate the influence of modern additives such as cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CPCa) and Ni nanoparticles on the tribological performance of ZDDP for practical commercial oil application. According to the experimental results, Ni nanoparticles formed a protective film that exhibited a synergistic effect with ZDDP. A significantly higher concentration of sulphur in the tribofilm was detected compared to ZD

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5

Kim, Daekun, Todd J. Toops, Ke Nguyen, Michael J. Lance, and Jun Qu. "Impact of Primary and Secondary ZDDP and Ionic Liquid as Lubricant Oil Additives on the Performance and Physicochemical Properties of Pd-Based Three-Way Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (2021): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080878.

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In the present study, two industry primary and secondary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate standards, ZDDP1 and ZDDP2, respectively, are evaluated for their impact on the performance of Pd-based three-way catalyst and bench-marked against two mixed lubricant additives formed from either ZDDP1 or ZDDP2 with a second-generation oil-miscible phosphoric-containing ionic liquid (IL). The three-way catalysts (TWCs) are exposed to the lubricant additives in an engine bench under four different scenarios: a base case with no additive (NA), ZDDP1, IL+ZDDP1, ZDDP2, and IL+ZDDP2. The engine-aged TWC samples ar

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6

Qi, Penghao, Shijian Wang, Jing Li, Yue Li, and Guangneng Dong. "Synergistic lubrication effect of antioxidant and low content ZDDP on PFPE grease." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73, no. 5 (2021): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2021-0017.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to reduce the use of Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) and improve the frictional properties and thermal oxidation stability of Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) grease by adding antioxidant additives. The addition of antioxidants can reduce the consumption of ZDDP as an antioxidant, thus improving the anti-wear efficiency of ZDDP and reducing the excess phosphorus element in the grease. Design/methodology/approach In this study, an antioxidant with good comprehensive performance was selected from several antioxidants by tribological tests and high-temperature t

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7

Spikes, Hugh A. "Beyond ZDDP." Lubrication Science 20, no. 2 (2008): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ls.60.

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8

Ng, Edward, and Sujeet Kumar Sinha. "Effects of antiwear additives in the base oil on the tribological performance of hydrogen-free DLC coating." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 6 (2014): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-04-2012-0037.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of zinc dialkyl dithiophophates (ZDDP) and ash-less triphenyl phosphorothionate (TPPT) on hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. For many years, ZDDP have traditionally been used in engine oils as antiwear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives. However, additives containing sulfated ash, phosphorus and sulfur (SAPS) have a detrimental effect on the exhaust after-treatment device found on modern vehicles. Besides the automotive industry, DLC is also used in hydraulic applications where zinc-free and ash-less hydraul

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9

Tsai, Anna E., and Kyriakos Komvopoulos. "Wear Mechanisms, Composition and Thickness of Antiwear Tribofilms Formed from Multi-Component Lubricants." Materials 17, no. 10 (2024): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102324.

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The antiwear properties of tribofilms formed on steel surfaces lubricated with various multi-component lubricants were investigated at an elevated temperature and under load-speed conditions conducive to sliding in the boundary lubrication regime. The lubricants contained base oil, reduced-level (secondary) zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), and nitrogenous dispersant. The wear resistance of the tribofilms produced from different oil blends was evaluated in the context of the rate of change in the sliding track volume (wear rate for material loss) and the load-bearing capacity, chemical comp

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10

Dzięgielewski, Wojciech, Joanna Kowalczyk, Andrzej Kulczycki, Monika Madej, and Dariusz Ozimina. "Tribochemical Interactions between Carbon Nanotubes and ZDDP Antiwear Additive during Tribofilm Formation on Uncoated and DLC-Coated Steel." Materials 13, no. 10 (2020): 2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102409.

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The data from the authors’ earlier investigations show that molecules of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP) added to a lubricant can absorb energy emitted by a solid surface, which is where triboreactions occur. If the lubricant contains structures able to conduct energy, the ZDDP reactions can occur even at a relatively large distance from the solid surface, which should increase the effectiveness of ZDDP as an antiwear additive. The purpose of this paper was to verify the thesis that the tribocatalytic effect depends on the ability of the solid surface to emit electrons/energy and the ability of or

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11

Zhao, Xinrui, Chengguang Tian, Lei Hao, Hong Xu, and Jinxiang Dong. "Tribology and Rheology of Polypropylene Grease with MoS2 and ZDDP Additives at Low Temperatures." Lubricants 11, no. 11 (2023): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110464.

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Polypropylene (PP) grease is a type of lubricating grease with excellent low-temperature performance. The wear and friction performance of steel/steel couples lubricated with PP grease containing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), zinc dialkyldithophosphate (ZDDP) and MoS2/ZDDP as additives at low temperatures was investigated using an Optimol SRV reciprocating tester. Compared with MoS2 or ZDDP as single additives, the combination of MoS2 and ZDDP resulted in outstanding tribological properties, especially for higher-load, longer-duration and low-temperature working conditions. The analysis of the

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12

Xue, Wei Guo, Zheng Hua Zhao, Peng Wang, Zhi Liang Jin, Xiao Hong Xu, and Xu Guang Zhou. "Performance Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Lubricant Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1118 (July 2015): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1118.195.

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One oil soluble zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by surface-modification method. Its tribological performance was evaluated by four-ball test, SRV Friction-Wear Test and Mini-Traction machine, its oxidation resistance estimated by Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test and Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry, all these study were contrast with ZDDP in base oils and API SM Gasoline engine oil. As a result, nanozinc oxide has good anti-oxidative capability, excellent anti-wear properties, In API SM Gasoline engine oil, the comprehensive Performance of nanoZnO additive substituti

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13

Shen, Tiejun, Daxi Wang, Jimmy Yun, Qinglian Liu, Xinghua Liu, and Zhongxiao Peng. "Mechanical stability and rheology of lithium–calcium-based grease containing ZDDP." RSC Advances 6, no. 14 (2016): 11637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20288d.

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Although lubricating greases with zinc dialkyl-dithiophates (ZDDP) have been used widely, the influence of ZDDP on the rheological properties of lithium–calcium-based greases (LCBG) has not been reported.

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14

Kowalczyk, Joanna, Monika Madej, Wojciech Dzięgielewski, Andrzej Kulczycki, Magdalena Żółty, and Dariusz Ozimina. "Tribochemical Interactions between Graphene and ZDDP in Friction Tests for Uncoated and W-DLC-Coated HS6-5-2C Steel." Materials 14, no. 13 (2021): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133529.

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If a lubricant contains structures capable of conducting energy, reactions involving zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) may take place both very close to and away from the solid surfaces, with this indicating that ZDDP can be a highly effective anti-wear (AW) additive. The central thesis of this article is that the tribocatalytic effect is observed only when the energy emitted by the solids is transmitted by ordered molecular structures present in the lubricant, e.g., graphene. The friction tests were carried out for 100Cr6 steel balls in a sliding contact with uncoated or W-DLC-coated HS6-5-2

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15

Özkan, Doğuş, M. Barış Yağci, Özgür Birer, and Hakan Kaleli. "Comparison of tribological performances of sulfur based and boron succuminide containing antiwear additive with ZDDP by engine bench tests." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 4 (2016): 482–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2015-0173.

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Purpose This study aims to evaluate and compare by 100 hours engine bench tests the tribological performances of two types of lubrication oils, which were sulfur-based, boron succinimide-containing antiwear package (NP-3) oil and conventional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)-containing (R-1) oil. Design/methodology/approach The tribological performances of the oils were evaluated in three main contexts, including engine tests, physical/chemical changes and surface analysis. Findings Results showed that NP-3 lubrication oil, which was environment- and catalyst-friendly, can be an alternative

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16

Wu, Na, Ningning Hu, Jinhe Wu, and Gongbo Zhou. "Tribology Properties of Synthesized Multiscale Lamellar WS2 and Their Synergistic Effect with Anti-Wear Agent ZDDP." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010115.

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The microscale/nanoscale lamellar-structure WS2 particles with sizes of 2 µm and 500 nm were synthesized by solid-phase reaction method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synergies between microscale/nanoscale WS2 particles and ZDDP as lubricating oil additives was evaluated by means of UMT-2 tribometer at room temperature. The wear scars were examined with SEM and electron-probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). The results show that the anti-wear properties were improved and the friction coefficient was greatly decreased with the simultaneous additi

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17

Kumar, Gitesh, Hem Chander Garg, and Ajay Gijawara. "Experimental investigation of tribological effect on vegetable oil with CuO nanoparticles and ZDDP additives." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 3 (2019): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2018-0196.

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PurposeThis paper aims to report the friction and wear characteristics of refined soybean oil (RSBO) blended with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) as additives.Design/methodology/approachFour different concentrations 0.04, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 Wt.% of CuO nanoparticles were added with ZDDP in RSBO. The friction and wear characteristics of lubricants have been investigated on a pin-on-disc tribotester under loads of 120 and 180 N, with rotating speeds of 1,200 and 1,500 rpm in half hour of operating time. The dispersion stability of CuO nanoparticles has been

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18

Wu, Hao, Yan Qiu Xia, Xin Feng, and Xiang Yu Ge. "Comparative Study of Friction and Wear Behavior of Diamond-Like Carbon Coating under the Lubrication of PAGs Containing Various Additives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2754.

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The friction and wear properties of the DLC coatings were evaluated while being lubricated with pure PAG, PAG containing PN and ZDDP using reciprocating ball-on-disk sliding UMT tester, respectively. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the DLC coatings were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the DLC coatings exhibited better tribological properties under the lubrication of PAG containing PN or ZDDP than that of pure PAG. In addition, PN and ZDDP as additives show different tribological properties. The former offers better anti-wear ability, the

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19

Ozimina, Dariusz, Andrzej Kulczycki, Dawid Janas, Tomasz Desaniuk, and Maciej Deliś. "Carbon-Based Functional Nanomaterials as Tools for Controlling the Kinetics of Tribochemical Reactions." Materials 17, no. 4 (2024): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17040785.

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The aim of this article is to experimentally determine the role of the environment, consisting of a base oil (PAO), carbon nanomaterials, and optional other additives, as well as the kind of metal in contact with the lubrication film, in the stimulation of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additives’ effectiveness during protective film formation. This paper focuses on the role of carbon nanostructures in energy transportation and conversion during tribological processes. An antistatic additive (ASA) (not used in lubricating oils) for jet fuels was added to disturb the process of energy condu

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20

Hao, Liang, Zheng Yi Jiang, Dian Yao Gong, et al. "Analysis of ZDDP Films on Sticking Defects by FEM during Hot Rolling of Ferritic Stainless Steel Strips." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.96.

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The aim of this study is to understand the effect of zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP) films on sticking defects during the hot rolling of ferritic stainless steel strips. The surface characterisation and crack propagation are very important for the sticking defects of ferritic stainless steel strip. A finite element method (FEM) model is constructed with different crack size ratios, in which the profile of the strip roughness and ZDDP films are taken into consideration. Simulation results show that the widths of cracks tend to be reduced with the introduction of ZDDP films, improving the s

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21

Kowalczyk, Joanna, Andrzej Kulczycki, Monika Madej, and Dariusz Ozimina. "EFFECT OF ZDDP AND FULLERENES ADDED TO PAO 8 LUBRICANT ON TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF STEEL BARE STEEL AND W-DLC COATING." Tribologia 299, no. 1 (2022): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8982.

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The paper presents the effect of adding zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and/or fullerenes on the properties of tribological systems coated with diamond-like carbon coatings doped with tungsten (W-DLC) and 100Cr6 steel without coating. The tribological tests were performed using a ball-on-disc tribometer. Discs made of bare 100Cr6 steel and discs with W-DLC coating were used as samples. Balls made of 100Cr6 steel were used as counter samples. The lubricants used:poly (α) olefin oil PAO 8, PAO 8 + 1.5% of ZDDP, PAO 8+ 0.005% of C60 fullerenes and PAO 8 + 1.5% of ZDDP + 0.005% of C60 fullerene

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22

P.M., Anil, and Vasudevan Rajamohan. "Influence of surface roughness and ZDDP additive on the friction and wear of reciprocating sliding surfaces at high contact pressures." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 5 (2017): 738–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2016-0111.

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Purpose Surface roughness has been proved to be influencing the running-in wear of machined components under dry and lubricated sliding conditions. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widely used as an anti-wear additive, which reduces the wear by the formation of a tribofilm on the surface (Spikes, 2004). Factors such as temperature, sliding distance, etc. influence the formation of the film. A significant reduction in the power loss due to friction and wear is possible if a synergy is attained between surface roughness effects and the effectiveness of the tribofilm. The present work aims

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23

Greaves, Martin, and Ksenija Topolovec Miklozic. "Film forming behaviour of oil soluble polyalkylene glycols." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 67, no. 2 (2015): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2013-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to examine the film-forming behaviour of simple compositions of polyalphaolefin (PAO) containing an oil-soluble polyalkylene glycol (OSP) alone, a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) alone and then combinations of an OSP and ZDDP. Design/methodology/approach – A Mini-Traction Machine with Spacer Layer Imaging technology was used to evaluate friction and film formation under a specific contact pressure, temperature and slide-to-roll ratio. Electrical contact resistance measurements were used to follow surface film formation. Findings – The inclusion of an

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24

Dias, Leonardo C., Giuseppe Pintaude, Alessandro A. O. F. Vittorino, and Henara L. Costa. "ZDDP Tribofilm Formation from a Formulated Oil on Textured Cylinder Liners." Lubricants 10, no. 6 (2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060118.

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Surface texturing can improve lubrication and entrap wear debris but increases the effective roughness of the surfaces, which can induce higher contact pressures. On the one hand, this can be detrimental, but on the other hand, the increase in contact pressure could be used to activate the formation of a ZDDP tribofilm from fully-formulated lubricants. This work investigates the synergistic effect between surface texturing via Maskless Electrochemical Texturing (MECT) and ZDDP additive. The surface texture consisted of an array of annular pockets manufactured on a gray cast iron cylinder liner

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25

Kowalczyk, Joanna, Monika Madej, and Dariusz Ozimina. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ZDDP AND GRAPHENEADDITIVES IN PAO 8 OIL ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIESOF TIALN COATING." Tribologia 304, no. 2 (2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6122.

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This paper investigates the tribological effects of graphene and anti-wear zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates(ZDDP). Friction tests have been carried out on a tribological tester which operates as a ball and disc assemblyin a frictional, sliding motion. Tests were carried out with a load of 10 N over a sliding distance of 1000 m.TiAlN coated HS6-5-2C steel discs, and 100Cr6 steel balls were used in the tests. Tests were conducted underlubrication conditions with poly()olefin oil PAO 8 with graphene and/or ZDDP. The chemical compositionof the TiAlN coating was studied using a scanning electron micro

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Hsu, Chia-Jui, Jenifer Barrirero, Rolf Merz, et al. "Revealing the interface nature of ZDDP tribofilm by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atom probe tomography." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 7 (2020): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2020-0035.

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Purpose To decrease wear and friction, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) has been used in engine oil for several decades, but the mechanism of the tribofilm formation is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to characterize the chemical details of the tribofilm by using high-resolution approaching. Design/methodology/approach An ISO VG 100 mineral oil mixed with ZDDP was used in sliding tests on cylindrical roller bearings. Tribofilm formation was observed after 2 h of the sliding test. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atom probe tomography (APT) were used for chemical analysi

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27

Shen, Yan, Zhixiang Liu, Chuanfei Xing, Qi Li, and Junjing Fan. "Tribo-Surface Variation Caused by Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 Particles-Containing Lubricant under Cyclic Impact Loading." Lubricants 10, no. 3 (2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10030033.

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Mn+1AXn (MAX) phase materials present an attractive potential for friction reduction and wear resistance applications due to the ternary layered structure. This work was done to investigate how the combination of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 MAX phase particles with zinc dialkyl dithiophosp (ZDDP) additives in the lubricant affected the tribo-surface by means of a reciprocating test rig with cyclic impact loading. The results indicated that the friction and wear properties of Ti3AlC2-containing lubricant were better than those of Ti2AlC-containing lubricant. The distinctive microstructure of worn surfac

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Agocs, Adam, Marcella Frauscher, Andjelka Ristic, and Nicole Dörr. "Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry." Lubricants 12, no. 11 (2024): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110401.

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In the study at hand, a systemic investigation regarding the tribochemical effects of crankcase soot is presented. Sooted oils were generated via an engine dynamometer test. Both conventional as well as advanced oil condition monitoring methods indicated a mild degradation of additives. The wear volume was greatly increased with the sooted oils in model tribometer tests, despite the high residual zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear (AW) levels. Once the soot was removed via ultracentrifugation, the wear volume returned to levels comparable to the fresh oil. Surface investigations reve

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Parekh, Kajal, Xin Chen, and Pranesh B. Aswath. "Synthesis of Fluorinated ZDDP Compounds." Tribology Letters 34, no. 2 (2008): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-008-9373-7.

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30

Miranda-Medina, Maria de Lourdes, Christian Tomastik, Tia Truglas, Heiko Groiss, and Martin Jech. "Effect of engine oil additives reduction on the tribofilm structure of a cylinder liner model surface." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 4 (2019): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2019-0193.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a general picture for describing the formed tribofilm, including chemical and physical aspects in the micro-scale and the nano-scale. In a previous study, the durability of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) tribofilms on cylinder liner samples has been investigated in a tribometer model system by using fresh and aged fully formulated oils and replacing them with PAO8 without additives. Analyses of the derived tribofilms by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy could give some hints about the underlying mecha

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Kim, Daekun, Todd J. Toops, Ke Nguyen, Michael J. Lance, and Jun Qu. "Impact of Boron-Containing Lubricant Additive on Three-Way Catalyst Reactivity and Physicochemical Properties." Lubricants 11, no. 2 (2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020053.

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Boron-containing compounds are one of the lubricant additive options due to their suitable properties for additives and have been used as commercial lubricant additives. In the present study, the impact of a boron-containing lubricant oil additive, AR9100 (BR), on Pd/Rh-based three-way catalyst (TWC) performance is investigated, and the results are compared with the baseline no-additive (NA) case and the industry standard zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) results. Accelerated engine aging is performed using a genset to expose the catalysts to lubricant additives at high temperatures. All age

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32

L.A Animashaun, A. A. Yekinni, and A. O. Adesina. "Effect of Zero-Sap Antiwear/Ep Lubricant Additives on Nano-Mechanical Properties of Tribofilms Formed on AISI 52100 Steel Grade." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 09, no. 07 (2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2023.9.7.6.

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Numerous nations have recently passed stricter environmental legislation due to excessive release of harmful emissions like sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) in conventional lubricating oil additives used in contemporary internal combustion engines. Use of borate ester lubricant additives with no sulfated ash, phosphorus, or sulfur effect (zero-SAPS) is one way to reduce this effect. The resistance of tribofilms from oils containing borate esters on AISI 52100 steel grade to plastic deformation is not entirely understood, yet. This study compares Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) to

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Ren, Siming, Shaoxian Zheng, Jibin Pu, Zhibin Lu, and Guangan Zhang. "Study of tribological mechanisms of carbon-based coatings in antiwear additive containing lubricants under high temperature." RSC Advances 5, no. 81 (2015): 66426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08879h.

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34

Morina, A., A. Neville, M. Priest, and J. H. Green. "ZDDP and MoDTC interactions in boundary lubrication—The effect of temperature and ZDDP/MoDTC ratio." Tribology International 39, no. 12 (2006): 1545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.03.001.

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Somayaji, A., and P. B. Aswath. "Antiwear Behavior of ZDDP and Fluorinated ZDDP in the Presence of Alkylated Diphenyl Amine Antioxidants." Tribology Transactions 51, no. 4 (2008): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000801888952.

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Wallfahrer, U. "Polymer esters and their synergy with ZDDP – the possibility of reducing ZDDP content in lubricants." Journal of Synthetic Lubrication 11, no. 4 (1995): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsl.3000110403.

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Wang, Heng, and Yu Min Wang. "Tribological Performance of AlN Nanoparticles as Lubricating Oil Additive." Advanced Materials Research 366 (October 2011): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.366.238.

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By using Four-ball test machine, the anti-wear and extreme pressure performance of the lubricating oil that contain the ceramics nanoparticles additives were investigated. With the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the worn surface is observed, and its tribological performance is studied. The experimental results show that nanoparticles additives can effectively improve extreme pressure and anti-wear performance of the lubricating oil, and the optimal concentration of it in the base oil is 3 wt%. With ZDDP additive contrast experiment show that under low-load and long time conditions

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Wang, Fu-Xing, Yin-Qian Cheng, and De-Hui Guan. "On the Tribological Behavior and Surface Analysis of a Sliding PSZ Ceramic-Steel Pair." Journal of Tribology 117, no. 3 (1995): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831289.

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Using a ring-on-block wear test machine, friction and wear tests were carried out on a PSZ (partially stabilized zirconia) ceramic-steel pair under the lubrication conditions of paraffin oil and paraffin oil with 0.5 percent ZDDP additive. Surface analysis techniques of XPS and AES were used to analyze the rubbing surfaces. The test results showed that the PSZ ceramic-steel pair possesses very good tribological behavior. The wear resistance of the pair was increased when ZDDP was added to the paraffin oil lubricant. Surface analysis showed that the increased wear resistance could be attributed

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Schick, Tobias, Jochen Hörer, Klaus Ellenrieder, Karl-Heinz Blum, and Katharina Schmitz. "Sensitivity analysis of operating parameters in hydraulic systems with respect to the aging of hydraulic fluids." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 69, eOnly Sonderausgabe (2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2022-0028.

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In this work, a novel oil aging test-rig based on a real hydraulic system is introduced. This device allows an accelerated fluid-aging rate under high hydraulic loads. Furthermore, it is possible to vary the operating parameters to evaluate the different factors that influence the aging behavior of hydraulic fluids. Oil samples, which are aged under different conditions, are analyzed using FTIR to estimate the rate of aging using the degradation process of Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP). The results show a clear aging behavior dependent on different operating parameters in hydraulics. In

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Jahanmir, Said. "Wear Reduction and Surface Layer Formation by a ZDDP Additive." Journal of Tribology 109, no. 4 (1987): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261509.

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The results of wear tests and surface analyses confirmed that the wear behavior in the presence of ZDDP is controlled by chemically reacted surface films. Surface analysis by Auger microprobe showed that the reacted layer is composed of iron sulfide and zinc phosphate and that it extends to several hundred Å below the contact surface. It was found that the effectiveness of ZDDP in wear reduction was dependent on the test conditions. Under low loads and temperatures, it decreased wear by two orders of magnitude. However, at higher loads and temperatures, wear was increased by one order of magni

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Zhou, Yan, Weimin Li, Benjamin Stump, Raynella Connatser, Sladjan Lazarevic, and Jun Qu. "Impact of Fuel Contents on Tribological Performance of PAO Base Oil and ZDDP." Lubricants 6, no. 3 (2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6030079.

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Fuel and water contents are inevitable in automotive engine oils. This study intends to investigate the impact of the addition of gasoline (3–20%) and water (1%) on the lubricating performance of synthetic base oil (PAO), with or without an anti-wear additive (ZDDP), for a steel-cast iron contact. Fuel-added PAO showed an increase in the load carrying capacity. Oil electrical conductivity and total acid number (TAN) measurements showed slightly increased conductivity and marginally increased acidity at a higher fuel concentration. In contrast, an increased wear rate, proportional to the fuel c

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Vasco, Marina C., Rodrigo L. Villanova, and Giuseppe Pintaude. "Tribological Behavior of Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Under the Addition of PAO6 Lubrication with Nano-Alumina." Lubricants 13, no. 3 (2025): 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13030097.

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Anodizing can generate porous wear-resistant layers, which can act as reservoirs for gradually releasing lubricants. Studies on the formation of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) tribofilms in non-ferrous metals are relatively rare. Furthermore, adding nanoparticles can improve wear resistance in various applications. This investigation aims to correlate several anodized surfaces using H2SO4 (5 or 10%wt. concentration and 45 or 60 min exposition) to tribological outputs, contributing to understanding the friction behavior of non-metallic layers. Three steps were applied on anodized Alumold 5

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Spikes, H. "The History and Mechanisms of ZDDP." Tribology Letters 17, no. 3 (2004): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:tril.0000044495.26882.b5.

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Taylor, L. J., and H. A. Spikes. "Friction-Enhancing Properties of ZDDP Antiwear Additive: Part I—Friction and Morphology of ZDDP Reaction Films." Tribology Transactions 46, no. 3 (2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000308982630.

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Gosvami, N. N., J. A. Bares, F. Mangolini, A. R. Konicek, D. G. Yablon, and R. W. Carpick. "Mechanisms of antiwear tribofilm growth revealed in situ by single-asperity sliding contacts." Science 348, no. 6230 (2015): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258788.

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Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) form antiwear tribofilms at sliding interfaces and are widely used as additives in automotive lubricants. The mechanisms governing the tribofilm growth are not well understood, which limits the development of replacements that offer better performance and are less likely to degrade automobile catalytic converters over time. Using atomic force microscopy in ZDDP-containing lubricant base stock at elevated temperatures, we monitored the growth and properties of the tribofilms in situ in well-defined single-asperity sliding nanocontacts. Surface-based nucleati

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Li, Xing Liang, Wen Yue, Song Wang, et al. "Boundary Lubrication Mechanisms of Molybdenum Film by MoDTC and ZDDP Additives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2598.

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Molybdenum (Mo) film is deposited by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) on the 316L steel substrate surface in this experiment. The micro structure and nanohardness of the film are tested by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) and nanoindentation tester. The tribological behaviors of Mo film under ZDDP and MoDTC lubrication are evaluated by SRV test machine. The tribo-film formed on the worn surfaces is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to find out the tribological mechanisms between the Mo film and the two additional additives. The result shows that Mo film not only has

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Oumahi, Camella, Thierry Le Mogne, Antonio Aguilar-Tapia, et al. "Impact of Fatty Triamine on Friction Reduction Performance of MoDTC Lubrication Additive." Lubricants 10, no. 12 (2022): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10120365.

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The impact of a fatty triamine (Triameen YT) additive was investigated on the friction performance and stability of molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) in the formulations containing polyalphaolefin synthetic base oil (PAO) and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). Triamine has no significant effect when mixed with MoDTC and ZDDP, but it improves the performance of MoDTC alone. However, in the MoDTC—Triamine—PAO solutions, a chemical reaction easily occurred and a reddish precipitate was formed upon storage. According to IR, XPS, TEM, and XAS characterizations, this precipitate is poorly crystall

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Sharma, Vibhu, Nicole Doerr, and Pranesh B. Aswath. "Chemical–mechanical properties of tribofilms and their relationship to ionic liquid chemistry." RSC Advances 6, no. 27 (2016): 22341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01915c.

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Hardness as a function of indentation depth for tribofilms formed from ZDDP and N_DEHP ionic liquid. Superimposed on the data is the corresponding phosphate chain length information acquired from XANES.

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Mannan, Abdul, Mohd Faizul Mohd Sabri, M. A. Kalam, and H. H. Masjuki. "Tribological properties of hydrogen free DLC in self-mated contacts against ZDDP-added oil." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 6 (2017): 938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-11-2016-0269.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the tribological properties of tetrahedral diamond-like carbon (DLC) films in self-mated contacts in the presence of additivated and non-additivated vegetable oils. DLC films have high practical value due to low friction and low wear properties. On the other hand, vegetable oils are considered to be lubricants for future due to its resource renewability and biodegradability. Sometimes different chemical agents are added to vegetable oils to further improve its tribological properties. Thus, the tribological study of DLC films against additiva

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Задорожная, Елена, Elena Zadorozhnaya, Игорь Мухортов, Igor Mukhortov, Ксения Почкайло, and Kseniya Pochkaylo. "Anti-wear additives influence upon hydrodynamic friction mode parameters in bearings of internal-combustion engines." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 3 (2016): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22007.

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An essential condition to ensure an engine life having 300,000 – 1 000,000 km according to race consists in assurance of a minimum wear rate of crankshaft bearings. For such units as connectingrod bearings a maximum allowable value of bearing brass wear makes 100 mkm which corresponds to an integral linear wear intensity of 10-14 …10-13 that is possible only at a hydrodynamic mode of friction actually at all modes of engines operations. Ensuring liquid friction in all range of contact pressures is achieved both through design methods, and technological ones. To the latter belongs first of all

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