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Sihombing, R., and V. Coors. "LINKING 3D BUILDING MODELS, MAPS AND ENERGY-RELATED DATA IN A WEB-BASED VISUALIZATION SYSTEM." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W7 (September 20, 2018): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w7-129-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In a transformation process to become a climate-neutral city campus, universities have to deal with the sustainable concept. Since “human factor” plays a significant role in the transformation process, providing easy access to environmental data to influence building occupants’ behavior is essential. By utilizing energy-related data without spatial attribute and existing building geospatial data, data visualization in a web browser can be established for both 2D and 3D platforms. Our implementation presents a visualization of indoor sensor measurement data, where the same geospatial data can be used for both 2D and 3D visualizations even though the 3D platform needs an adjustment. Our approach results in a monitoring tool prototype based on visualization of indoor sensors measurement data, which can be accessed easily in a web browser by all building occupants.</p>
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Marchev, Dragomir, Georgi Dimitrov, Nataliya Pavlova, and Borislav Stoyanov. "SpectraView 1.0 – 2D visualization of stellar spectra." Acta Scientifica Naturalis 5, no. 1 (2018): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2018-0005.
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Abstract This article presents a 2D visualization of stellar spectra, obtained in Rozhen NAO.The aim is to convert one-dimensional arrays into two-dimensional images with the possibility of adjusting the degree of gray. This allows us to visualize the curves of the radial velocities and to determine their half-amplitudes even more precisely. The results of the observed stars NSVS 254037 and TYC3621-711 are presented.
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Luetić, M., N. Bezić, and M. Pavela-Vrančić. "VISUALIZATION APPROACH TO STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP IN BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES." Revista de Ensino de Bioquímica 13 (August 24, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.16923/reb.v13i2.597.
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Introduction: Most of recent research in the field of education strongly recommends the use of visualization in the daily teacher’s practice, especially when it comes to teaching science. Objectives: We investigated the impact of different kinds of visualization on student’s accomplishments, and the relationship between 2D and 3D visualization on the learning outcomes in biochemistry teaching, as well as gender-related differences in 2D vs 3D perception abilities. Materials and Methods: The research study was conducted on a sample of 149 senior secondary school students, devided into three groups: control group (usual teaching approach), and two experimental groups taught using different kinds of visualization: E1 (2D and 3D static visualization tools), and E2 (3D dynamic visualization tools, in addition). Discussion and results: We measured the students’ learning outcomes in biochemistry, as well as the level of satisfaction with different teaching methods. The data were interpreted by performing statistical measures and analyses. In order to validate our hypothesis, we used one-tail and two-tail ANOVA analyses (along with the t-test).Conclusions: There was no statistical significance regarding 2D vs 3D visualization tools in biochemistry teaching. Although there existed some gender-related differences in students’ achievements (in favor of females), it was not established that they were related to the type of visualization (2D or 3D) tools applied. However students from the E2 group (additional computer animations) were more interested and involved in this kind of teaching. Although the results do not show a statistical significance in favor of 3D visualization, we must conclude that in teaching biochemistry it is certainly a more efficient approach than traditional teacher-oriented lessons. By using this kind of visualization tools in everyday teaching practice, chemistry teachers are given the opportunity to enlighten students with somewhat complex and abstract biochemical concepts.
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Renaldo, Andrew, Matthew Miller, Matthew Caley, et al. "2D or Synthetic 2D? A Reader Study of Visualization of Amorphous Calcifications." Journal of Breast Imaging 4, no. 1 (2022): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbab094.
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Abstract Objective Some vendors have created algorithms that generate synthetic 2D (s2D) images from a digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) dataset to reduce the radiation from obtaining a separate 2D digital mammography (DM). This study evaluated the visibility of amorphous calcifications on 2D DM versus s2D on screening mammography. Methods This IRB-approved, retrospective, reader study included screening mammograms from 36 women who received screening DBT exams where both 2D DM and s2D images were obtained: 28 screening mammograms that were eventually given BI-RADS category 4 or 5 for amorphous calcifications and 8 BI-RADS category 1 or 2 screening exams. Two rounds of interpretation were conducted with a six-week washout period. Cases were randomized to display either the 2D DM or s2D images, which were then alternated in the second round. Four fellowship-trained breast radiologists determined whether a study merited recall for calcifications. If so, they rated calcification visibility on a scale of 1 to 5. McNemar chi-square tests were conducted to assess differences in recall rates and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to examine shifts in visibility. Results There was no difference in detection rates of amorphous calcifications between 2D DM and s2D, which were 75.9% and 75.0%, respectively (P = 1.000). Collectively, amorphous calcifications were more visible on s2D than 2D DM, with mean visibility scores of 3.4 versus 3.0, respectively (P = 0.005). Conclusion Synthetic 2D did not change identification of amorphous calcifications compared to 2D DM, and readers considered them more visible on average.
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Kapilevich, B. Yu. "Visualization of Characteristic Equations Describing Guided Waves." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 33, no. 3 (1996): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099603300305.
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Visualization of characteristic equations describing guided waves The article describes the 2D and 3D visualization of characteristic equations associated with waves supported by various guided structures at microwave, mm wave, and optical wavelengths. The graphical facilities of a PC are used to ease the abstract mathematical burden that students find in such problems.
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Gunasekaran, Ganesan, and Meenakshisundaram Venkatesan. "An Efficient Technique for Three-Dimensional Image Visualization Through Two-Dimensional Images for Medical Data." Journal of Intelligent Systems 29, no. 1 (2017): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2017-0315.
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Abstract The main idea behind this work is to present three-dimensional (3D) image visualization through two-dimensional (2D) images that comprise various images. 3D image visualization is one of the essential methods for excerpting data from given pieces. The main goal of this work is to figure out the outlines of the given 3D geometric primitives in each part, and then integrate these outlines or frames to reconstruct 3D geometric primitives. The proposed technique is very useful and can be applied to many kinds of images. The experimental results showed a very good determination of the reconstructing process of 2D images.
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Ayanoğlu, Hande, Emília Duarte, and Júlia Teles. "ASSESSMENT OF HAZARD PERCEPTION FROM PACKAGES SHAPES." Revista ErgodesignHCI 3, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22570/ergodesignhci.v3i1.22.
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TITLE: Assessment of hazard perception from packages shapes: a comparison of visualization methos
 ABSTRACT
 User safety could be increased by package designs that promote an adequate hazard perception. Different methodologies are available to conduct studies about the influence of package variables on users’ perceptions. This paper presents a comparative study of two visualization methods (2D vs 3D) to assess hazard perception from household packages’ shape.
 
 Household Packages, Hazard Perception, Virtual Reality
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Gautier, Jacques, Maria-Jesus Lobo, Benjamin Fau, Armand Drugeon, Sidonie Christophe, and Guillaume Touya. "COVID-19 geoviz for spatio-temporal structures detection." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-37-2021.
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Abstract. The spread of COVID-19 has motivated a wide interest in visualization tools to represent the pandemic’s spatio-temporal evolution. This tools usually rely on dashboard environments which depict COVID-19 data as temporal series related to different indicators (number of cases, deaths) calculated for several spatial entities at different scales (countries or regions). In these tools, diagrams (line charts or histograms) display the temporal component of data, and 2D cartographic representations display the spatial distribution of data at one moment in time. In this paper, we aim at proposing novel visualization designs in order to help medical experts to detect spatio-temporal structures such as clusters of cases and spatial axes of propagation of the epidemic, through a visual analysis of detailed COVID-19 event data. In this context, we investigate and revisit two visualizations, one based on the Growth Ring Map technique and the other based on the space-time cube applied on a spatial hexagonal grid. We assess the potential of these visualizations for the visual analysis of COVID-19 event data, through two proofs of concept using synthetic cases data and web-based prototypes. The Grow Ring Map visualization appears to facilitate the identification of clusters and propagation axes in the cases distribution, while the space-time cube appears to be suited for the identification of local temporal trends.
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Ebrahim, H., T. Santhanavanich, P. Wuerstle, and V. Coors. "CONCEPT AND EVALUATION OF AN URBAN PLATFORM FOR INTERACTIVE VISUAL ANALYTICS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VIII-4/W1-2021 (September 3, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-4-w1-2021-33-2021.
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Abstract. Urban platforms are becoming a vital role player in city resources management for achieving the right balance between social and economic services and their impact on the environment. More and more cities are starting to benefit from an urban platform to state the city conditions and re-coin the shape of life depending on data gathered from different city systems. However, urban platforms need further support of data analytics in respect of reaching a smart city platform helping city planners with better decision making. Besides, the majority of operational urban platforms consider 2D data only, missing out on the possible information that could be obtained from 3D city models. This work proposes a concept for an urban platform that supports data manipulation and visualization plus interactive analytic functionalities. As a prototype, an urban platform is implemented for integrating and processing 3D city models and 2D traffic data to derive air pollutants emission rates with analytic visualization, leading urban planning to concentrate on the most affected areas. In addition, interactive features are implemented, including filtering, querying, and classifying data to support the analytic visualization in the developed urban platform.
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Su, Deguo, Beibei Tan, Debao Yuan, Yong Wang, and Jiping Liu. "3D Visualization Process and Efficiency Analysis of Geographic Information Based on WebGL." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-121-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> With the rapid development of geographic information technology, the web-based 3D visualization technology is constantly updated with the development of computers. However, the traditional 3D geographic data visualization software based on the rich-client model it has significant limitations in the display and analysis of geospatial information and it is difficult to install and use, result in that difficult to meet the application of Geo-dynamic simulation, visual analysis, and collaborative decision-making of the geographic process. In order to show the realism of spatial data more directly, this paper introduces a 3D visualization process design method of geographic information and analyses the 3D data modelling building and visualization efficiency. The process combines multiple data sources are loaded automatically, cross platform, 2D &amp;amp; 3D integration, and make a wider range of customers easily access to the visualization effect of 3D spatial data.</p>
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Donmez, Ataberk, Ahmet Sureyya Rifaioglu, Aybar Acar, Tunca Doğan, Rengul Cetin-Atalay, and Volkan Atalay. "iBioProVis: interactive visualization and analysis of compound bioactivity space." Bioinformatics 36, no. 14 (2020): 4227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa496.
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Abstract Summary iBioProVis is an interactive tool for visual analysis of the compound bioactivity space in the context of target proteins, drugs and drug candidate compounds. iBioProVis tool takes target protein identifiers and, optionally, compound SMILES as input, and uses the state-of-the-art non-linear dimensionality reduction method t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to plot the distribution of compounds embedded in a 2D map, based on the similarity of structural properties of compounds and in the context of compounds’ cognate targets. Similar compounds, which are embedded to proximate points on the 2D map, may bind the same or similar target proteins. Thus, iBioProVis can be used to easily observe the structural distribution of one or two target proteins’ known ligands on the 2D compound space, and to infer new binders to the same protein, or to infer new potential target(s) for a compound of interest, based on this distribution. Principal component analysis (PCA) projection of the input compounds is also provided, Hence the user can interactively observe the same compound or a group of selected compounds which is projected by both PCA and embedded by t-SNE. iBioProVis also provides detailed information about drugs and drug candidate compounds through cross-references to widely used and well-known databases, in the form of linked table views. Two use-case studies were demonstrated, one being on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein which is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein receptor. ACE2 binding compounds and seven antiviral drugs were closely embedded in which two of them have been under clinical trial for Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Availability and implementation iBioProVis and its carefully filtered dataset are available at https://ibpv.kansil.org/ for public use. Contact vatalay@metu.edu.tr Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Meidow, J. "ON THE VISUALIZATION OF POSITIONAL PRECISION." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2021 (June 17, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2021-75-2021.
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Abstract. Tasks such as image registration or pose estimation require the determination of transformations based on uncertain observations. Hence, the position of any geometric object transformed according to this estimate is also uncertain, at least in terms of precision. Often the knowledge of uncertainty changes the judgment of individuals. Thus, the visualization of this information is crucial whenever a human decision-maker is involved. In the absence of error-free reference data, we consider the estimated precision as the probably most important quantity characterizing the uncertainty. This contribution focuses on the visualization of positional precision as provided by estimated covariance matrices. Basic design principles such as coloration and contouring in 2D and 3D are presented and discussed in the context of practical applications, e.g., the superimposition of distance information as seen nowadays in sports broadcasts. As a novel contribution, we propose quartic plane curves to represent the confidence regions of the loci of conic sections.
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Williams, Nathan D. "Geoprocessing Techniques for the Visualization of Subsurface Geologic Data in Geographic Information Systems." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 27, no. 3 (2021): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-d-20-00050.
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ABSTRACT The ability to visualize subsurface geologic information is critical to sound decision making in many disciplines of geology. While there are numerous commercial off-the-shelf software solutions available to model geologic data in both 2D and 3D, these can be costly and have a steep learning curve. Some of the same functionality of these software packages can be accomplished by workflows that incorporate built-in geoprocessing tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) software. These workflows allow the geologist to plot vertical or inclined borehole data in 2D or 3D, create section views of raster data along section lines, and provide a means to convert contact elevations from existing geologic cross sections into plan-view or 3D space. These workflows have been successfully used to visualize construction data and subsurface geologic information for several embankment dams. Grouting and exploratory borehole data from databases with tens of thousands of records have been transformed into 2D and 3D GIS features. The workflows were instrumental in developing a 3D GIS model of site geology from which a series of geologic cross sections were drawn. These sections were critical in informing risk decisions related to the foundation conditions for a recent risk assessment of an earthen embankment dam.
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Beil, C., M. Kendir, R. Ruhdorfer, and T. H. Kolbe. "DYNAMIC AND WEB-BASED 4D VISUALIZATION OF STREETSPACE ACTIVITIES DERIVED FROM TRAFFIC SIMULATIONS AND SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-4/W2-2022 (October 14, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w2-2022-29-2022.
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Abstract. Semantic 3D city models can serve as anchor points for different components of urban digital twins. In addition to static 3D models such as buildings, transportation infrastructure, vegetation, or city furniture, this can also include dynamic processes such as traffic movement or changing traffic signals. Integrating these aspects into a dynamic, realistic, and accessible 4D visualization presents a number of requirements and challenges, which are discussed. While the City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) is a well established OGC standard for modeling and exchanging semantic 3D city models, the Cesium Language (CZML) provides capabilities for visualizing time-dependant properties that can be displayed in the Cesium virtual globe. Results of the open-source microscopic traffic simulation tool SUMO include information on locations and orientations of vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and other traffic members as well as traffic signal information and can be exported as a CSV table. In order to allow a 4D visualization of these simulation results, a scheme for deriving 3D + t CZML documents from data given as 2D + t CSV files is presented. Additionally, dynamically changing traffic lights are integrated. Based on data available for the city of Munich, a CityGMLcompliant streetspace model is generated. This enables the combination of traffic simulation results and semantic 3D city models within a common Cesium based web-visualization and allows a direct and platform independent access to realistic visualizations of streetspace activities. Since this often results in a huge amount of data, a spatio-temporal tiling strategy enabling the visualization of large CZML data is presented.
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Bau, Santiago, Rosa Sabatel, Luis T. Mercé, et al. "Can 3-dimensional Ultrasound Change Gynecological Ultrasonographic Examination?" Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 1 (2009): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1002.
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Abstract Objective To verify whether 3D transvaginal ultrasonography is as accurate as 2D conventional ultrasonography and whether it provides additional advantages in gynecologic diagnosis. Material and methods We performed a prospective study in 46 women who underwent 2D and 3D transvaginal scans successively. Three 3D volumes (uterus and each ovary) were acquired and evaluated 4 months later on a personal computer. We compared 2D and 3D scans in relation to sonographic diagnosis and biometry and the time spent. Results There was complete agreement between 2D and 3D techniques for sonographic diagnosis (31 normal exams, 16 adnexal cysts and seven myomas), except for the visualization and measurement of the uterine cervix. The mean time for 2D scans was 3.29 ± 1.32 minutes and was 2.96 ± 0.58 minutes for 3D examination (P = 0.076). The time required to acquire 3D volumes was only 1 hour, freeing 1 hour and 32 minutes for the performance of new scans. Conclusions Transvaginal 3D ultrasonography can be more efficient than conventional 2D ultrasonography in gynecologic diagnosis.
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Pushpalatha, P. "An Enhanced Image Segmentation From 3D to 2D by Using Modified Neural Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (2021): 1712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39595.
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Abstract: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an imaging which can applied in ophthalmology to provide detailed visualization of the perfusion of vascular networks in the eye. compared to previous state of the art dye-based imaging, such as fluorescein angiography. OCTA is non-invasive, time efficient, and it allows for the examination of retinal vascular in 3D. These advantage of the technique combined with the good usability in commercial devices led to a quick adoption of the new modality in the clinical routine. However, the interpretation of OCTA data is not without problems commonly observed image artifacts and the quite involved algorithmic details of OCTA signal construction can make the clinical assessment of OCTA exams challenging. In this paper we describe the technical background of OCTA and discuss the data acquisition process, common image visualization techniques, as well as 3D to 2D projection using high pass filtering, relu function and convolution neural network (CNN) for more accuracy and segmentation results.
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Wagner, B. "USAGE OF GEODATA AND VIRTUAL REALITY IN THE MODERN SITUATION VISUALIZATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (August 23, 2019): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-441-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> When a crisis arises, geographically referenced data is helpful in dealing with the situation. A map can provide a link between available data and stakeholders. It allows all participants to obtain an understandable model of the situation. For crisis management, hawse have developed an integrated system with an emphasis on ergonomics and data fusion. Visualization and interaction are tailored towards specific responsibilities as well as towards different devices such as smartphones, desktops and large displays.</p> <p>In addition to commonly available 2D geodata, highly accurate and up-to-date 3D geodata becomes more readily available. 3D geodata displayed on normal display devices, however, naturally lacks the third dimension. In order to gain a better understanding of the situation, we have added a virtual reality variant to its crisis management system. The VR environment allows meeting as a team, connecting local and remote participants, in the VR environment for a more efficient and natural discussion. In this VR meeting, all participants can work with the same geodata and annotations, providing a consistent view of the situation. To assess the additional value of 3D geodata and virtual reality visualization in this context, a user study was conducted comparing the performance using 2D geodata, 3D geodata and visualization in VR. The study provides insights into the task-specific value of 3D geodata and VR visualization.</p>
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Przybyło, Jaromir, and Mirosław Jabłoński. "Ray-Tracing-Based Event Detection and 3D Visualization for Automated Video Surveillance System." Image Processing & Communications 20, no. 2 (2015): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipc-2015-0032.
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Abstract Automated and intelligent video surveillance systems play important role in current home care and facilities security applications. Among many research problems is graphical visualization of semantic messages to the human operator that he can percept information in more natural way. The other essential research question is how to recognize 3D objects and their state on the monitored scene only from their views (2D images from the camera). In this paper we continue our previous work on data fusion in visualization of 3D scene semantic model and propose to recognize events and states of scene objects under surveillance in an automatic way using feedback provided by the renderer. We developed ray-tracing based visualization for surveillance system, that is capable of recognizing object’s state and at the same time present relevant information to the human operator.
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Hairuddin, F. I., A. R. Abdul Rasam, and M. H. Razali. "DEVELOPMENT OF A 3D CADASTRE AUGMENTED REALITY AND VISUALIZATION IN MALAYSIA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W3-2021 (January 10, 2022): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w3-2021-123-2022.
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Abstract. This paper discusses the capabilities of cadastre augmented reality (AR) and three-dimensional (3D) visualization in enhancing the stratified property visibility and information of the current strata plan in Malaysia. Currently, 2D information representation from the 2D+1D cadastre system is seen to be insufficient in serving real land management of the 3D aspect and property. Hence, toward a better digital 3D strata/property registration and land administration system in Malaysia, this study has explored the process in utilizing AR and 3D model to the current strata plan to enhance digital strata information contents and enabling the virtual strata plan presentation. The software used to develop the AR application smartphone was Unity3D software while Autodesk Revit applied to develop the 3D model and preparation of strata information. The interesting findings has been shown in this study. First result showed 3D models and strata parcel’s attribute that has been developed for AR digital content preparation. Secondly, this 3D-AR processes can continuously gather of user’s ambient information, conduct real-world recognition, and obtain real-world perception through smartphone device. Lastly, with utilization of AR technology in strata, it provides a more information to the strata plan without needing to change the current format of strata plan as the information are being displayed virtually onto the reality. With the integration of augmented reality and 3D visualization, the documentation of stratified properties in strata plan is potential to be enhanced from 2D planimetric to 3D representation. overlaid 3D model of the stratified property and standard strata information virtually on the present strata plan which has created an enhanced reality. This can allow the information to be viewed by more stakeholders with less restriction by using smartphone device.
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Chikarmane, Sona. "Synthetic Mammography: Review of Benefits and Drawbacks in Clinical Use." Journal of Breast Imaging 4, no. 2 (2022): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbac008.
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Abstract Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has been widely adopted as a breast cancer screening tool, demonstrating decreased recall rates and other improved screening performance metrics when compared to digital mammography (DM) alone. Drawbacks of DBT when added to 2D DM include the increased radiation dose and longer examination time. Synthetic mammography (SM), a 2D reconstruction from the tomosynthesis slices, has been introduced to eliminate the need for a separate acquisition of 2D DM. Data show that the replacement of 2D DM by SM, when used with DBT, maintains the benefits of DBT, such as decreased recall rates, improved cancer detection rates, and similar positive predictive values. Key differences between SM and 2D DM include how the image is acquired, assessment of breast density, and visualization of mammographic findings, such as calcifications. Although SM is approved by the Food and Drug Administration and has been shown to be non-inferior when used with DBT, concerns surrounding SM include image quality and artifacts. The purpose of this review article is to review the benefits, drawbacks, and screening performance metrics of SM versus DBT.
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Nguyen, Hai Thanh, My N. Nguyen, Bang Anh Nguyen, Linh Chi Nguyen, and Linh Duong Phung. "Recognition and 3D Visualization of Human Body Parts and Bone Areas Using CT Images." Applied Computer Systems 28, no. 1 (2023): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acss-2023-0007.
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Abstract The advent of medical imaging significantly assisted in disease diagnosis and treatment. This study introduces to a framework for detecting several human body parts in Computerised Tomography (CT) images formatted in DICOM files. In addition, the method can highlight the bone areas inside CT images and transform 2D slices into a visual 3D model to illustrate the structure of human body parts. Firstly, we leveraged shallow convolutional Neural Networks to classify body parts and detect bone areas in each part. Then, Grad-CAM was applied to highlight the bone areas. Finally, Insight and Visualization libraries were utilized to visualize slides in 3D of a body part. As a result, the classifiers achieved 98 % in F1-score in the classification of human body parts on a CT image dataset, including 1234 slides capturing body parts from a woman for the training phase and 1245 images from a male for testing. In addition, distinguishing between bone and non-bone images can reach 97 % in F1-score on the dataset generated by setting a threshold value to reveal bone areas in CT images. Moreover, the Grad-CAM-based approach can provide clear, accurate visualizations with segmented bones in the image. Also, we successfully converted 2D slice images of a body part into a lively 3D model that provided a more intuitive view from any angle. The proposed approach is expected to provide an interesting visual tool for supporting doctors in medical image-based disease diagnosis.
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Sanford, Jon, Avinandan Basu, and Yangyi Xu. "SmartBathroom Data Visualization Tool to Inform OT Clinical Reasoning." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1644.
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Abstract Traditionally, Occupational Therapy assessment of an older adult’s toilet transfer performance has been based on qualitative observation and client self-report. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementing traditional clinical reasoning with quantitative transfer performance data about body and foot position, balance, hand placement and grasping forces on grab bars. Specifically, we conducted an online survey of occupational therapy practitioners and educators to assess the usefulness and usability of 2D and 3D graphic visualizations representing foot and hand position and forces exerted on the floor, toilet seat and grab bars. These data were captured by sensors located throughout GA Tech’s SmartBathroom laboratory during a study of transfer performance. Findings are being used to identify the most useful sensor data and the most effective ways to convey that data to improve training of occupational therapy students.
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Sweeney, Blake A., Anton I. Petrov, Carlos E. Ribas, et al. "RNAcentral 2021: secondary structure integration, improved sequence search and new member databases." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. D1 (2020): D212—D220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa921.
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Abstract RNAcentral is a comprehensive database of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) sequences that provides a single access point to 44 RNA resources and &gt;18 million ncRNA sequences from a wide range of organisms and RNA types. RNAcentral now also includes secondary (2D) structure information for &gt;13 million sequences, making RNAcentral the world’s largest RNA 2D structure database. The 2D diagrams are displayed using R2DT, a new 2D structure visualization method that uses consistent, reproducible and recognizable layouts for related RNAs. The sequence similarity search has been updated with a faster interface featuring facets for filtering search results by RNA type, organism, source database or any keyword. This sequence search tool is available as a reusable web component, and has been integrated into several RNAcentral member databases, including Rfam, miRBase and snoDB. To allow for a more fine-grained assignment of RNA types and subtypes, all RNAcentral sequences have been annotated with Sequence Ontology terms. The RNAcentral database continues to grow and provide a central data resource for the RNA community. RNAcentral is freely available at https://rnacentral.org.
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Wolf, J., S. Discher, L. Masopust, S. Schulz, R. Richter, and J. Döllner. "COMBINED VISUAL EXPLORATION OF 2D GROUND RADAR AND 3D POINT CLOUD DATA FOR ROAD ENVIRONMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W10 (September 12, 2018): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w10-231-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Ground-penetrating 2D radar scans are captured in road environments for examination of pavement condition and below-ground variations such as lowerings and developing pot-holes. 3D point clouds captured above ground provide a precise digital representation of the road’s surface and the surrounding environment. If both data sources are captured for the same area, a combined visualization is a valuable tool for infrastructure maintenance tasks. This paper presents visualization techniques developed for the combined visual exploration of the data captured in road environments. Main challenges are the positioning of the ground radar data within the 3D environment and the reduction of occlusion for individual data sets. By projecting the measured ground radar data onto the precise trajectory of the scan, it can be displayed within the context of the 3D point cloud representation of the road environment. We show that customizable overlay, filtering, and cropping techniques enable insightful data exploration. A 3D renderer combines both data sources. To enable an inspection of areas of interest, ground radar data can be elevated above ground level for better visibility. An interactive lens approach enables to visualize data sources that are currently occluded by others. The visualization techniques prove to be a valuable tool for ground layer anomaly inspection and were evaluated in a real-world data set. The combination of 2D ground radar scans with 3D point cloud data improves data interpretation by giving context information (e.g., about manholes in the street) that can be directly accessed during evaluation.</p>
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Parker, Amanda, Tyler M. Earnest, Arda Pekis, et al. "Abstract P4-02-29: A 3D Visualization Method for Breast Cancer Surgeons and Patients." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (2023): P4–02–29—P4–02–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p4-02-29.
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Abstract Background: Surgical oncologists currently rely on 2D image slices, such as those from mammograms, to assess the locations and extents of their patients’ breast cancer tumors. In order to accurately evaluate the potential success of various surgical options, a surgeon must mentally translate these 2D images into more realistic, 3D image to visualize breast and tumor morphologies. For a patient without the same experience, it is even more difficult to imagine the true, 3D shape, size and location of their tumor and to participate fully in decision-making and surgical planning. Since the type of surgery chosen (nipple-sparing versus skin-sparing, mastectomy versus lumpectomy), and its ultimate clinical and cosmetic consequences, depends on not only a surgeon’s accurate pre-operative assessment, but also on the patient’s understanding; a method of clear, precise, 3D visualization in the clinic would represent a significant advancement. Methods: Using DCE-MRI as input, we developed TumorSight (TSi) to provide surgical oncologists with an accurate, 3D representation of a patient’s breast tissue and tumor, and to allow computation of useful metrics, such as the tumor-to-breast volume ratio and distance to surgically useful anatomical landmarks such as the nipple. TSi was used to create 3D models of breast cancer patient tumor using MRIs from the SimBioSys Virtual TumorBank which currently houses thousands of patients. Results: After creating the models, labels for tumor, as well as skin, chest wall, nipple, adipose tissue, glandular tissue, and vasculature were created. After tumor segmentation validation studies (of 49 patients) were completed, the median absolute volumetric error was 0.32 and the median maximum Hausdorff distance was 17.72mm. From these representations, we determine whether the tumor is monocentric, multifocal or diffuse, compute the tumor volume-to-breast volume ratio, and measure the distance of closest approach between the tumor and the nipple. In addition, by adding a margin to the tumor and computing the volume within a convex boundary containing the tumor+margin, TSi provides a pre-operative estimate of the extirpative volume and its fraction of the total breast volume. Conclusion: The ability to visualize, in 3D, a tumor’s location and distribution in the breast, and to accurately measure important metrics such as tumor-to-nipple distance, multifocality, and tumor-to-breast volume, are critical to surgical planning in breast cancer. To assist in this planning, TSi provides a surgeon and their patient with a three-dimensional breast and tumor representation and reports measurements of key features of interest. Citation Format: Amanda Parker, Tyler M. Earnest, Arda Pekis, Vignesh Kannan, Joseph Peterson, John A. Cole, Anuja K. Antony, Daniel Cook. A 3D Visualization Method for Breast Cancer Surgeons and Patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-29.
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Schmitz, S., U. Weidner, H. Hammer, and A. Thiele. "EVALUATING UNIFORM MANIFOLD APPROXIMATION AND PROJECTION FOR DIMENSION REDUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF POLINSAR FEATURES." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-1-2021 (June 17, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-1-2021-39-2021.
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Abstract. In this paper, the nonlinear dimension reduction algorithm Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is investigated to visualize information contained in high dimensional feature representations of Polarimetric Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolInSAR) data. Based on polarimetric parameters, target decomposition methods and interferometric coherences a wide range of features is extracted that spans the high dimensional feature space. UMAP is applied to determine a representation of the data in 2D and 3D euclidean space, preserving local and global structures of the data and still suited for classification. The performance of UMAP in terms of generating expressive visualizations is evaluated on PolInSAR data acquired by the F-SAR sensor and compared to that of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE) and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor embedding (t-SNE). For this purpose, a visual analysis of 2D embeddings is performed. In addition, a quantitative analysis is provided for evaluating the preservation of information in low dimensional representations with respect to separability of different land cover classes. The results show that UMAP exceeds the capability of PCA and LE in these regards and is competitive with t-SNE.
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Nguyen, Tho Quynh, and Melanie Flores. "Accuracy of Ultrasound Measurements by Novices: Pixels or Voxels." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 3 (2011): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1207.
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ABSTRACT During the last two decades three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound has become increasingly popular around the world. There have been a great number of research papers studying its feasibility as well as reliability and accuracy. Compared to two-dimensional (2D), 3D ultrasound produces better visualization with minimal probe manipulation. The sonographer performing 2D ultrasound has to mentally assemble crosssectional images of a structure and/or object into a 3D image. In cases with uncertain anatomic orientation less experienced examiners may experience difficulties in envisioning three dimensions of the visualized structure, lesion or organ. Patients and parents are often faced with similar problems. A number of studies have shown that novice operators can efficiently store and interpret the volume data by 3D ultrasound, which may have many positive implications in the practice.
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Majchrowski, Radomir, Mirosław Grzelka, Michał Wieczorowski, Łukasz Sadowski, and Bartosz Gapiński. "Large Area Concrete Surface Topography Measurements Using Optical 3D Scanner." Metrology and Measurement Systems 22, no. 4 (2015): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2015-0046.
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Abstract The paper presents examinations of the surface of base concrete with a 3D scanner. Two base concrete surfaces, differently prepared, were examined, together with two measurement strategies: simple and fast 3D scanning and partial scanning in selected areas corresponding to the device measurement space. In order to complete the analysis of a concrete surface topography an original Matlab-based program TAS (Topography Analysis and Simulation) was developed for both 2D and 3D surface analyses. It enables data processing, calculation of parameters, data visualization and digital filtration.
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Ben Ellefi, M., P. Drap, O. Papini, et al. "ONTOLOGY-BASED WEB TOOLS FOR RETRIEVING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC CULTURAL HERITAGE MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W10 (April 17, 2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w10-31-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A key challenge in cultural heritage (CH) sites visualization is to provide models and tools that effectively integrate the content of a CH data with domain-specific knowledge so that the users can query, interpret and consume the visualized information. Moreover, it is important that the intelligent visualization systems are interoperable in the semantic web environment and thus, capable of establishing a methodology to acquire, integrate, analyze, generate and share numeric contents and associated knowledge in human and machine-readable Web. In this paper, we present a model, a methodology and a software Web-tools that support the coupling of the 2D/3D Web representation with the knowledge graph database of <i>Xlendi</i> shipwreck. The Web visualization tools and the knowledge-based techniques are married into a photogrammetry driven ontological model while at the same time, user-friendly web tools for querying and semantic consumption of the shipwreck information are introduced.</p>
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Lemenkov, Vasiliy, and Polina Lemenkova. "Using TeX Markup Language for 3D and 2D Geological Plotting." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 46, no. 1 (2021): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fcds-2021-0004.
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Abstract The paper presents technical application of TeX high-level, descriptive markup language for processing geological dataset from soil laboratory. Geotechnical measurements included equivalent soil cohesion, absolute and absolute deformation index, soil compressibility coefficient by time of immersion depth, exposure time to compressive strength to samples and physical and mechanical properties (humidity, density). Dataset was received from laboratory based experimental tests of the physical and mechanical properties of soils. Data were converted to csv table and processed by LaTeX. Methodology is based on LaTeX packages: {tikz}, {tikz-3dplot}, {tikzpicture}, {pgfplot}, {filecontetns}, {spy} for 3D plotting showing correlation in variables and descriptive statistical analysis based on the data array processing. Results demonstrated LaTeX scripts and graphics: 2D and 3D scatterplots, ternaries, bar charts, boxplots, zooming techniques detailing fragment of the plot, flowchart. Research novelty consists in technical approach of TeX language application for geo- logical data processing and graphical visualization. Engineering graphics by TeX was demonstrated with screenshots of the codes used for plotting.
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Zhu, Yancun, Felicia Wee, Menaka Priyadharsani Rajapakse, et al. "Abstract LB252: iCellSight: An interactive tool for analyzing and visualizing in-situ high-plex cellular protein data." Cancer Research 84, no. 7_Supplement (2024): LB252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-lb252.
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Abstract Introduction The increased use of tissue-based multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) in cancer research has significantly enhanced the generation of spatial hyper-plex images, crucial for understanding complex tumor-immune microenvironments. This advancement has led to a growing demand for spatial data analysis tools that enable quick and insightful evaluation. While existing spatial analysis software like Steinbock and SPIAT offer foundational support, effectively managing the high-dimensional and voluminous cellular data to derive meaningful biological insights remains challenging. This is especially true for researchers lacking bioinformatics expertise who seek to conduct quick preliminary evaluations. To address this gap, we introduce iCellSight: a user-friendly, code-free interactive analysis and visualization tool tailored to empower researchers with rapid and intuitive interpretation of in-situ cellular data. Material and methods A formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patient tissue section was subjected to staining using COMET (Lunaphore, Switzerland), which automates sequential immunofluorescence staining and imaging of up to 40 protein markers. The stacked image file produced was analyzed with HALO (Indica Labs, USA), which generated cell-level data like cell coordinates, stain intensity values and user-defined cell types. We developed a Shiny App tool, using the Shiny R package, with key features for cell data interpretation: (1) user-input cell number subsampling; (2) dimensional reduction plots with PhenoGraph for unsupervised clustering, allowing a choice of UMAP or t-SNE, and neighbor number selection of 30, 50 or 150; (3) 2D tissue space mapping of PhenoGraph clusters; and (4) heatmap visualizations displaying cluster-wise biomarker expression (with customizable color schemes and scaling), biomarker co-expression, and cluster pair-wise distance. Results Using iCellSight, 297,000 cells were detected from the CRC sample, where 27 clusters were identified. We observed 3 distinct clusters from the t-SNE plot that consist of macrophages, granulocytes, and NK cells and monocytes respectively. From the cluster projection in 2D tissue space, the cluster of NK cells and monocytes was found to be densely populated in a particular area of the tumor nest. Conclusion We presented iCellSight, a code-free visualization and analysis tool which streamlines the semi-automated analysis of spatial hyper-plex protein data. Designed with an intuitive user interface, this app enables researchers to efficiently navigate its features without requiring any prior coding expertise. We anticipate that the visualizations and analysis provided by this tool will significantly assist researchers in their data analyses and facilitate the validation of experimental hypotheses. Citation Format: Yancun Zhu, Felicia Wee, Menaka Priyadharsani Rajapakse, Esther Gek Teo, Nicholas Ang, Solomonraj Wilson, Zheng Yi Ho, Willa Wen-You Yim, Li Yen Chong, Craig Ryan Joseph, Jeffrey Chun Lim, Zhen Wei Neo, Chwee Ming Lim, Bernett Lee, Olaf Rotzschke, Joe Yeong, Mai Chan Lau. iCellSight: An interactive tool for analyzing and visualizing in-situ high-plex cellular protein data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr LB252.
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Pamart, A., F. Ponchio, V. Abergel, et al. "A COMPLETE FRAMEWORK OPERATING SPATIALLY-ORIENTED RTI IN A 3D/2D CULTURAL HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSIS TOOL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-573-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP) and Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) are two of the most used image-based techniques when documenting and analyzing Cultural Heritage (CH) objects. Nevertheless, their potential impact in supporting study and analysis of conservation status of CH assets is reduced as they remain mostly applied and analyzed separately. This is mostly because we miss easy-to-use tools for of a spatial registration of multimodal data and features for joint visualisation gaps. The aim of this paper is to describe a complete framework for an effective data fusion and to present a user friendly viewer enabling the joint visual analysis of 2D/3D data and RTI images. This contribution is framed by the on-going implementation of automatic multimodal registration (3D, 2D RGB and RTI) into a collaborative web platform (AIOLI) enabling the management of hybrid representations through an intuitive visualization framework and also supporting semantic enrichment through spatialized 2D/3D annotations.</p>
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Sison Ariel Antwaun Rolando C, Centeno Criselle J, Mercado Mark Anthony S, Dapitan Louell Royce, Farparan Leonard Z, and Gonzales Ram Carlo V. "Development of a 2D game application for learning networks and security." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 18, no. 3 (2023): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.1191.
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In adeptly learning computer networks, realizing the procedural skills needed and creating a semantic link to an abstract concept is a challenge to all learners pursuing the study as well as instructors. The problem has been more recognized during the 2020 pandemic where most of the classes are conducted online. Teaching complicated concepts without providing visualization present in a laboratory environment can be seen as ineffective to some learners – leaving them with such abstract ideas. In some scenarios, providing a nice laboratory for newcomers can be costly to most educational institutions and to said probationers. In this paper, the research aims to develop a 2D game application with the objective of promoting an interactive way of learning advanced networking concepts while disseminating awareness on network security threats. This is to familiarize learners with the risk of such threats and to learn ways to prevent these attacks. The game application was play tested with thirty-five (35) BSIT students from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila which shows promising feedback. It was concluded that most students find the gamification effective – delivering a more interactive way of learning networking concepts while keeping them aware of network threats.
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Chhikara, Vanshika. "IMMERSIVE ANALYTICS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem33585.
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Immersive Analytics focuses on the benefits and challenges of using immersive environments for data analysis, and developing designs to improve efficiency. Although immersive technologies are widely available, practical solutions have not gained widespread acceptance in real- world applications. Research in this field focuses on abstract 3D visualization, immersive environments, paper sampling and use case evaluation. 03 Related Works • Brooks early review of VR applications found it effective in specific domains like flight simulators, automotive engineering, and astronaut training. • Van Dam et al. highlighted VR applications for SciVis, benefiting archaeology and medical fields. • Laha and Bowman reviewed VR techniques for visualizing volume data, highlighting the need for controlled experiments to explore individual components of immersion. • Reda et al. summarized research for hybrid reality environments like the CAVE2, emphasizing the possibility of collaborative data analysis. • Brath collected evidence that 3D visualizations offer advantages beyond 2D, focusing on immersive displays. 05 Result • Overall, immersive analytics can lead to better data comprehension, better decision-making, more engagement and teamwork, effective big data exploration, creative data visualization methods, non-technical users' empowerment, and applications in a variety of fields. • These results add to the increasing importance of immersive analytics as an efficient tool for decision support and data analysis. Introduction • To facilitate data-driven analytical reasoning, immersive analytics leverages interactive technology like as virtual reality glasses, big flat screen displays, and even the internet of things. • Immersion refers to an experience that creates a genuine sense of presence in a virtual environment. • A person experiences a shift in awareness from their immediate real environment to another reality. • Immersion analytics is still a relatively new field that has mostly been studied in use cases and workshops. • The notion remains extremely difficult, even within the small community of immersive analytics practitioners. Methodology 4.1 Immersive environments • The study focuses on immersive environments leading to a mixed reality experience. • Abstract 3D visualizations must be presented in a mixed or VR environment where hardware and user interact closely. 4.2 Abstract 3D visualizations • Data that lacks a physical representation or intrinsic spatial organization is referred to as abstract data. • In visualization, abstraction is obtained by using colors and shapes that are not directly associated with the object. 4.3 Paper sampling • Paper sampling in immersive analytics refers to the process of selecting and gathering relevant research papers and publications related to immersive analytics. Conclusion and future scope • In conclusion, immersive analytics has the potential to completely transform how we work with data by facilitating deeper understanding, better decision-making, and improved teamwork. • Immersion analytics will develop further and contribute significantly to data analysis and decision support in the future by tackling issues and seizing opportunities in technological innovation, domain-specific applications, ethical issues, and user experience design.
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Sahoo, Sushanta K., Pravin Salunke, and Chirag Kamal Ahuja. "Revisiting Intraoperative 2D USG with Saline–Air Mixture as Contrast for Resection of Eloquent Area Glioma in Resource-Deficient Countries." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 12, no. 04 (2021): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736151.
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Abstract Background Advanced ultrasound, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuromonitoring, and aminolevulenic acid have improved the resection and safety of eloquent area gliomas. However, availability of these modern gadgets is a major concern in resource-deficient countries. A two-dimensional ultrasonography 2D USG is cheaper, provides real-time imaging, and is already established but underutilized instrument. Objective Here, we revisited the principles of 2D USG and used it for eloquent-area glioma surgery. Materials and Methods Fifty-eight patients with eloquent area gliomas were operated in last 2 years with the aid of 2D USG with 6-13 MHz curvilinear probe. Preoperative diagnosis was high-grade glioma in 38 and low-grade glioma (LGG) in 20 patients. Tumors were categorized as predominantly hyperechoic (27), uniformly hyperechoic (7), mixed echogenicity (21), and cystic (3). Results Intraoperatively, 2D USG could define the tumor margins in 46 cases. Of these, USG suggested gross total excision in 38 patients and subtotal in 8 patients. The findings matched with follow-up MRI in 34 patients who showed hyperechogenicity (predominant/uniform). Injecting saline with air in to the resection cavity and insinuating through adjacent brain parenchyma helped in detecting residual lesion in three cystic gliomas and in two LGG where the tumor cavity collapsed. Conclusion 2D USG is a helpful tool in eloquent area glioma surgery, especially in resource-limited countries. Visualization through adjacent parenchyma and injection of saline–air mixture in to the resection cavity helped in delineating residual lesion. Extent of resection is best monitored by 2D USG when tumor appeared hyperechoic (predominant/uniform).
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Mickleburgh, Hayley L., Liv Nilsson Stutz, and Harry Fokkens. "Virtual Archaeology of Death and Burial: A Procedure for Integrating 3D Visualization and Analysis in Archaeothanatology." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (2021): 540–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0152.
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Abstract The reconstruction of past mortuary rituals and practices increasingly incorporates analysis of the taphonomic history of the grave and buried body, using the framework provided by archaeothanatology. Archaeothanatological analysis relies on interpretation of the three-dimensional (3D) relationship of bones within the grave and traditionally depends on elaborate written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) images of the remains during excavation to capture this spatial information. With the rapid development of inexpensive 3D tools, digital replicas (3D models) are now commonly available to preserve 3D information on human burials during excavation. A procedure developed using a test case to enhance archaeothanatological analysis and improve post-excavation analysis of human burials is described. Beyond preservation of static spatial information, 3D visualization techniques can be used in archaeothanatology to reconstruct the spatial displacement of bones over time, from deposition of the body to excavation of the skeletonized remains. The purpose of the procedure is to produce 3D simulations to visualize and test archaeothanatological hypotheses, thereby augmenting traditional archaeothanatological analysis. We illustrate our approach with the reconstruction of mortuary practices and burial taphonomy of a Bell Beaker burial from the site of Oostwoud-Tuithoorn, West-Frisia, the Netherlands. This case study was selected as the test case because of its relatively complete context information. The test case shows the potential for application of the procedure to older 2D field documentation, even when the amount and detail of documentation is less than ideal.
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Grigore, Mihaela. "Adenomyosis: Pictorial Essay of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography Findings." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 2 (2015): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1404.
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ABSTRACT Purpose Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disease that is defined as the presence of nonneoplastic ectopic endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium. These characteristics are associated with reactive overgrowth of the musculature. The aim of this pictorial essay was to delineate the specific sonographic features of adenomyosis as seen with twodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. Methods Evaluation of the adenomyosis is best achieved in daily practice with transvaginal ultrasonography. Results The most important features of adenomyosis are anechoic foci, striation, heterogeneous myometrium, and an asymmetrical uterine wall. All of these features were seen in this study by 2D ultrasonography. Three-dimensional ultrasonography allowed visualization of the thickness and disruption of the endometrial-myometrial junction. Conclusion Two-dimensional and 3D ultrasonography are valuable tools for diagnosing adenomyosis even in early stages of the disease because they make it possible to evaluate both the myometrium and the endometrial-myometrial junction. The combined information gained from the 2D and 3D ultrasonography examinations not only allows diagnosis of adenomyosis but also pinpoints the current stage of the disease. How to cite this article Grigore M. Adenomyosis: Pictorial Essay of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography Findings. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(2):188-192.
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Visuri, H., J. Jokela, N. Mesterton, P. Latvala, and T. Aarnio. "PRODUCING AND VISUALIZING A COUNTRY-WIDE 3D DATA REPOSITORY IN FINLAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W15 (September 23, 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w15-105-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The amount and the quality of 3D spatial data are growing constantly, but the data is collected and stored in a distributed fashion by various data collecting organizations. This may lead to problems regarding interoperability, usability and availability of the data. Traditionally, national spatial data infrastructures have focused on 2D data, but recently there has been great progress towards introducing also 3D spatial data in governmental services. This paper studies the process of creating a country-wide 3D data repository in Finland and visualizing it for the public by using an open source map application. The 3D spatial data is collected and stored into one national topographic database that provides information for the whole society. The data quality control process is executed with an automated data quality module as a part of the import process to the database. The 3D spatial data is served from the database for the visualization via 3D service and the visualization is piloted in the National Geoportal.</p>
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Porras-Bernardez, Francisco, and Georg Gartner. "A social media-based framework for tourist behaviour analysis and characterization in urban environments." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-90-2021.
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Abstract. Tourism is a very important and fast growing industry worldwide that has generated 25% of all global net new jobs during the last 5 years. New tools can be valuable for relaunching the sector and provide alternative analysis and segmentation capabilities to organizations involved. We present an analysis and visualization framework for tourist behaviour study and segmentation based on tested methods and technologies, combined and extended in an innovative way. Our framework uses Flickr data as input and classifies users according to country of origin. Then, urban distribution patterns are obtained in two different spatial levels by using [Network] Kernel Density Estimation in 1D and 2D spaces, as well as spatial clustering with HDBSCAN. Basic Natural Language Processing is applied to extract and visualize semantics generated in the social media platform and a visualization of typologies of Points of Interest by nationality is proposed for the development of tourism dashboards. We have applied our framework to three European cities of different size to test the segmentation capabilities of the approach. Results suggest a good potential for tourism management in urban environments.
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Wielebski, Łukasz. "Visualization of fire brigade interventions based on statistical data." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-401-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Graphically supported analysis of data concerning the intervention of selected Polish fire brigade units in the spatial and temporal depiction, as well as in the context of the recognition of the type and scale of threats that occur on the areas protected by those units, was the fundamental issue touched upon in the research. Statistical data from 2010&amp;ndash;2018, encompassing 75 000 fire brigade interventions on the area of Poznań and the Poznań county, constituted the source of the information.</p><p>The aim of the research was to create the set of cartographic visualizations demonstrating the rescuing and firefighting actions of the fire brigade in the form of various mapping methods, diagrams and other types of graphic presentation that allow one to observe links, relations and tendencies with regard to the occurrence of events that pose a threat to life, health or property.</p><p>The methods of multicriterial classification of qualitative and quantitative data, as well as gradual transformations of mapping techniques of data presentation, were employed in the research, resulting in 2D and 3D visualizations oriented toward the opportunity to analyze data from the intervention base in terms of the event type, location and time of occurrence. Apart from traditional mapping techniques, more complex and new graphic solutions, such as the rose graph, tessellation grid map, time-event prism map or indexed zonal statistic map, were utilized. Such combination is supposed to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the data collected in the intervention base.</p><p>The evaluation of those visualization methods in terms of their effectiveness and usefulness, carried out with the help of experts, i.e. fire brigade members, brought about some interesting conclusions. The set of graphic solutions targeted at conducting analyses on operational data concerning the actions of the fire brigade, as well as the knowledge about the effectiveness of the visualizations worked out in the demonstration of spatial and temporal principles of the occurrence of events that required the fire brigade intervention on the examined area, constitute the results of the research.</p>
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Jost, Gregory F., Jonas Walti, Luigi Mariani, Stefan Schaeren, and Philippe Cattin. "Inertial Measurement Unit-Assisted Implantation of Pedicle Screws in Combination With an Intraoperative 3-Dimensional/2-Dimensional Visualization of the Spine." Operative Neurosurgery 16, no. 3 (2018): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opy141.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are microelectromechanical systems used to track orientation and motion. OBJECTIVE To use instruments mounted with IMUs in combination with a 3- and 2-dimensional (3D/2D) rendering of the computed-tomography scan (CT) to guide implantation of pedicle screws. METHODS Pedicle screws were implanted from T1 to S1 in 2 human cadavers. A software application enabled the surgeon to select the starting points and trajectories on a 3D/2D image of the spine, then locate these starting points on the exposed spine and apply the IMU-mounted instruments to reproduce the trajectories. The position of the screws was evaluated on the postoperative CT scan. RESULTS A total of 72 pedicle screws were implanted. Thirty-seven (77%) of the thoracic screws were within the pedicle (Heary I), 7 (15%) showed a lateral breach of the pedicle, and 4 (8%) violated the anterior or lateral vertebral body (Heary III). In the lumbar spine and S1, 21 screws (88%) were within the pedicle (Gertzbein 0), 2 (8%) screws had a pedicle wall breach &lt; 2 mm (Gertzbein 1), and 1 &gt; 2 to &lt; 4 mm (Gertzbein 2). In the second cadaver, the position was compared to the intraoperatively shown virtual position. The median offset was 3°(mean 3° ± 2°, variance 5, range 0°–9°) in the sagittal plane and 3° (mean 4° ± 3°, variance 9, range 0°–12°) in the axial plane. CONCLUSION IMU-assisted implantation of pedicle screws combined with an intraoperative 3D/2D visualization of the spine enabled the surgeon to precisely implant pedicle screws on the exposed spine.
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Gautier, J., S. Christophe, and M. Brédif. "VISUALIZING 3D CLIMATE DATA IN URBAN 3D MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 25, 2020): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-781-2020.
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Abstract. In order to understand and explain urban climate, the visual analysis of urban climate data and their relationships with the urban morphology is at stake. This involves partly to co-visualize 3D field climate data, obtained from simulation, with urban 3D models. We propose two ways to visualize and navigate into simulated climate data in urban 3D models, using series of horizontal 2D planes and 3D point clouds. We then explore different parameters regarding transparency, 3D semiologic rules, filtering and animation functions in order to improve the visual analysis of climate data 3D distribution. To achieve this, we apply our propositions to the co-visualization of air temperature data with a 3D urban city model.
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Perrin, O., S. Christophe, F. Jacquinod, and O. Payrastre. "VISUAL ANALYSIS OF INCONSISTENCIES IN HYDRAULIC SIMULATION DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 25, 2020): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-795-2020.
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Abstract. We present our contribution to the geovisualization and visual analysis of hydraulic simulation data, based on an interdisciplinary research work undertaken by researchers in geographic information sciences and in hydraulics. The positive feedback loop between researchers favored the proposal of visualization tools enabling visual reasoning on hydraulic simulated data so as to infer knowledge on the simulation model. We interactively explore and design 2D multi-scale styles to render hydraulic simulated data, in order to support the identification over large simulation domains of possible local inconsistencies related to input simulation data, simulation parameters or simulation workflow. Models have been implemented into QGIS and are reusable for other input data and territories.
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Lee, Pei Yuan, Jiing Yih Lai, Chung Yi Huang, and Yu Sheng Hu. "Computer Assisted Fracture Reduction and Fixation Simulation for Pelvic Fractures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.354.
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Abstract. The objective of this study is to present an integrated surgical simulation program on a personal computer for the preoperative planning of pelvic fractures. It first provides a visualization module to display 2D images and 3D model simultaneously. A semi-automatic bone segmentation module is then provided to separate the bony structures, enabling the manipulation of individual fractured bone and bone fragment. A bone reduction module is provided for the localization of the fractured bones. The simulation of plate and screw fixation is also presented, which provides useful information for determining the shape and size of the implants. Also, an example with real CT images are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
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Aira Abd Rahman, Nur, Khairul Salleh Mohamed Sahari, Muhammad Zahidee Taat, et al. "Design and integration of a radiation detector module for robot operating system (ROS)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1308, no. 1 (2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1308/1/012007.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a radiation detector module that can be seamlessly integrated with Robot Operating System (ROS) to enable robots to perform radiation measurements in hazardous environments. The module is designed with a detector PCB and connectors that are compatible with an Arduino shield. The Arduino firmware is programmed with a counter-timer algorithm and publishes data to the ROS environment, allowing for easy visualization of the data in a 2D occupancy map. Our experimental results demonstrate the module’s effectiveness in inspecting and reconstructing the robot’s path during operations. This paper provides a valuable contribution to the field of robotics by enabling robots to perform radiation measurements safely and accurately in dangerous environments.
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Deshpande, Mahesh, Sanjay Kadam, and Sachin Sawant. "Exploring Experiential Learning Techniques to Foster Visualization and Imagination Skills among Mechanical Engineering Students during the Teaching of Jigs and Fixture Concepts." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 37, IS2 (2024): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2024/v37is2/24099.
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Abstract— Jigs and fixtures are essential tools for modern manufacturing and machining processes. They contribute to precision, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and safety in various industries, ultimately impacting the quality and competitiveness of products in the market. This course improves the visualization, imagination and drawing skill of the students which are helpful to them to draw their ideas clearly and rapidly, to read the drawing drawn by others and to create successful design. Manufacturing process course includes Jigs and fixture topic in this topic it is expected to imagine, visualize and develop the engineering drawing as per given requirements which includes orthographic projections in which imagining 3D objects are required to convert in 2D drawing. The students of second year mechanical engineering find this task difficult due to no prior basic knowledge, poor imagination and visualization skill. These skills are improved by experiential learning. Hence the attainment of the course learning outcome related to these topics is recorded low. To overcome this problem, a experiential learning approach implemented along with classroom teaching in order to enhance the, visualization, imagination and technical drawing skill of second year engineering students. In this article, the author has presented the efforts taken to improve the visualization, imagination and drawing skill through active engagement of students for learning in the classroom and outside of classroom. Due to systematic implementation of experiential learning, student’s engagement towards learning, attainment of the course outcomes (COs) and overall exam result of the course have been improved Keywords— Course Learning Outcome, Jigs and fixtures, Drawing, Experiential learning.
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Magat, Julie, Arnaud Fouillet, Marion Constantin, et al. "3D magnetization transfer (MT) for the visualization of cardiac free-running Purkinje fibers: an ex vivo proof of concept." Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 34, no. 4 (2021): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10334-020-00905-w.
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Abstract Objectives We investigate the possibility to exploit high-field MRI to acquire 3D images of Purkinje network which plays a crucial role in cardiac function. Since Purkinje fibers (PF) have a distinct cellular structure and are surrounded by connective tissue, we investigated conventional contrast mechanisms along with the magnetization transfer (MT) imaging technique to improve image contrast between ventricular structures of differing macromolecular content. Methods Three fixed porcine ventricular samples were used with free-running PFs on the endocardium. T1, T2*, T2, and M0 were evaluated on 2D slices for each sample at 9.4 T. MT parameters were optimized using hard pulses with different amplitudes, offset frequencies and durations. The cardiac structure was assessed through 2D and 3D T1w images with isotropic resolutions of 150 µm. Histology, immunofluorescence, and qPCR were performed to analyze collagen contents of cardiac tissue and PF. Results An MT preparation module of 350 ms duration inserted into the sequence with a B1 = 10 µT and frequency offset = 3000 Hz showed the best contrast, approximately 0.4 between PFs and myocardium. Magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) appeared higher in the cardiac tissue (MTR = 44.7 ± 3.5%) than in the PFs (MTR = 25.2 ± 6.3%). Discussion MT significantly improves contrast between PFs and ventricular myocardium and appears promising for imaging the 3D architecture of the Purkinje network.
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Nós, Rudimar Luiz, and João Pedro Santos Brito Micheletti. "Solução numérica da equação de poisson 2d e 3d em malhas estruturadas." ForScience 9, no. 2 (2022): e01091. http://dx.doi.org/10.29069/forscience.2021v9n2.e1091.
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Resumo Apresentamos neste trabalho a solução numérica de algumas equações de Poisson, uma equação diferencial parcial elíptica de segunda ordem, em malhas estruturadas bidimensionais e tridimensionais. Na determinação da solução numérica, empregamos o método iterativo SOR para solucionar o sistema de equações lineares proveniente da discretização da equação de Poisson por intermédio do método de diferenças finitas. Além disso, construímos algumas soluções manufaturadas 2D e 3D para a equação de Poisson, testamos valores ótimos para o parâmetro de sobrerrelaxação no método SOR e analisamos o comportamento dos métodos empregados na solução numérica de problemas 2D com singularidades. Na visualização das soluções manufaturadas e numéricas 2D e 3D, utilizamos, respectivamente, o Matlab e o Tecplot 360. Concluímos que a convergência do método SOR é lenta em problemas com condições de contorno de Neumann e em problemas com singularidades fortes. Palavras-chave: Método de diferenças finitas. Método SOR. Soluções manufaturadas. Abstract Numerical solution of 2d and 3d poisson equation in structured meshes We present in this work the numerical solution of some Poisson equations, an elliptic partial differential equation of second order, in two-dimensional and three-dimensional structured meshes. In determining the numerical solution, we used the iterative SOR method to solve the system of linear equations arising from the discretization of the Poisson equation using the finite difference method. Furthermore, we build some 2D and 3D manufactured solutions for the Poisson equation, and test optimal values for the over-relaxation parameter in the SOR method and analyze the behavior of the methods used in the numerical solution of 2D problems with singularities. In the visualization of the 2D and 3D manufactured and numerical solutions, we used, respectively, Matlab and Tecplot 360. We concluded that the convergence of the SOR method is slow in problems with Neumann boundary conditions and in problems with strong singularities. Keywords: Finite difference method. SOR method. Manufactured solutions.
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Saeed, Nasser A., Jan Awrejcewicz, Osama M. Omara, Lei Hou, and Mohamed Sharaf. "Exploring static bifurcations in a controlled dynamical system with cubic and quadratic nonlinearities: 2D and 3D visualization." Physica Scripta 98, no. 11 (2023): 115227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/acfea4.
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Abstract This work delves into the investigation of static bifurcation control and vibration reduction of a two-degree-of-freedom dynamical system. The system under study simulates the lateral oscillations of rotating machinery and encompasses both cubic and quadratic nonlinearities. The nonlinear system is augmented with a magnetic bearing actuator, incorporating a novel control strategy that combines two first-order filters. The system model is derived based on classical mechanics and electromagnetic theories. Then, an analytical solution is extracted for the obtained dynamical model. The solutions obtained have been utilized to visualize the static bifurcations of the system in both two and three-dimensional spaces, using various system parameters as bifurcation variables. The mono-stable and multiple-stable solution regions have been distinguished in two-parameter space. Subsequently, an investigation has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduced control technique in eliminating the catastrophic bifurcation of the rotor and suppressing undesirable vibrations. Furthermore, as a precautionary measure, the impact of the controller’s sudden malfunction on the stability of the system was explored. The main findings revealed that the implemented control approach effectively eliminates dangerous bifurcation characteristics and induces the nonlinear rotor to exhibit a response like a linear system with minimal vibration amplitudes. Furthermore, it was observed that the abrupt failure of the controller does not affect the stability of the system; however, the nonlinearities regain dominance in the system’s response
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Khundam, Chaowanan, and Frédéric Nöel. "Evaluation of Adaptive Interaction Systems for Virtual Museum Development." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 24 (2021): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.1405.
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Virtual Museum (VM) is an application of Virtual Reality (VR) technology generating realistic visualization and sensation to convince museum visitors to interact with digital content. There are many immersive VR devices that support interactive VM applications. We investigate appropriate devices for interaction within VM. We proposed a Storytelling platform to achieve device organization without modification, the story and interaction were self-adapted to the selected device. Three types of interactive content were designed on our Storytelling platform to be applied on different interaction systems: a 2D standard display, a 3D stereoscopic display and a full immersive CAVE. The results showed different performances of each system supporting VM developers to select an appropriate interaction system. The evaluation contributes to the design of content and interaction of VM development with more efficiency based on user requirements.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Three types of interactive content were designed on our Storytelling platform to be applied on different interaction systems: A 2D standard display, a 3D stereoscopic display, and a full immersive CAVE
 The 2D Powerwall system with a wide range of views provides immersion. However, with two-dimensional displays, users lack depth perception
 Users spent more time in selection and manipulation in the 3D stereoscopic system because depth perception is added
 The CAVE system has user attraction or holding power, users spent more interacting time
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT