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Benedict, Jason Brown. "Dyeing crystals : 19th century phenomenology to 21st century technology /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8636.
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Bloom, Kelly. "Orientalism in French 19th Century Art." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/477.
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Thesis advisor: Jeffery Howe<br>The Orient has been a mythical, looming presence since the foundation of Islam in the 7th century. It has always been the “Other” that Edward Said wrote about in his 1979 book Orientalism. The gulf of misunderstanding between the myth and the reality of the Near East still exists today in the 21st century. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and the subsequent colonization of the Near East is perhaps the defining moment in the Western perception of the Near East. At the beginning of modern colonization, Napoleon and his companions arrived in the Near East convinced of their own superiority and authority; they were Orientalists. The supposed superiority of Europeans justified the colonization of Islamic lands. Said never specifically wrote about art; however, his theories on colonialism and Orientalism still apply. Linda Nochlin first made use of them in her article “The Imaginary Orient” from 1983. Artists such as Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Léon Gérôme demonstrate Said's idea of representing the Islamic “Other” as a culturally inferior and backward people, especially in their portrayal of women. The development of photography in the late 19th century added another dimension to this view of the Orient, with its seemingly objective viewpoint<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Fine Arts<br>Discipline: College Honors Program
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Tanriover, Betul. "Lebanon:political Dilemma From 19th Century To Present." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611053/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the process of civil wars and political crisis in Lebanon in a historical context, covering the period starting from the civil war of 1860 until the Doha Agreement in 2008. This thesis defines confessional system as a type of democracy implemented in multi-religious societies, which did not change along two centuries in Lebanon. This study aims to establish a different approach on questions such as how far confessionalism can contribute to internal strives and political crisis in Lebanon. The thesis claims that the confessional system that was posed as a solution after civil war periods is the main resource of intercommunal conflicts and this system is open to the manipulation of the foreign actors for their own interests. This thesis also claims that if the national citizenship is applied instead of confessional system, and if Lebanese people unify in terms of national identity, civil wars, political crisis, and foreign intervention could be prevented.
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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "Shaping the Nation: Early 19th Century America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/731.
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Miller, Roger, and Torvald Gerger. "Social change in 19th-century Swedish agrarian society." Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90220.
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Chong, Wai-sun, and 莊偉新. "Early treatment of insanity in 19th century England." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206555.
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Early intervention in psychosis emerged in the 1980s and has gradually become a new paradigm in mental health service worldwide. Yet, very few studies on the history of early intervention in mental illness exist even to date. This dissertation explored the situation in 19th century England when Britain was the only superpower in the world and at the same time was plagued by the rising number of insanity cases that she could only cope with by building more and bigger asylums.
The idea of early treatment of insanity was found in various publications written by different physicians in the first half of 19th century. A few of them also proposed primary preventive measures as they believed that a good and disciplined life style could help to avoid the illness. They also saw that insanity could be hereditary. Meanwhile, the debate over the nature of insanity whether it is purely biological or goes beyond the physical body was happening in England as in continental Europe. The physicians supporting the idea of early intervention were also those who subscribed to the theory that insanity has a biological origin. The staging concept in the development of mental illness was well conceived by some physicians. There were also attempts to identify the symptoms in incipient insanity which is close to the modern concept of prodromal stage. Some medical professions also put forward detailed theories on the pathology of the illness based on their knowledge on brain physiology and its interaction with other organs of the body.
During this period, professionalization of psychiatrists was advancing. In this process, there was clash between two schools of thoughts. One considered that the profession should move along a scientific path while the other considered that more effort should be devoted to pragmatic issues such as those concerning asylum management. This conflict had in some way hindered the advancement of early treatment.
Another major obstacle to the provision of early treatment was the distrust of the society towards psychiatrists. After a number of notorious cases involving people being wrongly confined in the asylums had been widely publicized, the law was tightened to limit the authority of psychiatrists in certifying insanity and in treating uncertified cases. This had resulted in a serious blockade on the road to early treatment. Stigmatization of mental illness in the society was also a major factor in deterring people from seeking early assistance.
From the experience in 19th century England, it was found that medicalization of mental illness, professionalization of psychiatrists, establishment of mutual trust between psychiatrists and the society, as well as de-stigmatization of mental illness would be conducive to the development of an early intervention paradigm.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Psychological Medicine<br>Master<br>Master of Psychological Medicine
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Alderson, David. "Religion, manliness and imperialism in 19th century culture." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295953.
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Christian manliness emerges from a period of intense counter-revolution in English history, one in which protestantism and especially Anglicanism - plays an important ideological role in legitimating English national development. The form of manliness associated with Kingsley et al crystallises various aspects of the protestant ethic - conscience, independence and the redemptive value of work - into an ideology of English masculinity which becomes prescriptive and institutionalised in the public schools of the second half of the century. This sense of masculinity is established as an important part of English imperial hubris. For this reason, the thesis is very much concerned with England's relations with Ireland - a nation stigmatised as unfit for self-rule because predominantly Catholic. backward and effeminate. The thesis begins by outlining in broad terms elements of protestant Englishness, and moves on to look at the emergence of christian manliness as an extension of the counter-revolutionary concerns of the christian socialist Charles Kingsley. It is in this cultural context of manly protestantism that the 'effeminacy' of 1. H. Newman and other Catholicising elements in the Anglican Church are considered. After analysing dominant characteristics of English writers' conceptions of Ireland, the thesis looks at the contradictory ways in which Gerard Manley Hopkins's admiration for the male body is bound up with a patriotism at odds with his Catholicism, and argues that the specific elements of this patriotism determine the 'desolations' of his final years in Ireland Finally, Oscar Wilde's relations to English culture are considered - specifically. his understanding of his Celtishness as subversive of English puritanism; a subversiveness ultimately still indebted - because antithetical - to English manliness.
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Ziegler, Christopher Taylor. "Jeffersonianism and 19th century American maritime defense policy." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1110103-111416/unrestricted/ZieglerC120103a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.<br>Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1110103-111416. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Smith, Michael. "Death, mourning and commemoration in 19th century Edinburgh." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555979.
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Ojha, Kashinath. "19th Century Darjeeling : study in urbanization, 1835-1890." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1226.
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Hanes, Stacie L. "The sense and sensibility of the 19th century fantastic." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618887.
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<p> While studies of fantastic literature have often focused on their structural and genre characteristics, less attention has been paid to the manner in which they address social issues and concerns. Drawing on theoretical, taxonomic, and historical approaches, this study argues that 19th-century England represented a key period of transformation during which fantastic literature evolved away from its folkloristic, mythic, and satirical origins and toward the modern genres of science fiction, feminist fantasy, and literary horror. </p><p> The thesis examines the subversive and transformative function of the fantastic in nineteenth-century British literature, particularly how the novel <i> Frankenstein</i> (1831), the poem “Goblin Market” (1862), and the novel <i>Dracula</i> (1897) make deliberate uses of the materials of fantastic literature to engage in social and cultural commentary on key issues of their time, and by so doing to mark a significant transformation in the way fantastic materials can be used in narrative.</p><p> <i>Frankenstein</i> took the materials of the Gothic and effectively transformed them into science fiction, not only through its exploration of the morality of scientific research, but more crucially through its critique of systems of education and the nature of learning. "Goblin Market " transformed the materials of fairy tales into a morally complex critique of gender relations and the importance of women's agency, which paved the way for an entire tradition of such redactions among later feminist writers. <i>Dracula</i> draws on cruder antecedents of vampire tales and the novel of sensation to create the first modern literary horror novel, while addressing key emerging anxieties of nationalism and personal identity. </p><p> Although historical connections are drawn between these three key works, written at different points during the nineteenth century, it does not argue that they constitute a single identifiable movement, but rather that each provided a template for how later writers might adapt fantastic materials to more complex literary, social, and didactic ends, and thus provided a groundwork for the more complex modern uses of the fantastic as a legitimate resource for writers concerned with not only sensation, but significant cultural and social concerns.</p>
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Bauer, Petra. "The reception of E.T.A. Hoffmann in 19th century Britain." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301193.
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Heath, Veronica. "Tradition and innovation : Proust and 19th century English literature." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327883.
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Lawrence, Snezana. "Geometry of architecture and freemasonry in 19th century England." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395263.
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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Teaching the history of philosophy in 19th-century Germany." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-161196.
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What does it mean to do philosophy historically, and when does the legend of philosophy begin? When Hegel tried to give a logical explanation of philosophy's history, was he doing the same thing as Eduard Zeller in his account of Creek thought, or Kuno Fischer in his narrative of modern philosophy? l do not believe so, and I shall sugges t in the following that we should carefully differentiate between the different activities commonly referred to as the history of philosophy. I will point out the enormous productivity of the 19th century in terms of printed books devoted to the history of philosophy. I will also point to the context in which these were produced and used rather than examining individual works or authors. There is an entirely new context in the 19th century, which is the study of philosophy. A proper culture developed around the historical interest in philosophy, and it is this culture I want to sketch here.
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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Teaching the history of philosophy in 19th-century Germany." Teaching new histories of philosophy / ed. by J. B. Schneewind. Princeton 2004, S. 275 - 295 ISBN 0-9763726-0-6, 2004. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12120.
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What does it mean to do philosophy historically, and when does the legend of philosophy begin? When Hegel tried to give a logical explanation of philosophy''s history, was he doing the same thing as Eduard Zeller in his account of Creek thought, or Kuno Fischer in his narrative of modern philosophy? l do not believe so, and I shall sugges t in the following that we should carefully differentiate between the different activities commonly referred to as the history of philosophy. I will point out the enormous productivity of the 19th century in terms of printed books devoted to the history of philosophy. I will also point to the context in which these were produced and used rather than examining individual works or authors. There is an entirely new context in the 19th century, which is the study of philosophy. A proper culture developed around the historical interest in philosophy, and it is this culture I want to sketch here.
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Van, der Hoek Jessica. "The faithful and/or flattering in 19th Century portraiture." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13996.
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The nineteenth century's creation of different optical devices such as the camera obscura, the kaleidoscope and the thaumatrope signifies a change in the perception of vision at the time. The aim of this dissertation is to examine the work of four artists with reference to nineteenth century concerns surrounding vision. The scope for this examination is limited to the painted portraiture of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Singer Sargent and photographic portraiture of Julia Margaret Cameron and Félix Nadar Tournachon. Rossetti and Cameron represent two Victorian artists whose vision is turned inward to the imagination, with feelings of nostalgia and sentimentalism evoked in their portraits. This dissertation argues that the act of turning the eye inwards to the imagination is at the root of the flattering quality of these two artists' portraits. A further argument is that the sustained use of literary reference is the catalyst to the inward vision seen in these two Victorian artists' work. I examine Dante Gabriel Rossetti‟s later phase of idealised and "flattering" portraits of women in relation to the sonnets that Rossetti began to physically attach to either the frame or canvas of the portrait. The use of literary reference as catalyst to the inward vision is discussed namely through Julia Margaret Cameron‟s photographic portraits based on Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Enoch Arden. Cameron's allegorical and often mythological portraits of women are then analysed in order to establish the "flattering" quality of her portraits. With regards to the two artists who have been termed "faithful", an examination of their more outward vision and focus on the exterior realities is discussed. An exposition surrounding Félix Nadar Tournachon's "faithful" photographic portraits of nineteenth-century celebrities follows the discussion on Cameron. In order to further enquire into the notion of nineteenthcentury celebrities, an examination of John Singer Sargent follows. With the idea of Sargent being torn between the faithful and the flattering, I examine his more faithful Portrait of Madame X in relation to his later flattering celebrity portraits painted in the Grand Manner. In conclusion it will be suggested that Victorian and French ideas of vision and representation differed, exemplified by these four artists. These two very different perceptions of vision, one inward and the other outward, is the root of my distinction between the "faithful" and the "flattering" as manifested in portraiture.
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Hanes, Stacie L. "The Sense and Sensibility of The 19th-Century Fantastic." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1382975086.
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Hernandez, Jesse. "Senses In Synthesis: Imaginative Sensing In The 19th Century." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/621.
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During the late 19th century, arts and literature had a surge of sensory awareness, made manifest through sensory analogy, intersensory metaphor, and synaesthesia. This dissertation explores this phenomenon through a study of five poets and artists: Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Barlas, and Julia Margaret Cameron. Using imaginative sensing, these artists transformed the relationship between artist and observer, assigning greater responsibility to their audience while simultaneously asserting artistic control of their work. Their fascination with sensory mixing and multisensory awareness demonstrates unique ideas about perception and embodiment, ideas that have sparked both controversy and imitation. I begin with a brief history of the condition known as synaesthesia, considering its position as an “abnormal” clinical condition, a desired artistic state of transcendence, and a simple transfer of metaphor. Chapter 1 describes how two French poems brought synaesthesia to public consciousness and prompted a literary movement. In Chapter 2, I explore how poet-painter Dante Rossetti used “acts of attention” and unheard music to demand viewers’ embodied participation. Chapter 3 introduces John Barlas, a relatively obscure British poet who crafted exotic, sensory-laden environments that hovered between the actual and imagined, insisting that the reader use his sensory imagination to participate. Moving to the realm of photography in Chapter 4, I consider Julia Margaret Cameron, whose “out-of-focus” pictures changed photography from a mechanistic technology to high art by incorporating the sense of touch. Historically, the senses have been ranked and separated, with priority given to vision, the sense most associated with reason. I argue that considering the senses as bundles of interconnected experiences and through imagination rather than as isolated methods of physical perception can show how the senses function culturally and give us a much greater understanding of how we process the world. While no time period has regarded the senses with the intensity of the late 19th century, the embodied approach of the era can be applied to our current “sensory revolution” and can impact how we regard technology, cultural studies, and interdisciplinarity. Evaluating how 19th century artists blended the senses through imaginative constructs gives a more thorough explanation of the characteristic sensuality of the period and provides a model for how sensing can function more fully in current endeavors.
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Rowley, Andrew S. "Professions, class and society: solicitors in 19th century Birmingham." Thesis, Aston University, 1988. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12184/.
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The thesis provides an analysis of an occupation in the process of making itself a profession. The solicitors' profession in Birmingham underwent a great many changes during the 19th century against a background of industrialisation and urbanisation. The solicitors' conception of their status and role, in the face of these challenges, had implications for successful strategies of professionalisation. The increased prestige and power of the profession, and especially its elite, are examined in their social context rather than in terms of a technical process, or educational and organisational change. The thesis argues that -the profession's social relationships and broad concerns were significant in establishing solicitors as "professional men". In particular these are related to the profession's efforts to gain control of markets for legal services and increase social status. In the course of achieving these aims a concept of profession and a self-image were articulated by solicitors in order to persuade society and the state of the legitimacy of their claims. The concept of the gentlemanly professional was of critical importance in this instance. The successful creation of a provincial professional "community" by the end of the 19th century rested principally on a social and moral conception of professionalism rather than one which stressed specialised training and knowledge, professional organisations and credentials.
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Martin, Michael Sean. "Imaginative Thanatopsis: Death and the 19th-Century American Subject." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/41295.
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English<br>Ph.D.<br>In my dissertation, I intend to focus on the way that supernaturalism was produced and disseminated as a cultural category in 19th-century American fiction and non-fiction. In particular, my argument will be that 19th-century authors incorporated supernaturalism in their work to a large degree because of changing death practices at the time, ranging from the use of embalming to shifts in accepted mourning rituals to the ability to record the voices of the dead, and that these supernatural narratives are coded ways for these authors to rethink and grapple with the complexities of these shifting practices. Using Poe's "A Tale of Ragged Mountains" (1844) and Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), Alcott's Little Women (1868), Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables (1851), Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Brockden Brown's Weiland (1798), Phelps' short fiction, Shaker religious writings, and other texts, I will argue that 19th-century narration, instead of being merely aligned with an emerging public sphere and the development of oratory, relied heavily on thanatoptic or deceased narrators, the successive movement of the 18th-century British graveyard poets.
For writers who focused on mesmerism and mesmerized subjects, the supernatural became a vehicle for creating a type of "negative freedom," or coded, limitless space from which writers such as Margaret Fuller and Harriet Martineau could imagine their own death and do so without being scandalous. The 19th-century Shaker "visitations," whereby spirits of the dead were purported to speak through certain Shaker religionists, present a unique supernatural phenomenon, since this discrete culture also engaged with coded ways for rethinking death practices and rituals through their supernatural narratives. Meanwhile, such shifting cultural practices associated with death and its rituals also lead, I will argue, to the development of a new literary trope: the disembodied child narrator, as used first in Brockden Brown's novel and then in Melville's fiction, for example. Finally, I will finish my dissertation with a chapter that, while also considering how thanatoptic narrative is used in literary supernaturalism, will focus more on spaces, mazes, and, to use Benjamin's term in The Arcades Project (tran. 1999), arcades that marked 19th-century culture and architecture and how this change in space - and subsequent thanatoptic geography in 19th-century fiction - was at least partially correlated to shifting death practices.
I see this project as contributing to 19th-century American scholarship on death practices and literature, including those by Ann Douglas, Karen Sanchez-Eppler and Russ Castronovo, but doing so by arguing that the literary mechanism of supernaturalism and the gothic acted as categories or vehicles for rethinking and reconsidering actual death practices, funeral rituals, and related haunted technology (recordings, daguerreotypes) at the time.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Szabo, Anna Marieke. "19th century girls' literature stories of empowerment or limitation? /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/456299126/viewonline.
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Fung, Kit-ting. "Decolonizing fictions : the subversion of 19th century realist fiction /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23473010.
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Lee, Young-Joo. "An examination of 19th century Austro-German violin sonatas." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9768.
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Thesis (D.M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Music. Title from t.p. of PDF. Marylandia and Rare Books Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Audio available on compact disc;
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Ben-Sira, Tallya. "Representation of motherhood in 19th and 20th century texts." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25262312.
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BOSELLI, Lara. "Non-invasive spectroscopic study of 19th century artists’ materials." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389237.
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In recent years, several studies have been conducted on 19th century works of art mainly from a cognitive or
conservation point of view. Paintings of that period were usually made with new, as opposed to non
traditional, pigments, a result of the fast development of chemical manufacturing processes. As a
consequence, it can be particularly difficult to retrieve information needed to plan effective interventions
for the proper conservation of these objects due to the lack of knowledge of the original materials used.
The goal of this thesis is to provide information on 19th century painting materials, mainly pigments and
dyes, through the spectroscopic study of works of art, by analysing laboratory mock-ups expressly
prepared, and by analysing original pigments (in this specific case watercolours). The investigation of works
of art and precious objects often present problems due to necessity of non destructive examination
techniques. However, noninvasive analysis usually provides less information than that achievable by
sampling. In order to improve the results obtainable with noninvasive investigations, a multidisciplinary
approach based on the data's complementarities must be developed. In this thesis, point by point
spectroscopic information using Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) was integrated with High
Hyperspectral Image Spectroscopy (HHIS) and, in a few selected cases, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
spectroscopy, to better frame the case studies.
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Lam, Lai Sing. "Origins and development of the traditional Chinese roof : 16th century B.C.-19th century A.D." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. "On the standing of states : Latin America in nineteenth-century international society." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05459d05-0dfa-4220-bbdc-42e3df63d71a.
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The present dissertation offers a critical examination of the place accorded to Latin American states in the English School account of the expansion of international society. It pursues two aims. First, the study contributes to understanding the nature and scope of international order, and its historical transformation over the course of the 'long nineteenth century'. Because of the profound impact that European colonization had on the region, the English School has conventionally treated the entry of Latin American states into international society as an unproblematic historical fact achieved with diplomatic recognition in the 1820s. The crucial cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, however, indicate that more attention needs to the paid to the hierarchical nature of the international order. The central argument of this historical-comparative study posits that the three Latin American states were recognized diplomatically, but they were not regarded as fully-fledged members of the community of 'civilized' states. Second, the dissertation examines the implications of hierarchy in international politics. Building on a critique of the legal-formalist conception of 'standing' in English School theorizing, three ideal-typical dimensions of international stratification are identified: the distribution of material capabilities (stature), the function states perform in international society (role), and estimations of honour and prestige (status) among states. The interpretative framework sheds light on how agents understand international society, and the way in which they deal with its hierarchical nature. The study analyzes how Latin American elites perceived the standing of their state, and how these perceptions shaped politics through their corresponding 'logics of social action'. The study finds that nineteenth-century elites in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil conceived of the standing of their states predominantly in terms of status, and demonstrates how these perceptions informed politics.
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Meldrum, Patricia. "Evangelical Episcopalians in nineteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1943.
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This thesis deals with the theology and development of the Evangelical Episcopalian movement in nineteenth-century Scotland. Such a study facilitates the construction of a detailed doctrinal and social profile of these Churchmen, hitherto unavailable. In the introduction an extensive investigation is provided, identifying individuals within the group and assessing their numerical strength. Chapter 2 shows the locations of Evangelical Episcopalian churches and suggests reasons for their geographical distribution. Chapter 3 investigates some sermons and writings of various clergy and laypersons, highlighting the doctrinal beliefs of Scottish Evangelical Episcopalians and placing them within the spectrum of Evangelical Anglicanism and showing affinities with Scottish Presbyterianism. Chapter 4 concerns the lifestyle of members of the group, covering areas such as marriage, family, leisure and philanthropy. Chapter 5 provides a numerical analysis of the social make-up of various congregations paying particular attention to the success achieved in reaching the working classes. Chapters 6 and 7 examine the issues faced by Scottish Evangelical Episcopalians in an age of increasing Tractarian and Roman Catholic activity. Topics covered include the theology of baptism and the communion service. The contrast between Evangelical belief and that of orthodox Scottish High Churchmen and Virtualists is clarified. Chapter 8 explains the factors contributing to the secession of D. T. K. Drummond from the Scottish Episcopal Church and the formation of the English Episcopal movement. Further disruptions are discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 provides a detailed analysis of the development and eventual fragmentation of English Episcopalianism. Chapter 11 concludes the thesis with an evaluation of the contribution of English Episcopalianism to the history of the Scottish Episcopal Church and the reasons for its emergence. The thesis thus provides a detailed examination of the motives which drove the adherents of this important facet of nineteenth-century British Evangelicalism.
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Lahey, William. "Learning federalism, the experience of New Brunswick's 19th century judges." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63081.pdf.
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Alarcón, Sara E. "Child's Play: The Role of Dolls in 19th Century Childhood." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AlarconSE2007.pdf.
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Roach, Katherine. "Between magic and reason : science in 19th century popular fiction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13687/.
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The scientist in fiction is much maligned. The mad, bad scientist has framed much of the debate about literary representations of science and with good reason since he is a towering icon of popular culture. Yet, I will propose that an equally preeminent figure provides an alternative model of science in fiction. This is the detective. Links between developing scientific disciplines and the emerging genre of detective fiction have been well described to date. Yet the history of the detective as scientific icon has not been told, particularly not as it engages with the history of the mad scientist. These two paragons of modem culture developed from a groundswell of gothic narrative and imagery that emerged in the late 18th century and continued to entertain and challenge audiences throughout the 19th century, as they still do to this day. My aim is to recover some of the complexity of past public images of science, and the understandings that such icons relate to, as they develop and meander through a variety of 19th century fictions. In a series of time slices I relate these figures, their iconography and narratives, to contemporary debates about science and follow through the elements that each generation retains, remoulds and claims for their own time. Ultimately, I hope to show that an panalysis of the mad scientist alongside other fictional scientific figures provides a far more nuanced picture of potential meanings, than the negative and fearful response that he is often assumed to represent. This is significant because both these icons are current in popular culture today and as such are part and parcel of the present pool of cultural resources that provides tools for thinking about science and society in the 21st century.
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Zhao, Hui. "Rethinking Constitutionalism in Late 19th and Early 20th Century China." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10631.
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In the tenets of Western political science, “limited government” is usually seen as the touchstone of modern constitutionalism. Yet significant issues can arise when one applies this framework to East Asia. By studying the origin of constitutionalism in China and Japan, my dissertation reexamines the idea that “limited government” is the core of modern constitutionalism. I argue that constitutionalism, as it was introduced in Meiji Japan and late Qing China, focused on strengthening the government rather than limiting it. Many might feel this affirms the popular belief in an inherent affinity for authoritarianism in the Chinese mind, but this dissertation disagrees, finding such a conclusion to be unfairly reductive, and dangerous to achieving a true cross-cultural understanding. It argues instead that Chinese constitutionalism’s desire to strengthen the state was not the manifestation of a cultural predisposition toward authoritarianism, but was instead consciously adopted and constructed in response to the chaotic realities of late 19th and early 20th century China. By studying the constitutional thought of Aristotle, Cicero, Machiavelli, Hobbes, the early English constitutionalists, Locke, Montesquieu, the American founding fathers, and others, I shine light on a dilemma that was as critical to late Qing China constitutionalism as it was to Aristotle’s ancient Greece, Machiavelli’s Renaissance Florence, and Lincoln’s splitting 19th century America: to achieve the delicate balance between a strong state and the limiting principles of a Republic. My argument calls for a reevaluation not only of Chinese constitutional thought, but also of current liberal constitutional theory, which tends to define the goal of constitutionalism simply as the limiting of governmental power. My research shows that the essential goal of constitutionalism, whether it takes place in the East or the West, in the present or the past, is not to move closer to one pole of authoritarianism or the other of limited government, but to strike an ideal balance between the two, depending on the specific context of a state’s time and place in history.<br>East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Swade, Doron David. "Calculation and tabulation in the 19th century : Airy versus Babbage." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407230.
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FARIAS, CLARISSA MATTOS. "OH, 19TH CENTURY: SENSIBILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY IN STENDHAL (1783-1842)." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29603@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a historicidade da forma literária do escritor francês Henri-Marie Beyle (1783-1842), mais conhecido por seu pseudônimo Stendhal, a partir da sua relação profundamente tensa com a sua sociedade, a saber, a realidade instaurada no seu país após o ano de 1814. Esta análise parte de uma afirmação, recorrente nos textos do autor: a de que teria havido uma notável mudança de caráter dos seus conterrâneos a partir da queda do Império Napoleônico (1804-1814), a perda do que ele nomeou a faculdade de se divertir. Longe de lamentar apenas o fim de uma característica, porém, Stendhal indica, a partir dessa mudança, uma quebra profunda ocorrida no sentimento de pertencimento francês: seus conterrâneos teriam perdido um fundo de caráter comum que os fariam se reconhecer em suas particularidades, ou seja, para o autor, a França havia perdido sua autenticidade. Pretende-se, portanto, investigar como o autor configura esta perda em seu romance O vermelho e o negro (1830), tentando mostrar que o que ele entende por autenticidade se conecta diretamente à satisfação real dos indivíduos em seu mundo, impossibilitada agora na Restauração por um afastamento do eu de si mesmo. A partir dessa problematização, será analisada, primeiramente, a alternativa estética do escritor a esse mundo, descrita em Racine e Shakespeare (1823 e 1825) e Do Amor (1822), tendo em vista, sobretudo, sua preocupação com o prazer dramático; em seguida, como ele figura uma possibilidade ética com base na tensão que o protagonista do romance, Julien Sorel, estabelece com a sua sociedade.<br>This dissertation aims to analyze the historicity of the literary form of French writer Henri-Marie Beyle (1783-1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, from its deeply strained relationship with the society he lived in, that is, the reality established in his country after the year 1814. This analysis is originated from a recurrent claim in the author s work: that his countrymen suffered a remarkable change of character from the fall of the Napoleonic Empire (1804-1814), the loss of what he called the ability to have fun. Far from merely mourning the end of this quality, however, Stendhal points out that this change lead to a profound break in the French feeling of belonging: his countrymen had lost a common character background that had made it possible for them to recognize themselves in their particularities, i.e. in the author s view, France had lost its authenticity. I intend, therefore, to investigate how the author represents this loss in his novel The Red and the Black (1830), trying to show that what he meant by authenticity directly connects to the real satisfaction of individuals in their own world, made impossible now during the Bourbon Restoration due to a distancing of the self from itself. From this questioning, I will firstly analyze the aesthetic alternative of Stendhal to this world, described in Racine and Shakespeare (1823 and 1825) and in On Love (1822), regarding, above all, of his concern with the dramatic pleasure; and secondly, how the author paints an
ethical possibility based on the tension that the protagonist of his novel, Julien Sorel, establishes with the society around him.
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Garske, Kevin T. "Society and Suffering: City as Character in 19th Century Realism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1219.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between the city and the individual in literature, thereby acknowledging the anthropomorphic qualities we endow with our cities and in turn, how these qualities consolidate into the trope of the city character. We build this understanding by discussing the social, moral, political, literary, etc. associations of the city, and how these lend themselves to expressions of human energy or reflections of human character. These understandings are then given form through close readings of Gustave Flaubert’s Sentimental Education and Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment.
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Bryan, Bettina Alexandra. "Wilhelm Erb's electrotherapeutics and scientific medicine in 19th century Germany." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421891.
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Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840-1921) was the codiscoverer of the knee jerk response and is often referred to as the German counterpart of the French neurologist Jean Charcot. Erb advocated the use of electricity as a therapeutic agent, particularly in nervous diseases. He belonged to the first generation of German physicians educated in the spirit of Virchow's programme of naturwissenschaftliche Medizin. Among them were his mentor Nikolaus Friedreich, who exerted the most decisive and singular influence upon Erb, Albert Eulenburg, Eduard Hitzig and Hugo von Ziemssen. They were all reputable scientifically minded clinicians with a keen interest in advancing medical therapy and among the most ardent supporters of 'scientific' electrotherapy. My thesis is not intended to be a comprehensive biographical account of Erb's life but aims to explore the broader reasons for his advocacy of electrotherapy during the first phase (1860-1880) of the implementation of natural scientific medicine in Germany. Part I portrays the contemporary social, political and institutional context at Heidelberg University located in the German State of Baden where Erb received his medical training and spent almost exclusively his entire professional career. Part II illustrates the intellectual roots and epistemological objectives of Rudolf Virchow's concept of naturwissenschaftliche Medizin. I emphasize the political and social significance of Virchow's medical reform and its appeal to a generation of medical men raised in the aftermath of the failed 1848 Revolution. Erb is characterised as a "typical child of his time." I also discuss the aesthetic appeal of electricity which helped to promote its medical utilisation. Part III provides a history of German electrotherapy and investigates the intra-scientific rationale for the momentary enthusiastic employment of medical electricity. It concludes with an analysis of Erb's chief electrotherapeutic publications and actual practice.
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Davis, Lydia. "British travellers and the rediscovery of Sicily, 16th-19th century." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2006. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/579/.
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This project deals with the early period of what could be termed the 'Grand Tour' in Sicily, a subject which has previously been covered only in a small number of academic works. In particular, it looks at the history of British travel and travellers to Sicily, placing particular emphasis on the way in which classical considerations prompted, guided and inspired visitors to the island. Whilst covering a wide time span which ranges from the 8th until the 20th centuriy AD, the main body of the work focuses on the period between 1550 and 1770 and provides a study of the major British travellers to Sicily during this period - most particularly the journeys of Thomas Hoby in the 16th century, George Sandys and Isaac Basire in the 17th and John Breval in the early 18th century. It also looks at the cultural construction of Sicily itself during this period, and the major Latin and Italian historical sources which influenced, and in some cases were influenced by, travellers and writers from Britain. Much of this work involves the in-depth analysis of several of the major geographical and antiquarian texts from the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries both in English and Italiaan. The results suggest that rather than the more traditional view of Sicily as a late addition to the Grand Tour, relatively undiscovered until the 1770s, the island had in fact generated a significant amount of interest from numerous erudite British travellers and antiquarians, who made a small but nevertheless important contribution to the body of work written upon the island and its culture and antiquities
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Kersting, Felix. "The Political Economy of Social Identity in 19th Century Germany." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22246.
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Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Kapiteln, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten sozialer Identität im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts befassen.
Das erste Kapitel analysiert den Effekt früher Nationsbildung. Daten über die Vornamenswahl der Eltern in acht deutschen Städten und die Klassifizierung der Vornamen erlauben es, Veränderungen der nationalen Identität zu fassen. Anhand der Variation in Familien über die Zeit und des Vergleichs von Städten, die 1815 Teil Preußens werden, mit anderen Städten, die außerhalb Preußens blieben, wird der insgesamt positive Effekt ermittelt.
Das zweite Kapitel untersucht die Wirkung von Bismarcks Zuckerbrot-und-Peitsche-Politik auf den Wahlerfolg der Sozialdemokratie. Für die empirische Analyse nutze ich Varianz in bereits bestehenden Krankenversicherungen sowie Informationen zu verbotenen Vereinen in einem Differenz-in-Differenzen Ansatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es Bismarck’s Politiken zu steigendem Erfolg für die Sozialdemokratie geführt haben.
Das dritte Kapitel untersucht die „Getreideinvasion“ der ersten Globalisierung. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Handelsschocks in der Landwirtschaft die Wirtschaft der ländlichen Kreise in Preußen belasten. Entscheidend ist indes, dass dieser Handelsschock aufgrund starker Arbeitsmigration nicht zu einem entsprechenden Rückgang des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens oder einer Zunahme der politischen Polarisierung führte.
Im vierten Kapitel wird Max Webers Hypothese einer protestantischen Ethik überprüft. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass Protestantismus nach 1870 weder für das Einkommensniveau noch für die Ersparnisse oder die Alphabetisierungsraten in den preußischen Kreisen eine Rolle spielte. Stattdessen ist, so das Argument, Nationalismus sowohl für die Interpretation von Webers protestantischer Ethik als auch für deren empirische Überprüfung von entscheidender Bedeutung.<br>This dissertation is composed of four chapters which deal with various aspects of social identity in 19th century Germany.
The first chapter analyzes the effect of nation-building in cities that became part of Prussia in 1815. Data on first name choices by parents in eight German cities allow to elicit changes in national identity. Using within-family variation and comparing cities that become part of Prussia with other cities that stayed outside Prussia identifies the overall positive treatment effect.
The second chapter investigates the effect of Bismarck’s carrot and stick policies on the electoral success of the socialist party. For identification, I exploit spatial and industry specific variation in treatment intensity due to ex-ante existing local health insurance. The results show that Bismarck failed in reducing the support for the socialist party.
The third chapter studies the “grain invasion” – the “China shock” of the first globalization. The empirical results show that trade shocks in agriculture depress the economy of rural counties in Prussia. Crucially, there is no indication of a corresponding decline in income per capita or a rise in political polarization which is attributed to high levels of labor migration.
The fourth chapter revisits Max Weber's hypothesis on the role of Protestantism for economic development in its contemporary context. The empirical analysis provides evidence that Protestantism neither mattered for income levels, nor savings, nor literacy rates across Prussian counties after 1870. Instead, the chapter argues that nationalism is crucial for both the interpretation of Weber’s Protestant Ethic and empirical tests thereof.
While covering different contexts in 19th century Germany, these chapters are united in dealing with various aspects of social identity – either exploring potential political and economic causes of changes in social identities (chapter 1, 2, and 3) or possible consequences of social identity (chapter 4).
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Saitowitz, Sharma Jeanette. "19th century glass trade beads : from two Zulu royal residences." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26093.
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Risko, Sharon Marie. "19th Century Sea Shanties: From the Capstan to the Classroom." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1439294062.
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Costa, Marisa Célia da Silva Resende da. "Study of 19th century wall tiles for technical replicas development." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12103.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil<br>O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi sistematizar características físico- químicas dos azulejos para conservação e restauro de fachadas azulejares da cidade de Ovar, pertencentes à fase produtiva da semi-industrialização e industrialização dos finais do século XIX inico do século XX, de forma a produzir réplicas técnicas para recolocação nos locais de fachada com lacunas de azulejo.
Além de se ter criado uma base de dados sobre estes materiais, formularam-se réplicas para os corpos cerâmicos calcários e pó de pedra, sugerindo matérias-primas e grau de moagem para a sua formulação, pressão de prensagem, ciclo e temperaturas máximas de cozedura conferindo-lhes características técnicas para que estas possam ser aplicadas lado a lado com os azulejos seculares, sem que perturbem a unicidade técnica da fachada.
Investigaram-se duas das patologias mais recorrentes que afectam o vidrado: destacamento por cristalização de sais e fendilhamento. A primeira afecta a perda da parte pictórica do azulejo, atirando-o para uma remoção compulsiva da fachada aquando da sua intervenção para conservação restauro. A segunda permite-nos compreender possíveis compromissos técnicos feitos no passado.<br>The main objective of this work was to systematize physic-chemical characteristics of tiles removed for conservation and restoration of façades in the city of Ovar, belonging to the productive stage of semi industrialisation and industrialisation in late 19th century beginning of 20th century, in order to produce technical replicas to be used in façades gaps.
Besides creating a database on these materials with an inexistent extension in Portugal, it was also achieved the lab production of replicas for ceramic bodies of calcitic tiles and pó de pedra, suggesting raw materials and its particle size, pressing pressure, maximum temperatures and firing cycle, assuring technical characteristics so that they can be applied alongside the secular tiles without disturbing the technical harmony behaviour of the facade.
Two of the most recurrent pathology affecting the glaze were investigated: glaze detachment promoted by salts crystallization and crazing. The first affects the loss of the tile waterproof decoration, throwing it to a compulsory removal of the facade at its intervention for restore and conservation. The second allows us to understand possible technical commitments made in the past.
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Ottke, Doug. "An environmental history of the 19th century Marquette Iron Range." Reston, Va. : U.S. Geological Survey, 2000. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS10143.
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Smitterberg, Erik. "The progressive in 19th-century English : a process of integration /." Amsterdam : Rodopi, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40036925c.
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Nover, Stephen Michael. "History of language planning in deaf education: The 19th century." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284155.
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This dissertation documents historical patterns of language planning activities in American deaf education during the 19th century from a sociolinguistic perspective. This comprehensive study begins in the early 1800s, prior to the opening of the first public school for the deaf in Connecticut, tracing and categorizing available literature related to the language of signs and English as the languages of instruction for the deaf through 1900. Borg and Gall's (1989) historical research methodology was employed to ensure that a consistent historical approach was maintained based upon adequate and/or primary references whenever possible. Utilizing Cooper's (1989) language planning framework, each article in this extensive historical collection was categorized according to one of three major types of language planning activities: status planning (SP), acquisition planning (AP), or corpus planning (CP). Until this time, a comprehensive study of this nature has never been pursued in the field of deaf education. As a result, language planning patterns were discovered and a number of myths based upon inaccurate historical evidence that have long misguided educators of the deaf as well as the Deaf community were revealed. More specifically, these myths are related to the belief that 19th century linguistic analysis and scientific descriptions of the language of signs were nonexistent, and that 19th century literature related to the role, use and structure of the language of signs in education was extremely limited. Additionally this study discovered myths related to the status and use of sign language in this country, the history of deaf education programs, the growth and development of oralism and its impact upon existing programs for the deaf and the employment of deaf teachers. It was also revealed that several terms used in the 19th century have been misinterpreted by educational practitioners today who mistakenly believe they are using strategies that were developed long ago. Therefore, this study attempts to 'correct the record' by using primary sources to bring to light a new understanding of the history of deaf education from a language planning perspective.
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Palladino, Nicoletta. "19th - 20th century zinc white paints : multidimensional physico-chemical characterisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST042.
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Cette thèse explore les propriétéset l’emploi des peintures à l’huile à base deblanc de zinc de l’échelle nano- et microscopique jusqu’à l’échelle macroscopique desœuvres d’art.Le blanc de zinc (ZnO), pigment modernedéveloppé à la fin du XVIIIe siècle en tantqu’alternative non toxique au blanc de plomb,a été adopté dans la peinture à l’huile au milieudu XIXe siècle. Initialement utilisé aux côtésdu blanc de plomb, son pouvoir couvrant plusfaible et sa brillance en ont fait un pigment dechoix pour les mélanges de couleurs, les pointslumineux, mais aussi les empâtements et lespréparations. Cependant, il peut provoquer desproblèmes de conservation, par exemple en raison de la formation de savons de zinc, ce qui aété le focus principal de plusieurs études.Connaître ce pigment est donc crucial pourles études techniques des œuvres d’art et leurconservation. Dans ce but, cette rechercheest centrée sur deux axes : l’étude des propriétés physico-chimiques du blanc de zinc et del’ampleur et des modalités d’emploi du pigment.L’analyse de plusieurs types de matériaux estcomplétée avec des recherches documentaires etune enquête auprès des professionnels du patrimoine.Le premier axe est abordé à traversl’analyse, à l’échelle nano- et micromètrique,d’un large corpus, unique et varié, de matériauxd’artiste historiques et modernes des fabricantseuropéens et américains principaux, et d’unesélection d’échantillons issus d’œuvres, qui sontcomparés à des matériaux de référence et desmodèles de peinture. Plusieurs types de techniques d’analyse sont utilisés, allant de méthodes de laboratoire conventionnelles (microscopie optique et électronique, DRX) jusqu’à delarges instrumentations telles que l’accélérateurde particules AGLAE (PIXE, IBIL) et le synchrotron ESRF (DRX à haute résolution angulaire). Plusieurs composés ont été identifiés dansles matériaux de peinture, ce qui met en évidence certaines pratiques et adulterations desfabricants de couleurs. L’hydrozincite, probable produit de dégradation du ZnO, a été identifié dans plusieurs échantillons. Cette étudesouligne, parmi les matériaux historiques etmodernes, des différences de composition, detaille des particules de ZnO et de comportementde luminescence. La morphologie et la taille desparticules de ZnO et la pureté des matériauxanalysés suggèrent une synthèse par méthodeindirecte. La variété des comportements de luminescence, affectés également par d’autres facteurs liés au pigment et à son environnement,est, au contraire, plus difficile à interpréter.Le deuxième axe est abordé à partir descampagnes de fluorescence X sur une cinquantaine d’œuvres analysées in-situ dans lesmusées, et l’étude détaillée d’une sélection depeintures au laboratoire. Cette recherche explore différents emplois du pigment à partird’exemples précoces jusqu’à la moitié du XXesiècle, et constitue une véritable base de données des œuvres qui contiennent du blanc dezinc. En outre, l’étude souligne les limites del’identification du blanc de zinc, notamment surla seule base des analyses non-invasives de fluorescence X. L’intérêt d’un protocole non-invasifpour l’identification du pigment basé sur sa photoluminescence a été mis en valeur, ce qui estcomplémentaire à l’emploi de la cathodoluminescence pour l’étude invasive de matériaux depeinture.Cette recherche constitue donc une référencesur les propriétés physico-chimiques et l’emploidu blanc de zinc, offrant des informations surl’histoire matérielle du pigment et des œuvresd’art modernes en ouvrant des perspectives surleur conservation et authentification<br>: This thesis explores the propertiesand use of zinc white oil paints, from the nanoand micro-scale up to the macro-scale of artworks.Zinc white (ZnO), a modern pigment developed in the late 18th century as a non-toxicalternative to lead white, was adopted in oilpaint in the middle of the 19th century. Initially used alongside lead white, its lower covering power and brilliance made it a choice forcolour blends and highlights, but also for impastos and grounds. It can cause condition issues,for example due to the formation of zinc soaps,which have been the main focus of several studies.Knowing the pigment is, therefore, crucialfor technical studies and artwork conservation.Thus, this research focuses on two areas: thestudy of the physico-chemical properties of zincwhite and the extent and modalities of use of thepigment. The analysis of several types of material is complemented by documentary researchand a survey among heritage professionals.The first axis is addressed through the analysis, at the nano- and micro-scale, of a large,unique and varied corpus of historical and modern artists’ materials from the leading European and American manufacturers, and a selection of painting samples compared with reference materials and paint mockups. Several analytical techniques are used, from conventionallaboratory methods (optical and electron microscopy, XRD) to large facilities, such as theAGLAE particle accelerator (PIXE, IBIL) andthe ESRF synchrotron (high-angle resolutionXRD). Other compounds than ZnO were identified in the paint materials, shedding light oncertain practices of colour manufacturers andexamples of adulteration. Hydrozincite, a probable degradation product of ZnO, was identifiedin some samples. This study highlights differences in the composition and size of ZnO particles between historical and modern materials,as well as a luminescence behaviour that is moredifficult to interpret because it depends on several factors linked to the pigment and its environment. The morphology and size of the ZnOparticles and the purity of the materials analysed suggest synthesis via indirect method.The second axis is based on X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy campaigns onaround fifty artworks analysed in-situ in museums, and the detailed study of a selection ofpaintings in the laboratory. This research showsdifferent uses of the pigment through examplesfrom the beginning of the 19th up to the mid20th century, which form a reference databaseof artworks containing zinc white. The studyalso calls into question the identification of zincwhite, particularly when solely based on XRFanalyses. The interest in a non-invasive protocol for pigment identification based on its photoluminescence was highlighted, which is complementary to the use of cathodoluminescencefor the invasive study of paint materials.This research constitutes a reference onthe physico-chemical properties and use of zincwhite; it provides information on the materialhistory of the pigment and modern artworks,opening up new perspectives for artwork conservation and authentication
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Couton, Philippe. "The institutional participation of French and immigrant workers in 19th-century France /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36901.
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Recent theories of the social consequences of institutions point to aspects of class and ethnic relations that are not fully captured by conventional institutional perspectives. Using some of these recent theoretical contributions, this thesis analyzes the influence of institutional conditions on the mobilization of French and immigrant workers in late 19th-century northern France. Two main institutional structures are discussed: France's unique network of labour courts, and the socialist cooperatives created by Flemish workers in the 1880s. The empirical, chiefly archival evidence suggests two main conclusions: labour movements emerged and evolved strongly influenced by the judicial framing of labour relations, which they in turn sought to use and modify to their advantage; the institutional innovation of Flemish immigrant workers had a durable influence on the organization of labour politics in northern France, and contributed to their integration as active social and political participants.
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Bennett, Joshua Maxwell Redford. "Doctrine, progress and history : British religious debate, 1845-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:299ba472-2a9c-488c-a8de-12ac55acc4ea.
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Religion and history became closely related in new ways in the Victorian imagination. This thesis asks why this was so, by focusing on arguments within British Protestant culture over progress and development in the history of Christianity. In an intellectual movement approximately beginning with the 1845 publication of John Henry Newman's 'Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine', and powerfully spreading and developing until the earlier years of the twentieth century, British intellectuals came to treat the history of religion - both as a past and present process, and as a didactic genre - as a vital element of broader attempts to stabilise or reconstruct religious belief and social order. Religious revivalists, determined to use church history as a raw material for the inculcation of exclusive confessional identities and dogmatic theology, were highly successful in pressing it on the attention of early Victorian audiences. But they proved unable to control its meaning. Historians rose to prominence who instead interpreted the history of Christianity as a guide to how religious culture, which many treated as indistinguishable from society as a whole, might eventually supersede denominational and dogmatic divisions. Humanity's spiritual development in time, which numerous British critics assessed with the aid of German Idealist thought, also became an attractive apologetic resource as the epistemological basis of Christian belief came under unprecedented public challenge. A major part of that danger was perceived to come from rival, avowedly secularising interpretations of human social progress. Such accounts - the ancestors of twentieth-century secularisation theory - were vigorously opposed by historians who understood modernity as involving not the decline, but the purification of Christianity. By exploring the ways in which Victorian critics - clerical and lay, religious and secular - approached religious history as a resource for solving the problems of their own age, this thesis offers a new way of understanding the importance of history, claims to knowledge, and the nature and ends of 'liberalism' in the long nineteenth century.
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Milewicz, Przemysław. "Visions of nation in Poland, 1815-1831." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609456.
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Muller, Elizabeth M. "Absorption and Assimilation: Australia's Aboriginal Policies in the 19th and 20th Centuries." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1959.
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Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato<br>Since initial contact between white settlers and Australian Aborigines began in the late 18th century the Aboriginal population has been exploited, abused, and controlled by governmental authorities. The two policies which dominated government approach to the Aboriginal population in the past were biological absorption and cultural assimilation. Through examining what caused such a massive shift in Aboriginal policy it is clear that events and their outcomes affect the ideas, beliefs, and worldviews of policymakers, activists, and the public<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: College Honors Program<br>Discipline: International Studies