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1

León, Alejandro, Mark Rosenfield, Sandra Milena Medrano, Sandra Carolina Durán, and Carol Violet Pinzón. "Objective and subjective assessment of accommodative insufficiency." Optometry and Vision Science 101, no. 1 (2024): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000002097.

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SIGNIFICANCE A variety of subjective and objective procedures are available to measure the amplitude of accommodation. However, it is unclear whether the standard criterion of Hofstetter's minimum minus 2 D can be used to diagnose accommodative insufficiency with each of these techniques. PURPOSE The use of objective dynamic retinoscopy and three subjective techniques to diagnosis accommodative insufficiency was examined. METHODS A total of 632 subjects between 8 and 19 years of age were enrolled. Accommodative lag, monocular accommodative facility, and subjective (push-up, modified push-down,
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2

Gomes, Jessica, Kishor Sapkota, and Sandra Franco. "Spherical Aberration and Accommodative Insufficiency: Is There a Link?" Photonics 10, no. 4 (2023): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040452.

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Given the relationship between spherical aberrations and accommodation, the study of these aberrations can be helpful to understand accommodative response in subjects with accommodative dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate on-axis and off-axis changes of primary and secondary spherical aberrations, Z(4,0) and Z(6,0), with accommodation in subjects with accommodative insufficiency (AI). Ten subjects with AI and eleven without any accommodative dysfunction (control) participated in this study. On-axis defocus Z(2,0), Z(4,0), and Z(6,0) were obtained in both groups with a Hartm
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3

Olevskaia, E. A., L. V. Kukoleva, A. V. Guseva, and N. A. Tonkikh. "Accommodative and vergence dysfunction as a reason of asthenopia after refractive surgery." Reflection, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2686-6986-2022-1-78-80.

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Purpose. To evaluate reasons and frequency of asthenopia after refractive surgery. Methods. This study prospectively evaluated 40 eyes of 20 patients. Accommodative amplitude and facility, positive and negative relative accommodation, binocular vision, near point of convergence, heterophoria measurement, AC/A, and accommodative lag were assessed before and 1 month after surgery. This study also evaluates retrospectively 200 eyes of 100 patients within 1 year after surgery. Results. There was no significant impact upon accommodation in prospective group. Asthenopia was found in 7 % of patients
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4

Muhammad Akbar Wicaksana and Susanti Natalya Sirait. "Relationship Between Accommodation Insufficiency, Screen Time, and Asthenopia Symptoms in Young Adult Patients." Jambi Medical Journal : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 12, no. 2 (2024): 156–62. https://doi.org/10.22437/jmj.v12i2.31573.

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Introduction: Asthenopia, characterized by symptoms following near visual activity, often affects individuals with accommodative insufficiency and prolonged screen time. This study aims to investigate the correlation between demographic, refractive status, accommodative insufficiency, screen time, and asthenopia symptoms among patients at the Indonesia National Eye Centre, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. Method: In this cross-sectional study, consecutive sampling was conducted to obtain subjects. Ocular examinations were performed to determine refractive status, amplitude of accommoda
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5

Proskurina, Ol’ga Vladimirovna. "Differential diagnosis of similar accommodative disorders." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 9, no. 3 (2014): 25–27. https://doi.org/10.17816/rpoj37606.

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This paper was designed to present differential diagnosis criteriaofthetypical accommodative disorders in children: spasm of accommodation, habitual accommodative excess, paresis/paralysis of accommodation andaccommodation insufficiency. There is a detailanalysis of thedifferent physiological and pathological accommodation conditions.
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6

Mazow, Malcolm L., Kathryn Musgrove, and Sandra Finkelman. "Acute Accommodative and Convergence Insufficiency." American Orthoptic Journal 41, no. 1 (1991): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0065955x.1991.11981864.

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7

CACHO, PILAR, ÁNGEL GARCÍA, FRANCISCO LARA, and and MAMAR SEGUÍ. "Diagnostic Signs of Accommodative Insufficiency." Optometry and Vision Science 79, no. 9 (2002): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200209000-00013.

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8

Makhova, M. V. "Analysis of the therapeutic effect of Midrimax® on accommodation overstrain in patients with orthokeratological correction." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-1-25-31.

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Purpose: a year-long study of the accommodative function of the eye in patients with orthokeratologic (OK) correction, and the analysis of the therapeutic effect of the drug Midrimax® on accommodation overstrain in patients with OK lenses.Material and methods. The study group included 88 patients (176 eyes) with progressive myopia and OK lenses. The control group included 108 patients (216 eyes) who had optical correction with monofocal glasses and soft contact lenses. During the year, the accommodative function of patients of these two groups was studied using a Speedy-I Accommodograph that i
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9

Zelentsov, Roman, Liliya Poskotinova, Alexandra Moiseeva, and Alexander V. Kudryavtsev. "Prospects for Using Computer Accommodography to Predict Myopia Development in Young Adults." Life 14, no. 3 (2024): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14030324.

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The diagnostic value of the computer accommodation method remains insufficiently studied. Accommodative and refractive error is a common problem, accounting for 23% of the world’s population. The aim of the study was to investigate the objective parameters of accommodative insufficiency in young people with and without myopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a random sample of 116 of university students at the age of 21–23 years. Normal ranges for accommodation parameters in non-myopic participants were defined by 10th and 90th percentile values. The normal ranges were from −0.17
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10

Kartik, Gupta, Triwedi Rajeev, and Kritika. "Clinical Profile of Accommodative Dysfunction in Different Stages of Myopia." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 12 (2023): 1892–95. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7547330.

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To analyze base of measurements such as accommodative lag, phoria, analyzing distance, quantity of close to work, and stage of myopia as threat elements for development of myopia and their role with over three years, in kids enrolled within side the Correction of Myopia Evaluation. Accommodative disorder is an eyefocusing hassle ensuing in blurred vision—up near and/or a ways away— regularly located in kids or adults who've prolonged near-paintings demand. The incapacity of prepresbyopic people to stimulate accommodation is known as accommodating insufficiency (AI), and it has
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11

VARSHNEY, ANKITKUMAR, Diana Ruguge, and Hardeepsinh Mahida. "Prevalence and Impact of Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Disorders among College Students in Surat District, Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Medical Science Research and Practice 11, no. 4 (2024): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14617498.

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Abstract— Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Disorders (NSBVD),including Convergence Insufficiency (CI) and Accommodative Insufficiency (AI), among college students in Surat, Gujarat, andto explore correlations with screen time and academic demands.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 college students aged 18–25 years. Participants underwent binocularvision assessments, including Near Point of Convergence (NPC), Near Point of Accommodation (NPA), and fusional vergencetesting. Data were analyzed using chi-s
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12

Brubaker, Cristina M., Noelle S. Matta, Eric L. Singman, and David I. Silbert. "Association between accommodative insufficiency and amblyopia." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 14, no. 1 (2010): e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.12.053.

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13

Gomes, Jessica, Kishor Sapkota, and Sandra Franco. "Wavefront sensing for objective assessment of vision therapy efficacy: Preliminary results." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 09041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328709041.

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The aim of this study was to use wavefront sensing to objectively evaluate the effects of vision therapy in subjects with insufficiency (AI) and infacility of accommodation (AINF). Aberrometry was performed with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer for different accommodative stimuli in one subject with AI and one with AINF before and after treatment with vision therapy (VT). A control subject received a placebo treatment. Real-time accommodative response, accommodation and disaccommodation reaction time, accommodative microfluctuations and root mean square of higher order aberrations were c
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14

Tamilchudar, R., R. Arivuchudar, and B. Sendilkumar. "Elucidating the Impact of Anemia and Nutrition Education on the Accommodative Disorder of Eye among the College Students." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 21, no. 1 (2024): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3229.

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ABSTRACT: Accommodative insufficiency or Accommodative disorder is a sensory-motor abnormality, non-strabismic binocular vision abnormality, which is manifested by a failure to focus for near vision, with a decreased degree of accommodation in comparison with age-matched norms. The symptoms include vague, blurry near vision, headache, visual exhaustion, difficulty in reading, eye strain and sleepiness. This study has tried to explore the impact of anemia on accommodative disorder among college children and found a correlation between them. The results showed a statistically significant associa
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15

Shongmu, Tsering Lamu, and Zeeshan Akhtar. "Prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies (NSBVA) among university students of North India." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 2 (2024): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.050.

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: To report the clinical profile of Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies (NSBVA) among university students in North India.: A cross-sectional study was performed among 180 students of the university between the age of 17-35 years attending Sushant vision care center (SVCC), Gurugram from October 2017- February 2020. A comprehensive eye examination and a detailed orthoptic evaluation for binocular and accommodative dysfunctions was carried out, including sensory and motor examinations. : 102 of the 180 patients were women and 78 were men. The mean age of the sample was found to be 21.8±2.3
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16

Rani, Anjali, and Ashish Chander. "Prevalence and Patterns of Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies in Young Adults with Hypermetropia: A Clinical Cross-Sectional Study." Advances in Research 26, no. 3 (2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2025/v26i31319.

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Aim: To assess the Prevalence and Patterns of Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies in Young Adults with Hypermetropia. Methodology: This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted among 145 hyperopic patients in the age group 18-30 years visiting tertiary eye hospital between Jan 2024 and July 2024. The comprehensive eye examination followed by binocular vision assessment was performed on all the recruited subjects. Diagnosis of non strabismic binocular vision anomalies was made on the basis of normative data and diagnostic criteria mentioned in the Scheiman and Wicks findings. Data
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17

Hussaindeen, Jameel Rizwana, and Amirthaa Murali. "Accommodative Insufficiency: Prevalence, Impact and Treatment Options." Clinical Optometry Volume 12 (September 2020): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/opto.s224216.

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18

Abdi, Saber, Rune Brautaset, Agneta Rydberg, and Tony Pansell. "The influence of accommodative insufficiency on reading." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 90, no. 1 (2007): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00090.x.

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19

Darko-Takyi, C., A. Owusu-Ansah, C. Appiah-Eduenu, E. K. Abu, S. B. Boadi-Kusi, and Y. Osei-Akoto. "Refractive and binocular vision status of optometry students, Ghana." Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbs.v5i2.4.

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To investigate the refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status of Optometry students in University of Cape Coast, Ghana and to establish any associations between these conditions. A cross sectional study of 105 Optometry students were taken through a comprehensive optometric examination to investigate the refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status. Fisher’s exact test (IBM SPSS version 21) was used to assess association between these conditions. Prevalence of refractive error and non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunctions were 59.0% and 34.3% respectively. Prevalence of
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20

Shwetha, Hebbale Ramakrishna, Archana Bhat, Anisha Ramesh, and Delmin Maria. "Study of prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies in a tertiary centre: An important but often forgotten cause of ophthalmic headache." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 3 (2024): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.101.

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To study the presence of non strabismic binocular vision anomalies in young patients presenting with headache. A prospective, non-interventional study of 110 patients was conducted for a period of one year in our tertiary eye care institute after obtaining informed consent and taking into consideration the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients presenting with asthenopic symptoms were subjected to thorough ophthalmic examination. After excluding refractive errors, patients were further subjected to detailed orthoptic evaluation (including accommodation and convergence assessment). Other no
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21

Wekesa, Andrew, and Mazximila Wanzala. "Effects Of Home-Based Convergence Insufficiency Vision Therapy On Accommodation Among School Going Children." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical invention 7, no. 06 (2020): 4848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v7i06.05.

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Effects of home-based convergence insufficiency vision therapy on accommodation among school going children 
 Wekesa Andrew1, Wanzala Maximilla1
 1Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Kakamega, Kenya.
 
 Abstract 
 Background: Convergence and accommodation are always yoked together and any adjustment on the former affects the later. The most effective treatment for convergence insufficiency (CI) is vision therapy.
 Aim/Purpose: To determine the effects of home-based vision therapy on accommodation in school-going with CI attending the Masinde Muliro
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22

Chen, Angela M., Tawna L. Roberts, Susan A. Cotter, et al. "Effectiveness of vergence/accommodative therapy for accommodative dysfunction in children with convergence insufficiency." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 41, no. 1 (2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/opo.12747.

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23

Davis, Amy L., Erin M. Harvey, J. Daniel Twelker, Joseph M. Miller, Tina Leonard-Green, and Irene Campus. "Convergence Insufficiency, Accommodative Insufficiency, Visual Symptoms, and Astigmatism in Tohono O’odham Students." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6963976.

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Purpose. To determine rate of convergence insufficiency (CI) and accommodative insufficiency (AI) and assess the relation between CI, AI, visual symptoms, and astigmatism in school-age children.Methods. 3rd–8th-grade students completed the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) and binocular vision testing with correction if prescribed. Students were categorized by astigmatism magnitude (no/low: <1.00 D, moderate: 1.00 D to <3.00 D, and high: ≥3.00 D), presence/absence of clinical signs of CI and AI, and presence of symptoms. Analyses determine rate of clinical CI and AI and sym
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24

RUSSELL, GREGG ERIC, and BRUCE WICK. "A Prospective Study of Treatment of Accommodative Insufficiency." Optometry and Vision Science 70, no. 2 (1993): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199302000-00009.

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25

Hashemi, Hassan, Mehdi Khabazkhoob, Payam Nabovati, et al. "Accommodative insufficiency in a student population in Iran." Journal of Optometry 12, no. 3 (2019): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2018.03.006.

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26

Gomes, Jessica, and Sandra Franco. "High-Order Aberrations: A Key Factor in Accommodative Dysfunctions." Applied Sciences 14, no. 19 (2024): 9119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14199119.

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This study investigated the relationship between high-order aberrations (HOAs) and accommodative dysfunctions by analyzing their changes with accommodation. Understanding this relationship is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying these conditions. Sixty-three subjects were divided into five groups: control, infacility of accommodation (INFA), excess of accommodation (EA), insufficiency of accommodation (INSA), and symptomatic without dysfunction (SWD). Variations in root-mean-square (RMS) of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th orders and HOAs, and fluctuations of RMS HOAs, were measured
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27

Ma, Martin Ming-Leung, Anna Chwee Hong Yeo, Mitchell Scheiman, and Xiang Chen. "Vergence and Accommodative Dysfunctions in Emmetropic and Myopic Chinese Young Adults." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (July 17, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5904903.

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Purpose. To investigate the association between refractive error and common binocular vision and accommodative dysfunctions in Chinese adults and to report the percentage of these disorders in this sample population. Methods. This was a single-site, prospective cross-sectional clinic-based study. A total of 415 Chinese participants aged between 21 and 38 years were grouped into 4 refractive error groups (emmetropia, low, moderate, and high myopia) based on the spherical equivalent power of noncycloplegic refraction. Baseline testing including binocular vision and accommodative testing was perf
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28

Pang, Yi, Qing-Qing Tan, Helen Gabriel, Sandra S. Block, and Jingyun Wang. "Application of the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey in Oculomotor Dysfunction and Accommodative Insufficiency." Optometry and Vision Science 98, no. 8 (2021): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001756.

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29

Moravej, Raheleh, Navidreza Zamani, Fatemeh Azad Shahraki, et al. "Binocular vision disorders and refractive errors on university students’ quality of life." International Journal of Ophthalmology 18, no. 4 (2025): 707–15. https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.04.18.

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AIM: To evaluate the effects of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies on the quality of life (QOL) of university students. METHODS: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on university students using simple random sampling. Objective refraction, ocular alignment, vergence and accommodative performance were measured and assessed in all participants. Data on QOL were collected using the College of Optometrists in Vision Development-Quality of Life (COVD-QOL) Questionnaire. The effect of mentioned parameters on the QOL were evaluated. RESULTS: Totally 726 students with mea
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Yadav, Roshan Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sah, Himani Chauhan, Prashant Kumar, Akram Ali, and Ruby Singh. "Clinical profile and associations of binocular vision dysfunction at a vision therapy clinic of a tertiary eye institute in India." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 2 (2024): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.054.

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Review the incidence of binocular dysfunctions, clinical features, their association with binocular vision disorders and refractive status at a vision therapy clinic of a tertiary eye institute in India. In this retrospective study, the clinical record of all the patients of binocular dysfunction was obtain from Electronic medical record (EMR). We reviewed the record of 527 symptomatic patients with binocular vision dysfunction related problems who were referred between July 2022 to June 2023, to binocular vision therapy clinic. Out of which 393 patients (74.57%) who had accommodative dysfunct
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31

Suparna D. O, T., and Swaroopa Gudimetla. "Management of Accommodative Insufficiency among school-age children attending tertiary care Eye Institute." Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal 97, no. 2 (2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh202221014.

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MARRAN, LYNN F., PAUL N. DE LAND, and ANDREW L. NGUYEN. "Accommodative Insufficiency Is the Primary Source of Symptoms in Children Diagnosed With Convergence Insufficiency." Optometry and Vision Science 83, no. 5 (2006): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000216097.78951.7b.

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33

Scheiman, Mitchell, G. Lynn Mitchell, Susan Cotter, et al. "ACCOMMODATIVE INSUFFICIENCY IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY." Optometry and Vision Science 83, no. 11 (2006): 857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000245513.51878.26.

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Marran, Lynn, Paul Deland, and Anthony Nguyen. "ACCOMMODATIVE INSUFFICIENCY IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY." Optometry and Vision Science 83, no. 11 (2006): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000245575.58963.66.

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Singh, Jagdish, and Ragni Kumari. "Assessment of Accommodative Changes in Myopic Patients with Asthenopic Symptoms: A Prospective Observational Study." Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal 20, no. 4 (2025): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2025/v20i4465.

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Background: Myopia is a widespread refractive error characterized by an inability to clearly see distant objects due to the eye’s axial length being longer than normal or its refractive components being too strong. This condition can lead to asthenopia—symptoms such as eye strain, headache, and blurred vision—especially during prolonged near tasks. While refractive correction alleviates symptoms for many, some patients continue to experience discomfort due to undiagnosed accommodative anomalies. This study aims to evaluate accommodative dysfunctions in untreated myopic individuals presenting w
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36

Baptista, António M. G., Pedro Serra, Carlos Silva, Sandra Franco, James Gilchrist, and Brendan Barrett. "The influence of age, sex and visual dysfunction on reading ability in school-children." EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 12016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023812016.

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Binocular and accommodative dysfunctions affect the efficiency and coordination of the eyes, and this may impair reading performance. Reading can be evaluated using accuracy and speed measures. In this study, we searched for evidence that dysfunctions of accommodation (i.e. accommodation insufficiency, IA) and binocular vision (i.e. convergence insufficiency, CI) and also hyperopia have impact on reading ability. A sample of 292 children read a text following vision screening. The sample was composed of control children and children with the conditions: AI; CI and hyperopia. Multilinear regres
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37

Abdul-Kabir, M., DB Kumah, NY Koomson, and C. Afari. "Prevalence of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative infacility among junior high school students in a Ghanaian town." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 34, no. 2 (2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v34i2.7.

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38

Myagkov, Alexander, and Pavel Karamyshev. "Revisiting the influence of accommodation and accommodation disorders on the process of development and progression of myopia (literature review)." Eye 22, no. 129 (2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33791/2222-4408-2020-1-34-43.

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Purpose. To analyze domestic and foreign scientific publications over the past 5 years, reflecting the issues of accommodation and accommodation disorders. To assess the presence or absence of changes in the classification of accommodation disorders. To evaluate the role of various accommodation disorders in the development and progression of myopia. Relevance. Given the significant increase in the number of people with myopia in recent decades, interest in the study of accommodation and accommodation disorders has increased again. This is due not only to the fact that accommodative insufficie
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39

Matuseviciene, Giedre, Jan Johansson, Marika Möller, Alison K. Godbolt, Tony Pansell, and Catharina Nygren Deboussard. "Longitudinal changes in oculomotor function in young adults with mild traumatic brain injury in Sweden: an exploratory prospective observational study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (2018): e018734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018734.

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ObjectivesTo assess (1) whether visual disturbances can be demonstrated with objective measures more often in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) than in orthopaedic controls and non-injured controls, (2) whether such objectively demonstrated disturbances change over time and (3) whether self-reported visual symptoms after mTBI correlate with objectively measurable changes in visuomotor performance.DesignA prospective, controlled, observational study, with assessments planned 7–10 and 75–100 days after injury.SettingEmergency department of a general hospital in Sweden.Participants
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40

Almutairi, Nawaf M. "Visual Dysfunctions in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Focus on Accommodative System Impairments." Life 15, no. 5 (2025): 744. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050744.

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Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a prevalent neurological condition that results in various physical, emotional, and cognitive impairments. The most common are visual impairments, which affect vision’s perceptual, motor, and sensory aspects. Objective: This paper analyzes the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and its effects on visual and oculomotor functions, focusing on the deficits of the accommodative system and their underlying mechanism. Findings: mTBI frequently causes diffuse axonal injury, resulting in abnormalities of the neurometabolic cascade th
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41

Shin, Hoy Sun, Park ChunMan, and Sangchul Park. "The Effectiveness of Vision Therapy for Accommodative Insufficiency in Children." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH 14, no. 1 (2010): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21896/jksmch.2010.14.1.48.

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42

Sturm, Veit, Roland W. Berger, and Wolfgang H. Zangemeister. "Alcohol as an alternative therapy in accommodative and convergence insufficiency." Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 42, no. 6 (2007): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3129/i07-164.

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43

Abdi, S., A. Rydberg, T. Pansell, and R. Brautaset. "Evaluation of Accommodative Insufficiency with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)." Strabismus 14, no. 4 (2006): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273970601026110.

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44

Alrashidi, SultanH. "Accommodative insufficiency in post-COVID-19 case with refractive error." Oman Journal of Ophthalmology 15, no. 3 (2022): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ojo.ojo_19_22.

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45

RANITA RAY and Dr. Regidor III Poblete Dioso. "Impact of myopia on convergence insufficiency progression & impact of convergence insufficiency on vision & everyday functionality." Universal Research Reports 11, no. 5 (2024): 32–38. https://doi.org/10.36676/urr.v11.i5.1451.

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Myopia and convergence insufficiency (CI) are two common but different visual diseases that may have a major effect on a person's vision and ability to function in their everyday life. The development of myopia has been associated with a higher chance of developing convergence insufficiency. This is because excessive close work and extended accommodative stress may lead to a decrease in binocular coordination. People who have myopia often have less accommodative flexibility, which may make the symptoms of CI worse. These symptoms include double vision, eye strain, and trouble focusing on thing
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46

Park, Kyung-Ah, Ga-In Lee, and Sei Yeul Oh. "Comparison of surgical dose response between divergence insufficiency esotropia and non-accommodative esotropia without divergence insufficiency." PLOS ONE 14, no. 7 (2019): e0220201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220201.

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47

Hossain, Mohammad Mostafa, Quazi Sazzad Iftekhar, Sidratul Muntaha Naznin, Shift Toufique Mamunur Rashid Chowdhury, and Md Mehedi Hasan. "Binocular Vision Anomalies in Children and Young Adults and Effectiveness of Vision Therapy." Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology 32, no. 5 (2022): 20–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/dljo.dljo_35_23.

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Purpose: To figure out the frequency of binocular vision (BV) anomalies in children and young adults with symptoms like blurring, headache, or eyestrain and evaluate vision therapy’s effectiveness (VT). Methods: A retrospective review of data was conducted on 45 symptomatic subjects in a tertiary eye care hospital without strabismus or any other ocular pathology. A comprehensive eye examination with BV evaluation was done, and home as well as office VT was applied. The difference between pre- and post-VT BV parameters was decided by statistical analysis. Results: Among 45 subjects, binocular v
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48

Matsui, Makoto, Masashi Enoki, Yoshie Matsui, et al. "Seronegative myasthenia gravis associated with atonic urinary bladder and accommodative insufficiency." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 133, no. 1-2 (1995): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(95)00192-5.

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49

Bhowmick, Amit, P. Praveen Kumar, and Dhanashree Ratra. "Frequency of Non-strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies among Optometrists in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Southern India." Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 28, no. 2 (2024): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_243_23.

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Purpose: Lifestyle in the modern era has drastically changed across the globe, and the healthcare profession was no exception. The increased time spent in the virtual space for various purposes, including online classes and webinars, is hypothesized to increase the risk of vision-related disorders such as asthenopia, dry eyes, and visual fatigue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fusional vergence and ocular accommodation among optometry professionals in a tertiary eye care center during the immediate post-coronavirus disease 2019 (post-COVID-19) lockdown period. Methods: Optometrists
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50

Olevskaia, E. A. "Convergence insufficency as a reason of asthenopia after refractive surgery." Reflection, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2686-6986-2023-2-46-49.

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Purpose. To evaluate the frequency of astenopia and effect of refractive surgery on muscle balance and accommodation in patients with convergence insufficiency (CI). Methods. This study prospectively evaluated 240 eyes (120 patients) with myopia. CI was found in 15 patients (12.5 %), 91 patients with normal binocular vision were included in control group. Accommodative amplitude and facility, positive and negative relative accommodation, binocular vision, near point of convergence (NPC), phoria measurement for near and distance, positive and negative fusion vergence, AC/A ratio were assessed,
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