Literatura académica sobre el tema "Adhesion and Invasion of the blood brain barrier"

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Adhesion and Invasion of the blood brain barrier"

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Herold, Schroten y Schwerk. "Virulence Factors of Meningitis-Causing Bacteria: Enabling Brain Entry across the Blood–Brain Barrier". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 21 (29 de octubre de 2019): 5393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215393.

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Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traversal of the barriers protecting the brain by pathogens is a prerequisite for the development of meningitis. Bacteria have developed a variety of different strategies to cross these barriers and reach the CNS. To this end, they use a variety of different virulence factors that enable them to attach to and traverse these barriers. These virulence factors mediate adhesion to and invasion into host cells, intracellular survival, induction of host cell signaling and inflammatory response, and affect barrier function. While some of these mechanisms differ, others are shared by multiple pathogens. Further understanding of these processes, with special emphasis on the difference between the blood–brain barrier and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as virulence factors used by the pathogens, is still needed.
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Wegele, Christian, Carolin Stump-Guthier, Selina Moroniak, Christel Weiss, Manfred Rohde, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Horst Schroten, Christian Schwerk, Michael Karremann y Julia Borkowski. "Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae Invade Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells in a Polar Fashion". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 16 (10 de agosto de 2020): 5739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165739.

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Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is a pathogen of the human respiratory tract causing the majority of invasive H. influenzae infections. Severe invasive infections such as septicemia and meningitis occur rarely, but the lack of a protecting vaccine and the increasing antibiotic resistance of NTHI impede treatment and emphasize its relevance as a potential meningitis causing pathogen. Meningitis results from pathogens crossing blood–brain barriers and invading the immune privileged central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we addressed the potential of NTHI to enter the brain by invading cells of the choroid plexus (CP) prior to meningeal inflammation to enlighten NTHI pathophysiological mechanisms. A cell culture model of human CP epithelial cells, which form the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in vivo, was used to analyze adhesion and invasion by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. NTHI invade CP cells in vitro in a polar fashion from the blood-facing side. Furthermore, NTHI invasion rates are increased compared to encapsulated HiB and HiF strains. Fimbriae occurrence attenuated adhesion and invasion. Thus, our findings underline the role of the BCSFB as a potential entry port for NTHI into the brain and provide strong evidence for a function of the CP during NTHI invasion into the CNS during the course of meningitis.
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Iovino, Federico, Grietje Molema y Jetta J. E. Bijlsma. "Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, a Putative Receptor for the Adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the Vascular Endothelium of the Blood-Brain Barrier". Infection and Immunity 82, n.º 9 (9 de junio de 2014): 3555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00046-14.

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ABSTRACTThe Gram-positive bacteriumStreptococcus pneumoniaeis the main causative agent of bacterial meningitis.S. pneumoniaeis thought to invade the central nervous system via the bloodstream by crossing the vascular endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. The exact mechanism by which pneumococci cross endothelial cell barriers before meningitis develops is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of PECAM-1/CD31, one of the major endothelial cell adhesion molecules, inS. pneumoniaeadhesion to vascular endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Mice were intravenously infected with pneumococci and sacrificed at various time points to represent stages preceding meningitis. Immunofluorescent analysis of brain tissue of infected mice showed that pneumococci colocalized with PECAM-1. In human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) incubated withS. pneumoniae, we observed a clear colocalization between PECAM-1 and pneumococci. Blocking of PECAM-1 reduced the adhesion ofS. pneumoniaeto endothelial cellsin vitro, implying that PECAM-1 is involved in pneumococcal adhesion to the cells. Furthermore, using endothelial cell protein lysates, we demonstrated thatS. pneumoniaephysically binds to PECAM-1. Moreover, bothin vitroandin vivoPECAM-1 colocalizes with theS. pneumoniaeadhesion receptor pIgR. Lastly, immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PECAM-1 can physically interact with pIgR. In summary, we show for the first time that blood-borneS. pneumoniaecolocalizes with PECAM-1 expressed by brain microvascular endothelium and that, in addition, they colocalize with pIgR. We hypothesize that this interaction plays a role in pneumococcal binding to the blood-brain barrier vasculature prior to invasion into the brain.
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Reddy, Marpadga A., Carol A. Wass, Kwang Sik Kim, David D. Schlaepfer y Nemani V. Prasadarao. "Involvement of Focal Adhesion Kinase inEscherichia coli Invasion of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity 68, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2000): 6423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6423-6430.2000.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli K1 traversal across the blood-brain barrier is an essential step in the pathogenesis of neonatal meningitis. We have previously shown that invasive E. colipromotes the actin rearrangement of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), which constitute a lining of the blood-brain barrier, for invasion. However, signal transduction mechanisms involved in E. coli invasion are not defined. In this report we show that tyrosine kinases play a major role in E. coli invasion of human BMEC (HBMEC). E. coli induced tyrosine phosphorylation of HBMEC cytoskeletal proteins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and paxillin, with a concomitant increase in the association of paxillin with FAK. Overexpression of a dominant interfering form of the FAK C-terminal domain, FRNK (FAK-related nonkinase), significantly inhibited E. coli invasion of HBMEC. Furthermore, we found that FAK kinase activity and the autophosphorylation site (Tyr397) are important in E. coli invasion of HBMEC, whereas the Grb2 binding site (Tyr925) is not required. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that FAK is recruited to focal plaques at the site of bacterial entry. Consistent with the invasion results, overexpression of FRNK, a kinase-negative mutant (Arg454 FAK), and a Src binding mutant (Phe397 FAK) inhibited the accumulation of FAK at the bacterial entry site. The overexpression of FAK mutants in HBMEC also blocked theE. coli-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and its association with paxillin. These observations provide evidence that FAK tyrosine phosphorylation and its recruitment to the cytoskeleton play a key role in E. coli invasion of HBMEC.
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Iovino, Federico, Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee, Matthijs Brouwer, Diederik van de Beek, Arie van der Ende, Merche Valls Seron, Peter Mellroth et al. "pIgR and PECAM-1 bind to pneumococcal adhesins RrgA and PspC mediating bacterial brain invasion". Journal of Experimental Medicine 214, n.º 6 (17 de mayo de 2017): 1619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20161668.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of bacterial meningitis, a life-threating disease with a high case fatality rate despite treatment with antibiotics. Pneumococci cause meningitis by invading the blood and penetrating the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Using stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy of brain biopsies from patients who died of pneumococcal meningitis, we observe that pneumococci colocalize with the two BBB endothelial receptors: polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1). We show that the major adhesin of the pneumococcal pilus-1, RrgA, binds both receptors, whereas the choline binding protein PspC binds, but to a lower extent, only pIgR. Using a bacteremia-derived meningitis model and mutant mice, as well as antibodies against the two receptors, we prevent pneumococcal entry into the brain and meningitis development. By adding antibodies to antibiotic (ceftriaxone)-treated mice, we further reduce the bacterial burden in the brain. Our data suggest that inhibition of pIgR and PECAM-1 has the potential to prevent pneumococcal meningitis.
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Matin, Abdul, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Suk-Yul Jung, Kwang Sik Kim, Monique Stins y Naveed Ahmed Khan. "Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro". Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2007): 1110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47134-0.

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Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE) is a serious human disease almost always leading to death. An important step in BAE is amoebae invasion of the bloodstream, followed by their haematogenous spread. Balamuthia mandrillaris entry into the central nervous system most likely occurs at the blood–brain barrier sites. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), which constitute the blood–brain barrier, this study determined (i) the ability of B. mandrillaris to bind to HBMECs and (ii) the associated molecular mechanisms. Adhesion assays revealed that B. mandrillaris exhibited greater than 90 % binding to HBMECs in vitro. To determine whether recognition of carbohydrate moieties on the surface of the HBMECs plays a role in B. mandrillaris adherence to the target cells, adhesion assays were performed in the presence of the saccharides mannose, galactose, xylose, glucose and fucose. It was observed that adherence of B. mandrillaris was significantly reduced by galactose, whilst the other saccharides had no effect. Acetone fixation of amoebae, but not of HBMECs, abolished adhesion, suggesting that B. mandrillaris adhesin(s) bind to galactose-containing glycoproteins of HBMECs. B. mandrillaris also bound to microtitre wells coated with galactose–BSA. By affinity chromatography using a galactose–Sepharose column, a galactose-binding protein (GBP) was isolated from detergent extracts of unlabelled amoebae. The isolation of a GBP from cell-surface-biotin-labelled amoebae suggested its membrane association. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE confirmed the proteinaceous nature of the GBP and determined its molecular mass as approximately 100 kDa. This is the first report suggesting the role of a GBP in B. mandrillaris interactions with HBMECs.
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Masocha, Willias, Martin E. Rottenberg y Krister Kristensson. "Minocycline Impedes African Trypanosome Invasion of the Brain in a Murine Model". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, n.º 5 (mayo de 2006): 1798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.5.1798-1804.2006.

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ABSTRACT Passage of Trypanosoma brucei across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis. In the present study we found that daily administration of minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, impedes the penetration of leukocytes and trypanosomes into the brain parenchyma of T. brucei brucei-infected C57BL/6 mice. The trypanosome-induced astrocytic and microglial reactions were reduced in the minocycline-treated mice, as were the levels in the brain of transcripts encoding adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (E-selectin); the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, and gamma interferon; and matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP-3), MMP-8, and MMP-12. Loss of weight occurring during infection with T. b. brucei was not observed after treatment of the mice with minocycline; these mice also survived longer than nontreated mice. Invasion of trypanosomes and leukocytes into the brain parenchyma most likely triggered the loss of weight and death of infected animals, since minocycline did not affect the growth of T. b. brucei either in vitro or in vivo or the levels of the transcripts encoding the cytokines and MMPs in the spleen. In conclusion, our data show that T. b. brucei invasion of the brain is related to that of leukocytes and that minocycline can ameliorate the disease in trypanosome-infected mice.
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Hertzig, Tobias, Martin Weber, Lars Greiffenberg, Britta Schulte Holthausen, Werner Goebel, Kwang Sik Kim y Michael Kuhn. "Antibodies Present in Normal Human Serum Inhibit Invasion of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Listeria monocytogenes". Infection and Immunity 71, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.95-100.2003.

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ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes causes meningitis and encephalitis in humans and crosses the blood-brain barrier by yet unknown mechanisms. The interaction of the bacteria with different types of endothelial cells was recently analyzed, and it was shown that invasion into, but not adhesion to, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) depends on the product of the inlB gene, the surface molecule InlB, which is a member of the internalin multigene family. In the present study we analyzed the role of the medium composition in the interaction of L. monocytogenes with HBMEC, and we show that invasion of HBMEC is strongly inhibited in the presence of adult human serum. The strong inhibitory activity, which is not present in fetal calf serum, does not inhibit uptake by macrophage-like J774 cells but does also inhibit invasion of Caco-2 epithelial cells. The inhibitory component of human serum was identified as being associated with L. monocytogenes-specific antibodies present in the human serum. Human newborn serum (cord serum) shows only a weak inhibitory activity on the invasion of HBMEC by L. monocytogenes.
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Rizzo, A., C. Vasco, V. Girgenti, V. Fugnanesi, C. Calatozzolo, A. Canazza, A. Salmaggi, L. Rivoltini, M. Morbin y E. Ciusani. "Melanoma Cells Homing to the Brain: AnIn VitroModel". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/476069.

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We developed anin vitrocontact through-feet blood brain barrier (BBB) model built using type IV collagen, rat astrocytes, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cocultured through Transwell porous polycarbonate membrane. The contact between astrocytes and HUVECs was demonstrated by electron microscopy: astrocytes endfeet pass through the 8.0 μm pores inducing HUVECs to assume a cerebral phenotype. Using this model we evaluated transmigration of melanoma cells from two different patients (M1 and M2) selected among seven melanoma primary cultures. M2 cells showed a statistically significant higher capability to pass across thein vitroBBB model, compared to M1. Expression of adhesion molecules was evaluated by flow cytometry: a statistically significant increased expression of MCAM,αvβ3, and CD49b was detected in M1. PCR array data showed that M2 had a higher expression of several matrix metalloproteinase proteins (MMPs) compared to M1. Specifically, data suggest that MMP2 and MMP9 could be directly involved in BBB permeability and that brain invasion by melanoma cells could be related to the overexpression of many MMPs. Future studies will be necessary to deepen the mechanisms of central nervous system invasion.
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Vanier, Ghyslaine, Anna Szczotka, Peter Friedl, Sonia Lacouture, Mario Jacques y Marcelo Gottschalk. "Haemophilus parasuis invades porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells". Microbiology 152, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2006): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28312-0.

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Haemophilus parasuis, an important swine pathogen, is the aetiological agent of Glässer's disease. It is responsible for cases of polyserositis, meningitis and pneumonia in young pigs. To date, 15 serotypes have been described, although several non-typable isolates are frequently recovered from diseased animals. The pathogenesis of H. parasuis infection is poorly understood. To cause meningitis, H. parasuis would have to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of H. parasuis to interact with porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (PBMEC). It was demonstrated that the serotype 5 reference strain of H. parasuis, Nagasaki (originally recovered from a case of meningitis), was able to adhere at very high levels to and, most importantly, invade PBMEC. These capacities were confirmed by electron microscopy. Actinobacillus pleuropnemoniae serotype 7 (strain WF 83), used as negative control, was not able to adhere to or invade PBMEC. Comparisons of the levels of adhesion and invasion by several H. parasuis field strains from different serotypes isolated from cases of either meningitis or pneumonia showed that isolates of serotypes 4 and 5 had a higher invasion capacity than isolates belonging to other serotypes. Inhibition studies demonstrated that PBMEC invasion by H. parasuis required rearrangement of actin microfilaments and microtubular cytoskeletal elements but not active bacterial DNA, RNA or protein synthesis. Characterization studies demonstrated that proteinaceous invasin(s) does not seem to play a major role in entry of H. parasuis into PBMEC. Intracellular viable H. parasuis were found in PBMEC up to 6 h after antibiotic treatment. Even at high bacterial doses, H. parasuis was not toxic to PBMEC. In swine, the invasion of endothelial cells of the BBB may play an important role in the pathogenesis of meningitis caused by H. parasuis.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Adhesion and Invasion of the blood brain barrier"

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Abdesselam, Kahina. "Pathogenesis of 'Cronobacter' Species: Enterotoxin Production, Adhesion and Invasion of the Blood Brain Barrier". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23167.

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Cronobacter species cause serious infections such as meningitis and enteritis in newborns and neonates, with the major vehicle being contaminated powdered infant formula. The main objectives of this study were i) to identify potential virulence factors, such as enterotoxin production; ii) characterize the gene(s) involved in adhesion and invasion of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC); and iii) determine whether strains from clinical, food, and environmental sources differ in their ability to produce surface-attached bacterial aggregates, known as biofilms. Random transposon mutagenesis was used on strains demonstrating the best adherence and invasion to blood- brain barrier cell lines (BBB). Isogenic mutants were then screened for increased or decreased adherence and invasion. Screening of the transposon library identified one isogenic mutant of a clinical strain which lost the ability to adhere to BBB cells. The transposon rescue revealed the insertion site to be within a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) gene. The major function of DGC in many Gram-negative bacteria is to synthesize cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a secondary bacterial metabolite known for regulating biofilm formation, motility, and virulence or aspects of microbial pathogenicity. Based on the findings of this study, DGC appears to play an important role in Cronobacter species’ ability to produce biofilms and may also have a role of the pathogenicity in the microorganism.
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Arjmandi, Rafsanjani Azadeh. "Participation of dendritic cells in neuroinflammation : factors regulating adhesion to human cerebral endothelium". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5029.

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Dendritic cells (DCs) form a key component of the immune response, as they are involved in the innate and adaptive immunity and in the process of tolerance. Under normal conditions, DCs are absent from the Central Nervous System (CNS), as the blood brain barrier (BBB) restricts their entry. However, DCs have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several CNS diseases. The molecular mechanisms that mediate DC trafficking across the BBB are poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to examine the role of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (eCAMs) and their ligands in the process of DC adhesion to the BBB endothelium, and to investigate the participation of DCs in human CNS diseases. To study DC adhesion, DCs were generated in vitro by culturing human blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL- 4, and DC maturation was induced by adding inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and PGE₂. Immature and mature DCs displayed differences in their expression of surface molecules, including eCAM ligands, by flow cytometry. Adhesion to the cerebral endothelium was investigated using an in vitro model of the BBB consisting of primary cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMEC). Immature or mature DCs were incubated with resting or TNF-α-activated HBMEC for up to one hour. Only a few DCs adhered to resting HBMEC, but adhesion was upregulated upon activating HBMEC (p
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3

Soon, D. "MRI evaluation of the anti-adhesion molecule antibody Natalizumab and the blood-brain barrier in Multiple Sclerosis". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19424/.

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As Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is central to inflammatory lesion formation, it presents a potential target in the formulation of putative therapeutic agents in MS. The action of natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody acting at the BBB, is investigated through a phase III monotherapy trial (AFFIRM) and associated substudies. Subtle BBB disruption from non-inflamed lesions, which could contribute to axonal damage through leakage of inflammatory cells and associated mediators into surrounding parenchyma, is also studied. Introductory chapters (1-3) provide a brief overview of MS, clinical trials, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the BBB and natalizumab. Chapter four describes MRI results of AFFIRM- a 2 year multi-centre trial involving 942 patients. Compared with placebo, natalizumab reduced number of gadolinium (Gd)- enhancing lesions by 92%, new/enlarging T2-hyperintense lesions by 83%, and new T1- hypointense lesions by 76%. Chapter five describes a 57 patient AFFIRM trial substudy in which the influence of natalizumab on segmental atrophy was investigated. Atrophy was predominant in grey matter (GM) and was independent of lesion load. Fluctuations in white matter (WM) volume followed changes in inflammatory lesion load. Atrophy was not influenced by natalizumab. The effect of natalizumab on subtle BBB disruption (inferred by measuring the post-Gd %change in T1 weighted signal intensity) is studied in chapter 6. This AFFIRM substudy involved 40 patients (27 on natalizumab, 13 on placebo.) Although subtle BBB leakage was consistently detected in non-visibly enhancing lesions, natalizumab did not influence the degree of leakage. Chapter 7 describes a cross-sectional study which utilised post-Gd change in R1 (1/T1) as a marker BBB leakage. 19 patients (10 RRMS, 9 SPMS) were involved in this study. The subtle leakage observed from non-visibly enhancing lesions was distinct from leakage from visibly enhancing lesions. This was sustained over 60 minutes, greater in smaller lesions and in size-adjusted T1 hypointense lesions.
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Lécuyer, Marc-André. "ALCAM : cell adhesion molecule or tight junction? The characterization of its role in the context of neuroinflammation". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18564.

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But : La perte de l’intégrité de la barrière hémo-encéphalique (BHE) est l’une des caractéristiques principales de la sclérose en plaques. Cette augmentation de la perméabilité est associée à une désorganisation des molécules de jonction serrée et à une augmentation de l’expression de molécules d’adhérence essentielles à l’extravasation des cellules immunitaires. Identifier de nouvelles molécules impliquées dans ce processus est donc crucial pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies contre la sclérose en plaques visant à promouvoir l’intégrité de la BHE et à diminuer la migration des leucocytes dans le système nerveux central (SNC) au cours du processus neuro-inflammatoire. Dans cette étude, le rôle spécifique de la molécule d’adhérence ALCAM, qui est exprimé à la surface des cellules endothéliales de la BHE (CE-BHE) et de certains sous-types de leucocytes, a été évalué. Méthodologie : À l’aide d’une analyse protéomique exhaustive, notre laboratoire a identifié ALCAM comme étant une molécule d’adhérence surexprimée par les CE-BHE mises en culture dans un milieu pro-inflammatoire. Dans le but d’étudier le rôle spécifique d’ALCAM durant la diapédèse leucocytaire, nous avons induit chez des souris de type sauvages et des souris ALCAM déficientes l’encéphalite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), le modèle animal de la sclérose en plaques. Le rôle d’ALCAM a aussi été étudié à l’aide d’un système d’adhérence sous flux laminaire. Cet appareil, qui imite un capillaire cérébral, permet de suivre en temps réel le mouvement des leucocytes, soumis à une pression physiologique, dans un tube couvert à sa base par des CE-BHE. Résultats : En utilisant ce système d’adhérence, j’ai pu démontrer que des anticorps dirigés contre ALCAM réduisent de façon significative le roulement et l’adhérence de monocytes CD14+ humains à la surface de CE-BHE. Par ailleurs, ces anticorps préviennent de façon marquée la diminution de la vitesse moyenne des cellules au cours de l’expérience. Par le fait même, j’ai aussi observé une réduction significative de l’extravasation des monocytes traités avec de l’anti-ALCAM au travers de CE-BHE dans un modèle statique de migration. Subséquemment, j’ai démontré que ces monocytes migrent plus rapidement et en plus grand nombre au travers d’une barrière constituée de cellules endothéliales méningées à comparer à des CE-BHE. Bien que des observations similaires ont été effectuées en utilisant des lymphocytes T CD4+ humains ex vivo, j’ai été incapable de reproduire ces résultats à l’aide de cellules Th1 et Th17 réactivées in vitro. Par opposition à nos données in vitro, j’ai découvert que les souris déficientes en ALCAM développent une EAE active plus sévère que celle observée chez des souris de type sauvages. Cette EAE est par ailleurs associée à une infiltration périvasculaire de lymphocytes T pro-inflammatoires et de monocytes/macrophages de type M1 plus marqué chez les souris ALCAM déficientes. L’induction d’une EAE par transfert adoptif, dans laquelle des cellules immunitaires de type sauvage réactivées par du MOG sont injectées à des souris déficientes en ALCAM, suggère que la pathophysiologie observée durant l’EAE active serait liée à l’absence d’ALCAM au niveau de la BHE. Une caractérisation de la barrière des souris ALCAM déficientes non immunisées a par la suite révélé une réduction de l’expression de certaines molécules de jonction serrée. Une analyse plus poussée a par ailleurs démontré qu’ALCAM est lié indirectement à des molécules de jonction serrée des CE-BHE, ce qui expliquerait l’augmentation de la perméabilité de celle-ci chez les souris déficientes en ALCAM. Une analyse de la perméabilité intercellulaire de la BHE effectuée in vitro a d’autre part corrélé ces résultats. Conclusion : Collectivement, nos données prouvent qu’ALCAM joue un rôle prépondérant dans la diapédèse des monocytes, mais pas des lymphocytes Th1 et Th17 au travers de la BHE. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent qu’ALCAM remplit une fonction biologique cruciale favorisant le maintien de l’intégrité de la BHE en agissant comme molécule adaptatrice intermédiaire entre les molécules de jonction serrées et le cytosquelette. De cette façon, l’absence d’ALCAM au niveau des CE-BHE promeut indirectement le recrutement de leucocytes pro-inflammatoires dans le SNC des souris atteintes de l’EAE en augmentant la perméabilité des vaisseaux sanguins de la BHE.
Aim: The loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis. It is associated with a disorganization of junctional molecules and an upregulation of cell adhesion molecules essential for immune cell transmigration. Identifying novel key players involved in this process is thus crucial for the development of MS therapies aimed at promoting BBB integrity and decreasing leukocytes trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) during neuroinflammation. In this study, the specific role of the adhesion molecule ALCAM, found on BBB endothelial cells (BBB-ECs) and subsets of leukocytes, was assessed. Methods: We first identified ALCAM as an important molecule upregulated during inflammation in a proteomic screen of in vitro cultured primary human BBB-ECs. In order to study the effects of ALCAM on leukocyte transmigration, both active and passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in ALCAM KO and WT animals. The specific role of ALCAM during leukocyte transmigration was also assessed using a modified adhesion assay under sheer-stress, in which leukocytes flow across a capillary-like channel lined with a monolayer of BBB-ECs under physiological pressure. Results: Using the modified adhesion assay, we demonstrated that anti-ALCAM blocking antibodies significantly reduce the rolling and the adhesion of human CD14+ monocytes interacting with primary human BBB-ECs, as well as prevent their overall decrease in velocity. Concurrently, we also observed a significant reduction in the migration of ex vivo CD14+ monocytes, across a monolayer of human BBB-ECs. These monocytes also migrated more rapidly and in higher number across meningeal endothelial cells, as compared to BBB-ECs. While similar observations were made using ex vivo CD4+ T lymphocytes, we failed to reproduce these results using in vitro activated Th1 and Th17 cells. In opposition to our in vitro data, ALCAM KO mice developed a more severe active EAE associated with a significant increase in perivascular infiltration of pro-inflammatory lymphocytes (Th1/Th17) and M1 monocytes/macrophages, as compared to WT controls. In addition, EAE transfer experiments, in which ALCAM KO mice received WT MOG-reactivated splenocytes, suggested that the pathophysiology observed in active EAE was linked to the absence of ALCAM on BBB-ECs. Phenotypic characterization of un-immunized ALCAM KO mice revealed a reduced expression of BBB junctional proteins. Further analysis showed that ALCAM is indirectly associated with tight junction molecules of the BBB-ECs, which explains the increased CNS parenchymal blood vessel in vivo permeability in ALCAM KO animals. Correlating with these data, primary culture of mouse brain BBB-ECs was shown to possess a lower TEER and an increased permeability coefficient. Conclusion: Collectively, our data provide evidence of the implication of ALCAM in monocyte transmigration, but not Th1 or Th17 lymphocyte diapedesis across CNS endothelium. Our results also point to a biologically crucial function of ALCAM in maintaining BBB integrity by acting as an adaptor molecule between tight junctions and the cytoskeleton. As such, the absence of ALCAM at the level of BBB-ECs indirectly promotes the recruitment of pro-inflammatory leukocytes in the CNS of EAE animals by increasing the BBB vessels permeability.
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Larochelle, Catherine. "Caractérisation du rôle de MCAM dans la sclérose en plaques". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11833.

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Objectifs: Chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques (SEP), des lymphocytes pro-inflammatoires utilisent des molécules d’adhérence afin de parvenir à traverser la barrière hémo-encéphalique (BHE) et former des lésions multifocales dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Dans le contexte de la SEP, les lymphocytes CD4 auto-agressifs polarisés en TH17 (sécrétant de l’IL-17) sont reconnus comme contribuant à la formation des lésions. Le rôle des lymphocytes CD8 TC17 est quant à lui encore mal défini. L’identification de marqueurs de surface spécifiquement exprimés par les lymphocytes TH17 et TC17 faciliterait la caractérisation de ces sous-populations pathogéniques et fournirait de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour traiter la SEP. Méthodologie: Nous avons identifié MCAM lors d’analyses protéomiques de cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine et de lymphocytes T humains. Nous avons caractérisé le phénotype et la fonction de ces cellules exprimant MCAM ex vivo, in vitro, in situ et in vivo, à partir de matériel obtenu de témoins (contrôles), de patients atteints de SEP et d’animaux atteints d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE). Résultats: MCAM est exprimé à la fois par les cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine et par une sous-population de lymphocytes T effecteurs mémoire CD161+ et CCR6+. Les lymphocytes CD4 et CD8 MCAM+ expriment plus d’IL-17, IL-22, GM-CSF et granzyme B (Gz B) que les lymphocytes MCAMneg. De plus, l’expression de MCAM est fortement augmentée à la surface des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ lors des poussées de SEP, alors que les traitements immunomodulateurs en diminuent l’expression. In situ, l’expression de MCAM par les cellules endothéliales de la BHE est plus marquée au site des lésions de SEP et d’EAE, et on retrouve des lymphocytes CD4 et CD8 MCAM+ au sein de ces infiltrats périvasculaires du SNC. In vitro, les lymphocytes CD8 MCAM+ causent plus de mort oligodendrocytaire et bloquer MCAM diminue la transmigration des CD8 TC17 et des CD4 TH17 à travers les cellules endothéliales de la BHE humaine. In vivo, dépléter les lymphocytes CD4 ou CD8 MCAM+ améliore les signes cliniques de l’EAE par transfert. Par ailleurs, l’expression de MCAM est régulée à la hausse à la surface des lymphocytes CD4 et CD8 de la souris transgénique TCR1640, un modèle animal d’EAE spontanée. Finalement, bloquer MCAM atténue les déficits neurologiques chroniques aussi bien du modèle d’EAE induite avec le MOG35-55 que du modèle d’EAE spontanée. Conclusion: Nos données démontrent que les lymphocytes encéphalitogéniques produisant de l’IL-17 et présentant une capacité effectrice et migratoire marquée expriment MCAM. MCAM pourrait servir de biomarqueur en SEP et constituer une cible thérapeutique valable pour traiter les conditions neuroinflammatoires.
Objective: In multiple sclerosis (MS), pro-inflammatory lymphocytes use adhesion molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate in central nervous system (CNS) lesions. CD4 T lymphocytes polarized into auto-aggressive encephalitogenic TH17 (IL-17 secreting) are known to partake in MS lesion formation. Much less is known about the role of CD8 TC17. Identification of specific surface markers and adhesion molecules expressed by TH17 and TC17 lymphocytes would allow further characterization of these pathogenic subsets and would provide new therapeutic targets in MS. Methodology: We identified MCAM in a proteomic screen of human BBB endothelial cells (ECs) and on a subset of T lymphocytes. We characterized the phenotype and function of MCAM-expressing cells ex vivo, in vitro and in situ using human and mouse material obtained from controls, MS subjects and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) animals. Results: MCAM is expressed by human BBB-ECs and by human effector memory CD161+ and CCR6+ T lymphocytes. Both CD4 and CD8 MCAM+ lymphocytes express more IL-17, IL-22, GM-CSF and Gz B than MCAMneg lymphocytes. Moreover, MCAM is strikingly up-regulated in human on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes during MS relapses, while treatment decreases MCAM expression. In situ, MCAM+ CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes are present in perivascular infiltrates of MS and EAE CNS specimens, while MCAM expression is up-regulated on BBB-ECs within lesions. In vitro, MCAM+ CD8 T lymphocytes display higher killing capacity of oligodendrocytes, and MCAM blockade reduces CD8 TC17 and CD4 TH17 transmigration across human BBB-ECs. In vivo, depletion of MCAM+ cells from reactivated CD4 T lymphocytes and from CD8 T lymphocytes decreases clinical symptoms in adoptive transfer EAE. Furthermore, expression of MCAM is up-regulated on CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in the TCR1640 transgenic mice, a model of spontaneous EAE. Finally, blocking MCAM in both MOG35-55-induced and spontaneous primary progressive EAE attenuates chronic neurological deficits. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that encephalitogenic IL-17-producing lymphocytes with high effector and migratory capacity express MCAM, and that MCAM could serve as a biomarker for MS and a valuable target for the treatment neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Saint-Laurent, Olivia. "Caractérisation neuro-immunitaire d'un modèle d'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale spontanée". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10271.

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La sclérose en plaques est une maladie neuroinflammatoire idiopathique caractérisée par la formation de lésions focales de démyélinisation, qui apparaissent suite à l’infiltration périvasculaire de cellules immunitaires et à l’augmentation de la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique. L’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE) est le modèle animal de cette maladie. Cependant, ce modèle présente des différences importantes avec la sclérose en plaques. L’objectif de ce projet de maîtrise était d’approfondir la caractérisation d’un nouveau modèle transgénique d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale spontanée, le modèle TCR1640, afin de valider celui-ci pour l’étude des phénomènes physiopathologiques qui surviennent à différents stades de la sclérose en plaques, ainsi que pour le développement de nouveaux traitements de la maladie. La souris TCR1640 porte un récepteur des cellules T (TCR) transgénique autoréactif, qui reconnaît un peptide de la myéline et déclenche une réaction auto-immune contre la myéline endogène au sein du système nerveux central (SNC). Des observations faites in situ et in vitro ont permis d’identifier des changements qui surviennent de façon très précoce dans l’unité neurovasculaire chez les animaux TCR1640 présymptomatiques, et qui sont liés à la présence d’un profil immunitaire périphérique proinflammatoire. Lors des phases actives de l’EAE spontanée, les animaux TCR1640 au stade chronique présentent une inflammation accrue du système nerveux central associée à une infiltration leucocytaire massive, par rapport aux animaux au stade aigu de la maladie. Une étude in vivo a également permis de moduler la maladie développée par des animaux ayant subi une immunisation passive avec des cellules T auxiliaires en provenance de souris TCR1640. Enfin, l’implication de nouvelles molécules d’adhésion cellulaire dans le développement et le maintien de l’EAE spontanée a été suggérée par des observations in vitro. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que le modèle TCR1640 présente plusieurs avantages pour l’étude de la physiopathologie de maladies neuroinflammatoires telles que la sclérose en plaques, et servira d’outil afin de valider de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques.
Multiple sclerosis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. It is characterized by the formation of focal perivascular lesions and demyelination of the surrounding area, which appear concomitantly to a massive immune cell infiltration and disruption of the blood brain barrier. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is the animal model most extensively used for the study of multiple sclerosis. Unfortunately, this model does not mimic many aspects of the human disease. The goal of this project is to further the characterization of a new transgenic model of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the TCR1640 model, and to validate it as a relevant tool for the study of multiple sclerosis physiopathology and treatment. The TCR1640 mouse possesses a transgenic T cell receptor which recognizes a myelin peptide and triggers an autoimmune response against endogenous myelin in the central nervous system. In situ and in vitro observations have led to the identification of early changes which appear at the neurovascular unit in presymptomatic TCR1640 animals. This early disruption of blood brain barrier homeostasis is linked to the establishment of a proinflammatory immune profile in the periphery. Animals at the chronic stage show sustained inflammation of the central nervous system parenchyma and massive leukocyte infiltration, compared to animals in acute phase of disease. An in vivo experiment has allowed modulating the disease by treatment with a multiple sclerosis-approved therapy, in wild type mice which had received reactivated CD4+ T cells from TCR1640 animals. Finally, the implication of new cell adhesion molecules in the development and maintenance of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been suggested by in vitro study of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (CD146) and activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166). The results obtained in this study suggest that the TCR1640 model is a valuable asset in the study of neuroimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It could also be used to validate new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this disease.
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Terouz, Simone. "Ninjurin-1 est une molécule d'adhérence de la barrière hémato-encéphalique impliquée dans le recrutement de monocytes au sein du système nerveux central". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4655.

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La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est caractérisée par des infiltrations périvasculaires de cellules immunitaires et par de la démyélinisation au sein du système nerveux central (SNC). Ces deux paramètres de la maladie sont associés à la fragilisation de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). En ce sens, le recrutement des cellules présentatrices d’antigène (CPA) myéloïdes, telles que les monocytes, les macrophages et les cellules dendritiques, dans le SNC à travers la BHE, est une étape cruciale dans l’initiation et la persistance de l’inflammation cérébrale. Nerve injury-induced protein (Ninjurin)-1 est une nouvelle molécule d’adhérence qui médie une interaction de type homophilique et dont l’expression sur l’endothélium vasculaire de la BHE humaine fut identifiée grâce à une analyse protéomique des protéines associées à la BHE. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire montrent que l’expression de Ninjurin-1 augmente dans un contexte inflammatoire dans les cultures primaires de cellules endothéliales de la BHE (CE-BHE) et sur les CPA myéloïdes humaines ex vivo et générées in vitro. De plus, les CPA infiltrantes retrouvées dans les lésions cérébrales de patients atteints de SEP et dans le SNC des souris atteintes d’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale (EAE), le modèle murin de la SEP, expriment de hauts niveaux de Ninjurin-1. À l’aide du modèle in vitro de la BHE, la neutralisation de Ninjurin-1 restreint spécifiquement la migration des monocytes à travers les CE-BHE sans affecter le recrutement des lymphocytes, ni la perméabilité des CE-BHE. Enfin, les souris atteintes d’EAE et traitées avec un peptide bloquant dirigé contre Ninjurin-1 présentent une maladie moins sévère ainsi qu’une diminution des CPA infiltrant le SNC et ce comparé au groupe contrôle. Ces résultats suggèrent que Ninjurin-1 est une molécule d’adhérence de la BHE impliquée dans le recrutement de CPA myéloïdes au sein du SNC et qu’elle peut être considérée comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle en SEP.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by perivascular infiltrations of immune cells and by demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). These two hallmarks of the disease are associated with the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The recruitment of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, the so-called myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in the CNS through the BBB is thought to play a crucial role in the initiation and the persistence of the disease. Therefore the identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the migration of myeloid APCs into the CNS is considered a valid therapeutic option in MS. Nerve injury-induced protein (Ninjurin)-1, a novel adhesion molecule that mediates homophilic binding, was found to be expressed in the vascular endothelium of the BBB following a proteomic screen of human BBB-associated proteins. Ninjurin-1’s expression increases during an inflammatory context in primary cultures of endothelial cells of the BBB (BBB-ECs) and on ex vivo and in vitro generated myeloid APCs. In addition, infiltrating APCs in human MS lesions and in the CNS of the murine model of MS, the mice affected with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), express high levels of Ninjurin-1. Using an experimental model of the BBB, the neutralization of Ninjurin-1 specifically restricts the migration of monocytes across the BBB-ECs without affecting the recruitment of lymphocytes or the permeability of the BBB-ECs. Finally, EAE mice treated with a Ninjurin-1 blocking peptide have reduced disease severity and a reduced infiltration of myeloid APCs in the CNS, as compared to the control group. Our results show that Ninjurin-1 is an adhesion molecule of the BBB involved in the recruitment of myeloid APCs to the CNS and is also a potential therapeutic target to dampen CNS inflammatory processes, as occurs in MS.
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Libros sobre el tema "Adhesion and Invasion of the blood brain barrier"

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Hasan, David. The Natural History of Cerebral Aneurysms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0109.

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Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to rupture of cerebral aneurysms represents a relatively small fraction of strokes (5%) but morbidity and mortality associated with aneurysm rupture remain very high despite advances in the treatment of aneurysmal SAH. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is the leading cause of delayed morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as delayed neurological dysfunction 1 to 2 weeks after rupture. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the primary contributing factors to CV following aneurysmal SAH, and this is associated with alterations in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinases (MM), and the blood-brain barrier[p63].
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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Adhesion and Invasion of the blood brain barrier"

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de Miranda, Aline Silva, Thiago Macedo Cordeiro, Milene Alvarenga Rachid y Antônio Lúcio Teixeira. "Recording Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion on Meningeal Vessels by Intravital Microscopy". En Blood-Brain Barrier, 315–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_18.

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McCarron, R. M., Y. Yoshihide, M. Spatz y J. Hallenbeck. "Hypertensive Versus Normotensive Monocyte Adhesion to Cultured Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells". En Biology and Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier, 299–302. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9489-2_48.

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Archelos, J. J. y H. P. Hartung. "Adhesion Molecules and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Multiple Sclerosis". En From Basic Immunology to Immune-Mediated Demyelination, 149–61. Milano: Springer Milan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2143-3_15.

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Musa, Gentian, Felix B. Engel y Colin Niaudet. "Heart Development, Angiogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Function Is Modulated by Adhesion GPCRs". En Adhesion G Protein-coupled Receptors, 351–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_16.

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Fédérici, Christian, Luc Camoin, Maurice Hattab, Donny Strosberg y Pierre-Olivier Couraud. "Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds to the Cytoplasmic Domain of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1". En Biology and Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier, 293–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9489-2_47.

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Ebnet, Klaus, Benjamin F. Brinkmann, Daniel Kummer, Steve Misselwitz, Swetha S. D. Peddibhotla y Hüseyin Tuncay. "Tight Junctions, Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs), and the Blood Brain Barrier". En Cancer Metastasis - Biology and Treatment, 119–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6028-8_5.

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Kallmann, B. A., V. Hummel, K. V. Toyka y P. Rieckmann. "Soluble VCAM-1 Release Indicates Inflammatory Blood-Brain Barrier Pathology and Further Modulates Adhesion". En Early Indicators Early Treatments Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis, 115–17. Milano: Springer Milan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2117-4_11.

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Whalen, M. J., T. M. Carlos, Patrick M. Kochanek y S. Heineman. "Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, Neutrophil Accumulation and Vascular Adhesion Molecule Expression after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats: A Preliminary Study". En Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring in Brain Injury, 212–14. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6475-4_61.

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"Invasion, angiogenesis and the blood–brain barrier". En Intracranial Tumors, 44–64. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203214213-4.

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"Cell migration and adhesion molecules at the blood–brain barrier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis Juan J Archelos, Bernd C Kieseier, Hans-Peter Hartung". En Brain Disease, 63–74. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203215357-10.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Adhesion and Invasion of the blood brain barrier"

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Thorsen, Frits, Brett Fite, Lisa Mahakian, Victoria Harrison, Sarah Johnson, Elizabeth Ingham, Shengping Qin et al. "Abstract A39: Multimodal imaging of blood-brain barrier disruption during brain metastatic progression in a relevant experimental mouse model". En Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis - January 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.tim2013-a39.

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