Literatura académica sobre el tema "2004 m-866"

Abstract. Globally, peat lands are considered to be a sink of CO2, but a source when drained. Additionally, wet peat lands are thought to emit considerable amounts of CH4 and N2O. Hitherto, reliable and integrated estimates of emissions and emission factors for this type of land cover have been lacking and the effects of wetland restoration on methane emissions have been poorly quantified. In this paper we estimate the full greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of a restored natural peat land by determining the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O through atmosphere and water, while accounting for the different Global Warming Potentials (GWP's). The site is an abandoned agricultural peat meadow, which has been converted into a wetland nature reserve ten years ago, after which the water level was raised. GHG fluxes were measured continuously with an eddy covariance system (CO2) and flux chamber measurements (CH4 and N2O). Meteorological and hydrological measurements were collected as well. With growing seasons of respectively 192, 168 and 129 days, the annual net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) was −446+±83 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2004, −311±58 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2005 and −232±57 g m−2 yr−1 for 2006. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was estimated as 869±668 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2004, 866±666 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2005 and 924±711 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2006. CH4 emissions from the saturated land and water surfaces were high compared to the relatively dry land. Annual weighted CH4 emissions were 31.27±20.40 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2005 and 32.27±21.08 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2006. N2O fluxes were too low to be of significance. The water balance of the area was dominated by precipitation and evapotranspiration and therefore fluxes of carbon and CH4 through seepage, infiltration and drainage were relatively small (17.25 g C m−2 yr−1). The carbon-balance consisted for the largest part of CO2 uptake, CO2 respiration and CH4 emission from water saturated land and water. CO2 emission has decreased significantly as result of the raised water table, while CH4 fluxes have increased. In GWP's the area was a small net GHG sink given as CO2-equiv. of −86 g m−2 yr−1 (over a 100-year period).

Abstract. Globally, peat lands are considered to be a sink of CO2, but a source when drained. Additionally, wet peat lands are thought to emit considerable amounts of CH4 and N2O. Hitherto, reliable and integrated estimates of emissions and emission factors for this type of area have been lacking and the effects of wetland restoration on methane emissions have been poorly quantified. In this paper we estimate the full GHG balance of a restored natural peat land by determining the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O through atmosphere and water, while accounting for the different GWP's. This site is an abandoned agricultural peat meadow, which has been converted into a wetland nature reserve ten years ago by raising the water level. GHG fluxes were measured continuously with an eddy-correlation system (CO2) and flux chamber measurements (CH4 and N2O). Meteorological and hydrological measurements were done as well. With growing seasons of respectively 192 and 155 days, the net annual CO2 uptake was 276±61 g C m−2 for 2004 and 311±58 g C m−2 for 2005. Ecosystem respiration was estimated as 887±668 g C m−2 for 2004 and 866±666 g C m−2 for 2005. CH4 fluxes from water, saturated land and relatively dry land varied: total annual CH4 fluxes are 10.4±19.2 g C m−2 yr−1, 101 g C m−2 yr−1±30 and 37.3±10.9 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, and a annual weighed total CH4 emission of 31.27±20.44 g C m−2 yr−1. N2O fluxes were too low to be of significance. The carbon-balance consists for the largest part of CO2 uptake, CO2 respiration and CH4 emission from wet land and water. CO2 emission has decreased significantly as result of the raised water table, while CH4 fluxes have increased. In global warming potentials the area is a very small sink of 71 g CO2-equiv m−2 (over a 100-year period).

O objetivo do trabalho foi de verificar as mudanças ocorridas na comunidade arbórea em um intervalo de 14 anos. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de floresta semidecidual utilizando 50 parcelas de 10 m×10 m, onde foram amostradas todas as árvores com DAP > 3,18 cm em 1990 e em 2004. No primero inventário encontrou-se 95 espécies, 818 indivíduos e área basal de 14,43 m² . No segundo levantamento amostrou-se 95 espécies, 866 indivíduos e área basal de 13,42 m² . No período de 14 anos, 10 espécies desapareceram e o mesmo número ingressou na comunidade. O índice de diversidade de Shannon, na primeira amostragem foi de 4,05 e na segunda 3,72. A taxa média anual de mortalidade foi de 4,1% e a de recrutamento 4,5%. A meia-vida, o tempo de duplicação, a estabilidade e a reposição, para o número de indivíduos foi 16,92, 15,04, 1,86 e 15,98 anos, respectivamente. O fragmento florestal manteve a riqueza de espécies, porém houve mudanças no índice de diversidade, número de indivíduos e área basal podendo possivelmente ser o resultado do processo de fragmentação e do isolamento dessa comunidade.

This paper describes a qualitative study that used focus groups and individual interviews to explore newly graduated medical students’ experience of the first six months of a postgraduate training programme. This study explored the residents’ concerns, changes that occurred and the influences the residents attributed to those changes during the first six months, this paper focuses on the residents’ experience of responsibility during this initial training period. Residents felt there was a huge leap in responsibility when they made the transition from being a medical student to being a doctor, specifically in the areas of knowledge, practice management, and relationships. This paper describes how the residents felt there was a disconnect between their experience of responsibility as a medical student and their experience of responsibility as a doctor. Residents were concerned they lacked the necessary medical experience and expertise for someone wearing the title “doctor”. It was not until residents felt relatively confident that they were not going to harm patients with their knowledge that they were able to begin the process of understanding what it meant to be the family physician, which allowed them to begin identifying with the role of family medicine resident. This process took weeks for some residents and several months for others. This study lays the groundwork for better understanding the transition experience from undergraduate to postgraduate training from the resident’s perspective. This paper focuses specifically on the concerns residents had adjusting to their new responsibilities and the implications this might have for medical educators and curriculum developers. 
 Hirsh DA., Ogur B, Thibault GE, Cox M. “Continuity” as an Organizing Principle for Clinical Education Reform. The New England Journal of Medicine 2007 (Feb):858-866.
 Kendall ML, Hesketh EA, Macpherson SG. The learning environment for junior doctor training – what hinders, what helps. Medical Teacher 2005; 25:619 – 24.
 Luthy C, Perrier A, Perrin E, Cedrascht C, Allaz AF. Exploring the major difficulties perceived by residents in training: a pilot study. Swiss Medical Weekly 2004; 134:612-17.

This article is born from the results of a larger research that aimed to identify the relationship that the teacher establishes between his personal dimensions (identity) and the professional dimensions (teacher identity) in his formation and his practice, through reflection on his daily action. At this moment of the research the objective was to identify and describe the reflexive processes observed on the practical action of the teacher, as well as the paths covered in the formation and constitution of the professional identity. For this, the methodology of writing class diaries was used, mainly based on Zabalza's theoretical framework. The journals were developed by five teachers during three months in a semester, with subsequent reflection of the reports from a script presented to them by the researchers. The data, analyzed by the technique of Content Analysis, according to Bardin, revealed five categories that made explicit on the knowledge of teaching practice, reflexive processes, teacher training and the constitution of their professional identity. The results showed that the methodology used (class diaries) was efficient in order to allow a space for reflection, as a way to build an effective practice that is consistent with the personal issues of the professional. The reflections made by the teachers indicate that they live the complexities of the profession as a great burden to bear having unfinished ideas on coping strategies.ResumoEste artigo nasce dos resultados de uma pesquisa maior que objetivou identificar a relação que o professor estabelece entre suas dimensões pessoais (identidade) e as dimensões profissionais (identidade docente) na sua formação e na sua prática, através da reflexão sobre sua ação diária. Neste momento da pesquisa, o objetivo era identificar e descrever os processos reflexivos observados sobre a ação prática do professor, bem como os caminhos percorridos na formação e constituição da identidade profissional. Para tal foi utilizada a metodologia de redação de diários de aula, embasados, primordialmente, no referencial teórico da Zabalza. Os diários foram desenvolvidos por cinco docentes durante três meses em um semestre letivo, com posterior reflexão dos relatos a partir de um roteiro apresentado a eles pelos pesquisadores. Os dados, analisados pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, segundo Bardin, revelaram cinco categorias que explicitaram sobre os saberes da prática docente, os processos reflexivos, a formação do professor e a constituição de sua identidade profissional. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia utilizada (diários de aula) foi eficiente no sentido de permitir um espaço destinado à reflexão, como forma de construir uma prática eficaz e condizente com as questões pessoais do profissional. As reflexões feitas pelos professores indicam que vivem as complexidades da profissão como uma grande carga a se carregar tendo ideias inacabadas sobre estratégias de enfrentamento das mesmas.ResumenEste artículo nace de los resultados de una investigación mayor que objetivó identificar la relación que el profesor establece entre sus dimensiones personales (identidad) y las dimensiones profesionales (identidad docente) en su formación y en su práctica, a través de la reflexión sobre su acción diaria. En este momento de la investigación el objetivo era identificar y describir los procesos reflexivos observados sobre la acción práctica del profesor, así como los caminos recorridos en la formación y constitución de la identidad profesional. Para ello se utilizó la metodología de redacción de diarios de clase, fundamentados, primordialmente, en el referencial teórico de Zabalza. Los diarios fueron desarrollados por cinco docentes durante tres meses en un semestre lectivo, con posterior reflexión de los relatos a partir de un guión presentado a ellos por los investigadores. Los datos, analizados por la técnica de Análisis de Contenido, según Bardin, revelaron cinco categorías que explicitaron sobre los saberes de la práctica docente, los procesos reflexivos, la formación del profesor y la constitución de su identidad profesional. Los resultados mostraron que la metodología utilizada (diarios de clase) fue eficiente en el sentido de permitir un espacio destinado a la reflexión, como forma de construir una práctica eficaz y acorde con las cuestiones personales del profesional. Las reflexiones hechas por los profesores indican que viven las complejidades de la profesión como una gran carga a llevarse teniendo ideas inconclusas sobre estrategias de enfrentamiento de las mismas.Palavras-chave: Formação de professores, Reflexão, Identidade profissional.Keywords: Teacher training, Reflection, Professional identity.Palabras clave: Formación de profesores, La reflexión, Identidad profesional.ReferencesAGUIAR, M. C. C. Implicações da formação continuada para a construção da identidade profissional. Psicologia da Educação, 23, 155-173, 2006.ARIBONI, S; PERITO, R. Guia Prático para um projeto de pesquisa exploratória experimental descritiva. São Paulo: Unimarco, 2004.BARDIN, L. Análise de conteúdo. Tradução Luís Antero Reto e Augusto Pinheiro. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1977.BOGDAN, R.; BIKLEN, S. K. Investigação qualitativa em educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto, Portugal: Porto Editora, 1994.BORBA, O. Planejando e agindo na prática educativa: o papel dos registros na organização dos momentos pedagógicos. In: MION, R. A; SAITO, C. H. Investigação- ação: mudando o trabalho de formar professores. Ponta Grossa: Gráfica Planeta, 2001.BRASIL. Lei Nº 13.415, de 16 de fevereiro de 2017. Altera as Leis nos 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996, que estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional, e 11.494, de 20 de junho 2007, que regulamenta o Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação, a Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho – CLT. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2017/Lei/L13415.htm. Acesso em março de 2019.BRITO, A. E. O significado da reflexão na prática docente e na produção dos saberes profissionais do/a professor/a. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, Madrid, n. 37, p. 1-6, enero/abr, 2006.CAIRES, S. Vivências e percepções do estágio pedagógico: contributos para a compreensão da vertente fenomenológica do “Tornar-se professor”. Análise Psicológica, Lisboa, v. 24, n. 1, p. 87-98, jan., 2006.COZER, R. C. A visão da escola sobre a interação com as famílias dos alunos: o cenário das primeiras séries do ensino fundamental. 2003. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação). Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos. 2003.DEWEY, J. Cómo pensamos. Barcelona: Paidós, 1989.ENS, R. T.; EYNG, A. M.; GISI, M. L.; RIBAS, M. S. Evasão ou permanência na profissão: políticas educacionais e representações sociais de professores. Rev. Diálogo Educ., Curitiba, v. 14, n. 42, p. 501-523, maio/ago., 2014.ERAUT, M. Schön schock: A case for reframing reflection-in-action? Teachers and teaching, 1(1), 9-22. 1995.FONTANA, R. A. C. Como nos tornamos professoras? Belo Horizonte: Autêntica. 2000.GARCIA, R. L. A formação da professora alfabetizadora: reflexões sobre a prática. São Paulo: Cortez, 1996.JOAQUIM, N. F.; BOAS, A. A. V.; CARRIERI, A. P. Entre o discurso praticado e a realidade percebida no processo de formação docente. Avaliação, 17 (2), 503-528, 2012.JUNGES, K. S.; BEHRENS, M. A.; TORRES, P. L. Desenvolvimento profissional e a prática reflexiva: uma experiência de formação de docentes universitários no nível stricto sensu no paradigma da complexidade. Revista e-Curriculum, 8 (1), 1-20, 2012.LOPES, R. B.; GOMES, C. A. Paz na sala de aula é uma condição para o sucesso escolar: que revela a literatura? Ensaio: avaliação políticas públicas Educação, 20(75), 261-282, 2012.NORONHA, M. M. B.; ASSUNÇÃO, A. A.; OLIVEIRA, D. A. O sofrimento no trabalho docente: o caso das professoras da rede pública de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, 6 (1), 65-86, 2008.MARCONI, M. A.; LAKATOS, E. M. Técnicas de pesquisa: planejamento e execução de pesquisas, amostragens e técnicas de pesquisa, elaboração, análise e interpretação de dados. 3.ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 1996.NÓVOA, A. Professores: imagens do futuro presente. Lisboa: Educa, 2009.NÓVOA, A. Os professores e o “novo” espaço público da educação. In: TARDIF, M.; LESSARD, C. Ofício de professor: história, perspectivas e desafios internacionais. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2008.OLIVEIRA, D. A. Os trabalhadores da educação e a construção política da profissão docente no Brasil. Educar em Revista, n. especial 1, p. 17-35, 2010.OLIVEIRA, C. B. E.; MARINHO-ARAÚJO, C. M. A relação família-escola: intersecções e desafios. Estudos de Psicologia, Campinas, v. 27, n. 1, p. 99-108, jan./mar, 2010.OLIVEIRA, I.; SERRAZINA, L. A reflexão e o professor como investigador. In: GTI (Ed.). Reflectir e investigar sobre a prática profissional. Lisboa: APM, 2002. p. 29-42.PÉREZ GÓMEZ, A. P. O pensamento prático do professor: a formação do professor como profissional reflexivo. In: NÓVOA, A. (org.) Os professores e a sua formação. Lisboa, Portugal: Publicações dom Quixote, p. 77-91, 1992.PORLÁN, R.; MARTÍN, J. El diário del profesor: Um recurso para la investigación em el aula. Sevilha: Diáda, 1997.REALI, A. M. M. R.; TANCREDI, R. M. S. P. Interação escola-famílias: concepções de –professores e práticas pedagógicas. In: REALI , A. M. M. R.; MIZUKAMI, M. G. N. (Orgs.), Formação de professores: práticas pedagógicas e escola. São Carlos: EdUFSCar. 2002.REALI, A. M. M. R.; TANCREDI, R. M. S. P. Bringing together school and family lessons from a Brazilian Experience. The School Community Journal. Lincoln (USA), The Academic Development Institute. 14, (2) 105-129. 2004.REALI, A. M. M. R.; TANCREDI, R. M. S. P. A importância do que se aprende na escola: A parceria escola-famílias em perspectiva. Paidéia, 15(31), 239-247, 2005.RODGERS, C. Defining Reflection: Another Look at John Dewey and Reflective Thinking. Teachers College Record, Volume 104, Number 4, June, pp. 842–866, 2002.SANTOS, G. B. Os professores e seus mecanismos de fuga e enfrentamento. Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, 7(2), 285-304, 2009.SARAIVA, L. A.; WAGNER, A. A Relação Família-Escola sob a ótica de Professores e Pais de crianças que frequentam o Ensino Fundamental. Ensaio: avaliação políticas públicas Educação, 21(81), 739-772, 2013.SCHÖN, D.A. Educando o profissional reflexivo: um novo design para o ensino e a aprendizagem. Porto Alegre: Artes. Médicas, 2000.SCHÖN, D. A. Formar professores como profissionais reflexivos. In: NÓVOA, A. (org.). Os professores e a sua formação. Lisboa, Portugal: Publicações dom Quixote, p. 77-91. 1992.SCHÖN, D. A. The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books, 1983.SILVEIRA, L. M. O. B. A Relação Família-Escola: uma parceria possível? In: WAGNER, A. et al. Desafios Psicossociais da Família Contemporânea: pesquisas e reflexões. Porto Alegre: Artmed, p. 181-190, 2011.SIVIERI-PEREIRA, H. de O. O professor principiante e os espaços de interação entre as dimensões pessoais e profissionais da carreira docente. 2008. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências, área Psicologia). Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras. Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto, SP, 2008.SOUZA, V. L. T.; PETRONI, A. P.; ANDRADA, P. C. A afetividade como traço da constituição identitária docente: o olhar da psicologia. Psicologia & Sociedade, 25(3), 527-537, 2013.ZABALZA, M. A. Diários de aula: um instrumento de pesquisa e desenvolvimento profissional. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.ZANCHET, B. M. B. A.; FAGUNDES, M. V. A preparação para o exercício do magistério superior far-se-á em nível de pós-graduação? Os docentes iniciantes respondem. Revista e-curriculum, São Paulo, v.8 n.1 Abril, 2012.e3125052

Purpose. To establish a prognostic model that estimates cancer-specific survival (CSS) probability for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients undergoing partial cystectomy. Patients and Methods. 866 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004–2015) were enrolled in our study. These patients were randomly divided into the development cohort (n = 608) and validation cohort (n = 258) at a ratio of 7 : 3. A Cox regression was performed to select the predictors associated with CSS. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze the survival outcome between different risk groups. The calibration curves, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the concordance index (C-index) were utilized to evaluate the performance of the model. Results. The nomogram incorporated age, histology, T stage, N stage, M stage, regional nodes examined, and tumour size. The C-index of the model was 0.733 (0.696–0.77) in the development cohort, while this value was 0.707 (0.705–0.709) in the validation cohort. The AUC of the nomogram was 0.802 for 1-year, 0.769 for 3-year, and 0.799 for 5-year, respectively, in the development cohort, and was 0.731 for 1-year, 0.748 for 3-year, and 0.752 for 5-year, respectively, in the validation cohort. The calibration curves for 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year CSS showed great concordance. Significant differences were observed between high, medium, and low risk groups ( P < 0.001 ). Conclusions. We have constructed a highly discriminative and precise nomogram and a corresponding risk classification system to predict the cancer-specific survival for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients undergoing partial cystectomy. The model can assist in the decision on choice of treatment, patient counselling, and follow-up scheduling.

Abstract. Droughts cause reductions in gross primary production (GPP) and also in net ecosystem exchange (NEE), contributing to most of the inter-annual variability in terrestrial carbon sequestration. In seasonally dry climates (Mediterranean) droughts result from reductions in annual rainfall and from changes in rain seasonality. In western Iberia, the hydrological-year (i.e., from October to September) of 2004–2005 was extremely dry, with precipitation 50% below the long-term mean (691 mm in 1961–1990), but 2005–2006 was normal. We compared the carbon fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique from three contrasting ecosystems in southern Portugal: an evergreen oak woodland (savannah-like) with ca. 21% tree cover; a Mediterranean C3/C4 grassland; and a coppiced eucalyptus plantation. During the dry hydrological-year of 2004–2005, NEE was lowest, the highest sink strength was in the eucalypt plantation (NEE = –399 g C m −2 year−1) as compared to the oak woodland (NEE = –88 g C m −2 year−1), and the grassland (NEE = +49 g C m −2 year −1). The latter was a source of carbon dioxide. The NEE values of the dry year were, however, much lower than those for wetter years, e.g. NEE = –861 g C m−2 year −1 in 2002–2003 in the eucalypt plantation. The NEE of the grassland and the oak savannah in the 2005–2006 hydrological-year, with annual precipitation above the long term mean, were –190 and –120 g C m −2 year−1, respectively. All ecosystems studied increased their rain-use efficiency (GPP per unit of rain volume) increased in dry years. In the case of annual vegetation – grassland and low tree density woodland, however &ndash, rain-use efficiency decreased with severe drought. However, this was more pronounced in the eucalypt plantation due to greater GPP and the use of deep soil water resources. Although both calendar years of 2004 and 2005 had equally low rainfall, the effect of drought on the eucalypt plantation was delayed until the second dry year. This suggests that the effects of water deficits on Mediterranean forests are exacerbated by prolonged droughts when long-term soil water reserves are depleted. The grassland, however, was more vulnerable and responded faster to water deficits. This effect of drought was less pronounced in the oak woodland due to the sparse tree cover.

The politics of Italian national identity. Edited by Gino Bedani and Bruce Haddock. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000. Pp. vii+296. ISBN 0-7083-1622-0. £40.00.Fascist modernities: Italy, 1922–1945. By Ruth Ben-Ghiat. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001. Pp. x+317. ISBN 0-520-22363-2. £28.50.Le spie del regime. By Mauro Canali. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004. Pp. 863. ISBN 88-15-09801-1. €70.00.I campi del Duce: l'internamento civile nell'Italia fascista (1940–1943). By Carlo Spartaco Capogreco. Turin: Einaudi, 2004. Pp. xi+319. ISBN 88-06-16781-2. €16.00.The American South and the Italian Mezzogiorno: essays in comparative history. Edited by Enrico Dal Lago and Rick Halpern. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Pp. 256. ISBN 0-333-73971-X. £28.50.Disastro! Disasters in Italy since 1860: culture, politics, society. Edited by John Dickie, John Foot, and Frank M. Snowden, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Pp. ix+342. ISBN 0-312-23960-2. £32.50.Remaking Italy in the twentieth century. By Roy Palmer Domenico. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. Pp. xiv+181. ISBN 0-8476-9637-5. £16.95.Twentieth century Italy: a social history. By Jonathan Dunnage. Harlow: Pearson, 2002. Pp. xi+271. ISBN 0-582-29278-6. £16.99.Milan since the miracle: city, culture and identity. By John Foot. Oxford: Berg, 2001. Pp. xiv+240. ISBN 1-85973-550-9. £14.99.Squadristi: protagonisti e tecniche della violenza fascista, 1919–1922. By Mimmo Franzinelli. Milan: Mondadori, 2003. Pp. 464. ISBN 88-04-51233-4. €19.00.For love and country: the Italian Resistance. By Patrick Gallo. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2003. Pp. viii+362. ISBN 0-7618-2496-0. $55.00.The struggle for modernity: nationalism, futurism and Fascism. By Emilio Gentile. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. Pp. xix+203. ISBN 0-275-97692-0. $69.95.Italy and its discontents. By Paul Ginsborg. Harmondsworth: Allen Lane, 2001. Pp. xv+521. ISBN 0-713-99537-8. £25.00.Silvio Berlusconi: television, power and patrimony. By Paul Ginsborg. London: Verso, 2004. Pp. xvi+189. ISBN 1-84467-000-7. £16.00.Fascists. By Michael Mann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. x+429. ISBN 0-521-53855-6. £15.99.Mussolini: the last 600 days of Il Duce. By Ray Moseley. Dallas: Taylor Trade publishing, 2004. Pp. vii+432. ISBN 1-58979-095-2. $34.95.Lo stato fascista e la sua classe politica, 1922–1943. By Didier Musiedlak. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2001. Pp. 585. ISBN 88-15-09381-8. €32.00.Italy's social revolution: charity and welfare from Liberalism to Fascism. By Maria Sophia Quine. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Pp. xv+429. ISBN 0-333-63261-3. £55.00.La seduzione totalitaria: guerra, modernità, violenza politica (1914–1918). By Angelo Ventrone. Rome: Donzelli, 2003. Pp. xvi+288. ISBN 88-7989-840-X. €24.00.With its winning of an American Academy Award, the film Life is beautiful (1997), brought its director and leading actor, Roberto Benigni, global fame. Benigni's zaniness and self-mockery seemed to embody everything that has convinced foreigners that Italians are, above all, brava gente (nice people). Sometimes, this conclusion can have a supercilious air – niceness can easily be reduced to levity or fecklessness. In those university courses that seek to comprehend the terrible tragedies of twentieth-century Europe, Italians seldom play a leading role. German, Russian, Polish, Yugoslav, and even British and French history are each riven with death and disaster or, alternatively, with heroism and achievement. In such austere company, brava gente can seem out of place.

Deep-sea pycnogonid material collected during the N/O Alis Campagnes Norfolk 2 to New Caledonia in 2003 and Salomon 2 to the Solomon Islands in 2004, together with two samples from the BOA0 and BOA1 Campagnes to Vanuatu in 2004–2005, has been analyzed. This includes only the second collection of deep-sea pycnogonids from the Solomon Islands. The material includes 22 specimens from seven species from New Caledonia, taken at depths from 265 to 1150 m, 95 specimens from 14 species from the Solomon islands, at depths from 336 to 1218 m, and two specimens of one species from Vanuatu (864–927 m depth). The first male of Ascorhynchus constrictus is described, including the first description of the anterior legs. A new species of Ascorhynchus is partially described, but not named owing to its incompleteness. Seven of the species are new to the Melanesia region, including a notable range-extension for Colossendeis tasmanica. The local zoogeography of these deep-water species is discussed.

The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. The study revealed that ADHD as a developmental disorder is influenced by prenatal, biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors, and suggested that better understanding of genomic susceptibilities, family environment and parental characteristics would transform the pathway for development of ADHD in children.
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Depuis une quarantaine d’années, la nature et le degré de présence des référents spatiaux et temporels diffèrent considérablement dans le théâtre catalan, au moins selon les périodes, mais sans doute aussi selon les auteurs. À partir du milieu des années 1980, l’écriture dramatique tend en grande partie à refuser tout ancrage de l’action dramatique dans une géographie et un moment historique précis et, en particulier, à éluder les représentations de Barcelone et/ou de la Catalogne. Cette thèse se propose d’examiner le traitement des référents en question dans les pièces écrites par Josep M. Benet i Jornet et Sergi Belbel au cours d’une période où la dramaturgie catalane semble souvent se détourner du monde « réel » comme univers immédiat de référence. Depuis le niveau macrocosmique de l’univers jusqu’aux microcosmes domestiques et intimes, Benet et Belbel creusent le réel selon des modes et avec des moyens dramaturgiques variés, donnant ainsi lieu à des constructions spatiotemporelles assez diverses, et l’on peut alors observer différents effets de la présence et/ou de l’absence du réel : effacement des marqueurs identitaires, ou au contraire, omniprésence des références géographiques et historiques ; sentiment de dilution du monde ; effet paradoxal de la lisibilité de la réalité historique malgré son invisibilité manifeste ; etc. À partir d’un corpus de huit œuvres – Desig, El gos del tinent, Olors et Salamandra de Benet, Elsa Schneider, Tàlem, El temps de Planck et Forasters de Belbel –, l’analyse des référents spatiaux et temporels vise à saisir les « territoires dramaturgiques » privilégiés de deux figures majeures de la dramaturgie catalane contemporaine<br>The nature and level of presence of the spatial and temporal referents have considerably differed in the Catalan theatre for the last forty years or so, at least from one period to another but certainly also from one author to another. Since the mid-1980s, playwriting has largely tended to refuse any dramatic action that would have been rooted in any geographic location or any exact point in history and, in particular, to avoid the representations of Barcelona and/or Catalonia. This thesis proposes a study of the treatment of the referents in question through some plays written by Josep M. Benet i Jornet and Sergi Belbel at a time when the Catalan dramaturgy often seems to turn away from the « real » world which has ceased to be a direct universe of reference. Benet and Belbel explore reality from the macrocosmic scale of the universe to the domestic and intimate microcosms, thanks to varied modes and dramatic principles, thereby giving rise to quite varied space-time structures. One may then observe different results of the presence and/or absence of reality: the erasing of identity markers or, on the contrary, the omnipresence of geographic and historical references, the feeling of the dilution of the world, the paradoxical effect of the legibility of historical reality despite its obvious invisibility, etc. Through a selection of eight plays – Desig, El gos del tinent, Olors and Salamandra by Benet, Elsa Schneider, Tàlem, El temps de Planck and Forasters by Belbel –, the analysis of spatial and temporal referents aims to grasp the « dramaturgic fields » emphasized by two major figures of contemporary Catalan drama

Abstract.—Data from research surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS) Alaska Fisheries Science Center and the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) were examined along with catch data from NMFS’s North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program to determine the distribution, abundance, and status of spiny dogfish &lt;em&gt;Squalus acanthias &lt;/em&gt;in Alaska. Dogfish are present in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands but survey and observer data indicate they are most abundant in the central and eastern Gulf of Alaska in waters less than 200 m deep. All data sources indicate that dogfish have increased in abundance in the Gulf of Alaska in recent years. Log-transformed catch per unit effort (CPUE) of dogfish calculated from the NMFS trawl survey data ranged from 0.47 sharks/km2 in 1984 to 0.91 sharks/km2 in 2007, with a peak of 1.17 sharks/km2 in 2003. Log-transformed CPUE of spiny dogfish calculated from the NMFS longline survey data ranged from 0.041 sharks/100 hooks in 1979 to 0.16 sharks/100 hooks in 2007, with peaks in abundance of 0.23 sharks/100 hooks in 1983 and 1998. Log-transformed CPUE of dogfish calculated from the IPHC annual longline survey data showed a similar trend and ranged from 0.84 sharks/100 hooks in 1997 to 1.18 sharks/100 hooks in 2006, with a peak value of 1.38 sharks/100 hooks in 2003. Estimates of the incidental catch of dogfish by Alaska fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska calculated from NMFS observer data from 1990 to 2007 were variable and ranged from 140 to 865 metric tons (mt), with peak values of over 650 mt in years 1998, 1999, 2006, and 2007. Dogfish are currently managed as a member of the “other species” complex by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council in Alaska waters. The increasing abundance of this species in the Gulf of Alaska in recent years and the increasing probability of a fishery developing may necessitate a species-specific management strategy for dogfish in Alaska waters.

&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—We assessed potential impacts of harvest and proposed channel modifications on the paddlefish &lt;em&gt;Polyodon spathula &lt;/em&gt;fishery of Ozark Lake, Arkansas River, Arkansas. Ultrasonic telemetry was used to determine commercial and recreational exploitation rates, survival, spawning locations, and habitat use of gravid female paddlefish. Monthly searches were conducted for 40 tagged fish and we recorded 862 locations in Ozark Lake from January 2004 through December 2005. Adjacent reservoirs (i.e., Pool 13 and Lake Dardanelle) were tracked periodically, but interpool movement was not detected. Commercial fishing exploitation was determined at a mandatory check station and was estimated to be 30% during a 5-d special season. Annual recreational snag-fishing exploitation estimates were 8% (2004) and 3% (2005). Survival was different between years and was much lower the year (2004) with a commercial fishing season. Kaplan-Meier staggered-design survival estimates (±95% confidence interval [CI]) for 2004, 2005, and 2004 through 2005 were 0.60 ± 0.19, 0.92 ± 0.11, and 0.55 ± 0.18, respectively. With commercial and recreational harvests omitted from the analysis, the estimated 2-year survival rate was 0.91 ± 0.13 (±95% CI), which corresponds to 5% annual natural mortality. Gravid females migrated a median distance of 33 and 32 km in the spring of 2004 and 2005 and likely spawned in the tailwater of James W. Trimble Lock and Dam from late March to early April. Successful paddlefish reproduction was verified by capture of 23 prolarvae. Paddlefish selected tributary mouth habitat in all seasons (59% of locations). Tailwater and inundated creek channel habitats were selected in spring and summer, respectively. A navigation project to deepen the channel from 2.7 to 3.7 m will impact approximately 50% of the tailwater spawning habitat. Channel modifications (i.e., dredging and dike construction) near the mouth of the Mulberry River may disturb an important tributary mouth habitat for paddlefish where 55% of all locations were recorded. Our study identified biologically important habitats that need conservation and indicates that commercial harvest was the primary source of mortality for gravid female paddlefish in Ozark Lake.

&lt;em&gt;Abstract.-&lt;/em&gt;The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission’s Family and Community Fishing Program was developed in 2002, and catchable channel catfish &lt;em&gt;Ictalurus punctatus&lt;/em&gt;, hybrid striped bass &lt;em&gt;Morone saxatilis &lt;/em&gt;x &lt;em&gt;M. chrysops&lt;/em&gt;, and rainbow trout &lt;em&gt;Oncorhynchus mykiss &lt;/em&gt;have been stocked into ponds and streams seasonally each subsequent year. One of the goals of the program has been to provide families and children with a convenient and excellent chance to catch fish. A toll-free stocking hotline (1-866-540-FISH) was initiated in January 2006 to inform anglers when and where fish had been stocked, so they could plan their fishing trips to program destinations accordingly. Hotline information was provided for 22 ponds during catfish season (April through November) and 17 ponds plus one stream during trout season (December through March). The hotline was generally updated within two hours after stocking, and consisted of information regarding immediate past stocking events as well as general fishing tips. Anglers placed 11,822 calls and spent 15,394 min of call-time on the hotline between January 2006 and May 2007. The number of calls peaked during catfish stocking season in June and was lowest during the September stocking off-season. On average, the hotline cost approximately $40 per month to operate and was four to six times less expensive than paying Commission personnel to answer stocking questions on the telephone. More than 36% of the hotline calls were placed outside of Commission business hours (0800-1630 hours), indicating that anglers were taking advantage of the 24-h information line. A toll-free hotline is a popular, inexpensive, and cost-effective means of supplying stocking information, allowing anglers to make informed decisions when choosing a day and location to fish at program locations.

Abstract.—Spiny dogfish &lt;em&gt;Squalus acanthias &lt;/em&gt;is distributed in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean between 34°S and 55°S. Information on size, sex, stomach contents, presence of gravid females, oocyte size, embryo size, and sex ratio were collected from bottom trawl surveys in eight of the years between 1986 and 2004. The species was recorded from a depth range of 66 to 165 m, with maximum densities found between 86 and 105 m. Female length was in the range of 46 to 101 cm and male length from 48 to 94 cm. Gravid females had lengths between 69 and 98 cm, and contained 4 to 11 embryos each (mean = 7.8, SD = 1.7). In 1996 intrauterine embryo growth was observed between August (females: 19.9 cm; males: 19.9 cm) and November (females: 22.3 cm; males: 22.6 cm). The sex ratio of embryos was 1:1. Litter size and near-term embryo length increased with the size of the pregnant female. Embryo sizes were not significantly different with respect to sex. A 2-year gestation cycle appears consistent with the data. Dogfish is a top predator in the San Matías Gulf ecosystem, feeding on fish species important to local fisheries.

Abstract work: In addition to the Babatha archive (see entry 62) and papyri associated with the second Jewish revolt under Bar Kokhba, papyri found in the Judean desert also testify to the lives of Jewish women and men in the same period. The following selections pertain to a woman named Salome, also called Komäıse. translation, text, and bibliography: Hannah M. Cotton and Ada Yardeni, Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahfial Hfi ever and Other Sites, with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts (the Seiyâl Collection II), Discoveries in the Judean Desert 27 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). additional bibliography: Tal Ilan, “Premarital Cohabitation in Ancient Judea: The Evidence of the Babatha Archive and the Mishnah (Ketubbot 1:4),” HTR 86 (1993): 247–64; Michael Satlow, Jewish Marriage in Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

This chapter addresses a case study of long-term assessment of a field application of environmental nanotechnology. Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) contaminants such as Tetrachloroethene (PCE) and Trichloroethene (TCE) are a type of recalcitrant compounds commonly found at contaminated sites. Recent research has focused on their remediation using environmental nanotechnology in which nanomaterials such as nanoscale Emulsified Zerovalent Iron (EZVI) are added to the subsurface environment to enhance contaminant degradation. Such nanoremediation approach may be mostly applicable to the source zone where the contaminant mass is the greatest and source removal is a critical step in controlling the further spreading of the groundwater plume. Compared to micro-scale and granular counterparts, NZVI exhibits greater degradation rates due to its greater surface area and reactivity from its faster corrosion. While NZVI shows promise in both laboratory and field tests, limited information is available about the long-term effectiveness of nanoremediation because previous field tests are mostly less than two years. Here an update is provided for a six-year performance evaluation of EZVI for treating PCE and its daughter products at a Superfund site at Parris Island, South Carolina, USA. The field test consisted of two side-by-side treatment plots to remedy a shallow PCE source zone (less than 6 m below ground surface) using pneumatic injection and direct injection, separately in October 2006. For the pneumatic injections, a two-step injection procedure was used. First, the formation was fluidized by the injection of nitrogen gas alone, followed by injection of the EZVI with nitrogen gas as the carrier. In the pneumatic injection plot, 2,180 liters of EZVI containing 225 kg of iron (Toda RNIP-10DS), 856 kg of corn oil, and 22.5 kg of surfactant were injected to remedy an estimated 38 kg of chlorinated volatile compounds (CVOC)s. Direct injections were performed using a direct push rig. In the direct injection plot, 572 liters of EZVI were injected to treat an estimated 0.155 kg of CVOCs. Visual inspection of collected soil cores before and after EZVI injections shows that the travel distance of EZVI was dependent on the method of delivery with pneumatic injection achieving a greater distance of 2.1 m than did direct injection reaching a distance of 0.89 m. Significant decreases in PCE and TCE concentrations were observed in downgradient wells with corresponding increases in degradation products including significant increases in ethene. In the pneumatic injection plot, there were significant reductions in the downgradient groundwater mass flux values for chlorinated ethenes (&gt;58%) and a significant increase in the mass flux of ethene (628%). There were significant reductions in total CVOCs mass (78%), which was less than an estimated 86% decrease in total CVOCs made at 2.5 years due to variations in soil cores collected for CVOCs extraction and determination; an estimated reduction of 23% (vs.63% at 2.5 years) in the sorbed and dissolved phases and 95% (vs. 93% at 2.5 years) reduction in the PCE DNAPL mass. Significant increases in dissolved sulfide, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and total organic carbon (TOC) were observed and dissolved sulfate and pH decreased in many monitoring wells. The apparent effective destruction of CVOC was accomplished by a combination of abiotic dechlorination by nanoiron and biological reductive dechlorination stimulated by the oil in the emulsion. No adverse effects of EZVI were observed for the microbes. In contrast, populations of dehalococcoides showed an increase up to 10,000 fold after EZVI injection. The dechlorination reactions were sustained for the six-year period from a single EZVI delivery. Repeated EZVI injections four to six years apart may be cost-effective to more completely remove the source zone contaminant mass. Overall, the advantages of the EZVI technology include an effective “one-two punch” of rapid abiotic dechlorination followed by a sustained biodegradation; contaminants are destroyed rather than transferred to another medium; ability to treat both DNAPL source zones and dissolved-phase contaminants to contain plume migration; ability to deliver reactants to targeted zones not readily accessible by conventional permeable reactive barriers; and potential for lower overall costs relative to alternative technologies such as groundwater pump-and-treat with high operation and maintenance costs or thermal technologies with high capital costs. The main limitations of the EZVI technology are difficulty in effectively distributing the viscous EZVI to all areas impacted with DNAPL; potential decrease in hydraulic conductivity due to iron corrosion products buildup or biofouling; potential to adversely impact secondary groundwater quality through mobilization of metals and production of sulfides or methane; injection of EZVI may displace DNAPL away from the injection point; and repeated injections may be required to completely destroy the contaminants.

RESUMO A abordagem sistêmica é um processo interdisciplinar, cujo princípio primordial é compreender a interdependência recíproca e relações de todas as áreas e da necessidade de sua integração, permitindo maior aproximação entre os seus limites de estudo. Nesse contexto o olhar sistêmico, da ergonomia, sobretudo no que se refere à segurança, ao conforto e à eficácia de uso, de funcionalidade e de operacionalidade dos objetos, considerando todos os produtos ou sistemas de produtos, como sistema de uso, desde os mais simples aos mais complexos ou sistêmicos, tem como objetivo adequá-los aos seres humanos, tendo em vista as atividades e tarefas exercidas por eles. No que se refere ao design funcional, os conhecimentos da ergonomia, nessa visão sistêmica, relativos à sua metodologia de projeto, são absolutamente necessários, e a sua aplicação aponta a melhor adequação dos produtos aos seus usuários. Como é o caso do vestuário feminino funcional, sobretudo no que se refere a proteção das mamas, que são peças convencionais que necessitam de um correto dimensionamento e especificação dos tecidos e de outros materiais. É um tipo de vestuário que apresenta funcionalidade diversa, como para a proteção física, o aumento do volume da mama, enchimento no bojo de pano, de água, de óleo, estruturado com arame, etc.; para amamentação (sutiã que se abre na frente, em parte ou totalmente); para o design inclusivo (pessoas com deficiência e mobilidade reduzida, no caso de mamas com prótese ou órtese) facilitando com fechamentos e aberturas colocadas em peças de roupas difíceis de manusear, roupas confortáveis e fáceis de vestir. São peças usadas por pessoas com biótipos e percentis antropométricos variáveis e com características corporais que mudam significativamente nas passagens para a adolescência, idade adulta e idosa. As mudanças corporais apresentam diferenças significativas em termos de volume das mamas, nas quais as soluções ergonômicas por uma abordagem sistêmicas que se evidencia mais para a complexidade de uso, são as mais necessárias em termos de atributos como, segurança, conforto, comodidade corporal, facilidade do vestir, funcionalidade, além da estética. Esta pesquisa, embora exploratória e descritiva, não isenta de desafios, tem por objetivo, por meio de dados e informações ergonômicas sistêmicas contribuir com o design funcional, de modo a oferecer subsídios para a confecção de roupas funcionais ou tecnologia vestível, com os atributos citados, respeitando a diversidade e inclusão das pessoas em todas as fases de sua vida, atendendo assim os princípios formais do design. Palavra-chave: Abordagem sistêmica, Ergonomia, Design funcional. REFERENCIAS AROS, Kammiri Corinaldesi. Elicitação do processo projetual do Núcleo de Abordagem Sistêmica do Design da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientador: Luiz Fernando Gonçalves de Figueiredo – Florianópolis, SC, 2016. BERTALANFFY, Ludwig V. Teoria geral dos sistemas: fundamentos, desenvolvimento e aplicações. 3. ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2008. BEST, Kathryn. Fundamentos de gestão do design. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2012. 208 p. CHIAVENATO, I. Gestão de pessoas. 3ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2010. CORRÊA, Vanderlei Moraes; BOLETTI, Rosane Rosner. Ergonomia: fundamentos e aplicações. Bookman Editora, 2015.MERINO, Eugenio. Fundamentos da ergonomia. 2011. Disponível em: &amp;lt;https://moodle.ufsc.br/pluginfile.php/2034406/mod_resource/content/1/Ergo_Fundamentos.pdf&amp;gt;. Acesso em: 24 Mar 2017. DIAS E. C. Condições de vida, trabalho, saúde e doença dos trabalhadores rurais no Brasil. In: Pinheiro TMM, organizador. Saúde do trabalhador rural –RENAST. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2006.p. 1-27. GIL, A. C. Como elaborar projetos de pesquisa. 4. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2010. GOMES FILHO, J. Ergonomia do objeto: sistema técnico de leitura ergonômica. São Paulo: Escrituras Editora, 2003. GUIMARÃES, L. B. M. (ed). Ergonomia de Processo. Porto Alegre, v.2, PPGE/UFRGS, 2000. IIDA, I. Ergonomia: projeto e produção. 2ª ed rev. e ampl. – São Paulo: Edgard Blucher, 2005. MANZINI, Ezio. Design para inovação social e sustentabilidade: comunidades criativas, organizações colaborativas e novas redes projetuais. Rio de Janeiro: E-Papers, 2008, 104p. MARCONI, M. A.; Lakatos, E. M. Fundamentos de metodologia científica. São Paulo: Atlas, 2007. Pandarum, R., Yu, W., and Hunter, L., 2011. 3-D breast anthropometry of plus-sized women in South Africa. Ergonomics, 54(9), 866–875. McGhee, D.E., Steele, J.R., and Munro, B.J., 2008. Sports bra fitness. Wollongong (NSW): Breast Research Australia. McGhee, D.E., Steele, J.R., and Munro, B.J., 2010. Education improves bra knowledge and fit, and level of breast support in adolescent female athletes: a cluster-randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 56, 19–24. Pechter, E.A., 1998. A new method for determining bra size and predicting postaugmentation breast size. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 102 (4), 1259–1265. RICHARDSON, R. J. Pesquisa social: métodos e técnicas. 3 ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2008. RIO, R. P. DO; PIRES, L. Ergonomia: fundamentos da prática ergonômica, 3ª Ed., Editora LTr, 2001. SANTOS, N. ET AL. Antropotecnologia: A Ergonomia dos sistemas de Produção. Curitiba: Gênesis, 1997. VASCONCELLOS, Maria José Esteves de. Pensamento sistêmico: O novo paradigma da ciência. 10ª ed. Campinas, SP: Papirus, 2013. WEERDMEESTER, J. D. e B. Ergonomia Prática. São Paulo: Edgard Blucher, 2001. WHITE, J.; SCURR, J. Evaluation of professional bra fitting criteria for bra selection and fitting in the UK. Ergonomics, 1–8. 2012. WHITE, J.;SCURR, J.; SMITH, N. The effect of breast support on kinetics during overground running performance. Ergonomics, Taylor &amp;amp; Francis. 52 (4), 492–498. 2009.

There is a conspicuous absence of flow improver work for wet gas pipeline environments. The tests were carried out in a 44 m long, 10.16 cm diameter, industrial scale multiphase flow loop with a wide range of superficial liquid and gas velocities ranging from 0.03 to 0.1 m/s and 4 to 10 m/s, respectively. Oil with a viscosity of 2 cP and carbon dioxide were used as the liquid and gas phases, respectively. Two commercial oil soluble flow improvers (FI-1 and FI-2) were used for the tests. This paper discusses the comparison of the performance of these flow improvers in wet gas pipelines. FI-1 and FI-2 were able to decrease the pressure gradient in most of the cases. At the same superficial liquid velocity, the pressure gradient reduction increased with an increase in the superficial gas velocity. This was due to the increase in turbulence level at the liquid and gas interface. At superficial liquid and gas velocities of 0.1 and 10 m/s, FI-1 showed a maximum effectiveness of 13% with the reduction of pressure gradient from 86 to 75 Pa/m. Whereas, FI-2 achieved the maximum effectiveness of 25% as the pressure gradient decreased to 65 Pa/m at the same conditions. Flow improver-2 showed a better performance than Flow improver-1 at all conditions. The decrease in the height of the liquid film was accompanied with spread of the liquid film around the pipe circumference with the addition of both the flow improvers. The changes in the height of the liquid film were more significant with FI-2 than FI-1. At certain superficial gas velocities, it was seen that a transition in flow pattern occurred from wavy to smooth stratified flow with the addition of both the flow improves. This was because the flow was much smoother at the gas-liquid interface with flow improvers.

Mode-locking of an In0.53Ga0.47As/InP multiple quantum well laser in a surface-emitting external-cavity configuration produced ~30 ps optical pulses at 1.5 μm with average powers of 260 mW (100-MHz repetition rates) and with a broad spectral bandwidth of 20 nm. Three different compression techniques were used to reduce the width of these pulses, which initially were strongly up-chirped. The techniques were grating-pair pulse compression, negative group-velocity-dispersion (GVD) fiber pulse compression, and grating-pair compression followed by fiber compression. Grating-pair compression alone eliminated most of the chirp, reducing the pulse widths to as low as 153 fs. Then, average powers were 55mW, peak powers were &gt;3.6 kW, and the time–bandwidth product ΔνΔt was reduced from 86 to a Fourier-transform limited valued of 0.38. Fiber compression alone, using a 400-m negative GVD fiber, reduced pulse widths to 79 fs. At the beginning of the fiber, propagation removed the chirp. Further down the fiber, pulse intensities increased and soliton-effect compression further shortened the pulse. Grating-pair compression followed by fiber compression (using the 400-m fiber) produced the shortest pulses, as small as 21 fs.

As the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in distribution grids increases, several power quality challenges arise. Due to its intermittent nature, RES lead to voltage and frequency fluctuations in the grid that affect power quality. Moreover, as RES are connected via power converters, there is also a higher harmonic distortion pollution introduced by the switching power electronics involved, (Liang, 2017). A proven solution is the implementation of Active Power Filters (APF), which are able to compensate the unbalanced, harmonic, and reactive components of a load under different supply conditions. In order to achieve the desired compensation characteristics, the selection of an appropriate control strategy is critical, (Kumar &amp;amp; Mishra, 2016). Classic APF control strategies achieve said goals, although with struggles under changing load scenarios with limitations on their operational modes, (Weihe, Cateriano Yáñez, Pangalos, &amp;amp; Lichtenberg, 2018).This paper proposes the use of an advanced model-based control method, i.e. Model Predictive Control (MPC), to improve the performance of APF devices. Model-based control methods allow for better performance when the model of the plant is known before hand or through measurements, the MPC extends this further by introducing a cost function that ensures optimal operation even under constraints, (Maciejowski, 2002). References Kumar, P., &amp;amp; Mishra, M. K. (2016). A comparative study of control theories for realizing APFs in distribution power systems. 2016 National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2016.7858905 Liang, X. (2017). Emerging Power Quality Challenges Due to Integration of Renewable Energy Sources. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 53(2), 855–866. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2016.2626253 Maciejowski, J. M. (2002). Predictive Control with Constraints. Pearson education. Weihe, K., Cateriano Yáñez, C., Pangalos, G., &amp;amp; Lichtenberg, G. (2018, July). Comparison of Linear State Signal Shaping Model Predictive Control with Classical Concepts for Active Power Filter Design. 167–174. Retrieved from http://www.scitepress.org/PublicationsDetail.aspx?ID=QatbWGUbqSE=&amp;amp;t=1

Extending the concept of the morphological frame: a case study of Tangshan old military airport Rongxi Peng, Zijiao Zhang, Yixi Li, Feng Song* College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University. 100871 Beijing E-mail: pengrongxi@pku.edu.cn, 411148973@qq.com, elaine9565@yeah.net, songfeng@urban.pku.edu.cn*(corresponding author)Telephone Number: +86 132-6990-0350, +86 139-1013-6101* Keywords: China, morphological frame, three-dimensional view, airport Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space/ City transformations/ Stages in territorial configuration The concept of the morphological frame is important in urban morphology, but it has been discussed much less than other critical concepts, such as the fringe belt and the fixation line. Passing its features on as inherited outlines, the morphological frame contains not only the linear fixation line, but also ground plan and three-dimensional aspects. In this research, the linear, ground plan, and three-dimensional morphological frame of Tangshan old military airport during the expansion of the city after the removal of the airport is identified. The former boundary roads of the airport exert obvious influences on the division of plots. The former arterial roads also function as a linear morphological frame. In relation to the ground plan, property rights and plots containing important buildings have an impact on the consequent town plan. The distinct feature of the morphological frame of the airport is its three-dimensional constraint, i.e. the vertical clearance requirement, which restricted the height of surrounding buildings. The impact of this institutional limit can last a very long time owing to the high cost of demolishing the old surrounding buildings or adding extra storeys even if the limit ceased to exist with the removal of the airport. Based on this case study, this paper refines and extends the connotation of the concept of the morphological frame and further discusses the relationship between function and form. References Conzen, M. P. (2009) ‘How cities internalize their former urban fringes: a cross-cultural comparison’, Urban Morphology 13(1), 29. Conzen, M. R. G. (1969) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis (Institute of British Geographers, London). Lin, Y., De Meulder, B. and Wang, S. (2011) ‘From village to metropolis: a case of morphological transformation in Guangzhou, China’, Urban Morphology 15(1), 5-20. Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001) ‘British urban morphology: the Conzenion tradition’, Urban Morphology 5(2), 103-109. Whitehand, J. W. R., Conzen, M. P. and Gu, K. (2016) ‘Plan analysis of historical cities: a Sino-European comparison’, Urban Morphology 20(2), 139-158.

We describe the performance of optical couplers that are used to transmit laser diode (LD) high optical power. Butt-coupled high-power Spectra Diode Laboratories (SDL) and McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co./Opto Electronics Center (MDAC/ OEC) LD light sources are used to measure the transmission T of (1) GRIN lenses with 0.23, 0.25, 0.29, 0.5A, and 0.5B pitch (transmission, 90–97%), (2) filter optics (FO) with 600- and 1000-μm core diam butt-coupled each to a 0.5A- and 0.5B- pitch GRIN lens, (3) FO with 100-, 200-, 600-, and 1000-μm step-index fused-quartz core and hard-plastic cladding (transmission, 50–90.4% for SDL sources and 50–60% for MDAC/OEC sources); 200-μm diam step-index glass-on-glass (transmission 86%), and a 100-μm step-index glass-on-glass (transmission 68%), and (4) a BaK1 glass conventional lens (transmission 92 %). All FO are 1 m long except for the stub which is 0.95 cm long. The beam profiles out of the FO show that the intensity distributions vary from FO to FO. As the FO length decreases from 49 to 0.32 cm, the divergence Is found to increase from 11 to 23°. The divergence of a 1-m long 200-μm FO with a 15.2- by 21.6-cm loop positioned at mid-distance is 2.6° smaller than for the FO straight.

The Norman Wells pipeline is an 869 km long, small diameter, buried, ambient temperature, oil pipeline operated by Enbridge Pipeline (NW) Inc. in the discontinuous permafrost zone of northwestern Canada. Since operation began in 1985, average oil temperatures entering the line have been maintained slightly below 0°C, initially through constant chilling year round and since 1993 through a seasonal cycling of temperatures through a range from −4 to +9°C. At one location, 5 km from the inlet at Norman Wells, on level terrain in an area of widespread permafrost, uplift of a 20 m segment of line was observed in the early 1990s. The uplift gradually increased and by 1997 the pipe was exposed 0.5 m above the ground surface. Detailed studies at the site have included field investigations of terrain and thermal conditions, repeated pipe and ground surface elevation surveys, and annual Geopig surveys. The field work has revealed that the section of line was buried in low density soils, thawed to depths of 4 m on-right-of-way, and not subjected to complete refreezing in winter. The thaw depths are related to surface or near-surface flows from a nearby natural spring, as well as to the development of a thaw bulb around the pipe in the cleared right-of-way. Icings indicative of perennial water flow occur commonly at this location in the winter. The pipe experienced annual cycles of heave and settlement (on the order of 0.5 m) due to seasonal freezing and thawing within the surrounding low density soils. The pipe reached its highest elevation at the end of each winter freezing season, and its lowest elevation at the end of the summer thaw period. Superimposed on this heave/settlement cycle was an additional step-like cycle of increasing pipe strain related to thermal expansion and contraction of the pipe. A remedial program was initiated in the winter of 1997–98 in order to curtail the cumulative uplift of the pipe, reduce the increasing maximum annual pipe strain and ensure pipe safety. A 0.5 m cover of sandbags and coarse rock was placed over the exposed pipe segment. Continued pipe elevation monitoring and annual Geopig surveys have indicated that both seasonal heave/settlement and strains have been reduced subsequent to the remedial loading. Introduction of a gravel berm has also altered both the surrounding hydrologic and ground thermal regimes.

The flow of water and steam in an electrically powered micro heat exchanger consisting of an array of 68 wavy microchannels in parallel, each 200 μm wide, 100 μm deep and approximately 40mm long, was investigated by high speed videography. Semi-quantitative, time and space resolved information about the void fraction was extracted by pixel intensity calculations. Fluctuations at sub-audio frequencies (pulsation) were always visible in the microchannel array. Pulsation on the outlet went into a minimum with increasing heating power, accompanied by a shift in the lateral distribution of channels filled with more steam or water, respectively. Almost complete evaporation could be achieved with this microstructure at a water mass flow rate of 86 kg m−2 s−1. Differences between the test device and typical devices for applications in thermal and process engineering are identified.

Abstract In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 1,200 m of water approximately 240 km offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The project produces from reservoirs nearly 9,100 m below sea level. This paper provides the efficiencies in constructing the Vito FPS at a single fabrication yard, commissioning, and preparation for offshore installation. This paper is part of a Vito Project series at OTC 2023 and the other papers are listed in the references. The Vito Floating Production System (FPS) has a Lightship of 21,500 mt, Topside Lift Weight of 8,700 mt, and is 86 m Length × 86 m Width overall. Vito FPS fabrication at a single fabrication site included Hull Fabrication, Topside Fabrication, Living Quarters (LQ) Fabrication, Integration, and a majority of the Commissioning Scope. Key drivers to be successful at a single site included demonstratable safe execution, offshore fabrication quality capability, fabrication yard throughput availability, achievable integration execution plan, and competitive pricing. Following a transport to a readiness site adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico, four months of continued commissioning and preparation for offshore installation included the key activities of installation of the Temporary Living Quarters, riser and umbilical installation winches, tow-out and station-keeping rigging; de-preservation, final commissioning and verification of operability of key systems; aviation readiness and safety equipment verification; and final USCG inspections to obtain the Authorization to Proceed Offshore. The efficiencies identified and realized at the single fabrication site during the Vito FPS fabrication execution included focused safety at a single site, simplified quality weld procedures, single interface for detail engineering, simplified procurement delivery plan for Company Provided Items (CPI), efficient preservation strategy, single regulatory interface site, enhanced site team efficiencies in engineering and inspection, and simplified contracting at a single source. The readiness site integrated members of the Construction, Commissioning and Operation teams utilizing a single location to quickly mobilize various vendor teams for a final preparation for offshore installation without the constraints of remote offshore work. A key enabler to select the fabricator was their ability to complete a majority of the commissioning scope on the ground prior to integration of the complete Topside and Hull based on the single lift capability of the new 2 × 15,000 mt gantry cranes, which further increased the efficiency at the single fabrication site. 85% of the commissioning was completed by a Commissioning Management Contractor (CMC) prior to integration including load testing and dynamic commissioning of all the major rotating equipment.

The Jockey Hollow section and the New Jersey Brigade Area of Morristown National Historical Park (MORR) are predominantly comprised of upland oak-hickory forests that have regrown over the past 200 years from previous land uses. The forest is being damaged by two major stressors, a large population of white-tailed deer and an abundance of non-native, invasive shrubs and herbaceous species. This study explores changes to the forest over 26 years and suggests management techniques to avoid future degradation. The forest is typical of many upland stands in the region, and studies here would be applicable to many lands controlled by the National Park Service and to many public and private land owners. In 1995, 18 vegetation experimental plots were established in the forest, each 20 x 20 m. Ten plots were in areas that had no non-native, invasive plants. The other eight plots had invasive species. All trees, shrubs and a sampling of herbs were recorded in each of the 18 plots. At that time, no GPS technology was available and handwritten maps were used to record locations. The plots were revisited and resurveyed in 2001; however, only 13 plots were found. This 2021 study is a new survey of the plot conditions. The investigators were able to relocate 17 of the original plots. New GPS locations were recorded for these 17 plots to facilitate future studies. The goal of the study was to test if changes over 26 years in forest conditions differed between the original invaded plots as compared to the uninvaded plots. Also, these data will allow us to measure the progress of invasion into previously uninvaded areas. Together, these results will allow the forest managers to focus attention on the most aggressive plant invaders and to understand the fate of this forest type that is being challenged by deer and non-native plants. Over the last 26 years there has been no hunting for deer here. Also, the plots were not within the few deer exclosures at MORR; deer were able to enter the landscape from surrounding heavily wooded areas. Data were collected in four layers of vegetation – mature trees, saplings, shrubs, and herbaceous groundcovers. The mature trees in the invaded forest plots demonstrated declining trends. The species richness declined by 6%, the average number of trees declined by 30%, white ash and flowering dogwood had the most losses, and basal area did not increase over time because very few new saplings grew into mature tree sizes. The uninvaded plots’ mature trees also revealed a 20% declined in richness, number of trees declined by 18%, the greatest losses occurred for red maple and black birch, but basal area increased slightly due to growth of large persisting trees. Saplings in the invaded forest experienced declines over the 26 years. Species richness declined by 38%, number of native saplings decreased by 44%, and number of invasive saplings increased by 600%. In the uninvaded forest, the conditions and trends were variable. Richness decreased by 21%, no invasive saplings found, number of native saplings increased by 37% (due to increases in American beech). With American beech excluded, the number of native saplings decreased by 60%. In both forest types, the declining number of native saplings was primarily caused by excessive deer damage. For the shrub layer in invaded plots, Japanese barberry stems increased by 122% by 2001 and 276% by 2021. Barberry became the dominant species. Similarly, wineberry stands increased 486% in 2001 and 157% for 2021. It is now the second most common species. However, in the uninvaded plots there was no significant increase in the number of barberry stems and wineberry was not present in 1995 or 2001, and only averaged 1.5 stems per plot in 2021. Neither species has a significant presence now and eradication is possible. A major finding is that the process of invasion of these shrubs over 26 years is very slow. For the herbaceous plants, in the invaded plots there was a sharp decrease in cover by 2021 due to the competitive impact by the abundant invasive shrubs. The invasive Japanese stiltgrass declined 86% in cover and native Carex (sedge) species declined by 78%. In the uninvaded forest plots, stiltgrass was present in very low amounts and did not increase significantly over 26 years. The number of quadrats with any stiltgrass only increased from 3 to 5 over the 26 years. These data show that stiltgrass invades slowly in the uninvaded plots, but in the invaded plots it was greatly replaced by invasive shrubs. Overall, the rate of change of the native herb cover was slow. Together, these data suggest that currently uninvaded forest areas can be protected by monitoring and rigorously eliminating any initial invasions by non-native shrubs and herbs. Once these species reach a significant presence in number of stems or cover in a plot they explode in number. Early intervention when invasive plants first appear is the most practical management tool. Reduction of deer density will also increase the reproductive potential and sustainability of our main forest tree species. Planting of new young canopy tree species, with protection from deer, can retard the ability of invasive plants to begin new populations.

Five-needle white pines (Family Pinaceae, Genus Pinus, Subgenus Strobus), and in particular whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), limber pine (P. flexilis), and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) are foundation species in upper subalpine and treeline forests of several National Park Service Pacific West Region parks, including Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The Sierra Nevada Network Inventory &amp; Monitoring Program, in collaboration with the Klamath Network, Upper Columbia Basin Network, and Mojave Desert Network have implemented a joint long-term monitoring protocol to assess the current status and future trends in high elevation white pine communities. Key demographic parameters within white pine forest communities will be estimated by monitoring individual trees within permanent plots through time. This report documents the results of the 2021 field season, which was the eighth year of monitoring in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The 2021 goal was to complete the third full re-measure of the second of three rotating panels (Panel 2) for each species-park population: YOSE-whitebark pine, SEKI-whitebark pine, and SEKI-foxtail pine. Each panel consists of 12 permanent 50 x 50 m (2,500 m2) plots that were randomly selected for each of the three populations. The full sampling array thus includes a total of 36 whitebark pine plots in YOSE, 36 whitebark pine plots in SEKI, and 36 foxtail pine plots in SEKI. Data from plot surveys will be used to characterize white pine forest community dynamics in SEKI and YOSE, including changes in tree species composition, forest structure, forest health, and demographics. The first full measure of all Panel 2 plots was completed over two years in 2013-2014, then a full remeasure of both parks? whitebark pine Panel 2 was conducted in 2016, with 10 of 12 SEKI-foxtail plots sampled that year. A third remeasure of all Panel 2 plots was not possible in 2021 because a smaller crew size was necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, the crew visited 37 sites, and sampled 31, during the 2021 field season. One plot in the YOSE whitebark pine frame was uninstalled before reading and one plot in the SEKI whitebark pine frame was uninstalled after reading, both for safety concerns. Four plots were not visited due to lack of capacity with the reduced crew size: one in each of the YOSE and SEKI whitebark frames, and three in the SEKI foxtail frame. A plot from Panel 3 in each of the parks? whitebark frames was measured, for a total of 11 plots measured in each whitebark pine frame. Nine plots were measured in the SEKI foxtail pine frame. Within the 31 plots completed, a total of 5,728 trees was measured. Species composition, forest structure, and factors affecting tree health and reproduction, including incidence and severity of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation, dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) infection, canopy kill, female cone production and regeneration were recorded. During the 2021 field season, crews continued to count the total number of mature cones per tree for whitebark and foxtail pine, use crown condition codes to assess crown health, and tag individual seedlings to be tracked through time. All three of these procedures started in 2017 and are to be evaluated by each of the three participating networks over several years, to determine whether they should become permanent changes to the monitoring protocol. In YOSE, 11 whitebark pine plots were re-measured, from Panels 2 and 3. A total of 2,810 trees were sampled, which included 586 live whitebark pine trees and 2,097 other live conifers. An additional 127 trees (including 17 whitebark pine) were recorded as dead. The forest crew noted little sign of white pine blister rust (WPBR) in Yosemite in 2021, and just a single inactive canker was observed on one whitebark pine in Panel 3, Plot 42, near Dana Meadows. This infection was new to plot 42, and it expands the total number of plots where white pine blister rust has been documented in Yosemite to six. The crew also noted little mountain pine beetle activity, documenting beetle galleries on 15 lodgepole pines in three Panel 2 plots. Dwarf mistletoe was not observed. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 53 (SD = 56). This was a low cone crop year for whitebark pine, with two percent of live whitebark pine trees producing female cones. Cone bearing trees averaged 2 (SD = 1) cones per tree. Whitebark pine seedling density averaged 90 (SD = 157) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark pine seedlings found in a plot was four, and three of the eleven plots contained whitebark seedlings. In SEKI, 10 of 12 Panel 2, and one Panel 3, whitebark pine plots were re-measured. Within these plots, 1,246 live whitebark pine, 30 live foxtail pine, and 861 other live conifers were sampled. WPBR was infrequently documented in the SEKI whitebark frame as well, with indicators of infection in Plot 31 near Window Creek and Plot 44 near Upper State Lake. These were the first infections documented in these plots, bringing the number of plots where WPBR has been documented in the SEKI whitebark panel to nine. Although WPBR was documented in Plot 27 near Charlotte Dome in 2016, it was not documented this year because putative cankers showing three signs of infection in 2016 showed only two or fewer signs in 2021. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed in one live lodgepole pine and two recently dead whitebark pine, within three plots in the SEKI whitebark sample frame. An exception to the low levels of mountain pine beetle activity was outside Plot 31 in the Window Creek area, where the forest crew noted many recently dead whitebark pine with signs of beetle activity. Dwarf mistletoe was not encountered. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 113 (SD = 86). Less than one percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones, each producing on average 2 (SD = 1) cones. Whitebark seedling regeneration averaged 303 (SD = 319) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark seedlings found in a plot was eight, and eight of the 11 plots contained whitebark seedlings. Nine of the 12 SEKI foxtail Panel 3 plots were remeasured. Within these plots, 413 live foxtail pine, 67 live whitebark pine, and 402 other live conifers were sampled. Ninety-two dead or recently dead trees were also documented, 65 of which were foxtail pine. No signs of blister rust infection, mistletoe, or mountain pine beetle were observed in the foxtail plots sampled. The average number of foxtail pine trees per plot was 46 (SD = 33). Fifty-four percent of the foxtail pine trees produced female cones, averaging 14 (SD =15) cones/tree. Only one foxtail pine seedling was recorded within the 9 foxtail pine plots, resulting in an estimated 14 (SD = 41) seedlings per hectare. Eight whitebark pine seedlings were also found within two plots.