Tesis sobre el tema "Activité minière"
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Gonthier, Sylvain. "La ruée vers l'or de la Beauce : 1840-1887 : activité minière et propriété foncière de la rivière Gilbert". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17840.
Texto completoRidha, Shili. "Milieux d'affaires et activité minière coloniale : les mécanismes de l'emprise des structures : (le cas de quelques mines du Centre-Ouest tunisien 1900-1956)". Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA01A002.
Texto completoDiallo, Mouhamadou Lamine. "Activités extractives et dynamiques territoriales au Sénégal : étude comparative entre l'or et le phosphate". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010632.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the economic, social, environmental changes sparked by extractive factories in their home territories at Senegal. Our hypothesis assumes that neoliberal reforms noted in the mining sector in Africa since the 1980s tend to favor the constrcution of extractive enclaves that maintain weak ties with the economy at the local level. Yet, the mining projects arouse expectations of development of local residents. Indeed, the inclusion methods of mining are characterized on the one hand, by irreversible impacts on the environment and on the people (the expropriation of local ressources polution, population displacement). On the other hand, the iimpacts induced by mining resulting in various forms of collective and individual compensation from the mining companies. To analyse these contradictory impacts of extractive activities we chose a comparative approach based on two exploitations of different types (gold and phosphate) and located in different areas (west and south-east), opposed by deep economic, social and demographic inequalities. The analysis of local changes related to the exploitation of gold and phosphate is based on field date collected through qualitative surveys conducted in the villages affected by mining activities and key concepts (local arena, mining frontier, mining enclave, Archipelago) This thesis is thus structured into three parts. The first part describes the development challenges associated with extractive companies in the area of investigation. The second focuses on the local implications of mining activities in terms of competition for the appropriation of resources. The third part deals with the power relationships between the various stakeholders in the mining sector at the local level in the decentralization context. The results of this analysis could promote better management of the effects of mining enhance consultation frameworks on mining sites
Roy, Grégoire Etienne. "Écosystème normatif minier et communautés politiques en Colombie transitionnelle". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39059.
Texto completoGoix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1672/.
Texto completoThis work deals with current problematic issues of environment-health interactions. This thesis describes the origin of mining and smelting polymetallic pollution (Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) and its impact on environment and health in the mining city of Oruro, Bolivia. Samples of tap water, the hydrographic network, soils, dusts, aerosols (PM2,5 et PM10) and bioindicators of atmospheric contamination (Tillandsias capillaris) were geochemically (ICP-MS) and mineralogically (DRX, SEM) characterized. All the compartments of the urban area studied ("water ", "soil" and "atmosphere") were contaminated by trace elements, especially near smelters and mines (reaching 16000 µg/g Pb in dust and 200 ng/m3 As in PM10 close to the smelting area). Statistical studies and spatial interpolations helped in the identification of atmospheric contamination sources and their scope. Soil and dust studies also indicated other more local sources, such as old ore stockage areas. Granulometric separation of dusts showed that trace elements were more highly concentrated in fine fractions, but not necessarily in the clay (< 2µm), which is generally considered to be the most contaminated fraction. Oral bioaccessibility of dust fractions (UBM method), is higher overall in the smelting area than in the mining one. Bioaccessibility greatly varies depending on the granulometric fraction or elements considered (up to 90% for As and less than 5% for Sn and Sb). Exposure to trace elements in children depending on their place of residence was calculated considering dust and aerosol inhalation and ingestion. Taking into account granulometry and bioaccessibility can considerably change the absorbed dose calculated. Estimated exposure and trace element content in children's hair previously measured prove to be correlated. In this study, Pb showed a particular behaviour, with soil Pb concentrations were very high when compared to weak aerosol concentrations. Child exposure is thus greatly linked to type and location of the child's activities, which can explain the variability observed in a previous epidemiological study
Goix, Sylvaine. "Origine et impact des pollutions liées aux activités minières sur l'environnement (eau-sol-atmosphère) et la santé, cas de Oruro (Bolivie)". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781152.
Texto completoRoyaux, Coline. "La diversité biologique en Nouvelle-Calédonie-Kanaky : caractérisation à partir des crustacés dulçaquicoles, recherche des facteurs explicatifs majeurs et pérennisation des connaissances pour leur (ré-)utilisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS285.
Texto completoInsular systems are considered as small-scale laboratories for understanding larger scale mechanisms. Indeed, their relative isolation from more continuous systems has helped biodiversity scientists to have a better understanding of dispersion, speciation and evolution. Although it is acknowledged that many islands have acted as refugia for ancient lineages, insular systems are particularly sensitive to perturbations and insular biotas represent a large portion of historically recorded extinctions. Considering the alarming state of biodiversity on islands and worldwide, there is a need to ensure that knowledge produced can be rapidly implemented in direct actions and establish the research on biodiversity as a significant support to stakeholders. This will require significant efforts to ensure the long-term sustainability of the knowledge produced through transparency, accessibility and reusability. The New Caledonia-Kanaky archipelago is an example of threatened insular biodiversity as it is known for hosting outstanding endemic diversity along with extensively capitalised heavy metal-rich rocks called ultramafic massifs. Ponds are a type of insular system and are poorly known on the archipelago regarding their inhabiting biodiversity. Many crustacean species are deeply affiliated to certain ponds depending on the environment characteristics such as turbidity, pH and trophic regime.To investigate intra-specific genetic diversity in pond crustaceans, population genetics methods such as haplotype networks, Analysis of Molecular Variance and genetic population differentiation tests were performed. Regarding specific diversity, species were identified using morphological and, for a few taxa, genetic identification. Phylogenies based on one or several genetic markers were computed for several genera. Species assemblages were delineated using a species-site network on which a clustering algorithm was computed. An attempt to determine main drivers for the distribution of some species and of delineated species assemblages has been made using statistical models. Prediction of most probable distribution of these species and delineated assemblages was made based on these models. Finally, all protocols, analyses, and results were made available in a transparent, accessible and reusable manner to ensure that the scientific process could be applied in similar or different biological contexts by researchers or other publics.In this thesis, the structuration of ponds crustacean diversity from genetics to species assemblages is shown to be highly shaped by the ultramafic massifs. Indeed, intra-specific diversity in several species endemic to ultramafic massifs is higher and is geographically structured, hinting for low connectivity on ultramafic massifs. Additionally, short-range endemism was also evidenced for several genera on ultramafic massifs. Then, based on species distributions, two main species assemblages were delineated and main drivers of the distribution of these assemblages were determined to be precipitation levels and rock types (ultramafic or non-ultramafic). Higher global species richness was evidenced in the assemblage that has affinity with non-ultramafic massifs and low precipitation areas while higher rate of rare species was shown in the assemblage preferring ultramafic massifs and high precipitation areas. Some sampling locations seemed to be intermediate regarding species composition, suggesting other assemblages could exist on the archipelago but were insufficiently sampled. Additionally, several species were identified for the first time on the archipelago, some of which were entirely new to science.Through the study of nested insular systems, the relevance of ponds crustaceans as a suitable biological model for biodiversity evaluation is evidenced which highlights the value of providing ready-to-use knowledge for researchers and stakeholders
Ndela, Kubokoso. "Les activités minières et la fiscalité : cas de la République démocratique du Congo". Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010265.
Texto completoKabulu, Djibu Jean-Pierre. "Impacts des activités minières sur les écosystèmes forestiers au Katanga, République Démocratique du Congo". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209822.
Texto completoLes résultats ont montré que l’exploitation minière et la croissance démographique sont deux facteurs de la déforestation, considérés comme les paramètres principaux du processus de changement du paysage au Katanga. L’analyse spatiale, faite grâce à la cartographie et aux systèmes d’information géographique, a permis de faire le calcul d’indices de composition et de configuration du paysage afin d’analyser la structure spatiale des forêts. La structure a été ensuite modélisée pour évaluer les impacts de concessions, des routes et des sites miniers sur la forêt. En fonction de résultats obtenus, on constate que les forêts du Katanga subissent une pression anthropique assez forte et la tendance générale de la fragmentation des forêts est inquiétante. Les habitats forestiers sont entrain d’être transformés en formations savanicoles. Les activités minières ont un impact défavorable sur les forêts de la province. La présence des plusieurs compagnies minières a favorisé l'augmentation des sites miniers et la densification du réseau routier.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mbodji, Mohamadou Fallou. "La nature juridique des titres miniers dans les états de l’OHADA". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0104.
Texto completoIn the national legislation of member’s states of OHBLA, mining and oil resources are the sovereignty and ownership of the state. This public ownership of naturel resources largely influenced the design of the mining titles which are based on administrative guidance. Their legal nature should have then followed that acts of administration and kiss all the provisions falling under the category of unilateral administrative acts. However, if the claims are closely related to the host states, their legal nature cannot be reduced to that of administrative acts, these being only an instrument of the extractive sector management. Indeed, the claim are access right, i.e. rights to conduct the mining and oil. They are limited in time and distinct form ownership of the deposit. Analysis of national legislation shows that they are legally dedicated as goods. This new category of goods are representative of property titles. Indeed, in the national legislation of the states of OHBLA, the mining titles are apprehended as objects of trade. They offer their holders all the prerogative of ownership. Like other goods of common law, they are asset, which can move from one contractor to another by directly the object of trade like transfer, leasing or transmission. They can also serve as financing for activities of research and exploitation constituting mining securities such as mortgage and pledge. It should be noted, however, that these types of guarantees do not really correspond to the true legal nature of mining titles. For in accordance with the classification established by the uniform act on the law of security interest, mining titles should only be pledged
Grieco, Kyra. "Politiser l'altérité reproduire l'inégalité. : genre, ethnicité et oppositions aux activités minières dans les Andes nord-péruviennes". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH101.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses the transformation of social relations connected to the recent development of mining activities in the northern Peruvian Andes, which has given rise to a politicisation of ethnic and gender relations in social movements opposing extractive activities. It approaches this topic through an ethnography of the Cajamarca region, one of the main areas of national mining investment since 1992, and the militant network that has opposed the implementation of the Minas Conga mining project since 2011. The research method employed combines an ethnography of activism with a socio-history of ethnic categorisation, and adopts to this end an intersectional, decolonial feminist approach. Fieldwork research carried out between 2011 and 2013 provided insights into the ways in which regional mining development can reconfigure productive relations, creating new forms of social differentiation as well as new trans-sectorial and multi-scalar alliances. A focus on local militants has revealed the politicisation of ethnic and gender identifications in mobilisations against mining activities, as well as the reproduction of underlying social hierarchies. Activist trajectories and the national stakes of the conflict shed light on a process of political reorganisation and appropriation of the state from below. Finally, the analysis of activist representations circulating in the national public space and international media between 2013 and 2016 reveals the elements of continuity and rupture in the representation of Otherness. What emerges in particular, within the context of expanding extractive activities and social mobilisations, is a reconfiguration of the category of “indigenous” and the national regime of otherness from which it derives
Germande, Ophélie. "Impact environnemental et sanitaire des particules de nickel émises par les activités minières en Nouvelle Calédonie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0282.
Texto completoBy producing about 158,000 tons of nickel (Ni) per year, New Caledonia is one of the largest producers of Ni in the world, with soils rich in trace metals (Ni; chromium, Cr; cobalt, Co; manganese, Mn and iron, Fe). This massive Ni exploitation is a major economic issue for the country (8 to 17% of annual GDP) to the detriment of potential environmental and health impacts. Indeed, the exploitation of these open-pit nickel laterite mines leads to the emission of ultrafine particles of Ni and nickel oxide (NiO) disseminated in the environment, by the wind, or via run-off from watercourses but also of other metals present in these soils. These particles can be inhaled by mine workers and the surrounding population, raising questions relating to human toxicology, and can also be transported along freshwater streams close to the mines, to be deposited or washed downstream as far as the lagoon, thus impacting aquatic organisms, the study of which is a matter of ecotoxicology.From an environmental point of view, few studies have been conducted in New Caledonia. However, initial work on freshwater rivers near mines has shown very high levels of Ni accumulated in organisms under the mining influence, particularly in Pacific eels. In order to document the significance of the toxic impacts potentially inflicted on eels present at these sites, different types of approaches have been conducted: (i) Analysis of the toxic impacts of metals on Anguilla marmorata collected in situ during a mission (morphometric measurements, metal levels in organs, transcriptomic); (ii) Impact of exposure to NiO nanoparticles (NPs) on eel hepatocytes in vitro, the liver being a prime target of metal toxicity and an essential organ for eels. These approaches made it possible to early identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic impact, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction following this exposure.In parallel, human exposure to NPs is a public health concern. NPs can thus cross the alveolar-capillary barrier, find their way into the general circulation and exert deleterious effects through direct interactions with the cardiovascular system and, in particular, the endothelial cells (HPAEC) lining the lumen of the vessels and controlling vascular reactivity, which is modified after Ni NPs exposure. These effects could thus be amplified in cardiovascular pathologies. People suffering from pathologies of the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension, PH) could therefore constitute populations at risk. Thus, it is necessary to better characterize, in exposed populations, the toxic mechanisms induced by Ni-rich dusts and by NiO NPs on the cardiovascular system. For this purpose, we studied, on HPAEC, the effects induced by NiO NPs on calcium signaling , the pro-inflammatory response and the role of oxidative stress in the observed modifications, as well as the impacts of these NPs in a pathological conditions by using an in vitro model mimicking the vascular dynamics observed during PH with the STREX® stretching system. Our results show that exposure to NiO NPs induces oxidative stress, a pro-inflammatory response as well as alterations in calcium homeostasis and that these effects are amplified when the cells are under pathological conditions. This work therefore suggests that exposure to NiO NPs could aggravate some pathophysiological events in patients suffering from pre-existing cardiovascular diseases such as PH, and that these patients would be more sensitive to these particulate pollutants
Louriño, Cabana Beatriz. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans deux systèmes aquatiques soumis à des activités minières et métallurgiques". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10033/document.
Texto completoTrace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles
Tapia, Zamora Joseline Soledad. "Sources, mobilité et biodisponibilité des métaux traces et métalloïdes dans la ville minière d'Oruro sur l'altiplano bolivien". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1813/.
Texto completoThis study was performed within the main altiplanic hydrological system constituted by the Lake Titicaca-Desaguadero River- Lake Poopó-Coipasa salar (TDPS) sub-basins. This region is characterized by the presence of two highly mineralized ranges: the Cordillera Occidental related to epithermal and sedimentary Cu deposits and the Cordillera Oriental associated with numerous metallogenic belts, where the Bolivian Tin Belt is very well known. The Oruro Department is located in the central part of this belt. This study has been motivated by the fact that despite this city has been exposed to intense mining activities since the XVIIth century, very little is known about the geochemical characteristics and the dispersion processes affecting this area. A detailed geochemistry study was performed in five lacustrine sedimentary cores (Lake Uru Uru). Statistical analyses of sediment and soil concentrations allowed us to propose a geochemical background and a present time geochemical baseline for the Altiplano sediments and has allowed us to propose that the upper continental crust (UCC) composition is not adequate to obtain enrichment factors in this region, naturally enriched in trace metals and metalloids. Furthermore, we propose that the anthropogenic impact in superficial soils is associated with trace elements dispersion from the Vinto Foundry, whereas Lake Uru Uru sediments are related to mining activities. Post-depositional redistribution of trace metals and metalloids during early diagenesis are related to a change in chemical speciation of these elements and moreover, authigenic enrichment, mainly as sulfides. Particularly, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides destabilization plays a preponderant role in this redistribution. Early diagenesis is influenced importantly by seasonal precipitation variability, with an important role of evaporation. Trace elements diffusion into the water-sediment interface, controlled by concentration gradients resulting from redox reactions during early diagenesis, show that Lake Uru Uru sediments are a source of trace metals and metalloids, particularly arsenic, into the overlying water column. This work has also shown that trace metals and metalloids deposition within Lake Uru Uru sediments is mainly influenced by three sources : local geology, authigenic minerals formation during early diagenesis influenced probably by cold ENSO (La Niña) events and mining origin gangues and ores
Duchesne, Cyrille. "Impacts des activités humaines sur le milieu naturel d'une zone centrale du bassin minier Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50377-1999-7.pdf.
Texto completoMariet, Anne-Lise. "Contamination en éléments traces métalliques et changements de végétation liés aux activités minières dans le massif des Vosges : approche diachronique et synchronique des impacts environnementaux". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2077.
Texto completoSince at least the last two millennia, mining and smelting activities have occurred in the Vosges Mountains and conducted to (i) the emission of trace metal (TM) contaminated particles in the atmosphere, (ii) the presence of mining and smelting wastes and (iii) landscape changes. Due to the use of resources from this mountainous area by local populations, it is necessary to measure impacts of these past activities on the forested ecosystem.This PhD thesis proposes a multi-proxy approach coupling geochemistry, palynology and ecotoxicology. Several phases of TM deposits have been recorded and correspond to major phases of TM contamination known in the northern hemisphere and also local periods of mining/smelting activities. The impact of mining activities on the landscape appears to be reduced contrary to historical data that described shortage of wood due to mining activities. The bioavailability and the risk associated to TMs from mining activities have been assessed in a former lead (Pb)-silver mining district by an active bioindication campaign using Cantareus aspersus, considered as indicator of soil quality. Among the eight stations, four of them present an excess of TM transfer conducting to a high ecological risk, particularly in two archaeological mining sites but also in a kitchen garden. Lead fractionation and speciation highlight the use of slags as amendments in the kitchen garden. Trace metal contamination of the soil due to mining activities is still bioavailable for soil organisms and so potentially transferred in food chain
Hédouin, Laetitia. "Caractérisation d'espèces bioindicatrices pour la surveillance des activités minières et la gestion de l'environnement en milieu récifal et lagonaire : application au lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie". La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS161.
Texto completoMining activities constitute the major economic resource of New Caledonia. This doctoral research was realized in order to develop a programme for biomonitoring mining contamination in the New Caledonia coastal waters using marine organisms as “bioindicators”: the brown alga Lobophora variegata, the oysters Malleus regula and Isognomon isognomon and the clam Gafrarium tumidum. In this context, the bioindicative value of these four organisms for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn has been investigated through both laboratory and field experiments. Laboratory investigations of the bioaccumulation behaviour of the four organisms using radiotracer techniques demonstrated their high bioaccumulation and retention capacities for the contaminants tested. Moreover, the organisms respond to the most relevant criteria of a bioindicator species: the contaminant concentrations in organisms actually reflect those occurring in the environment. Field experiments showed that the analysis of contaminant concentrations in resident populations of clams, oysters and algae allowed discriminating sites according to their degree of contamination. In addition, transplantations of organisms between clean and contaminated sites indicated that the species displayed efficient bioaccumulation capacities for the contaminants in situ, and consequently, they can be used to monitor sites where the species were not naturally present. Overall, it is concluded that L. Variegata, G. Tumidum and I. Isognomon are efficient and reliable bioindicator species that may be used for active and passive biomonitoring of mining contamination in the lagoon of New Caledonia
Daucé, Françoise. "Pouvoir militaire et pouvoir politique en Russie : l'intégration du Ministère de la défense dans l'Etat russe, 1992-1996". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999IEPP0007.
Texto completoPasquet, Camille. "Evaluation de la biodisponibilité du nickel, cobalt et manganèse dans les poussières de sols ultramafiques et développement d'un outil de bioindication lichénique des poussières émises par les activités minières en Nouvelle Calédonie". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0008/document.
Texto completoBioavailability estimation of nickel, cobalt and manganese in dust from ultramafic soils likely to be mobilized by wind and~eve lopment of a bioindication tool using lichen for dust emitted by mining activities in New Caledonia New Caledonian altered ultramafic soils, particularly rich in Ni, Co, Mn and Cr, are extracted by opencast mines which generale dust rich in metals. The objective of th is work is to develop approaches for environmental risk assessment of dust emitted by opencast mines and nickel ore metallurgical plants. The assessmentof metals' bioavailable fraction from two dust granulometrie size fractions, one less than 100 IJm which is mobilizable by wind (F<1001Jm,) and another one able to penetrate the respiratory system (PM 1 0), has been determined by kinetic extraction with EDT A. The development of a new separation deviee based on particle transport subjected to a nitrogen flux in a horizontal tube has been necessary for PM1 0 segregation. Kinetic extractions le ad to the distinction of th ree metal pools: rapidly labile, less rapidly labile and non-bioavailable. Trace metal potentially bioavailable concentrations were always high and the less rapidly labile pool is always the most concentrated pool. Concerning F<1 001Jm, the less rapidly kinetic constant of the less rapidly labile pool is weaker for mining soils than forest soils. F<1001Jm fractions from mining soils representa more durable reserve in trace metal than the same fraction from forest soils. Bioindication using lichens with compositional data analysis of their metal concentration allow defining an indicator of emission dispersion. This methodology could support air quality monitoring networks in New Caledonia
Park, Adrian. "A comparative study of community and militancy in two coalmining settlements in Britain". Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322832.
Texto completoClouard, Mélanie. "Impact du lignite sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et microbiologiques des sols : application aux sols du bassin minier de Provence". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4341.
Texto completoSpoil heaps are scattered over the coal basin of Provence: they are inserted in the landscape and often located close to urban areas of the Aix-Marseille Metropole. The oldest spoil heaps have been naturally colonized by local vegetation and soils have simultaneously quickly developed. This study aims at understanding the processes involved in soil forming on undisturbed lignite-rich spoil heaps since 55 years. We studied the impact of lignite on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of an undisturbed soil: we compared two similar Rendosols, except that one was developed in a natural lignite outcrop. Then we studied on the 55-year-old Armand spoil heap the factors responsible for soil genesis and variability of soil characteristics. Recalcitrant carbon compounds found in soils enriched with lignite modify microbial activity but do not induce negative effects. It seems that lignite acts as a diluting factor of the organic carbon that decreases the available carbon pool and consequently on the vitality of the expression of the microbial functions. Enzymatic activities and basal respiration decrease while changes observed on physico-chemical properties tend to improve soil fertility. Some characteristics of the soils developed on the spoil heap are similar to those of the soil developed from the lignite outcrop, while others are more related to the way the spoil heap was set up. Although these results have shed light on some of the processes involved in soil formation on spoil heaps in a carbonated environment, soils on Armand spoil heap are still at an early stage of development that precludes conclusion on their future evolution
Brisset, Elodie. "Sensibilité des milieux de montagne aux forçages climatiques et anthropiques depuis 14 000 ans dans les Alpes du Sud : Approche multidisciplinaire (sédimentologie, géochimie, palynologie) et multi-sites (lac Petit, lac de Vens et lac d’Allos)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3017.
Texto completoWithin the context of increasing demographic pressures and hazards related to climate change, the problems posed by landscape erosion have become particularly crucial. The current management of Mediterranean mountain environments, which are highly exposed to erosion hazards, needs to be supported by a thorough understanding of their susceptibility to these hazards and their long-term trajectories.A retrospective analysis of environmental trajectories has been conducted from the study of three lacustrine sedimentary archives in the Southern Alps (Lakes Petit, Vens and Allos). This multi-disciplinary study, based on sedimentology, geochemistry and palynology, has enabled characterization of the dynamics of erosion and changes in plant cover over the last 14,000 years.In Lakes Allos and Vens, the start of the Holocene is marked by the maturing of ecosystems, by chemical weathering of soils and by forest encroachment at higher altitudes. These environmental changes resulted in progressive ecosystem stabilization, followed by a bio-pedological optimum, and subsequently by more open landscapes, and then soil destabilization. These four successive phases have ben dated, respectively, at 12,000-8000 cal. BP, 8000-6000 cal. BP, 6000-1900 cal. BP, and 1900 cal. BP to Present. The last of these phases occurred earlier, at 4200 cal. BP, in Lake Petit.The triggering of soil erosion has systematically been hinged on periods of heavy precipitation affecting landscapes rendered vulnerable, by human societies, to the effects of such perturbations
Mestre, Irene. "La contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience des communautés rurales post-soviétiques, le cas du Kirghizistan". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3006.
Texto completoMy research looked at pastoral resources and agropastoral systems after the implementation in 2009 of community-based pasture management over all the territory of Kyrgyzstan. I investigated how the community-based pasture management contributes to the resilience of rural communities. I used multiple embedded case-studies in order to comprehensively embrace the linkages between land-use, resource dynamics and governance. The case-studies were three rural municipalities and their pastures, which form socio-ecological systems. National level was also examined. Data-collection was conducted through extensive field-work in the rural communities, participant observation in NGOs implementing projects in the domain of pasture management at national level, and literature review. I used qualitative data analysis through thematization and basic statistic analysis for quantitative data. The theoretical framework combines the approach of Common-pool resource management by Ostrom (1990) and the resilience of spatial socio-ecological systems by Aschan-Leygonie (2000). Based on them I elaborated a qualitative framework to analyze the contribution of Community-Based Pasture Management (CBPM) on spatial resilience of socio-ecological systems. As pasture, I understand the pastures them-selves as well as all the other resources necessary for their use, e.g. water and access infrastructure. My results show that community-based management fails to create feed-back loops between the environment, the practices and the management measures. Pasture Committees do not carry out formal data collection on resource dynamics, neither on the impacts of use. Their actions merely follow pasture user interests which are potentially led by indigenous knowledge on pasture condition, although there is a need for more research on this point. However, in general, community-based pasture management positively affects the resilience of rural communities. First, by its open-nature, remote and marginalized households can take part in the decision-making. Second, the investment generated allows for repair and maintenance of infrastructure (roads, bridges) giving access to remote pasture, thereby limiting livestock concentration on most accessible pastures. Third, it creates interactions of a new type between agropastoral and non-agropastoral pasture users, as well as between local stakeholders and national-level stakeholders. Thus, community-based pasture management is a factor of the expansion of local socio-ecological systems and of the diversification and intensification of their interactions, within the systems, as well as across scales
Fogliani, Bruno. "De la connaissance physiologique des Cunoniaceae endémiques de la Nouvelle-Calédonie à la recherche des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et biologiques de leurs substances bioactives d'intérêt". Nouvelle Calédonie, 2002. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseBrunoFogliani2002.pdf.
Texto completoMoisan, Michel. "Pierre BAUDIN (1863-1917) : un radical-socialiste à la Belle Epoque". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461257.
Texto completoMoisan, Michel. "Pierre BAUDIN (1863-1917) : un radical-socialiste à la Belle Epoque". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE1102.
Texto completoPierre Baudin (1863-1917), was the nephew of Alphonse Baudin, a Deputy killed on the barricades on December 3rd 1851, and a French statesman. Although a popular political figure of the Third Republic, Pierre Baudin has not been given sufficient recognition today. As a radical-socialist, he was elected to the Paris Municipal Council in 1890. There, he defended, with remarkable skills, the Rights of the City of Paris. After serving as a General Budget Reporter for three years, he was elected Vice-President of the Council in 1895 and subsequently elected President, before the age of 33, in 1896. He entered the chamber as Deputy as early as 1898, and, as the only member of his party, he was appointed the following year, at the age of 36, Minister of Public Works in the Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet. During his ministry, he chose to relinquish Paris’s eleventh arrondissement and run for office in Belley. A dissident of the Combiste movement, he had to oppose the orthodox radicals in his département from 1903 to 1905. He was easily re-elected to the chamber in 1902 and 1906, however, and he was even able to pursue the career of a journalist that he had launched successfully in 1890. He was elected President of the French Association of Sports Journalists in 1905 and subsequently elected Vice-President of the Association of Parisian Journalists in 1907, which he briefly chaired in 1915, and as an administrator beyond compare, he was appointed General Budget Reporter at the chamber in 1905 and 1906. He also established himself as a businessman from 1906, becoming [the first] President of the French-American bank, but only for a year, and President of the International Society of the Berlitz schools from 1907 to 1913. Turned Briandiste, he was elected to the senate by the département of Ain in 1909, and, in 1910, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary in Argentina. Upon his return to the Palais du Luxembourg, he was very active in contributing key reports on foreign affairs to the senate. He was appointed Minister of Marine in 1913 and was charged with a propaganda mission in Latin America in 1915. A relentless patriot, Baudin never stopped warning his contemporaries against the German threat until his death, due to a serious illness, in 1917
Gallay, Marjorie. "Etude de la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire de fleuves tropicaux par mesures in situ et de télédétection : le cas du Maroni, de l'Oyapock et de l'Orénoque". Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0011/document.
Texto completoThe water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs represents only 0.26 % of the 2.5 % (35 million of km3) of fresh water available on the liquid state on Earth, but its quality and quantity strongly decreased these last years. Her degradation has consequences on the farming, the health, the environment and the economy of territories and is now in the center of the societal concerns. The objectives of the present thesis are for three rivers located in the Guiana Shield, in the North of South America (the Maroni, the Oyapock, the Orinoco): i) to use and to adapt innovative tools of remote detection to follow and quantify, on the long term, their sedimentary loads, ii) to estimate the existence of spatiotemporal trends, as well as breaks in the chronicles of data, iii) to quantify the organic and mineral part of these loads, iv) to appreciate the role of the natural (discharge and precipitation) and the anthropological factors (urban, agricultural and mining surfaces) on the observed trends and finally, v) to discuss thresholds of concentrations for the quality monitoring of the river water.The results showed that it is possible to follow the concentrations of suspension materials, for rivers Maroni and Orinoco with a relative error of 25 and 32 % respectively. Over the period 2000-2016, regular spatiotemporal trends were observed for the Orinoco, while they are increasing for Maroni with a break in 2009 and in decrease for the Oyapock since 2008 (in situ data). A strong link with the increase of the deforestation for the mining surfaces and the precipitation is observed for the Maroni catchment while for the Oyapock the trend is explained by the specific water discharge.For two years of studies (2014-2016), the mineral loads represented the strongest fraction of particles transported in the Maroni River at Saut Hermina (on average 93 %) and in the Oyapock River at Saut Maripa (on average 82 %) with a high variability according to the months of the content in carbon in the transported materials and for both rivers. Finally, report C/N and C/Chl-a revealed organic matters of mainly endogenous origin with a strong chlorophyll biomass and especially during the low water period
Keita, Fodé-Moussa. "Les sociétés minières canadiennes d'exploration et de développement du secteur de l'or : les impacts de leurs activités en Afrique de l'Ouest". Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/770/1/M9952.pdf.
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