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Tvergyak, Paul y Mark K. Mullinix. "209 THE WASHINGTON TREE FRUIT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM". HortScience 29, n.º 5 (mayo de 1994): 459c—459. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.459c.
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To address the acute need of Washington's tree fruit industry for professional horticulturists, the Agriculture Sciences Department at Wenatchee Valley College and the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Washington State University have developed and implemented a unique undergraduate degree program. This program represents a new way of addressing the need for professional horticultural positions in Washington's tree fruit industry amidst tradition, reductions in state higher education budgets, and eroding confidence in the public education system. This program is not a credit transfer program but a fully articulated agreement. We established a small working team that represented the partners. Their goal was to discuss and develop a concept framework that has three parts: administrative, curriculum and industry support. The objectives of the program are to address the need of Washington's tree fruit industry for entry level horticulturists who could assume more responsibility earlier in their career, to make the fruit industry and integral partner, to prepare students for graduate study as well as industry professionals and to capitalize on the respective strengths of the partners.
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Spellecacy, Rona. "Research Article: Water Resource Planning for the Agricultural Community in Washington State". Environmental Practice 11, n.º 2 (junio de 2009): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466046609090206.
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Dark, Alx. "Landscape and Politics on the Olympic Peninsula: Social Agendas and Contested Practices in Scientific Forestry". Journal of Political Ecology 4, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v4i1.21343.
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Land managers have recently shifted scientific practice and management discourse to depoliticize and suppress social conflicts over the environment. The transformation of the landscape of the Olympic Peninsula, particularly the logging of old-growth forests, has involved residents in challenging these developments, reordering the landscape to create contradictory, cultural claims to the future of the peninsula and its resources.Keywords: Forestry, natural resource management, science, environmentalism, Washington State.
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Bare, B. Bruce, Bruce R. Lippke y Weihuan Xu. "Cost Impacts of Management Alternatives to Achieve Habitat Conservation Goals on State Forestlands in Western Washington". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2000): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.4.217.
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Abstract An optimization approach to sustainable forest management that combines proactive habitat conservation practices and financial goals across an unzoned landscape outperforms a conservative, passive approach based on minimum management within large protective zones. The proactive approach simulta-neously solves the land allocation and harvest scheduling problem whereas the passive approach allocates land to restricted uses and then sequentially schedules timber harvests. Proactive management increases asset values, improves intergenerational equity, stabilizes revenue flows, and provides better habitat—especially for species requiring old forest habitat conditions. The magnitude of these differences is very large in the case tested—the development of habitat conservation plans for state trust lands in western Washington. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4) 217-226.
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Lisjak, Josip, Miodrag Roić, Hrvoje Tomić y Siniša Mastelić Ivić. "Croatian LADM Profile Extension for State-Owned Agricultural Land Management". Land 10, n.º 2 (23 de febrero de 2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020222.
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The paper presents a conceptual model for the disposition of state agricultural land. The model is made as an extension of the Croatian Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) country profile. The LADM 19152:2012 is an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard which provides a formal language to describe the basic information-related components of land administration. The aim of this research is to assess the possibility of using the LADM extension to efficiently manage state-owned agricultural land. Since more than half of state-owned agricultural land in Croatia is not activated, the priority is to increase usage and activate uncultivated agricultural land by users through disposition process. The disposition process is highly regulated and complex in procedures, and it poses difficulties for organizations in the implementation of disposition, so a model of successful management is necessary. The disposition process and the necessary steps are shown—mainly defined by legal regulations—and divided into two phases: the first phase is the development of the Program of Disposition of State-Owned Agricultural Land where the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for land potential analysis is crucial; the second phase is the realization of the disposition. In line with the disposition process, a Unified Modeling Language (UML) model for this LADM extension on the conceptual level was developed and is presented herein. Finally, the improvement of the agricultural land management system and the related processes are reviewed.
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Wilhere, George F., Jane B. Atha, Timothy Quinn, Ingrid Tohver y Lynn Helbrecht. "Incorporating climate change into culvert design in Washington State, USA". Ecological Engineering 104 (julio de 2017): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.04.009.
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Meddens, Frank. "Rocks in the Landscape: Managing the Inka Agricultural Cycle". Antiquaries Journal 86 (septiembre de 2006): 36–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500000056.
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In this paper an extensive structured system of carved stones in Peru's Chicha valley is presented in its local setting, analysed within its agricultural and social context and compared with similar landscape features elsewhere. In any agricultural society, the timing of planting, irrigation and harvesting events is crucial to maintaining crop yields. To a state system where the administration is dependent on non-written systems of record-keeping, highly visible landscape markers would be essential in defining labour allocations and designating the appropriate allotment of irrigation water. This paper presents evidence that boundaries for water distribution and for management of the irrigation cycles during the Late Horizon period of Peruvian prehistory (c AD 1438–1534) were clearly set out and marked in a manner that enabled state administrators to manage the agricultural round. Though clearly the use of quipu-based recording systems should not be underestimated in this context, timing of the agricultural cycle on a local level could not solely be dependent on central directives from Cusco: local cakndrical tools were necessary to ensure successful agricultural seasons.
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Smith, Jeffrey L. y Jonathan J. Halvorson. "Field Scale Studies on the Spatial Variability of Soil Quality Indicators in Washington State, USA". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/198737.
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Arable lands are needed for sustainable agricultural systems to support an ever-growing human population. Soil quality needs to be defined to assure that new land brought into crop production is sustainable. To evaluate soil quality, a number of soil attributes will need to be measured, evaluated, and integrated into a soil-quality index using the multivariable indicator kriging (MVIK) procedure. This study was conducted to determine the spatial variability and correlation of indicator parameters on a field scale with respect to soil quality and suitability for use with MVIK. The variability of the biological parameters decreased in the order of respiration > enzyme assays and qCO2> microbial biomass C. The distribution frequency of all parameters except respiration were normal although the spatial distribution across the landscape was highly variable. The biological parameters showed little correlation with each other when all data points were considered; however, when grouped in smaller sections, the correlations were more consistent with observed patterns across the field. To accurately assess soil quality, and arable land use, consideration of spatial and temporal variability, soil conditions, and other controlling factors must be taken into account.
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Isaac, Orimoogunje Oluwagbenga O., Adeleke Benjamin Olufemi, Dada Emmanuel, Shote Adebola Adekunle, Eudoxie-Okafor Aniefiok Nene y Nwayor Jessica Isioma. "Dynamism of Landscape Transformation in Ibiono-Ibom, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria". Journal of Landscape Ecology 14, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2021): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0002.
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Abstract Studies have shown that information on landscape transformation is an important benchmark data set because of its value as an environmental change indicator. Therefore, dynamism of landscape transformation over a 34-year period are analysed for a case study in Ibiono-Ibom, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed method consisting of remote sensing and GIS-based analysis, and semi-structured interviews covering 400 households while factors contributing to landscape structures and changes are studied. The results point out three main driving factors responsible for the landscape transformation in the study area: agricultural practices which lead to intensification of forest resources, riparian vegetation, vegetated wetlands and non-vegetated wetlands; urbanization which modifies the structure and morphology of the landscape, and finally, population growth directly related to massive infrastructural development which encroached on all other land spaces. GIS-based analysis of remotely-sensed data showed that built-up area had increased by 7535.2 ha between 1986 and 2020; shrub and arable land by 1343.9 ha and light forest decreased by 4998.3 ha. While bare-land reduced by 1522.1 ha; vegetated wetland reduced by 1092 ha; water body coverage reduced by 168 ha and non-vegetated wetland size also reduced by 2029.4 ha. Analysis of household survey results revealed that the perceptions of respondents validate the observed patterns during the remotely-sensed data analysis phase of the research, with 54 % (n=400) of respondents reporting a decline in agricultural land use, and 19.3 % (n=400) observing a decline in forest areas in the study area. Furthermore, agricultural intensification, urban development, timber exploitation, firewood collection and increase in settlements were identified as the proximate drivers of these observed landscape transformation dynamics in the study area. The study concluded that the variation in landscape transformation of the study area are clear indication of the extent of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation in the study area.
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Warner, Laura A. Sanagorski, Alexa J. Lamm y Joy N. Rumble. "Using Environmentally-Themed Videos to Help Extension Promote Good Landscape Management Behaviors". EDIS 2018, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-wc302-2018.
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Water quality and quantity are major issues in the state of Florida, and water resources can be affected by the way residents choose to fertilize and irrigate their lawns and landscapes. This 4-page document discusses the use of videos to promote good landscape management behaviors. Written by Laura A. Sanagorski Warner, Alexa J. Lamm, and Joy N. Rumble and published by the Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, May 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc302
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Kaminskyi, V. F., I. P. Shevchenko y L. P. Kolomiets. "Scientifically methodical principles of management the landed resources by adaptive organization of the use of land". Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, n.º 90 (22 de junio de 2016): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.90.3-9.
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The basic directions of agricultural land for ecological and landscape-based. Used system-structural analysis approaches to optimize land use in rural areas.
The experience and efficient use of land erosion in agricultural landscapes dangerous zones Forest-steppe.
Developed and implemented a number of optimization measures for the protection and sustainable use of agricultural land, which will contribute to the realization of sustainable rural development.
An integrated system of scientific and methodological approaches to the study of theoretical positions and practical measures of area agricultural land use, design and development of new land of soil-landscape systems that will ensure further development of a multifunctional system of land management state.
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Goldberger, Jessica R., Nadine Lehrer y Jay F. Brunner. "Azinphos-methyl (AZM) phase-out: Actions and attitudes of apple growers in Washington State". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, n.º 4 (25 de febrero de 2011): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000081.
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AbstractThe Environmental Protection Agency's phase-out of the pesticide azinphos-methyl (AZM) has encouraged the transition of apple pest management toward more environmentally and socially sustainable practices. This study reports on results of a 2009 survey of conventional apple growers in Washington State. Growers were asked about their approaches and attitudes toward the AZM phase-out and barriers to the adoption of reduced-risk insecticides (AZM-alternatives) as part of their integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques were used to examine relationships between actions and attitudes toward the phase-out and grower characteristics. Results showed that Washington apple growers have begun eliminating AZM and adopting AZM-alternatives. However, larger growers (in terms of acreage and income) and growers more familiar with Washington State University's (WSU's) educational resources were more likely to have already reduced their AZM use. These results suggest that larger farms can play an important role in increasing the sustainability of conventional agriculture, despite a common association of sustainable agriculture with small farms. Results also suggest that agricultural extension services could be well served to extend their outreach to smaller growers and others lagging in the transition to more sustainable apple pest management.
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Denisova, E. V. "Geoinformation analysis of agricultural landscape components for land management, cadastre and monitoring of irrigated lands". Geodesy and Cartography 967, n.º 1 (20 de febrero de 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-967-1-56-64.
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Agro-landscape complexes of the Volgograd oblast are indispensable sources of production and form the food-safety policy of the region. Timely monitoring unstable natural zones is a necessary factor of maintaining the ecological stability of the region, which prevents withdrawing the land from the agricultural turnover. As a result of geoinformation monitoring, 1424 contour of irrigated and 931 ones of rainfed arable land were examined. 44 % of that is rainfed arable land having an area of 50 hectares, and 56 % of the irrigated one up to 10 ha; refined characteristics such as perimeter, angle, slope, maximum and minimum elevation values and their differences. Geoinformation modeling of the studied territory revealed discrepancies in the actual use of land and legally fixed borders that had passed cadastral registration by more than 30 %. The data lack on the location of existing forest stands and other elements of the agricultural landscape challenges the reliability and completeness of the state cadastral records. The resulting cartographic model of the irrigated agricultural landscapes enables assessing their spatial location, nature of use, etc. Making a register of irrigated lands arises the opportunity of considering them as a separate type of use that requires constant monitoring and accounting in order to prevent the destruction of the agricultural landscape.
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Brando, Paulo M., Michael T. Coe, Ruth DeFries y Andrea A. Azevedo. "Ecology, economy and management of an agroindustrial frontier landscape in the southeast Amazon". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, n.º 1619 (5 de junio de 2013): 20120152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0152.
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The papers in this special issue address a major challenge facing our society: feeding a population that is simultaneously growing and increasing its per capita food consumption, while preventing widespread ecological and social impoverishment in the tropics. By focusing mostly on the Amazon's most dynamic agricultural frontier, Mato Grosso, they collectively clarify some key elements of achieving more sustainable agriculture. First, stakeholders in commodity-driven agricultural Amazonian frontiers respond rapidly to multiple forces, including global markets, international pressures for sustainably produced commodities and national-, state- and municipality-level policies. These forces can encourage or discourage deforestation rate changes within a short time-period. Second, agricultural frontiers are linked systems, land-use change is linked with regional climate, forest fires, water quality and stream discharge, which in turn are linked with the well-being of human populations. Thus, land-use practices at the farm level have ecological and social repercussions far removed from it. Third, policies need to consider the full socio-economic system to identify the efficacy and consequences of possible land management strategies. Monitoring to devise suitable management approaches depends not only on tracking land-use change, but also on monitoring the regional ecological and social consequences. Mato Grosso's achievements in reducing deforestation are impressive, yet they are also fragile. The ecological and social consequences and the successes and failures of management in this region can serve as an example of possible trajectories for other commodity-driven tropical agricultural frontiers.
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Koehler, Gary M. y D. John Pierce. "Survival, cause-specific mortality, sex, and ages of American black bears in Washington state, USA". Ursus 16, n.º 2 (noviembre de 2005): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0157:scmsaa]2.0.co;2.
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Blazhko, N. "Usage and protection of the overmoistured landscape systems resources in Lviv oblast". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, n.º 37 (9 de septiembre de 2009): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2009.37.2406.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe different types of usage and protection measures which applies to overmoistened landscape systems. The author defines two main ways of usage – agricultural and industrial. The research focuses on the overmoistened landscape systems in Lviv oblast with different types of management: protected areas, state areas, ІВА (Important Bird Area Programmer) territories. Research is needed to sorts out fundamental problems dealt with amelioration as drying out land improvement and peat extraction. In conclusion the possible ways of solving these problems are proposed. Key words: overmoistened landscape system, industrial usage, agricultural usage, protection.
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Beutel, Marc W., Crystal D. Newton, Elaine S. Brouillard y Richard J. Watts. "Nitrate removal in surface-flow constructed wetlands treating dilute agricultural runoff in the lower Yakima Basin, Washington". Ecological Engineering 35, n.º 10 (octubre de 2009): 1538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.07.005.
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Artamonov, Volodymyr y Maryna Vasylenko. "SPATIAL-FUNCTIONAL METHOD LAND ORDER FORMATION OF AGRICULTURE LANDSCAPE RESISTANCE". Urban development and spatial planning, n.º 77 (24 de mayo de 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.7-16.
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Peculiarities of natural conditions of the territory of Ukraine have historically determined mainly the agricultural use of its lands, the indirect consequence of which was the formation of agro-landscapes as a specific form of spatial realization of anthropogenic activity. The study of agrolandscapes, a comprehensive assessment of their condition and development trends, development and implementation of adequate land management solutions are a key task to avoid degradation, especially arable land. In the context of the above, the shortcomings of modern proposals and indicators for assessing the state of agricultural landscapes and their land management are considered and identified. Concerns about the recommendations of domestic scientists and practitioners to transform about 12 million hectares of arable land into other lands are justified. The motivation for this decision was the idea of excessive plowing of the territory of Ukraine, although world experience provides positive evidence of successful agriculture, even under such conditions. Allegations of insufficient study of the problem of land management formation of sustainable agrolandscapes are given. It is proposed to use the term "sustainable" for the agro-landscape, the state of which corresponds to the ecological and social-industrial conditions of land use. Systematic analysis of the structural components (lands) of the agro-landscape revealed the significant role of their interaction in creating and maintaining a microclimate favorable for crop production in adverse natural conditions. The legitimacy and expediency and practical efficiency of using the spatial-functional method of land management formation of the stability of agro-landscapes are substantiated.
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Turetta, Ana Paula Dias, Rachel Bardy Prado y Gustavo de Souza Valladares. "Evaluating the Potential of Landscape Metrics in Supporting Landscape Planning in Atlantic Forest". International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 4, n.º 1 (enero de 2013): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaeis.2013010104.
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The landscapes are highly dependent on the dynamics of local land use and land cover, which directly affects landscape structure and determines the spatial patterns of forest patches, as well as to the major land uses within a specific region. The calculation of landscape metrics can support the understanding of such spatial distribution. In this study, 16 landscape metrics were analyzed in a drainage watershed in a high relief region in the Rio de Janeiro state, Southeastern Brazil, with the aim to evaluate the use of landscape metrics as indicators for agricultural management. Metrics calculation was followed by a Principal Component Analysis, which indicated the metrics that were most effective in evidencing the landscape structure in analysis. The results showed that the late-succession forest is the dominant component in the landscape. This class also presented the highest MPS metric value, related to the mean patch size by class. Some PCA results suggest that the metrics association was less effective in clustering the overgrown pasture, clean pasture, and annual crops classes, but this could result from the intrinsic association among those classes, by crop rotation, meaning the abandon of a site formerly occupied by an annual crop. Some metrics better suggested an interaction among land use classes and have potential to be use in the analyses of agricultural landscapes in high relief sites.
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Rodríguez-Echeverry, James y Margareth Leiton. "State of the Landscape and Dynamics of Loss and Fragmentation of Forest Critically Endangered in the Tropical Andes Hotspot: Implications for Conservation Planning". Journal of Landscape Ecology 14, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2021): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0005.
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Abstract Currently, there is no precise information on the degree of transformation of Tropical Andes hotspot landscape and native ecosystems due to the intensification of agricultural and urban land-use. Proper knowledge of these changes would provide crucial information for planning conservation strategies. We evaluated the impact of the intensification of agricultural and urban land-use on the Inter-Andean Dry Forest and Tropical Montane Forest, both of which are categorized as Critically Endangered, and the state of the landscape in the High Rio Guayllabamba watershed, Ecuador, during the periods 1991–2005 and 2005–2017. The evaluation was carried out using Landsat satellite images of 30 x 30 m pixels and landscape metrics. We found an advanced state of landscape transformation. Since the 1990s, the loss of both ecosystems was largely caused by the conversion of forest to agriculture, resulting in substantial changes in the spatial configuration of these ecosystems. From 1991 to 2017, 19.8 % and 16.1 % of Inter-Andean Dry Forest and Tropical Montane Forest respectively, were converted to agriculture. The loss of Inter-Andean Dry Forest was 28 % and the number of forest patches increased by more than 150%. The loss of Tropical Montane Forest was 16.5 % and the number of forest patches increased by more than 300 %. The largest loss and fragmentation of forest cover occurred from 1991 to 2005. We suggested planning landscape-scale conservation, using the patch-corridor-matrix model. This model is appropriate given the current configuration of the landscape studied, with Inter-Andean Dry Forest and Tropical Montane Forest restricted to small patches sparsely distributed across the landscape.
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Palaiologou, Palaiologos, Maureen Essen, John Hogland y Kostas Kalabokidis. "Locating Forest Management Units Using Remote Sensing and Geostatistical Tools in North-Central Washington, USA". Sensors 20, n.º 9 (26 de abril de 2020): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092454.
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In this study, we share an approach to locate and map forest management units with high accuracy and with relatively rapid turnaround. Our study area consists of private, state, and federal land holdings that cover four counties in North-Central Washington, USA (Kittitas, Okanogan, Chelan and Douglas). This area has a rich history of landscape change caused by frequent wildfires, insect attacks, disease outbreaks, and forest management practices, which is only partially documented across ownerships in an inconsistent fashion. To consistently quantify forest management activities for the entire study area, we leveraged Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, LANDFIRE existing vegetation types and disturbances, monitoring trends in burn severity fire perimeters, and Landsat 8 Burned Area products. Within our methodology, Sentinel-2 images were collected and transformed to orthogonal land cover change difference and ratio metrics using principal component analyses. In addition, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the Relativized Burn Ratio index were estimated. These variables were used as predictors in Random Forests machine learning classification models. Known locations of forest treatment units were used to create samples to train the Random Forests models to estimate where changes in forest structure occurred between the years of 2016 and 2019. We visually inspected each derived polygon to manually assign one treatment class, either clearcut or thinning. Landsat 8 Burned Area products were used to derive prescribed fire units for the same period. The bulk of analyses were performed using the RMRS Raster Utility toolbar that facilitated spatial, statistical, and machine learning tools, while significantly reducing the required processing time and storage space associated with analyzing these large datasets. The results were combined with existing LANDFIRE vegetation disturbance and forest treatment data to create a 21-year dataset (1999–2019) for the study area.
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Abdullah, Saiful Arif y Nobukazu Nakagoshi. "Changes in agricultural landscape pattern and its spatial relationship with forestland in the State of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia". Landscape and Urban Planning 87, n.º 2 (agosto de 2008): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.05.008.
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Pridorogin, M. V., A. I. Butenko, A. S. Gordeev y A. V. Verzilin. "Criteria for a systematic approach in the digitalization of horticulture of agricultural enterprise". Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 61 (3 de agosto de 2020): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-61-153-169.
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The analysis of the relevance of the State land policy in the Russian Federation (RF) is given. The perspective of its implementation is shown taking into account the technological policy for land management of “work sites” on an ecological-landscape basis. A way is proposed to optimize the horticultural system in agricultural enterprises using knowledge engineering methods and sustainable development methodology. The purpose of the study is to identify the modern tasks of horticulture in agricultural enterprises, the formation of environmentally friendly industrial landscapes for them, ensuring the effective management of the production of fruit and berry products. In the work, methods of different scientific fields were used that substantiate the knowledge base “garden landscape” of an agricultural enterprise. These include geobotany, phytocenology, biogeocenology, ecology landscape, landscape ecology, environmental engineering and knowledge engineering. These areas are not yet used in the methodology of horticulture and seem to us extremely necessary in accordance with the requirements of modern legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation imposed on the greening and digitalization of fruit and berry production and land use. They were chosen by us not so much for improving the “gardening system” as for engineering and management of environmentally friendly production. To create a knowledge base on the “garden landscape” of an agricultural enterprise, the importance of the ontology of primary bio-, phyto-, eco- and geosystems is substantiated, a system of “transitionstranslations” between them is proposed to prepare the digitalization of horticulture. The development of accounting methods for different types of landscape territorial structures for agro ecological assessment of lands on the catchments of the hydrographic network, agro ecological requirements of crops (varieties) to environmental factors, identification of garden able “primary agro ecologically homogeneous land plots” for the horticultural system, the need for their selection as work sites is recommended . It is proposed to carry out digitalization of horticulture on a new scientific platform, Nature-Industrial Systems (NIS), taking into account the knowledge of the garden landscape and the methodology of a systematic approach to solving the problems of sustainable development, perfection and optimization of the basic technology registers, certification of applied developments, energy control.
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Wolff, Saskia, Silke Hüttel, Claas Nendel y Tobia Lakes. "Agricultural Landscapes in Brandenburg, Germany: An Analysis of Characteristics and Spatial Patterns". International Journal of Environmental Research 15, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2021): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00328-y.
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AbstractThe increasing demand for agricultural commodities for food and energy purposes has led to intensified agricultural land management, along with the homogenization of landscapes, adverse biodiversity effects and robustness of landscapes regarding the provision of ecosystem services. At the same time, subsidized organic agriculture and extensive grassland use supports the provision of ecosystem services. Yet little is understood about how to evaluate a landscape’s potential to contribute to protecting and enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services. To address this gap, we use plot-level data from the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) for Germany’s federal state of Brandenburg, and based on a two-step cluster analysis, we identify six types of agricultural landscapes. These clusters differ in landscape structure, diversity and measures for agricultural land management intensity. Agricultural land in Brandenburg is dominated by high shares of cropland but fragmented differently. Lands under organic management and those with a high share of maize show strong spatial autocorrelation, pointing to local clusters. Identification of different types of landscapes permits locally- and region-adapted designs of environmental and agricultural policy measures improves outcome-oriented environmental policy impact evaluation and landscape planning. Our approach allows transferability to other EU regions.
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Jeanneret, Ph, S. Aviron, A. Alignier, C. Lavigne, J. Helfenstein, F. Herzog, S. Kay y S. Petit. "Agroecology landscapes". Landscape Ecology 36, n.º 8 (26 de junio de 2021): 2235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01248-0.
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Abstract Context Agroecology combines agronomic and ecological concepts. It relies on the enhancement of biodiversity and related ecosystem services to support agricultural production. It is dependent on biological interactions for the design and management of agricultural systems in agricultural landscapes. Objectives We review the role of landscape ecology to understand and promote biodiversity, pest regulation and crop pollination for the designing of “agroecology landscapes”. We illustrate the use of landscape ecological methods for supporting agroforestry systems as an example of agroecological development, and we propose pathways to implement agroecology at landscape scale. Methods The state of the art of how landscape ecology contributes to agroecology development is summarized based on a literature review. Results Agroecology requires thinking beyond the field scale to consider the positioning, quality and connectivity of fields and semi-natural habitats at larger spatial scales. The spatial and temporal organisation of semi-natural elements and the crop mosaic interact. Understanding this interaction is the pre-requisite for promoting patterns and mechanisms that foster biodiversity and ecosystem service provision. Promoting agroecological practices beyond individual farm borders can be rooted in a bottom-up approach from agroecological lighthouse farms to farm networks to amplify agroecology adoption at the landscape scale. Conclusions Achieving agricultural landscapes composed of fields and farms following agroecological management requires understanding of biodiversity patterns, biological interactions and mechanisms that determine and boost ecosystem functioning to improve services at landscape scale, involving farmers in a bottom-up and context-specific approach.
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Dean, Bill B. "Integrated Cropping Systems—A Multi-discipline Degree". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 568a—568. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.568a.
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Washington State Univ. Tri-Cities offers a new agricultural degree program titled Integrated Cropping Systems. It is intended to provide a basic education on the fundamentals of crop production and the environmental context in which crops are grown. Courses are offered at the upper division level to interface with the lower division courses offered at local community colleges. The curriculum is composed of courses in environmental science, ecology and conservation as well as crop growth and development, crop nutrition, plant pathology integrated pest management and others. Students need to meet the same requirements as those at other Washington State Univ. campuses in regards to the general education requirements. The purpose of the Integrated Cropping Systems program is to provide an educational opportunity for agricultural professionals and others in the region who are unable to commute or move to the main campus location. The curriculum provides the background needed for such occupations as grower/producer, crop scouting, sales representative and other entry level agricultural professions. It will supply credits toward certification through the American Registry of Certified Professional Agricultural Consultants (ARCPACS). Integrated Cropping Systems is a unique agricultural curriculum designed to help agriculturists integrate their production practices into the local ecosystem in a way that the environment does not incur damage. It emphasizes the use of environmentally conscience decisionmaking processes and sound resource ethics. The program will graduate individuals who have heightened awareness of the impact agricultural practices have on the ecosystem in which they are conducted.
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Hough-Snee, Nate. "Palustrine forested wetland vegetation communities change across an elevation gradient, Washington State, USA". PeerJ 8 (1 de abril de 2020): e8903. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8903.
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Background Forested wetlands support distinct vegetation and hydrology relative to upland forests and shrub-dominated or open water wetlands. Although forested wetland plant communities comprise unique habitats, these ecosystems’ community structure is not well documented in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Here I surveyed forested wetland vegetation to identify changes in community composition and structure across an elevation gradient that corresponds to flooding stress, asking: (1) How do forested wetland plant communities change across an elevation gradient that corresponds to flood frequency and duration? (2) At what relative elevations do different plant species occur within a wetland? Methods I measured overstory tree basal area and structure and understory vascular plant composition in three zones: wetland buffers (WB) adjacent to the wetland, an upper wetland (UW) extent, and a lower wetland (LW) extent, surveying individual trees’ root collar elevation relative to the wetland ordinary high-water mark (OHWM). I estimated understory plant species abundance in sub-plots and surveyed these plots’ height above the OHWM. I used non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination to identify patterns in vegetation communities relative to wetland elevation, and tested for compositional differences between the WB, UW and LW zones using PERMANOVA. I calculated overstory and understory indicator species for each wetland zone using indicator species analysis. Results Forest overstory composition changed across the elevation gradient, with broad-leaved trees occupying a distinct hydrologic niche in low-lying areas close to the OHWM. Conifer species occurred higher above the OHWM on drier microsites. Pseudotsuga menziesii (mean elevation = 0.881 m) and Tsuga heterophylla (mean elevation = 1.737 m) were overstory indicator species of the WB, while Fraxinus latifolia (mean elevation = 0.005 m) was an overstory indicator for the upper and lower wetland. Understory vegetation differed between zones and lower zones’ indicator species were generally hydrophytic species with adaptations that allow them to tolerate flooding stress at lower elevations. Average elevations above the OHWM are reported for 19 overstory trees and 61 understory plant species. By quantifying forested wetland plant species’ affinities for different habitats across an inundation gradient, this study illustrates how rarely flooded, forested WB vegetation differs from frequently flooded, LW vegetation. Because common management applications, like restoring forested wetlands and managing wetland responses to forest harvest, are both predicated upon understanding how vegetation relates to hydrology, these data on where different species might establish and persist along an inundation gradient may be useful in planning for anticipated forested wetland responses to restoration and disturbance.
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Mamede-Costa, Ana Carolina y Nivar Gobbi. "The black lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus – its conservation and management". Oryx 32, n.º 4 (octubre de 1998): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.d01-59.x.
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The black lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus originally occurred throughout a large part of the Atlantic forest in the west of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Today, however, it is restricted to a few isolated forest fragments as a result of deforestation caused by cattle ranching, and urban and agricultural expansion, especially in this century. One of its last strongholds is a small gallery forest at Lençóis Paulista in the west-central part of the state. The authors report on a long-term study of this small and isolated population, aimed particularly at providing a basis for the intensive managementand conservation of the species and its habitat.
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Rancourt, Sandra J., Michael I. Rule y Margaret A. O’Connell. "Maternity roost site selection of big brown bats in ponderosa pine forests of the Channeled Scablands of northeastern Washington State, USA". Forest Ecology and Management 248, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2007): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.05.005.
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Johnson, Morris C., Maureen C. Kennedy, Sarah C. Harrison, Derek Churchill, James Pass y Paul W. Fischer. "Effects of post-fire management on dead woody fuel dynamics and stand structure in a severely burned mixed-conifer forest, in northeastern Washington State, USA". Forest Ecology and Management 470-471 (agosto de 2020): 118190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118190.
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Soshenskyi, Oleksandr, Sergiy Zibtsev, Vasyl Gumeniuk, Johann Georg Goldammer, Roman Vasylyshyn y Volodymyr Blyshchyk. "The current landscape fire management in Ukraine and strategy for its improvement". Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 9, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2021-0009.
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Abstract Recurrent wildfires in Ukraine exert severe impacts on the environment, human health and security as well as damage to private and public assets. From 2007 to 2020, the frequency of large wildfires has increased and reached a level that has not occurred previously. The period during April-October 2020 was the worst in modern Ukrainian history for the occurrence of catastrophic fires, e.g. in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (67 000 ha), Zhytomyr oblast (43 000 ha), Lugansk oblast (35 000 ha) and Kharkiv oblast (8 000 ha). In Ukraine there is the additional problem of open burning, mainly burning agriculture residues, which covers two million hectares (ha) annually. State forestry enterprises who are responsible for the management of 71% of the Ukrainian forests (7.6 million ha)and agricultural holdings are also responsible for the management of 41.3 million ha of croplands. The remaining forest users manage forest areas of 3.1 million ha within reserves and national nature parks. This article presents a brief overview of the problem of forest fires as well as of fires in other landscapes in Ukraine, and includes a critical reviews of the current wildfire management system and a description of the main features of the national wildfire management strategy. It also highlights the results of a survey of numerous stakeholders conducted on landscape fires in Ukraine. Based on the review of global and regional experiences, as well as existing fire risks in Ukraine, recommendations were developed for implementing an integrated landscape level national fire management approach.
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Robertson, James C., Kristina V. Randrup, Emily R. Howe, Michael J. Case y Phillip S. Levin. "Leveraging the potential of nature to meet net zero greenhouse gas emissions in Washington State". PeerJ 9 (21 de julio de 2021): e11802. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11802.
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The State of Washington, USA, has set a goal to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the year around which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended we must limit global warming to 1.5 °C above that of pre-industrial times or face catastrophic changes. We employed existing approaches to calculate the potential for a suite of Natural Climate Solution (NCS) pathways to reduce Washington’s net emissions under three implementation scenarios: Limited, Moderate, and Ambitious. We found that NCS could reduce emissions between 4.3 and 8.8 MMT CO2eyr−1 in thirty-one years, accounting for 4% to 9% of the State’s net zero goal. These potential reductions largely rely on changing forest management practices on portions of private and public timber lands. We also mapped the distribution of each pathway’s Ambitious potential emissions reductions by county, revealing spatial clustering of high potential reductions in three regions closely tied to major business sectors: private industrial forestry in southwestern coastal forests, cropland agriculture in the Columbia Basin, and urban and rural development in the Puget Trough. Overall, potential emissions reductions are provided largely by a single pathway, Extended Timber Harvest Rotations, which mostly clusters in southwestern counties. However, mapping distribution of each of the other pathways reveals wider distribution of each pathway’s unique geographic relevance to support fair, just, and efficient deployment. Although the relative potential for a single pathway to contribute to statewide emissions reductions may be small, they could provide co-benefits to people, communities, economies, and nature for adaptation and resiliency across the state.
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Shaw, David C., Gabriela Ritóková, Yung-Hsiang Lan, Doug B. Mainwaring, Andrew Russo, Randy Comeleo, Sarah Navarro, Daniel Norlander y Ben Smith. "Persistence of the Swiss Needle Cast Outbreak in Oregon Coastal Douglas-Fir and New Insights from Research and Monitoring". Journal of Forestry 119, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2021): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvab011.
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Abstract Swiss needle cast (SNC), caused by Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, is a foliage disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), that reduces growth in native stands and exotic plantations worldwide. An outbreak of SNC began in coastal Oregon in the mid-1990s and has persisted since that time. Here we review the current state of knowledge after 24 years of research and monitoring, with a focus on Oregon, although the disease is significant in coastal Washington and has recently emerged in southwestern British Columbia. We present new insights into SNC distribution, landscape patterns, disease epidemiology and ecology, host-pathogen interactions, trophic and hydrologic influences, and the challenges of Douglas-fir plantation management in the presence of the disease. In Oregon, the SNC outbreak has remained geographically contained but has intensified. Finally, we consider the implications of climate change and other recently emerged foliage diseases on the future of Douglas-fir plantation management.
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Blatner, Keith A., Patricia J. Cohn y Roger D. Fight. "Returns from the Management of Noble Fir Stands for Bough Production and Sawtimber". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2010): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.2.68.
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Abstract Noble fir (Abies procera Rehder) bough harvest has been part of the nontimber forest products industry in the Pacific Northwest for decades. The boughs are used for seasonal decorations and command a higher pricethan most other decorative bough species. However, noble fir boughs that are harvested in the region have been merely a byproduct of noble fir plantations managed for timber products. This article presents the results of a study assessing the financial desirability of managing noble fir plantationsin the southern Cascade Mountains of Washington State for the production of both timber and bough products. The Landscape Management System software program was used to simulate the growth of noble fir in four different plant associations on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Data from recentlyestablished noble fir plantations were used in the simulations. Harvestable bough weights were estimated using a previously published noble fir bough weight model. Comparisons of estimated harvest volumes for sawlogs and noble fir boughs showed positive present net worth (PNW) values for eachstand under a combined timber production and bough harvest scenario and negative PNW values for each stand with a timber production management scenario only. Bough harvest is compatible with other land use activities, and the harvest revenue can cover stand establishment and precommercialthinning costs.
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Hughes, Harrison, Elizabeth Mogen, Steven Newman, James Klett y Anthony Koski. "(150) Outcome Assessment of Resident Instruction: The Colorado State University Experience". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julio de 2005): 1045C—1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1045c.
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An assessment plan for the Horticulture and Landscape Horticulture majors has been developed as part of a university-wide effort to assess resident instruction. The program mission has been described as the preparation of graduates with a passion for Horticulture/Landscape Horticulture who can contribute to Colorado's agricultural and green industry economy through high levels of: 1) technical competency and skills, including disciplinary competence, and a working knowledge in the appropriate field; 2) management and leadership skills; and 3) problem-solving skills. Assessment methods involved the development of evaluation forms for internships, practicum, independent study, group study, and the capstone courses. Student, faculty, clients, and industry personnel used standardized forms, which varied somewhat for the two majors and seven concentrations, to critically assess and score student and faculty efforts. Internships, practicum, and capstone courses were evaluated for program purpose. The management and leadership skills of the students were evaluated based on their performance during internships by cooperators and also by their activities, as demonstrated through their involvement in university, college, departmental, and community activities. Problem-solving skills were evaluated primarily through student performance in capstone courses, with specific criteria in the internship and in leadership activities of clubs. The expectation is that 70% to 75% of the students will score 3 or 3+ on all criteria established for a rating system of 1–5. Students have generally met this standard and plans are under way to continually upgrade courses and related activities to improve the teaching program
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Golou Gizèle, ZANH, KPANGUI Kouassi Bruno, BARIMA Yao Sadaiou Sabas y Bogaert Jan. "Migration and Agricultural Practices in the Peripheral Areas of Côte d’Ivoire State-Owned Forests". Sustainability 11, n.º 22 (13 de noviembre de 2019): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226378.
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Côte d’Ivoire’s rural areas adjacent to the state-owned areas of the southern half of the country, such as classified forests, are experiencing significant migratory flows due to their agricultural potential. The population movements in these rural areas have changed the rural landscape. The general objective of this study was to identify the peasant innovations implemented in these rural areas adjacent to the state’s forest domains in a context of land saturation caused by migratory flows. This objective was elucidated from the case of the classified forest of Haut-Sassandra (CFHS). To achieve this, surveys were conducted in 11 villages on the periphery of the FCHS to determine the profile of planters and the main crops grown. Subsequently, floristic inventories were carried out on farms to analyse the diversity of associated species. Analyses showed that the rural populations of the CFHS are mainly composed of Allochthones (64%). Four innovative production systems were identified: a cashew-based production system, a cocoa-based production system, a coffee-based production system and a coffee- and cocoa-based production system. These farmer innovations based on agroforestry practices make it possible to restore impoverished lands and fight against climatic hazards. Consequently, these local practices deserve to be popularised in areas of strong land pressure as strategies to overcome the shortage of arable land and fluctuating prices of agricultural production.
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Saxton, Keith E. "Agricultural wind erosion and air quality impacts: A comprehensive research program". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11, n.º 2-3 (septiembre de 1996): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006780.
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AbstractWith the passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act came the responsibility to monitor and control particulates in the size range 10 μ and smaller (PM10). Many urban areas, particularly in the western U.S., have experienced concentrations of fugitive dust particulates from upwind sources that exceed the federal health standards. Often a significant amount of this material is generated upwind on agricultural fields, and then is entrained and transported in the regional air mass, thus degrading the air quality in downwind urban regions. Current technology cannot adequately quantify the fugitive dust emitted and transported from agricultural sources, nor specify adequate control methods. A comprehensive research plan recently was developed and initia ted for the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington State that involves multiple disciplines and several state and federal agencies. This research has several components: characterizing the soil, vegetation and climate in a region of 136,000 km2; developing wind erosion and fugitive dust emission relationships for individual farm fields; developing and applying transport-dispersion-deposition models of the region; selecting and testing farm-level control strategies; and providing public information to both the urban and farm communities for understanding the problem and developing management plans. Simultaneous receptor analyses and public health research combine to make this a comprehensive regional research effort on fugitive dust emissions and impacts.
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Webb, Ashley A., Georgina L. Kelly y Warwick J. Dougherty. "Soil governance in the agricultural landscapes of New South Wales, Australia". International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2015.4169.
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Soil is a valuable natural resource. In the state of New South Wales, Australia, the governance of soil has evolved since Federation in 1901. Following rapid agricultural development, and in the face of widespread soil degradation, the establishment of the Soil Conservation Service marked a turning point in the management of soil. Throughout the 20th century, advances in knowledge were translated into evolving governance frameworks that were largely reactionary but saw progressive reforms such as water pollution legislation and case studies of catchment-scale land and vegetation management. In the 21st century, significant reforms have embedded sustainable use of agricultural soils within catchment- and landscape-scale legislative and institutional frameworks. What is clear, however, is that a multitude of governance strategies and models are utilised in NSW. No single governance model is applicable to all situations because it is necessary to combine elements of several different mechanisms or instruments to achieve the most desired outcomes. Where an industry, such as the sugar industry, has taken ownership of an issue such as acid sulfate soil management, self-regulation has proven to be extremely effective. In the case of co-managing agricultural soils with other landuses, such as mining, petroleum exploration and urban development, regulation, compliance and enforcement mechanisms have been preferred. Institutional arrangements in the form of independent commissioners have also played a role. At the landscape or total catchment level, it is clear that a mix of mechanisms is required. Fundamental, however, to the successful evolution of soil governance is strategic investment in soil research and development that informs the ongoing productive use of agricultural landscapes while preventing land degradation or adverse environmental effects.
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Atallah, Z. K., B. Larget, X. Chen y D. A. Johnson. "High Genetic Diversity, Phenotypic Uniformity, and Evidence of Outcrossing in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum in the Columbia Basin of Washington State". Phytopathology® 94, n.º 7 (julio de 2004): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.7.737.
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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of potato stem rot, is prevalent and poorly managed on potatoes in the Columbia Basin of Washington. Because of the ubiquitous nature of the fungus and high crop diversity within the Columbia Basin, understanding the population structure and the potential for outcrossing of the pathogen would be helpful in developing disease management strategies. The population structure of S. sclerotiorum in the Columbia Basin from potato was examined using microsatellite markers and mycelial compatibility. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 92% of the variability among 167 isolates was found within subpopulations, with limited, yet statistically significant impact of the collection date, but not the year or location of collection. Linkage disequilibrium and index of association analyses noted a potential for outcrossing in two locations, which was substantiated by the discovery of recombinant ascospores in three field-generated apothecia from the 12 apothecia examined. Microsatellite haplotypes were not correlated with mycelial compatibility groups. This high haplotypic diversity did not seem to impact pathologically important phenotypes. Greenhouse inoculations of potato plants exhibited no significant differences in aggressiveness on potato stems. Moreover, in vitro studies of response to fungicides and temperature stimuli yielded no significant differences among studied isolates. These findings illustrate the potential for outcrossing in warm temperate regions of North America, where a diversity of crops are planted simultaneously and in neighboring fields. This study also indicates that the unsatisfactory management of potato stem rot is likely not directly attributable to genetic factors, but to gaps in agricultural practices.
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Demboski, John R., Brandy K. Jacobsen y Joseph A. Cook. "Implications of cytochrome b sequence variation for biogeography and conservation of the northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) of the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska". Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1998): 1771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-116.
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The Alexander Archipelago of southeast Alaska is a highly fragmented landscape that is suspected to support a relatively large number of endemic mammals. At least two subspecies of northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) have been recognized from the region, the endemic Prince of Wales Island flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus griseifrons, and the Alaska Coast flying squirrel, G. s. zaphaeus. We examined 56 northern flying squirrels from Alaska, Washington State, and Yukon Territory, using the DNA sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to assess geographic variation. Flying squirrels from Washington were highly divergent (7.3%) from those of Alaska and Yukon Territory. Variation among Alaska and Yukon Territory populations was minimal, but five haplotypes were found. One predominantly "mainland" haplotype was widespread throughout Alaska, one island haplotype was confined to nine islands in southeast Alaska ("Prince of Wales complex"), and three haplotypes were unique. Flying squirrels of the Prince of Wales complex appear to be neoendemics and descended from a single founder population. Mitochondrial variation, although minimal, is consistent with the continued recognition of G. s. griseifrons. Our results, in light of increased habitat fragmentation in southeast Alaska, suggest that molecular data can provide important base-line information for effective management of insular populations.
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Ogunwole, Joshua O., Luis C. Timm, Evelyn O. Obidike-Ugwu y Donald M. Gabriels. "State-Space Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Stock". International Agrophysics 28, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2014): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0007.
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Abstract Understanding soil spatial variability and identifying soil parameters most determinant to soil organic carbon stock is pivotal to precision in ecological modelling, prediction, estimation and management of soil within a landscape. This study investigates and describes field soil variability and its structural pattern for agricultural management decisions. The main aim was to relate variation in soil organic carbon stock to soil properties and to estimate soil organic carbon stock from the soil properties. A transect sampling of 100 points at 3 m intervals was carried out. Soils were sampled and analyzed for soil organic carbon and other selected soil properties along with determination of dry aggregate and water-stable aggregate fractions. Principal component analysis, geostatistics, and state-space analysis were conducted on the analyzed soil properties. The first three principal components explained 53.2% of the total variation; Principal Component 1 was dominated by soil exchange complex and dry sieved macroaggregates clusters. Exponential semivariogram model described the structure of soil organic carbon stock with a strong dependence indicating that soil organic carbon values were correlated up to 10.8m.Neighbouring values of soil organic carbon stock, all waterstable aggregate fractions, and dithionite and pyrophosphate iron gave reliable estimate of soil organic carbon stock by state-space.
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Cambi, Martina, Yamuna Giambastiani, Francesca Giannetti, Elena Nuti, Andrea Dani y Federico Preti. "Integrated Low-Cost Approach for Measuring the State of Conservation of Agricultural Terraces in Tuscany, Italy". Water 13, n.º 2 (6 de enero de 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020113.
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Agricultural terraces are an important element of the Italian landscape. However, abandonment of agricultural areas and increase in the frequency of destructive rainfall events has made it mandatory to increase conservation efforts of terraces to reduce hydrological risks. This requires the development of new approaches capable of identifying and mapping failed or prone-to-fail terraces over large areas. The present work focuses on the development of a more cost-effective alternative, to help public administrators and private land owners to identify fragile areas that may be subject to failure due to the abandonment of terracing systems. We developed a simple field protocol to acquire quantitative measurements of the degree of damage—dry stone wall deformation—and establish a damage classification system. This new methodology is tested at two different sites in Tuscany, central Italy. The processing is based on existing DTMs derived from Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) data and open source software. The main GIS modules adopted are flow accumulation and water discharge, processed with GRASS GIS. Results show that the damage degree and terrace wall deformation are correlated with flow accumulation even if other factors other than those analyzed can contribute to influence the instability of dry stone walls. These tools are useful for local land management and conservation efforts.
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Tarariko, O., T. Ilienko, T. Kuchma y I. Novakovska. "Satellite agroecological monitoring within the system of sustainable environmental management". Agricultural Science and Practice 6, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.01.018.
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Satellite data are a relevant part of information, required for sustainable environmental management, assessment of the impact of economic activity of ecosystems, determination of risks, related to global climate changes, desertifi cation processes, loss of landscape and biotic diversity. Aim. To substantiate the reasonability and prove the effi ciency of using satellite data in the agroecologic monitoring system regarding the impact of climate changes on vegetation, processes of soil erosion degradation, and assessment of landscape diversity. Methods. The study was conducted in the territory of Ukraine. It involved the application of SWOT and Gap-analysis methodology, materials of NOAA satellite observa- tions, Sentinel, different spatial resolution, methodological and regulatory provision of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Economics of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences regarding satellite monitoring of the structure of agrolandscapes, norms of establishing a network of testing agrarian grounds, list of vegetation state indicators, in par- ticular, “Remote sensing of the Earth from space. Land data about controlling the condition of plantings and performance of agricultural crops. General requirements: DSTU 7307:2013”, “Remote sensing of the Earth from space. Ground in- spection of plantings. Classifi er of objects and functions: SUC 01.1-37-907:2011”, “Methodological recommendations on establishing the network of testing agrarian grounds in the system of monitoring of plantings using the materials of cosmic information”. The investigation on the impact of climate changes on vegetation state was conducted on the territory of three natural-climatic zones which were geographically represented by Chernihiv, Poltava and Zaporizhzhia regions re- spectively. The determination of the threat of erosion degradation of arable lands and landscape diversity was performed on the territory of two administrative districts with high level of ploughness of agrolandscapes, intense agrarian produc- tion and manifestation of erosion degradation of lands. Results. Inadequacy of the traditional system of agroecological monitoring was determined. It was proven that it was reasonable to have comprehensive application of satellite data regarding climate warming within the natural climatic zones and its impact on vegetation according to the normalized dif- ference vegetation index (NDVI), erosion degradation of soils and landscape diversity. According to satellite data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the correlation analysis was performed on the connection between the dynamics of the sum of effective temperatures and the sum of NDVI values for the vegetation period. There was positive impact of climate warming on vegetation state according to NDVI index in the zone of Polissia and Forest- Steppe. The correlation coeffi cients were R = 0.64 and R = 0.77 respectively. In the Steppe zone the correlation coeffi cient dropped down to R = 0.35 which demonstrated the elevated risk of droughts. Conclusions. Satellite data of Sentinel-1 were used to determine critical zones of erosion degradation of arable lands, requiring preservation and their inclusion to the natural fi elds, which had a positive impact on the optimization of agrolandscape diversity.
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Mukharamova, Svetlana, Anatoly Saveliev, Maxim Ivanov, Artur Gafurov y Oleg Yermolaev. "Estimating the Soil Erosion Cover-Management Factor at the European Part of Russia". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, n.º 10 (25 de septiembre de 2021): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100645.
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Evaluation of the vegetation and agricultural-management factor (C-factor) is an important task, the solution of which affects the correct assessment of the intensity of soil erosion. For the vast area of the European part of Russia (EPR), this task is particularly relevant since no products allow taking into account the C-factor. An approach based on automated interpretation of the main crop groups based on MODIS satellite imaging data from Terra and Aqua satellites with the LSTM machine-learning method was used to achieve this goal. The accuracy of crop group recognition compared to the open data of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia was 94%. The resulting crop maps were used to calculate the C-factor for each month of a particular year from 2014 to 2019. After that, summaries were made at the regional and landscape levels. The average C-factor value for the EPR was 0.401, for the forest landscape zone 0.262, for the forest-steppe zone 0.362, and for the steppe zone 0.454. The obtained results are in good correlation with the results of previous field studies and provide up-to-date (based on 2014–2019 data) estimates of C-factor for rainfall erosion (monthly, annual) with high spatial detail (250 m).
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Garcia-Lozano, Carla, Diego Varga, Josep Pintó y Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar. "Landscape Connectivity and Suitable Habitat Analysis for Wolves (Canis lupus L.) in the Eastern Pyrenees". Sustainability 12, n.º 14 (17 de julio de 2020): 5762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145762.
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Over the last few decades, much of the mountain area in European countries has turned into potential habitat for species of medium- and large-sized mammals. Some of the occurrences that explain this trend are biodiversity protection, the creation of natural protected areas, and the abandonment of traditional agricultural activities. In recent years, wolves have once again been seen in forests in the eastern sector of the Pyrenees and the Pre-Pyrenees. The success or failure of their permanent settlement will depend on several factors, including conservation measures for the species, habitat availability, and the state of landscape connectivity. The aim of this study is to analyze the state of landscape connectivity for fragments of potential wolf habitat in Catalonia, Andorra, and on the French side of the Eastern Pyrenees. The results show that a third of the area studied constitutes potential wolf habitat and almost 90% of these spaces are of sufficient size to host stable packs. The set of potential wolf habitat fragments was also assessed using the probability of connectivity index (dPC), which analyses landscape connectivity based on graph structures. According to the graph theory, the results confirm that all the nodes or habitat fragments are directly or indirectly interconnected, thus forming a single component. Given the large availability of suitable habitat and the current state of landscape connectivity for the species, the dispersal of the wolf would be favorable if stable packs are formed. A new established population in the Pyrenees could lead to more genetic exchange between the Iberian wolf population and the rest of Europe’s wolf populations.
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Lima, Olívia de, Eliane Guimarães Pereira Melloni, Rogério Melloni, Marcelo Ribeiro Barison y Nilton Curi. "Soil catenas in a pilot sub-basin in the region of Itajubá, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, for environmental planning". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, n.º 3Supl1 (22 de abril de 2021): 1511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p1511.
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Systemic studies that allow the environmental characterization of pilot sub-basins are essential to guide their management, which are the basis for adequate environmental planning. The José Pereira sub-basin has an area of approximately 40 km² and is located in the municipality of Itajubá, south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This area was chosen as a pilot sub-basin for this study because it holds an important forest remnant, the Serra dos Toledos Biological Reserve, and part of the urban area of the municipality in the process of expansion, as well as a rural area where inappropriate and intensive agricultural activities are practiced. In this scenario, this atudy examined the soil catenas of this sub-basin to serve as an important instrument of planning for this unit. Eight soil catenas distributed into three topo-morphological compartments were studied. According to the generated soil map, Haplic Cambisols occupy 26% of the sub-basin, in mountainous relief; Red and Red-Yellow Latosols, 6% of the area, predominating in the flat-to-undulating relief; Haplic Gleysols, 7% of the area, in the lowlands, in flat relief and at the footslope. Finally, Red and Red-Yellow Argisols were the predominant classes, occurring in almost 50% of the sub-basin, under undulating and strongly undulating reliefs. Based on the combined results, a model of local evolution of the sub-basin soils was proposed: the younger soils, Haplic Cambisol and Haplic Gleysol, occupy the positions of convex top and floodplain, respectively. In the upper and lower thirds of the landscape, the predominance of Red Argisol is related to constant renewal of soil material, preventing it from reaching the latosolic stage. In addition, part of these Argisols has a Bw horizon below Bt horizon in rugged relief. Moreover, in the landscape lower third, Latosols are present, even in areas with steep slope.
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Puziene, Ruta y Asta Anikeniene. "Study of the Relationship between Abandoned Land and Different Indicators". Baltic Surveying 12 (29 de junio de 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.balticsurveying.2020.005.
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One of the most pressing problems in land management is abandoned agricultural land. Abandoned land in Lithuania is unattended and not used for agricultural activities. These areas degrade the country's landscape and over time overgrow with shrubs or low-value plants. The article analyzes the change of abandoned agricultural land in 2015-2019. State control to reduce abandoned land is discussed. Relations with selected indicators are analyzed. Data visualization was performed with ArcGIS software. However from 2015 to 2019, a constant decrease of abandoned land has occurred. The analysis showed that the majority of abandoned land is found in Vilnius, Utena and Alytus counties. The results of the correlation analysis showed the highest dependence of abandoned lands on the average performance score in counties.
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Varga, Diego. "Are Agrarian Areas in Mediterranean Mountain Regions Becoming Extinct? A Methodological Approach to Their Conservation". Forests 11, n.º 10 (21 de octubre de 2020): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101116.
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Mediterranean mountain regions have undergone several landscape changes since the end of the 19th century due to progressive depopulation and the abandonment of cattle rearing, forestry, charcoal production and agricultural activity. Such activity favored landscape dynamics by creating grassy habitats, which in turn resulted in greater landscape diversity. This is now being lost as the forest reclaims abandoned pastures. Thus, the purpose of this work was to identify those open habitats most in need of management action to maximize biodiversity and cultural heritage conservation and minimize fire risk and management costs. These analyses show a sharp decrease of open agriculture areas, which are the habitat of many endemic species (from 46.4% to 12.3%), currently overgrown with secondary forests. Multivariate analysis and the PGP (Patch Growing Process) heuristic model indicate the areas in which the restoration of open areas (by about 8%; about 500 ha) will be the most advisable and the most beneficial, taking into account environmental, social and economic factors. The use of PGP provides for a 21% improvement in total agriculture areas. Still, the natural state of the protected Mediterranean mountain area “Alta Garrotxa” (Catalonia, Spain) is almost continuous forest. However, the management models proposed in this study offer flexible precepts to achieve the desired landscape patterns and maintain biodiversity, while conserving cultural heritage and decreasing the risk of fire.
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Ivankova, Tatiana. "Problem of environmental remediation of the river runoff of basin geosystem of the small river Alma (Republic of Crimea)". E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021007007.
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An assessment of the ecological state of the small river basin Alma of the Republic of Crimea has been carried out. Due to intensive nature management in the 20th century, the primary natural environment was transformed into a natural-engineering system (NES). The critical components of the NES are the lowland sector and surface waters basin. The flat sector turned into an agricultural landscape with a low coefficient of natural protection, it needs transformation based on landscape planning. Runoff the Alma River is almost completely regulated by reservoirs and ponds, as a result of which the channel is deprived of water for most of the year. It is proposed to restore the natural flow of the river by redistributing the reserves of the Partizansky reservoir and establishing Western European water consumption standards for Simferopol.
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Peruchi Trevisan, Diego, Polyanna da Conceição Bispo, Yaqing Gou, Bianca Fogaça de Souza, Veraldo Liesenberg, Angela Harris, Heiko Balzter y Luiz Eduardo Moschini. "Analysis of a Landscape Intensely Modified by Agriculture in the Tietê–Jacaré Watershed, Brazil". Sustainability 13, n.º 16 (19 de agosto de 2021): 9304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169304.
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Anthropogenic actions influence landscapes, and the resulting mosaic is a mix of natural and anthropogenic elements that vary in size, shape, and pattern. Considering this, our study aimed to analyse the land use and land cover changes in the Tietê–Jacaré watershed (São Paulo state, Brazil), using the random forest (RF) algorithm and Sentinel-2 satellite data from 2016 to 2018 to detect landscape changes. By overlapping the environmental data and the proposed model evaluation, it was possible to observe the landscape structure, produce information about the state of this region, and assess the environmental responses to anthropic impacts. The land use and land cover analysis identified eight classes: exposed soil, citriculture, pasture, silviculture, sugar cane, urban area, vegetation, and water. The RF classification for the three years reached high accuracy with a kappa index of 0.87 in 2016, 0.85 in 2017, and 0.85 in 2018. The model developed was essential for the temporal analysis since it allowed us to comprehend the driving forces that act in this landscape and contribute to the discussions about their impacts over time. The results showed a predominance of agricultural activities over the three years, with approximately 900.000 ha (76% of the area), mainly covered by sugarcane cultivation.