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1

Rahul, Ram. Afghanistan, the USSR, and the USA. New Delhi: ABC Pub. House, 1991.

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2

T̤āʼiẓay, Sher Zamān. Terrorist attacks in USA and US attack on Afghanistan. Pabo Semma, Nowshera: Kamil Pukhto Adabi Jirgah, 2002.

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3

Grobe-Hagel, Karl. Krieg gegen Terror?: Al-Qaeda, Afghanistan und der "Kreuzzug" der USA. Köln: Neuer ISP-Verlag, 2002.

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4

CIA-Operation Hindu Kush: Geheimdienstaktivitäten im unerklärten Krieg der USA gegen Afghanistan. Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1988.

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5

CIA-operation Hindu Kusch: Geheimsdienstaktivitaten im unerklarten Krieg der USA gegen Afghanistan. Berlin: Militarverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1988.

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6

First in: An insider's account of how the CIA spearheaded the war on terror in Afghanistan. New York: Presidio Press/Ballantine Books, 2005.

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7

Schroen, Gary C. First in: An insider's account of how the CIA spearheaded the war on terror in Afghanistan. New York: Presidio Press/Ballantine Books, 2006.

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8

F, Schemmer Benjamin, ed. No room for errors: The covert operations of America's special tactics units from Iran to Afghanistan. New York: Ballantine Books, 2002.

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9

Hubel, Helmut. Das Ende des Kalten Kriegs im Orient: Die USA, die Sowjetunion und die Konflikte in Afghanistan, am Golf und im Nahen Osten, 1979-1991 : Auswirkungen für Europa und Deutschland. München: R. Oldenbourg, 1995.

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10

Yousaf, Mohammad. The bear trap: Afghanistan's untold story. Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1992.

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11

Mark, Adkin, ed. The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story. London: L. Cooper, 1992.

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12

Afghanistàn: Profilo storico di una cultura. Roma: Jouvence, 2006.

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13

Albinati, Edoardo. Il Ritorno: Diario di una missione in Afghanistan. Milano: Mondadori, 2002.

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14

Alunni, Fausto. Il triangolo nucleare: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan : geopolitica di una regione. Roma: DeriveApprodi, 2002.

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15

A soldier's best friend: The canine heroes of Afghanistan. Highland, Scotland: Sandstone Press, 2014.

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16

Pietropaoli, Giorgia. Missione oppio: Afghanistan : cronache e retroscena di una guerra persa in partenza. Lecco: Alpine studio, 2013.

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17

Udział sił zbrojnych USA w konfliktach w Iraku i Afganistanie: Największych wojnach przełomu XX-XXI wieku (na podstawie źródeł i opracowań amerykańskich) = United States Armed Forces' participation in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts : the greatest wars at the turn of the 21st century (based on American sources and studies). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2011.

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18

Warriors of disinformation: American propaganda, Soviet lies, and the winning of the Cold War : an insider's account. New York: Arcade Pub., 1995.

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19

Morpurgo, Michael. Shadow. London: HarperCollins Children's, 2011.

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20

Semper fido. New York, N.Y: Scholastic Inc., 2012.

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21

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee. Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session: Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces hearing on post Iraq and Afghanistan : current and future roles for UAS and the fiscal year 2014 budget request, hearing held April 23, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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22

Haviv, Ron, VII, Alexandra Boulat, Lauren Greenfield, Gary Knight y James Nachtwey. War: USA - Afghanistan - Iraq. de.MO, 2004.

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23

Hassan, Aref. Afghanistan's Next President: A Journey from Kabul, Afghanistan to Texas, USA. Aref Hassan, PH.D., 2005.

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24

Mader, Julius. CIA-Operation Hindu Kush: Geheimdien-staktivitaten im unerklarten Krieg der USA gegen Afghanistan. Berlin, 1988.

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25

Öffentlichkeitsarbeit in Kriegen: Legitimation von Kosovo-, Afghanistan- und Irakkrieg in Deutschland und den USA. Springer VS, 2014.

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26

Schemmer, Benjamin F. y John T. Col Carney. No Room for Error: The Covert Operations of America's Special Tactics Units from Iran To Afghanistan. Ballantine Books, 2002.

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27

Afghanistan: Community drug profile .... Kabul: UNODC, 2003.

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28

Adkin, Mark y Mohammad Yousaf. The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story. L. Cooper, 1992.

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29

Malkasian, Carter. The American War in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197550779.001.0001.

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The American War in Afghanistan is a full history of the war in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2020. It covers political, cultural, strategic, and tactical aspects of the war and details the actions and decision-making of the United States, Afghan government, and Taliban. The work follows a narrative format to go through the 2001 US invasion, the state-building of 2002–2005, the Taliban offensive of 2006, the US surge of 2009–2011, the subsequent drawdown, and the peace talks of 2019–2020. The focus is on the overarching questions of the war: Why did the United States fail? What opportunities existed to reach a better outcome? Why did the United States not withdraw from the war?
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30

Deudney, Daniel. Hegemonic Disarray—American Internationalisms and World Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0011.

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The end of the Cold War left the USA as uncontested hegemon and shaper of the globalization and international order. Yet the international order has been unintentionally but repeatedly shaken by American interventionism and affronts to both allies and rivals. This is particularly the case in the Middle East as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as the nuclear negotiations with Iran show. Therefore, the once unquestioned authority and power of the USA have been challenged at home as well as abroad. By bringing disorder rather than order to the world, US behavior in these conflicts has also caused domestic exhaustion and division. This, in turn, has led to a more restrained and as of late isolationist foreign policy from the USA, leaving the role as shaper of the international order increasingly to others.
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31

Ali, Syed-Amjad. United States foreign policy in the Middle East: The confrontation since 1945 between the USA and the USSR across theMiddle East; the cold war rivalry in Egypt and the involvements in Lebanon, Iran and Afghanistan. Bradford, 1985.

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32

Jody M, Prescott y Male Jane M. Part V Case Studies, 44 Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0044.

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This chapter turns to the case study of Afghanistan. It first examines the Bonn Agreement that marked the start of the creation of the new Afghan State, and the status and development of the multinational military organization that was created to provide the security conditions conducive to the new State taking root, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Next, this chapter looks at the status and development of the parallel military mission undertaken by the US-led coalition, known as Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), to fight against al-Qaeda. Because of the way in which the missions of ISAF and OEF became blurred together in very real senses as the war in Afghanistan wore on, this chapter considers the challenges posed to the effective operation of the two status-of-forces agreement (SOFA) regimes. It also looks at how these challenges impacted and informed the new agreements that became effective in 2015.
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33

Arsenault, Elizabeth Grimm. Geneva Convention Compliance in Iraq and Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0005.

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US compliance with the Geneva Conventions in Iraq and Afghanistan appeared to vary with the particular subject matter and battle space. In military operations during the last decade, the United States assessed the legality of virtually every proposed target to avoid the intentional targeting of civilians. Legal specialists also, however, flagrantly overlooked Common Article 3’s minimum prescription that all captured individuals have the right to be treated humanely. This variation in compliance is explained by the shift in mission objectives: When the United States approached these conflicts as purely counterterror operations, the goal was to disrupt the enemy. However, under the population-centric counterinsurgency mission, noncompliance with the Geneva Conventions equated to mission failure. The shift from counterterrorism to counterinsurgency increased US sensitivity to civilian casualties and the operational consequences of detainee abuse. By adapting practice to comply with the Conventions, the people became the prize in the war on terror.
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34

Christine, Gray. 5 The use of force against terrorism: a new war for a new century? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808411.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the impact of the ‘war against terror’ on international law. The US invasion of Afghanistan in response to the massive terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001 led to a fundamental reappraisal of the law of self-defence. The US response to 9/11 was to announce ‘a different kind of war against a different kind of enemy’—a global war on terrorism. Many writers now argue that 9/11 and subsequent state practice have changed the law on self-defence, but the legal situation is not so clear-cut. More recently, the rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria, and the military response by the USA and other states since 2014, have given rise to renewed debate about the scope of self-defence. And President Trump’s foreign policy with regard to North Korea and Iran has once again raised questions about the controversial doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence.
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35

Lutz, Catherine y Andrea Mazzarino, eds. War and Health. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479875962.001.0001.

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War affects human lives and public health far beyond the battlefield, long after combat ceases. Based on ethnographic research by anthropologists, healthcare workers, social workers, and activists, these chapters cover a range of subjects from maternal health in Afghanistan, to the public health effects of US drone strikes in Pakistan, to Iraq’s deteriorating cancer care system, to the struggles of US military families to recover from combat-related trauma, among other topics. With a spotlight on the US-led wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan, started ostensibly to root out terrorism, the book argues that the terror and wounds of war have no clear resolution for the people who experience it, and for the communities where battles are fought.
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36

Shroder, John F., Sher Jan Ahmadzai y Brandon Weihs. Transboundary Water Issues in Afghanistan: Climate Change and Land-Use Implications. Elsevier, 2016.

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37

Paliwal, Avinash. War and Terror. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685829.003.0007.

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The Taliban’s destruction of the Bamiyan Buddha in March 2001 outraged India (and the world). It killed any scope for conciliation with the Taliban. In this context, the US decision to take military action in Afghanistan after the 9/11 attacks was welcomed by many in India. However, Washington’s decision to undertake such action without UN approval (which came only in December 2001) sparked another round of debate between the partisans and the conciliators. As this chapter shows, the former were enthusiastic about supporting the US in its global war on terror, but the latter advocated caution given Washington’s willingness to partner with Islamabad. Despite the global trend to ‘fight terrorism’, the conciliators were successful in steering India away from getting involved in Afghanistan militarily.
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38

Qubaysi, Muhammad. Bin Ladin yufajjiru ula hurub al-qarn fi Afghanistan: Lubat al-araq wa-al-umam. Dar al-Afaq al-Jadidah, 2002.

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39

Kouvo, Sari y Corey Levine. Who Defines the Red Lines? Editado por Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes y Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.38.

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Since the emergence of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan, the situation of Afghan women has been a prominent issue in media and policy. This chapter analyzes the complex and contested role of women’s rights in Afghanistan since the US military-led intervention. Beginning with a review of justifications for the intervention—based in part on the situation of Afghan women—the chapter details and critiques the legislative and constitutional changes brought about by the intervention and the subsequent backlash against increased freedoms. As the international community shifted to prioritize security and stability over women’s rights, it illustrates the abandonment of Afghan women in favor of the possibility of negotiations with the Taliban. The chapter calls for greater involvement of women in peace processes and a genuine commitment to women’s rights by both the government and the international community. It closes with recommendations for other countries in transition.
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40

Christine, Gray. International Law and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808411.001.0001.

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This book explores the use of force in international law. It examines not only the use of force by states but also the role of the UN in peacekeeping and enforcement action, and the increasing role of regional organizations in the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN Charter framework is under challenge: Russia’s invasion of Georgia and intervention in Ukraine, the USA’s military operations in Syria, and Saudi Arabia’s campaign to restore the government of Yemen by force all raise questions about the law on intervention. The ‘war on terror’ that began after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA has not been won. It has spread far beyond Afghanistan, leading to targeted killings in Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen, and to intervention against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Is there an expanding right of self-defence against non-state actors? The development of nuclear weapons by North Korea has reignited discussion about the legality of pre-emptive self-defence. The NATO-led operation in Libya increased hopes for the implementation of ‘responsibility to protect’, but it also provoked criticism for exceeding the Security Council’s authorization of force because its outcome was regime change. UN peacekeeping faces new challenges, especially with regard to the protection of civilians, and UN forces have been given revolutionary mandates in several African states, but UN peacekeeping is not suited to counter-terrorism or enforcement operations. The UN now turns to regional organizations as first responders in situations of ongoing armed conflict.
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41

McFate, Montgomery. Military Anthropology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680176.001.0001.

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In almost every military intervention in its history, the US has made cultural mistakes that hindered attainment of its policy goals. From the strategic bombing of Vietnam to the accidental burning of the Koran in Afghanistan, it has blundered around with little consideration of local cultural beliefs and for the long-term effects on the host nation's society. Cultural anthropology -- the so-called "handmaiden of colonialism" -- has historically served as an intellectual bridge between Western powers and local nationals. What light can it shed on the intersection of the US military and foreign societies today? This book tells the story of anthropologists who worked directly for the military, such as Ursula Graham Bower, the only woman to hold a de facto British combat command during WWII. Each faced challenges including the negative outcomes of exporting Western political models and errors of perception. Ranging from the British colonial era in Africa to the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Military Anthropology illustrates the conceptual, cultural and practical barriers encountered by military organizations operating in societies vastly different from their own.
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42

Michael, Byers. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 48 The Intervention in Afghanistan—2001–. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0048.

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This chapter addresses the US and NATO-led intervention in Afghanistan from 2001 to the present day. It examines the different legal justifications advanced or available for the intervention, namely self-defence, UN Security Council authorization, and intervention by invitation. It explores the complex relationships between these justifications and, particularly, the strategies adopted by states in choosing between them. The chapter concludes by considering the effects of the intervention on the customary international law of self-defence as it concerns non-state actors located in “unaware or unable” states, and anticipatory or pre-emptive responses.
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43

Cox, Michael y Doug Stokes, eds. US Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199585816.001.0001.

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U.S. Foreign Policy provides a comprehensive overview of the United States’s role in international politics. Chapters focus in turn on the historical background, institutions, regional relations, and contemporary issues that are key to the superpower’s foreign policy making. The second edition includes two new chapters on Barack Obama’s use of smart power and a debate on the nature of U.S. hegemony. All chapters have been updated with important developments including the effects of the global financial crisis, the on-going conflict in Afghanistan, and political uprisings in the Middle East.
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44

Koh, Harold Hongju. America’s Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912185.003.0006.

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This chapter describes the various ways that using international law as smart power can help to bring an end to America’s wars. These include concluding the war against Al Qaeda and the Islamic State through a combination of hard and soft power, and reexamining the doctrine of humanitarian intervention (or Responsibility to Protect (R2P)) as a means of jumpstarting stalled diplomacy backed by force in Syria. Ending America’s Forever War would mean disengaging from America’s longest war in Afghanistan, finally closing Guantanamo, and narrowing and ultimately repealing two open-ended congressional Authorizations for Use of Military Force that have existed since 2001.
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45

Paliwal, Avinash. Leaning Tower of Delhi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685829.003.0004.

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Moscow’s decision to militarily invade Afghanistan in December 1979, without consulting with New Delhi, shocked India. But even more worrisome was the impact of a haphazard Soviet withdrawal. This chapter explains how India managed these events at global, regional, and domestic levels. Ranging from Indira Gandhi’s strategic balancing act between Pakistan and US on one hand and Moscow on the other, this chapter also throws light on Rajiv Gandhi’s diplomacy on the Afghan question with US president Ronald Reagan and USSR premier Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985-89. India had begun to open up — covertly — to various Mujahideen factions behind the back of its stalwart Afghan ally, president Najibullah.
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46

Goldish, Meish y Ron Aiello. Soldiers' Dogs. Bearport Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2013.

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47

Crandall, Russell. Drugs and Thugs. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300240344.001.0001.

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How can the United States chart a path forward in the war on drugs? This book uncovers the full history of this war that has lasted more than a century. The book provides an essential view of the economic, political, and human impacts of U.S. drug policies. It takes readers from Afghanistan to Colombia, to Peru and Mexico, to Miami International Airport and the border crossing between El Paso and Juarez to trace the complex social networks that make up the drug trade and drug consumption. Through historically driven stories, the book reveals how the war on drugs has evolved to address mass incarceration, the opioid epidemic, the legalization and medical use of marijuana, and America's shifting foreign policy.
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48

W. Young, John y John Kent. International Relations Since 1945. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198807612.001.0001.

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International Relations Since 1945 provides a comprehensive introduction to global political history since World War II. The text has been comprehensively updated to cover the period between 2001 and 2012. Discussing the World Trade Center bombing and concluding with the run-up to the 2012 US presidential elections, a new final section outlines broad developments including the changing world order and the global financial crisis. Three new chapters look at terrorism, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the rise of major new powers, including China. Student learning is supported by a range of helpful learning features, including biographies of key figures and chronologies of events.
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49

Young, John W. y John Kent. International Relations Since 1945. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199693061.001.0001.

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International Relations Since 1945 provides a comprehensive introduction to global political history since World War II. The text has been comprehensively updated to cover the period between 2001 and 2012. Discussing the World Trade Center bombing and concluding with the run-up to the 2012 US presidential elections, a new final section outlines broad developments including the changing world order and the global financial crisis. Three new chapters look at terrorism, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the rise of major new powers including China. Student learning is supported by a range of helpful learning features including biographies of key figures and chronologies of events.
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50

Enzo, Cannizzaro y Rasi Aurora. Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000), 44 The US Strikes in Sudan and Afghanistan—1998. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0044.

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This Chapter focuses on the aerial strikes of the U.S. against Afghanistan and Sudan in 1998, in response to terrorist attacks against the U.S. embassies in Tanzania and in Kenya, attributed to Al Qaeda. The events and the reactions thereto are presented in the first two sections. The third section is devoted to the assessment of the legality of the US strikes. In particular, the authors will discuss the qualification of the strikes as a form of pre-emptive self-defence. The last section contextualises the 1998 strikes in an evolutionary perspective. In the authors’ view, these interventions have constituted a trial run for the doctrine of pre-emptive war, fully developed by the US Administration after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
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