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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Afzelia africana"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 4 de febrero de 2022

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1

Ikhimioya, I., M. I. Okoruwa y U. I. Ikhatua. "Growth performance and nitrogen utilization by West African dwarf goats fed supplemented with varying ratios of and Panicum maximum Afzelia africana Newbouldia laevis". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2020): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.570.

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Afzelia africana and Newbouldia laevis have recognizable potential as important locally available forage resources but yet to be explored and exploited for ruminants in the tropics. This study was therefore investigated to determine the effect of supplementing varying ratios of Afzelia africana and Newbouldia laevis with Panicum maximum on growth performance and nitrogen utilization of West African dwarf goats. Twenty female West African dwarf goats, aged between 5 and 7monhs old with an average weight of 6.62 ± 0.41kg were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with four goats per treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatment diets included T (100% Panicum maximum), T (25% Afzelia africana and 75% Panicum maximum), T (50% Afzelia africana and 50% Panicum maximum), T (25% Newbouldia laevis and 75% Panicum maximum) and T (50% Newbouldia laevis and 50% Panicum maximum). A metabolism trial was conducted at the end of the feeding trial to assess the effects of the diets on nitrogen utilization after the growth study on the goats. Results obtained showed that goats on diets T were significantly (P<0.05) higher in terms of final live weight (9.95kg), metabolic weights (6.20LW ), total weight gain (3.15kg) and growth rate (35.50g.d ) at (P < 0.01) while nitrogen intake (7.86g/d ), metabolic nitrogen intake (1.76g.kg LW ), nitrogen balance (6.81g.d ) were higher (P < 0.001) than goats on other diets. Urinary nitrogen output (6.81g.d ) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in goats on T compared with goats on other diets. No significant (P> 0.05) effect in treatment diets with regards to initial and average live weights, faecal nitrogen output, and total nitrogen output with nitrogen retention. It was concluded that goats fed 50% Afzelia Africana and 50% Panicum maximum had better nitrogen utilization for growth performance.

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2

Adedeji, Akinbode A., Joseph Alakali y Michael O. Ngadi. "Characterization of thermophysical Properties of Afzelia (Afzelia africana) Seed". American Journal of Nutrition and Food Science 1, n.º 3 (2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12966/ajnfs.07.02.2014.

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3

Oko, E. C., S. M. O. C. Urom, K. C. Okorie, D. N. Onunkwo y E. B. Abu. "Haematological and serum biochemistry of broiler finisher treated with toasted (Mahogany Seed) mealAfzelia africana". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2020): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.604.

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The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Afzelia africana (Mahogany) seed meal on the haematology and serumbiochemistry of broiler finisher. One hundred and twenty (120) four weeks old broilers were assigned to four treatment groups, T (control),T ,T and T at a level of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% respectively, each treatment group was replicated into 3 of 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and water was given ad- libitum for the period of the experiment (35 days). The result of the study shows reduced level of cholesterol and Total protein as the level of Afzelia africana increases from150gm/100mlto100gm/100 mls and 7.00 to 4.5% respectively, and increase in the levels of the following as the level of Afzelia africana increases, Bicarbonate (HCO3), ALT and ASTfrom 18.5mmol/L to 19.1mmol/L, 16iu/L to 22.1iu/L and 10 to 17.6 iµ/L respectively. Haematological report indicate reduction in the following with increase in Afzelia Africana seed meal, WBC from 4,700x10 /dlto3,500x10 /dl,HBfrom8.9-7.0g/dl, PCV% from 29% to 22%, MCH 18–14 and platelets count from 207, 066 to 13, 300. While there were no changes in the Neutrophil lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils and MCHCP. With the above result, the blood chemistry thus indicate evidence of anaemia, this could be as a result of the processing method (toasting only) of Afzelia Africana seed. Afzelia africana, though used by human without negative effect should not be used in birds unless further studies are carried out on the detoxification of the toxic phytochemical components.

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4

M. O., Omale, Dachung G. y Labe T. E. "Proximate and Mineral Analysis of Some Edible Wild Seeds and Stem in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria". Journal of Agriculture and Crops, n.º 73 (9 de julio de 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.73.91.97.

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Benue State is endowed with numerous varieties of useful plants whose fruits, seeds, roots, stems and leaves serve important roles in nutrition but unfortunately many of these plants have not been put to maximum use. The neglect of these forest food plants is attributed to inadequate information on their nutritional potential to serve as food. The broad objective of the study was to examine the nutritional composition of Vitellaria paradoxa fruits, Cissus populnea stem, Afzelia africana seeds, Parkia biglobosa seeds and Prosopis africana seeds. Carbohudrate content was found to be the most abundant nutrient in all the plant species studied when compared with other nutrients. The highest carbohydrate content (58.22±0.2%) was found in Cissus populnea stem followed by carbohydrate content in Afzelia africana seeds (51.36±0.01%). The least carbohydrate content of 35.68±0.06% was found in the fruits of Vitellaria paradoxa. There were significant variations in the concentrations of nutrients screened from the 5 selected plants at p>0.05 level. Proximate analysis showed that Vitellaria paradoxa fruits, Cissus populnea stem, Afzelia africana seeds, Parkia biglobosa seeds and Prosopis africana seeds were good sources of minerals such as Calcium,Magnesium, Potassium, iron and Chlorine. Potassium had the highest concentration in all the plant species when compared with other nutrients. The highest Potassium content (32.92±0.59%) was found in Vitellaria paradoxa fruits followed by Potassium content of 25.15±0.07% in Afzelia africana seeds. However, Potassium content between Prosopis africana seeds (15.77±0.81%) and Cissus populnea stem (15.77±0.61%) were not significantly different. The least concentration of Potassium was found in Parkia biglobosa seeds (8.03±0.11%). The mean quantities of minerals found in the plant species that were screened differ significantly at P<0.05 level. It was concluded that Vitellaria paradoxa fruits, Cissus populnea stem, Afzelia africana seeds, Parkia biglobosa seeds and Prosopis africana seeds were good sources of nutrients and major minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and chlorine. Diabetic persons need to be careful about the consumption of these plant species. It was recommended that efforts should be made to conserve and protect these plant species through domestication as they are rich sources of nutrients.

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5

Suleiman, B. "Effects of fermentation on the nutritional status of Afzelia africana Sm. seed and its potentiality as aqua feedstuff". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, n.º 2 (17 de diciembre de 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i2.18.

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The effects of fermentation on proximate and anti-nutrient compositions of Afzelia africana seed were investigated. Two methods of fermentation were employed; the traditional fermentation (TF) and gut-filtrate treated fermentation (GFTF). Anti-nutrients tested for were; alkaloids, phytate, tannins, saponins and flavonoids. All proximate contents varied significantly (P<0.05), except for ash. Afzelia africana fermented with cow gut filtrate poised the highest protein (19.35%), ash (4.20%) and lipid (32.13%) contents. The effects of cow gut filtrate fermentation on the nutritional status of A. Africana seed was only apparently (P>0.05) more pronounced than those of the natural fermentation. Fermentation significantly (P<0.05) increased the proximate nutrients except for nitrogen free extracts; which it reduced significantly. Fermentation also increased all anti-nutrients composition of the seeds except for phytate content. Fermentation significantly (P<0.05) enhanced crude protein by 30.45% for NF, 39.31% for GFTF and crude lipid by 77.64% for TF and 99.56% for GTFT. Thus fermenting Afzelia africana seed for aquaculture purpose is advocated for owing to its ability to enhance crude protein and crude lipid, not forgetting its medicinal potential due to its enhanced phytochemical levels.

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6

Pondy Bias Mathilde Audrey, Djoko Ernest, Foutse Yimta Wandji, Wona Jean Pierre y Wouessidjewe Denis. "Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of a gel based on Afzelia africana (fabaceae) leaves". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.3.0262.

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Afzelia africana is a plant used by traditional healers in the treatment of several inflammatory pathologies, in particular edema, rheumatism, lumbago. The effectiveness of its barks in treating inflammation is well established. Ethnobotanical data led researchers to formulate a stable topical hydrogel based on bark extract, the tolerance and effectiveness of which in animals have been found to be satisfactory. As excessive use of the bark may impair the survival of the plant, further leaf studies have been performed and the anti-inflammatory effect has been confirmed in rats. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of a topical gel based on the hydro-ethanolic extract of these leaves in patients with inflammatory symptoms, compared to a diclofenac gel. Using hydroxyethyl cellulose and glycerol a stable gel was produced and used for the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves of the plant. The dry extract obtained from the leaves was rich in flavonoids (57.26 mg quercetin equivalent per gram), phenols, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and steroids. We carried out a randomized pilot study on 52 patients who came for consultation at the « Cliniques Universitaires des Montagnes » and at the Bangangté District Hospital for inflammatory symptoms between June 1 and July 17, 2020; pregnant women were excluded from the study. Topical administration on 15 inflammatory pathologies revealed that the Afzelia africana leaf extract gel exhibits a better onset of action (4.29 ± 1.89 min) than the diclofenac gel (16.96 ± 4, 73 min). The decrease in pain visual analogue scale (VAS): values for Afzelia africana gel was greater than for diclofenac gel, with P < 0.05 on day 2 and P < 0.001 from day 3 to day 7. The difference in First Hour Sedimentation Rate was significant between the two gels (P < 0.05); but this difference was no longer statistically significant after the second hour (P ˃ 0.05). In addition, Afzelia africana leaf extract gel reduced swelling (P = 0.001) and stiffness (P < 0.001) better than diclofenac gel. These results clarify the effectiveness of Afzelia africana leaf extract gel in the management of inflammatory pathologies and / or symptoms.

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7

Ba, A. M., J. Garbaye y J. Dexheimer. "Influence of fungal propagules during the early stage of the time sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization on Afzelia africana seedlings". Canadian Journal of Botany 69, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1991): 2442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-303.

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A sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was observed on lateral roots of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings. Four ectomycorrhizal types were obtained by a baiting method. Among the four types, two were recognized as occurring first in the ectomycorrhizal colonization sequence and the others occurred later. This sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was interpreted as follows: initial ectomycorrhizal types were related to the presence of vegetative propagules in the soil (mycorrhizal root fragments, fragments of mycelial strands, and sclerotia) and to the ability of the hyphae from these propagules to grow and quickly colonize Afzelia root systems. The time required for mycorrhizal colonization from spores, however, would be much longer. The types of mycorrhizal symbionts that were established first did not affect subsequent mycorrhizal colonization. An ultrastructural study suggested that vegetative propagules could function either as structures for long-term survival of the fungus in the soil or as structures for immediate opportunistic root colonization. Key words: ectomycorrhizal colonization, baiting method, fungal propagules, early stage fungi, Afzelia africana.

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8

Ikihimioya, I., M. I. Okoruwa y U. I. Ikhatua. "Nutrient intake and digestibility of West African dwarf goats fed graded levels of and as supplements to Afzelia africana Newbouldia laevis Panicum maximum". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2020): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.571.

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The study was conducted to determine nutrient intake and digestibility of West African dwarf goats fed graded levels of Afzelia africana and New bouldia laevisas supplements to Panicum maximum. Twenty female West African dwarf goats aged between 5 and 7 months old with mean live weight of 6.62±0.41kg were allotted to five dietary treatments with two replicates of two goats per treatment in a completely randomised design. The compared diets were: T (100% Panicum maximum), T (25%Afzelia africana and 75% Panicum maximum), T (50% Afzelia africana and 50% Panicum maximum), T (25% New bouldia laevis and 75% Panicum maximum) and T (50% Newbouldia laevis and 50% Panicum maximum). A metabolism trial was conducted at the end of the feeding trial to assess the diets on nutrient digestibility after the nutrient intake study of the goats. Results obtained showed that total hemicelluloses intake (62.48g.day ) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T compared with other diets. Total crude protein intake(43.45g.d) and hemicelluloses digestibility(92.20%)were higher significantly (p<0.001) and (p<0.01) respectively in T . Total lignin intake (36.22g.d )and organic matter digestibility (77.70%) were significantly better (p<0.05) and (p<0.01) respectively in T . Digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fibre (55.71% and 49.79%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) and (p<0.001) while dry matter digestibility (83.49%) was significantly better (p<0.01) in T than other treatment diets. Total dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose intakes with digestibility of crude protein, lignin and cellulose were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by treatment diets. It was concluded that the combination of Panicum maximum based diet with Newbouldia laevis in a ratio of 50:50 had the potential to enhance nutrient digestibility in goats.

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9

Ajiwe, V. I. E., C. A. Okeke y H. U. Agbo. "Extraction and utilization of Afzelia africana seed oil". Bioresource Technology 53, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(95)00049-k.

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10

Ogbimi, Ejeoghene Rita, Ayobola Moninuola Sakpere y Seun Michael Akinropo. "Vegetative propagation of Afzelia africana Sm. Ex Pers.: a multipurpose and threatened tree". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, n.º 1 (3 de abril de 2020): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.17.

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Afzelia africana is at the verge of extinction from continuous exploitation without replacement, thus propagation of this tree species is expedient. Vegetative propagation is a reliable means of propagation of tree species. This study therefore describes a protocol for the vegetative propagation of Afzelia africana by using stem cuttings from its mature tree (20 years old) and saplings (2 years old). Herbaceous (non - lignified portion of the stem) and semi – hard wood cuttings (lignified portion of the stem) (with and without leaves) were treated with high and low concentrations of Indole butyric acid (IBA) solution via the quick dip and the soaking method of application and planted on forest soil and river sand in a humidifier. Cuttings from mature tree planted on forest soil and river sand did not respond to any treatment. Also, no response was observed on cuttings collected from saplings and planted on forest soil; however, cuttings planted on river sand sprouted. The presence and absence of leaves and IBA treatment had an interaction effect on root number (0.02) and root length (0.0001). The response from herbaceous cuttings was significantly higher than from semi – hard wood cuttings with respect to root number (1.00) and root length (5.82 cm). Cutting type and IBA treatment also had an interaction effect on root number (0.05) and root length (0.0007). Herbaceous leafy stem cuttings of A. africana treated with 400 ppm IBA and planted on river sand is suitable for rooting stem cuttings of A. africana for raising seedlings for reforestation, afforestation and other conservation purposes. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Rooting, cuttings, Afzelia africana, hormone, humidifier

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11

Igwenyi, I. O., C. E. Offor, P. M. Aja, G. S. Aloh, O. U. Orji y C. A. Afiukwa. "Potentials of Afzelia Africana Vegetable Oil in Biodiesel Production". Asian Journal of Biochemistry 6, n.º 6 (15 de octubre de 2011): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2011.450.457.

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12

DJOTAN, A. K. G., N. MATSUSHITA, L. M. VAARIO, N. S. YOROU y K. FUKUDA. "ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS IN THE ROOTS OF AFZELIA AFRICANA, ENTADA AFRICANA, AND PTEROCARPUS ERINACEUS". Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 19, n.º 2 (2021): 833–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1902_833848.

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13

Ogbimi, E. R. y A. M. A. Sakpere. "Germination and seedling growth in Afzelia africana Sm. ex. Pers." Ife Journal of Science 23, n.º 1 (3 de mayo de 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i1.5.

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This study determined the best pre–treatment regime required for germination of the seeds of Afzelia africana Sm.Ex.Pers. and also provided information on the early growth parameters of the plant seedlings. Seeds of A. africana were collected from Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife (Lat 7° 32'N, Long 4° 31'E) and authenticated at the IFE-herbarium. One hundred and twenty five (125) seeds were sown per treatment (n=5 with 5 replicates and 5 repeats). Five (5) seeds each were sown in small petri dishes, without pre–treatment (control), or treated by subjecting to mechanical scarification and chemical scarification using Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H SO ) and Trioxonitrate (V) acid (HNO3 ) for germination studies. Germination counts were made at an interval of 2 days. For the six different pre–treatments, five seedlings per plastic bowl were transferred into soil in a total of twenty plastic bowls laid out in a randomized design and their growth monitored for 40 weeks. Results showed that pre–treatment of seeds with mechanical scarification gave the highest percentage germination. Significant differences (P ˂ 0.05) occurred in the shoot height and in the number of leaves between 4 and 12 weeks of growth. The study established that pre–treatment with mechanical scarification was the best for uniform germination of seeds of the plant. This study has provided alternative means of pretreating A. africana seeds apart from using H2SO4 – the first to subject seeds to mechanical scarification and 2 4 chemical scarification using HNO3 , in addition to providing information on the germination parameters and the seedling growth rate of Afzelia africana. Key words: Propagation, Growth, Acid, Scarification

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14

Egwujeh, S. I. D., C. C. Ariahu y C. O. Orishagbemi. "Effects of Processing Variables on Chemical Compositions of African Oak (Afzelia africana) seed." International Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 2, n.º 2 (20 de abril de 2016): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18819/ijavs.2016.1553.

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15

Sanoussi, Douka Mahaman, Dahiratou Ibrahim Doka y Moussa Barage. "Etude de la structure des formations végétales à Afzelia africana Smith et Isoberlinia doka Craib & Stapf dans le parc national du W du Niger." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 41.2 (31 de agosto de 2019): 6864–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v41-2.1.

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Cette étude porte sur deux espèces ligneuses à savoir Afzelia. africana et Isoberlinia. doka qui sont classées sur la liste des espèces vulnérables et menacées dans le monde. Elle a permis d’estimer l’état actuel desdites espèces dans le parc national de W. Ces espèces sont menacées de disparition dans toute l’Afrique. L’objectif visé a été d’étudier la structure de leur population dans le Parc National du W du Niger. Pour ce faire, trente (30) placettes carrées de dimension 30m*30m ont été installées suivant les pistes tracées du Parc W que nous avons considérées comme des transects. Les relevés phytosociologiques ont été réalisés selon la méthode sigmatiste de Braun-Blanquet (1932). L’installation de la placette dépend de la présence de l’une des deux espèces où de toutes les deux. Les placettes sont distantes de 500 m les une des autres. La superficie totale inventoriée était de 2,7 ha. Dans les placettes toutes les espèces ont été recensées et les mesures dendrométriques ont porté sur A. africana et d’I. doka. Au total 51 espèces reparties en 41 genres et 21 familles ont été recensées. En termes d’abondance, les familles les mieux représentées sont les Combretaceae (17,31%), les Mimosaceae (15,38%), les Ceasalpinoidea (9,61%). Dans la famille des cesalpinoidea les espèces Afzelia africana et Isoberlinia doka ont un taux de représentions de 5,64% dont Afzelia africana avec un taux de représentation de 4,07% contre 1,57% pour Isoberlinia doka. L’indice de diversité spécifique de Shannon et l’équitabilité de Pielou sont respectivement de 1,38 bit et de 0,8 ; ce qui montre que la végétation est moyennement diversifiée. La densité d’A. africana est de 45,17 pieds/ha et 17,49 pieds/ha chez I. doka, la régénération est de l’ordre de 75,92 pieds/ha chez A. africana et 31,11 pieds/ha chez I. doka. Les dimensions en diamètre et en hauteur pour chacune des espèces sont illustrées par des histogrammes en forme de cloche à travers l’ajustement de Weibull avec des dissymétries gauches caractéristiques des individus relativement jeunes. L’ajustement de Weibull montre également que les distributions en diamètre des deux espèces sont identiques. Les modes de régénération par drageons sont plus observés chez les deux espèces avec peu de cas de germination par graines chez A. africana. Cette étude a permis d’avoir des connaissances sur l’état actuel sur la présence desdites espèces au parc W. Cette étude a permis de disposer des connaissances scientifiques sur les deux populations et donc de proposer des mesures idoines de gestion durable des ces espèces dans les réserves périphériques au Niger. ABSTRACT This study focuses on two woody species namely Afzelia. africana and Isoberlinia. doka which are on the list of vulnerable and endangered species worldwide. It has made it possible to estimate the current status of these species in the National Park W. These species are threatened with extinction throughout Africa. The aim was to study the structure of their population in Niger's National Park W. To do this, thirty (30) square plots of 30m * 30m size were installed along the marked tracks of Park W that we considered as transects. The phytosociological surveys were carried out according to the sigmatist method of Braun-Blanquet (1932). The installation of the plot depends on the presence of one of the two species or both. The plots are 500 m apart from each other. The total area surveyed was 2.7 ha. In the plots all species were recorded and the dendrometric measurements were carried out on A. africana and I. Doka. A total of 51 species divided into 41 types and 21 families were identified. In terms of abundance, the best represented families are Combretaceae (17.31%), Mimosaceae (15.38%), and Ceasalpinoidea (9.61%). In the family of the Cesalpinoidea species Afzelia africana and Isoberlinia doka have a representation rate of 5.64% including Afzelia africana with a representation rate of 4.07% against 1.57% for Isoberlinia doka. The Shannon specific diversity index and the Pielou equitability are respectively 1.38 bit and 0.8; which shows that the vegetation is moderately diversified. The density of A. africana is 45.17 feet / ha and 17.49 plants / ha in I. doka, regeneration is in the order of 75.92 plants / ha in A. africana and 31.11 plants / ha in I. doka .The diameter and height dimensions for each of the species are illustrated by bell-shaped histograms through Weibull adjustment with left asymmetries characteristic of relatively young individuals. The Weibull adjustment also shows that the diameter distributions of the two species are identical. The sucker regeneration modes are more observed in both species with few cases of seed germination in A. africana. This study made it possible to have knowledge of the current state of the presence of these species at Park W. This study made it possible to obtain scientific knowledge on the two populations and thus to propose appropriate measures of these species sustainable management in the peripheral reserves in Niger.

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Atanasso, Justin A., Sylvanus Mensah, Akomian F. Azihou, Bruno A. Djossa, Romain Glèlè Kakaï y Achille E. Assogbadjo. "Heterospecific Tree Density and Environmental Factors Affect Afzelia africana Sm. Population Structure in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, West Africa: Implications for Management and Restoration". Tropical Conservation Science 12 (enero de 2019): 194008291882260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082918822604.

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Information on how abiotic and biotic factors affect species population structures and regeneration are critical for understanding plant growth in natural habitats. Here, we used the data from three spatially distinct populations of Afzelia africana Sm. in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin, to determine how the species population structures respond to abiotic and biotic factors. Afzelia africana population structures were studied using several parameters including basal area, tree height, density of successive diameter classes, and size class slope. We tested for individual effects of abiotic (mound density, soil type, and terrain slope) and biotic (heterospecific tree density) factors on the species population structure. We also tested for similarity of species composition among studied A. africana population stands. Results revealed a tree density structure with mature individuals, and size class distribution indicating a recruitment bottleneck at the juvenile stage (10–20 cm diameter), possibly due to mammal browsing, natural and artificial fires. Heterospecific tree density was positively associated with A. africana adult density but negatively related to the species growth parameters (mean diameter, basal area, and tree height). These results indicate some degrees of niche overlap between A. africana and coexisting species but also partly reflect A. africana tolerance and adaptation to limited resources environment. Soil type significantly influenced both basal area and regeneration density, greater values being observed on silt-sand-rocky soils. Basal area was higher on steeper slope, probably a result of species conservative strategies. These findings were discussed in line with management and restoration action needs in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve.

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17

Olorunmaiye, K. S., L. E. Apeh, H. A. Madandola y M. O. Oguntoye. "Proximate and phytochemical composition of African mahogany (Afzelia africana) seed and African mesquite (Prosopis africana) pod". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 23, n.º 2 (8 de marzo de 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i2.8.

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18

Olorunsola, Emmanuel O. y Stephen O. Majekodunmi. "EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES OF AFZELIA GUM IN LIQUID PARAFFIN EMULSION". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, n.º 11 (28 de octubre de 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i11.14509.

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Objective: Afzelia africana gum has been shown to possess surface activity. It is a good alternative to sodium carboxy methylcellulose in terms of suspending properties. This work was aimed at evaluating the emulsifying properties of the gum in liquid paraffin emulsion.Methods: Liquid paraffin emulsions (200 ml each) were prepared with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 % w/v) of afzelia gum as an emulsifying agent. Similar preparations containing standard acacia gum at corresponding concentrations were also made. Liquid paraffin emulsions (200 ml each) were equally prepared using 60 ml liquid paraffin as the oily phase and 6 g of various combinations of afzelia gum and tween 80 as emulsifier blends. The emulsifier blends were of ratio 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 and 5:1. The preparations were assessed for density and viscosity; and then for stability after 5 d of storage.Results: The viscosity of emulsion containing 10 % w/v afzelia gum was 668.90 mPa.s while that of an emulsion containing the same concentration of acacia gum was 23.56 mPa. s. Emulsion containing 3 % w/v afzelia gum (having a creaming index of 16 %) was found to be more stable compared to the emulsion containing 10 % w/v acacia gum (having creaming index of 28 %). The viscosity and stability of emulsions containing emulsifier blends of afzelia gum and tween 80 increased with increase in the proportion of afzelia gum.Conclusion: The gum is suitable for use at a concentration of 3 % w/v as an emulsifier in 30 % v/v liquid paraffin emulsion, and it is about three times better than acacia gum as an emulsifier. It is a good alternative to standard acacia gum for emulsification.

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19

Donkpegan, Armel S. L., Rosalía Piñeiro, Myriam Heuertz, Jérôme Duminil, Kasso Daïnou, Jean‐Louis Doucet y Olivier J. Hardy. "Population genomics of the widespread African savannah trees Afzelia africana and Afzelia quanzensis reveals no significant past fragmentation of their distribution ranges". American Journal of Botany 107, n.º 3 (marzo de 2020): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1449.

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20

Onwu, K. F, Ogah, P. I. S, Ngele y O. S. "Biosorption of cadmium (ii) ion from aqueous solution by Afzelia africana". African Journal of Biotechnology 12, n.º 32 (7 de agosto de 2013): 5060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.1943.

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21

P, M. Ejikeme, N. Obasi L y C. C. Egbuonu A. "Physico-chemical and toxicological studies on Afzelia africana seed and oil". African Journal of Biotechnology 9, n.º 13 (29 de marzo de 2010): 1959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb09.965.

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22

Ajuong, E. M. A. y M. C. Breese. "Fourier Transform Infrared characterization of Pai wood (Afzelia africana Smith) extractives". Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56, n.º 2 (marzo de 1998): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050285.

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23

D, A. Akinpelu, A. Aiyegoro O y I. Okoh A. "The in vitro antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Afzelia africana (Smith.)". Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4, n.º 19 (4 de octubre de 2010): 2022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jmpr10.484.

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24

Igbabul, Bibiana, Ruth Ogunleye y Julius Amove. "Quality Characteristics of Cookies Prepared from Wheat and Fermented Afzelia Africana Flour". American Journal of Food Science and Technology 6, n.º 6 (26 de octubre de 2018): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajfst-6-6-3.

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25

Nwanjika, CO, CU Onuegbu y DO Amaefule. "EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AFZELIA AFRICANA SEED UNDER COMPRESSIVE LOADING". Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2017): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.42.

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Afzelia Africana seeds were subjected to quasi-static parallel plate compression test, using Monsanto Tensometer. The loading orientations were horizontal, vertical and edge-to-edge loading positions at four different moisture content levels of 10.6%, 12.8%, 15.2% and 18.4% wet basis (wb). Slight variations were observed in the means of the physical characteristics at varying moisture content in the range of 10.6% to 18.4%. Loading position was shown to have significant effect on all the mechanical properties studied. The rupture force increased with increase in moisture content in horizontal and vertical loading but did not show consistent trend in variation when loaded on the edges. This value was 155.68N for vertical loading, 139.27 N for horizontal loading and 81.0 N for edge-to-edge loading. Hardness ranged from 6.97 to 6.92 N/mm for horizontal loading, 6.92 to 6.67N/mm for edge-loading and 6.99 to 6.93N/mm for vertical loading respectively in the moisture content range of 10.6 to 18.4% for all cases. Rupture energy varied from 104 to 416.33 N-mm on horizontal loading, 59.96to 241.82 on edge-loading and 190.125 to 419.171 Nmm on vertical loading respectively for the same range of moisture content. Toughness varied from 43.758 to 8.865 N-m/mm, 23.563 to 5.370 and 44.667 to 16.349 N-m/mmÂ for horizontal loading, edge-edge orientation, and vertical loading respectively,Â for moisture content range of 10.6 to 18.4%.Modulusof Elasticity dropped from 35.657 to 28.133 N/mm2 for horizontal loading, from 51.443 to 14.59 for edge-to-edge loading and 38.087 to 41.04 N/mm2for vertical loading in the range of moisture content of 10.6 to 18.4% respectively. The data generated in this study can be applied when estimating the energy and force needed for shelling the seeds and in making useful suggestions on the loading condition that will demand the least energy for the operation and shelling. The physical properties are also useful in process design and analysis.Â Â http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.42

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26

Onana, Joseph. "Les ligneux fourragers du Nord-Cameroun. I. Inventaire et phénologie". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 48, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1995): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9474.

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Une soixantaine d'espèces ligneuses ont été inventoriées dans les savanes du Nord-Cameroun comme entrant dans l'alimentation des ruminants domestiques. La phénologie de certaines d'entre elles a été suivie tant sur parcours naturels qu'en plantation pendant 4 ans. De cette étude, il ressort que les arbres et arbustes les plus exploités sont par ordre de préférence : Ficus sycomorus, Daniellia oliveri, Afzelia africana pour ce qui est du feuillage, Acacia albida, Dichrostachys cinerea, Prosopis africana pour ce qui est des fruits. Les fleurs de Daniellia oliveri, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Bombax costatum sont également très appréciées. Ficus sycomorus, Pericopsis laxiflora, Daniellia oliveri et Detarium microcarpum présentent en outre une phénologie en milieu naturel compatible avec une exploitation optimale du feuillage pendant la période de soudure alimentaire.

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27

Houehanou, Thierry D., Kathleen Prinz y Frank Hellwig. "Characterization of 15 nuclear microsatellite markers for Afzelia africana (Fabaceae) and related species". Applications in Plant Sciences 7, n.º 5 (mayo de 2019): e01249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1249.

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28

Bonou, W., R. Glèlè Kakaï, A. E. Assogbadjo, H. N. Fonton y B. Sinsin. "Characterisation of Afzelia africana Sm. habitat in the Lama forest reserve of Benin". Forest Ecology and Management 258, n.º 7 (septiembre de 2009): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.032.

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29

Nkwor, Adachukwu N. y Pius O. Ukoha. "Evaluation of the leather fatliquoring potential of sulphonated Afzelia africana aril cap oil". Heliyon 6, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): e03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03009.

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30

., I. Ikhimioya y J. A. Imasuen . "Blood Profile of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Panicum maximum Supplemented with Afzelia africana and Newbouldia laevis". Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2006): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2007.79.84.

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31

Louis, M. Nwokocha y T. Olorunsola Funmilayo. "Rheological characteristics and fatty acid compositions of Afzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum seed oils". Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds 7, n.º 4 (31 de octubre de 2016): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jco2016.0154.

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32

STARK, M. A. "Relationship between fire and basal scarring on Afzelia africana in Benoue National Park, Cameroon". African Journal of Ecology 24, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1986): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986.tb00370.x.

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33

Onweluzo, Jane C., Kris C. Onuoha y Zak A. Obanu. "A comparative study of some functional properties of Afzelia africana and Glycine max flours". Food Chemistry 54, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(95)92662-4.

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34

Menkiti, M. C., C. R. Ndaji, I. G. Ezemagu, K. B. Oyoh y N. U. Menkiti. "Purification of petroleum produced water by novel Afzelia africana extract via single angle nephelometry". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 3, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2015): 1802–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.06.009.

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35

Boakye, Emmanuel, Aster Gebrekirstos, Dibi Hyppolite, Victor Barnes, Stefan Porembski y Achim Bräuning. "Carbon Isotopes of Riparian Forests Trees in the Savannas of the Volta Sub-Basin of Ghana Reveal Contrasting Responses to Climatic and Environmental Variations". Forests 10, n.º 3 (12 de marzo de 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030251.

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Stable isotopes of tree rings are frequently used as proxies in climate change studies. However, species-specific relationships between climate and tree-ring stable isotopes have not yet been studied in riparian forests in the savannas of West Africa. Four cross-dated discs, each of Afzelia africana Sm. (evergreen) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (deciduous) in the humid (HSZ) and dry (DSZ) savanna zones of the Volta basin in Ghana were selected from a larger tree-ring dataset to assess the relationships between the tree-ring carbon isotope composition (δ13C values) and climatic parameters. The atmospherically corrected δ13C values of both studied species showed that A. africana was enriched in 13C compared to A. leiocarpus. Strong correlations were found between δ13C values of A. africana and A. leiocarpus with temperature, but weak correlations with precipitation. Spatial correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between δ13C values of both tree species and Sea Surface Temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The results suggest that the carbon isotope composition of riparian trees in the Volta river basin has a potential to reconstruct climate variability and to assess tree ecological responses to climate change.

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36

Balima, Larba Hubert, Blandine Marie Ivette Nacoulma, Philippe Bayen, Kangbéni Dimobe, François N’Guessan Kouamé y Adjima Thiombiano. "Aboveground biomass allometric equations and distribution of carbon stocks of the African oak (Afzelia africana Sm.) in Burkina Faso". Journal of Forestry Research 31, n.º 5 (23 de abril de 2019): 1699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-00955-4.

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37

., B. A. Ayanwale, Obun . y A. V. Ayanwale . "Effect of Raw and Roasted Wild Afzelia africana Seed Meal Based Diets on Broiler Chickens". International Journal of Poultry Science 6, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2006): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2007.27.30.

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38

Elizabeth, Mbaeyi-Nwaoha Ifeoma y E. T. Odo. "Influence of Afzelia africana (‘Akparata’) and Mucuna flagellipes (‘Ukpo’) on the Quality of Set Yoghurt". American Journal of Food Technology 14, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2019.1.10.

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39

Ikyaagba, E. T., J. I. Amonum, I. A. Usman, E. A. Asiegbu y K. Amagu. "Effects of Growth Media on Germination and Early Growth of Afzelia africana sm ex pers". Annual Research & Review in Biology 29, n.º 2 (22 de octubre de 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2018/38333.

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40

BA, A. M. y D. THOEN. "First syntheses of ectomycorrhizas between Afzelia africana Sm. (Caesalpinioideae) and native fungi from West Africa". New Phytologist 114, n.º 1 (enero de 1990): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00379.x.

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41

Ren, Yilong, David R. Picout, Peter R. Ellis, Simon B. Ross-Murphy y J. S. Grant Reid. "A novel xyloglucan from seeds of Afzelia africana Se. Pers.—extraction, characterization, and conformational properties". Carbohydrate Research 340, n.º 5 (abril de 2005): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2005.01.012.

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42

Bâ, A. M., K. B. Sanon, R. Duponnois y J. Dexheimer. "Growth response of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings to ectomycorrhizal inoculation in a nutrient-deficient soil". Mycorrhiza 9, n.º 2 (23 de agosto de 1999): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050005.

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43

Bâ, A. M., K. B. Sanon, R. Duponnois y J. Dexheimer. "Growth response of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings to ectomycorrhizal inoculation in a nutrient-deficient soil". Mycorrhiza 9, n.º 2 (23 de agosto de 1999): 0091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050292.

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44

Aiyegoro, Olayinka, Adekanmi Adewusi, Sunday Oyedemi, David Akinpelu y Anthony Okoh. "Interactions of Antibiotics and Methanolic Crude Extracts of Afzelia Africana (Smith.) Against Drug Resistance Bacterial Isolates". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, n.º 7 (13 de julio de 2011): 4477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12074477.

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45

Igbabul, Bibiana, Orgem Hiikyaa y Julius Amove. "Effect of Fermentation on the Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Mahogany Bean (Afzelia africana) Flour". Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 2, n.º 1 (28 de abril de 2014): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.2.1.01.

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46

Atanasso, Justin Akpovi, Sylvanus Mensah, Kolawolé Valère Salako, Roméo Jesukpégo Tohoun, Romain Glèlè Kakaï y Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo. "Factors affecting survival of seedling of Afzelia africana, a threatened tropical timber species in West Africa". Tropical Ecology 62, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2021): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42965-021-00160-7.

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47

Onana, Joseph y Jean-Louis Devineau. "Afzelia africana Smith ex Persoon dans le Nord-Cameroun. Etat actuel des peuplements et utilisation pastorale". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 55, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2002): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9844.

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Après un bref rappel de l’importance des ligneux dans les bilans fourragers des systèmes d’élevage en zone semi-aride d’Afrique, une étude de la structure des populations d’Afzelia africana (une des espèces les plus appétées) a été abordée suivant un gradient de la pression pastorale. L’analyse des résultats a permis de distinguer trois groupes structuraux tous caractérisés par une tendance à la régénération des populations. Des itinéraires techniques de gestion ont été proposés en vue de pérenniser cette ressource menacée de disparition.

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48

Ojiako, O. A., C. U. Igwe, N. C. Agha, C. A. Ogbuji y V. A. Onwuliri . "Protein and Amino Acid Compositions of Sphenostylis stenocarpa, Sesamum indicum, Monodora myristica and Afzelia africana Seeds from Nigeria". Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, n.º 4 (15 de marzo de 2010): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.368.372.

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49

Ariwaodo, Joseph O. y Joy L. Harry-Asobara. "Preliminary Investigation on Flowering and Fruiting Pattern in a Plantation Grown Afzelia africana Sm Stand in Umuahia, Nigeria". American Journal of Plant Sciences 06, n.º 01 (2015): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.61025.

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50

Ogbu, I. M. y V. I. E. Ajiwe. "FTIR studies of thermal stability of the oils and methyl esters from Afzelia africana and Hura crepitans seeds". Renewable Energy 96 (octubre de 2016): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.055.

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