Artículos de revistas:

1

Acker, T. L., M. Glauth, C. Atwater, E. French y D. H. Smith. "Energy and Water Use in Arizona Agriculture". Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 5, n.º 4 (28 de septiembre de 2010): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240802533500.

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Eisenberg, Merrill. "Social Science, Public Policy, and Amnesty for Chickens". Practicing Anthropology 36, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2014): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.36.1.yn38k563j7418405.

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This is a story about efforts to develop local policy in Pima County, Arizona, that supports and encourages urban agriculture in Tucson, Arizona. These efforts have been guided by an applied anthropologist, working in consort with local grassroots citizen groups, and policymakers in local government. This paper describes those efforts and highlights how concepts and methods of applied social science have informed the policy development process and created opportunities for citizens to participate meaningfully in developing urban agriculture policy.

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3

Wright, Glenn C. y Stephen E. Poe. "(149) Arizona Farm Safety Day". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julio de 2005): 1045B—1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1045b.

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Arizona Farm Safety Day has been held annually since 2000 as an attempt to educate students and farm workers (pesticide applicators, tractor and equipment operators, irrigators, and field workers) in farm safety. Our programs have emphasized tractor safety, pesticide safety, ATV safety, electrical safety, and firearms safety. The all-day events have been held in Yuma and in Safford, Ariz., and most of the attendees are high school students. Agriculture students from six to eight high schools typically participate. The agenda is determined by consulting with local agriculture leaders. Attendees have the opportunity to attend a 4-hour training session in the morning. Subjects taught at these sessions might include reading a pesticide label, sprayer calibration, wearing proper protection, avoiding spray drift, tractor safety, and farm safety. At least one of these sessions is an outdoors “hands-on” session. Individual participants receive up-to-date information and literature, a certificate of completion, CEUs, CCA credits, a hat, and a lunch. Spanish translation is available at each session. In the afternoon, a tractor driver safety course and equipment demonstration is typically held. In the course, selected representatives from local farms or local youth get a chance to demonstrate their tractor and ATV driving and safety skills for recognition and awards. Plaques and trophies are awarded to the winners. Additionally, there is an equipment demonstration. Attendees are tested before and after the event.

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4

Geib, Phil R. y Bruce B. Huckell. "Evidence of Late Preceramic Agriculture at Cibecue, East-Central Arizona". KIVA 59, n.º 4 (enero de 1994): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00231940.1994.11758249.

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5

Davis, Sidney W., Marie E. Davis, Ivo Lucchitta, Robert Finkel y Mark Caffee. "Early agriculture in the Eastern Grand Canyon of Arizona, USA". Geoarchaeology 15, n.º 8 (2000): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6548(200012)15:8<783::aid-gea3>3.0.co;2-i.

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6

Stillman, Susan, Xubin Zeng, William J. Shuttleworth, David C. Goodrich, Carl L. Unkrich y Marek Zreda. "Spatiotemporal Variability of Summer Precipitation in Southeastern Arizona". Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, n.º 6 (22 de noviembre de 2013): 1944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-017.1.

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Abstract The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in southeastern Arizona covers ~150 km2 and receives the majority of its annual precipitation from highly variable and intermittent summer storms during the North American monsoon. In this study, the patterns of precipitation in the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) 88-rain-gauge network are analyzed for July through September from 1956 to 2011. Because small-scale convective systems generate most of this summer rainfall, the total (T), intensity (I), and frequency (F) exhibit high spatial and temporal variability. Although subsidiary periods may have apparent trends, no significant trends in T, I, and F were found for the study period as a whole. Observed trends in the spatial coverage of storms change sign in the late 1970s, and the multidecadal variation in I and spatial coverage of storms have statistically significant correlation with the Pacific decadal oscillation and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation indices. Precipitation has a pronounced diurnal cycle with the highest T and F occurring between 1500 and 2200 LT, and its average fractional coverage over 2- and 12-h periods is less than 40% and 60% of the gauges, respectively. Although more gauges are needed to estimate area-averaged daily precipitation, 5–11 gauges can provide a reasonable estimate of the area-averaged monthly total precipitation during the period from July through September.

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7

Wright, Glenn C. "Lemon Cultivar Selection Trials in Arizona". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julio de 2005): 1108B—1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1108b.

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Two lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, Ariz. Some selections in these trials include: `Allen Eureka', `Berna', `Cook Eureka', `Cascade Eureka', `Cavers Lisbon', `Strong Lisbon', `Femminello Comune', `Lapithkiotiki', `Limoneira 8A Lisbon', `Limonero Fino 49', `Monroe Lisbon', `Primofiori', `Santa Teresa', `Walker Lisbon', and `Villafranca'. Selections that have had superior yields include `Cascade Eureka', `Cook Eureka', `Strong Lisbon', `Limoneira 8A Lisbon', `Limonero Fino 49', `Primofiori', `Femminello Comune', and `Villafranca'. Fruit size data suggest that `Limonero Fino 49' has consistently good fruit size, and consistently larger fruit than `Limoneira 8A', the industry standard. `Cavers Lisbon' and `Femminello Comune' also have good fruit size. `Lapithkiotiki' also had large fruit size, but its shape was unacceptably elongated. We also found significant differences in peel thickness and juice pH among the selections. `Santa Teresa' had significantly lower juice pH and a thinner peel than some of the other selections under evaluation.

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8

Bausch, Julia C., Hallie Eakin, Skaidra Smith-Heisters, Abigail M. York, Dave D. White, Cathy Rubiños y Rimjhim M. Aggarwal. "Development pathways at the agriculture–urban interface: the case of Central Arizona". Agriculture and Human Values 32, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2015): 743–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9589-8.

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9

Diehl, Michael W. y Owen K. Davis. "The Short, Unhappy Use Lives of Early Agricultural Period “Food Storage” Pits at the Las Capas Site, Southern Arizona". American Antiquity 81, n.º 2 (abril de 2016): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.81.2.333.

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AbstractWere Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.–A.D. 50) maize cultivators in Southern Arizona sedentary farmers or seasonally mobile forager-farmers? Ethnographic analogs and ethnographically derived middle range theory support both claims. One argument for sedentism has been the abundance of large subterranean storage pits. These are often presumed to have been used for long-term food storage. This study of wetlands-indicator spores recovered from those pits indicates that the pits were often saturated and could not have been used for long-term food storage; these findings support the general contention that Early Agricultural period maize cultivators were seasonally mobile and tried to fit early agriculture into a subsistence regime focused on wild foods.

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10

Huckell, Bruce B. y Lisa W. Huckell. "Wandering Villagers: Pit Structures, Mobility and Agriculture in Southeastern Arizona. Patricia A. Gilman". Journal of Anthropological Research 54, n.º 2 (julio de 1998): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.54.2.3631752.

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11

Turner, Christy G. "A Second Drilled Tooth from Prehistoric Western North America". American Antiquity 69, n.º 2 (abril de 2004): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128425.

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The burial of a young adult woman with a drilled molar tooth was excavated in 1965 in northern Arizona (Museum of Northern Arizona NA9099.B5; Pueblo IV, A.D. 1300–1600). The drilling angle and location suggest that the therapeutic or palliative procedure was done while the woman was alive, and probably in pain because the drilled hole occurred at the bottom of a large necrotic cavity involving about one quarter of the occlusal surface. The drilled hole exited at the crown-root junction near a small alveolar buccal abscess. With painful and unhealthy dental caries on the rise as dependency on agriculture increased through time, it is suggested that this case and one other mark the beginning practice of primitive technical dentistry in prehistoric western North America.

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12

Lincoln-Babb, Lorrie. "The Matty Canyon Population: Dental Observations of Late Archaic Individuals from Southern Arizona". Dental Anthropology Journal 9, n.º 2 (8 de septiembre de 2018): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v9i2.237.

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Skeletal and dental material from the largest known burial population from the Late Archaic Period of southern Arizona was analyzed (Minturn and Lincoln-Babb, n.d.). Minturn performed the skeletal analyses, including the standard observations for age, sex, and pathologies. The dental analyses support a mixed economy subsistence of hunting-gathering and agriculture. This conclusion is based on observations for caries, enamel chipping, abscessing, and enamel hypoplasia.

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13

MacMillan Uribe, Alexandra L., Donna M. Winham y Christopher M. Wharton. "Community supported agriculture membership in Arizona. An exploratory study of food and sustainability behaviours". Appetite 59, n.º 2 (octubre de 2012): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.002.

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14

Zhao, Xiaobing, Ding Du, Jun Xiong, Abraham Springer, Sharon R. Masek Lopez, Blake Winkler y Kenedy Hubler. "The impact of forest restoration on agriculture in the Verde River watershed, Arizona, USA". Forest Policy and Economics 109 (diciembre de 2019): 101999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.101999.

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15

Beebe, Shaneen R. H., Aaron B. Switalski, Heather L. Bateman y Kiril D. Hristovski. "Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) Habitat Associations in Agriculture Fields and along Canal Trails in Phoenix, Arizona". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 45, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2014): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2181/036.045.0206.

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16

ROTH, BARBARA J. y ANDREA FREEMAN. "THE MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD AHD THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE IN THE SONORAN DESERT OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA". KIVA 73, n.º 3 (marzo de 2008): 321–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/kiv.2008.73.3.004.

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17

Ingram, Scott E. "Streamflow and Population Change in the Lower Salt River Valley of Central Arizona, ca. A.D. 775 to 1450". American Antiquity 73, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 136–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600041329.

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Floods and droughts and their effects on Hohokam canal systems and irrigation agriculture play a prominent role in many cultural-historical interpretations of the Hohokam trajectory in the lower Salt River valley (modern-day Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area). Catastrophic floods and associated geomorphic stream channel changes may have contributed to settlement and population changes and the substantial depopulation of the lower Salt River valley ca. A.D. 1450 or later. In this study, archaeological data on Hohokam domestic architecture is used to infer changes in prehistoric population growth rates from ca. A.D. 775 through 1450 in the most thoroughly documented canal system in the Salt River valley. Changes in growth rates are compared to the retrodictions of annual streamflow discharge volumes derived from tree-ring records. Contrary to expectations, population growth rates increased as the frequency, magnitude, and duration of inferred flooding, drought, and variability increased. These results challenge existing assumptions regarding the relationship among floods and droughts, conditions for irrigation agriculture, and population change in the lower Salt River valley.

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18

Richards, Timothy J., Albert Kagan, Pamela Mischen y Richard Adu-Asamoah. "Marketing Order Suspensions and Fresh Lemon Retail-FOB Margins". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 28, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1996): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000729x.

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AbstractIn August 1994, the Secretary of Agriculture announced the termination of the marketing order and the associated flow-to-market, or prorate, controls for fresh California and Arizona (CA/AZ) lemons. Lemon growers and handlers have expressed concern over the impact of this decision on retail-FOB margins. This study presents an econometric model of fresh lemon marketing margins that tests for the presence of buyer and seller market power during previous periods of marketing order suspension. The results show that buyer and, to a lesser extent, seller market power cause retail-FOB margins to widen during periods of prorate suspension.

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19

Randall, J. J., M. Radionenko, J. M. French, M. W. Olsen, N. P. Goldberg y S. F. Hanson. "Xylella fastidiosa Detected in New Mexico in Chitalpa, a Common Landscape Ornamental Plant". Plant Disease 91, n.º 3 (marzo de 2007): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-3-0329b.

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Different strains of Xylella fastidiosa cause a variety of significant disease problems in agricultural and ornamental plants, including Pierce's disease in grapes, oleander leaf scorch, pecan bacterial leaf scorch, and alfalfa dwarf disease. X. fastidiosa has never been reported in New Mexico but is known to exist in surrounding states (California, Arizona, and Texas). During the summer of 2006, several chitalpa (Chitalpa tashkinensis) hybrid trees with leaf scorch symptoms and branch die back were observed in Las Cruces, NM and they tested positive for X. fastidiosa by ELISA. Additional samples from these plants and others were analyzed by ELISA, PCR (2), and cultured on XfD2 medium (1). Known positive and negative oleander samples from Arizona were included as controls. Fifteen of thirty tested chitalpa were PCR and ELISA positive, indicating that they were infected with X. fastidiosa. Bacterial colonies that were PCR positive were also recovered from 10 of the XF positive samples that were plated. DNA sequences of PCR products amplified from chitalpa and isolated bacterial colonies (GenBank Accession Nos. EF109936 and EF109937) were identical to each other, 97% similar to X. fastidiosa strain JB-USNA, and 96% similar to the Temecula 1 strain. Independent ELISA testing (Barry Hill, California Department Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA) confirmed our ELISA and PCR results. On the basis of these results, we conclude that X. fastidiosa is present in New Mexico and that the common landscape ornamental chitalpa is a host for X. fastidiosa. Additional work is required to determine if X. fastidiosa is pathogenic to chitalpa and to examine the relevance of this potential X. fastidiosa reservoir to agricultural production in New Mexico and other areas where chitalpa is grown. References: (1) R. P. P. Almeida et al. Curr. Microbiol. 48:368, 2004. (2) M. R. Pooler et al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 25:123, 1997.

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20

Sullivan, Alan P. y Philip B. Mink. "THEORETICAL AND SOCIOECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FIRE FOODWAYS". American Antiquity 83, n.º 4 (octubre de 2018): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.32.

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Archaeological investigations of the effects of anthropogenic fire on the subsistence economies of small-scale societies, particularly those of the prehispanic northern American Southwest, are embryonic in scope and disciplinary impact. When burning has been mentioned in such studies it typically has been with reference to its alleged effectiveness in clearing land or deforesting areas for maize agriculture. In this article, in contrast, we present the results of our initial efforts to estimate the yield and socioecological consequences of cultivating a common fire-responsive ruderal—amaranth—whose growth is enabled by anthropogenic burning of understory vegetation in the Southwest's pinyon-juniper ecosystems. With data from the Upper Basin (northern Arizona), we show that, in an area that is not environmentally conducive to maize production, populations could be supported with systematic, low-intensity anthropogenic fires that promoted the growth of amaranth and other ruderals, such as chenopodium, which consistently dominate archaeobotanical and pollen assemblages recovered from a variety of archaeological and sedimentary contexts in the region. Based on this evidence, as well as modern fire ecological data, we propose that fire-reliant ruderal agriculture, in contrast to maize agriculture, was a widespread, sustainable, and ecologically sound practice that enhanced food supply security independently of variation in soil fertility and precipitation.

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21

Zamora, Robert J., F. Martin Ralph, Edward Clark y Timothy Schneider. "The NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed Soil Moisture Observing Networks: Design, Instrumentation, and Preliminary Results". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 1129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1465.1.

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Abstract The NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed (HMT) program has deployed soil moisture observing networks in the watersheds of the Russian River and the North Fork (NF) of the American River in northern California, and the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona. These networks were designed to serve the combined needs of the hydrological, meteorological, agricultural, and climatological communities for observations of soil moisture on time scales that range from minutes to decades. The networks are a major component of the HMT program that has been developed to accelerate the development and infusion of new observing technologies, modeling methods, and recent scientific research into the National Weather Service (NWS) offices and to help focus research and development efforts on key hydrological and meteorological forecast problems. These forecast problems are not only of interest to the NWS, but they also play a crucial role in providing input to water managers who work at the national, state, and local government levels to provide water for human consumption, agriculture, and other needs. The HMT soil moisture networks have been specifically designed to capture the changes in soil moisture that are associated with heavy precipitation events and runoff from snowpack during the melt season. This paper describes the strategies used to site the networks and sensors as well as the selection, testing, and calibration of the soil moisture probes. In addition, two illustrative examples of the data gathered by the networks are shown. The first example shows changes in soil moisture observed before and during a flood event on the Babocomari River tributary of the San Pedro River near Sierra Vista, Arizona, on 23 July 2008. The second example examines a 5-yr continuous time series of soil moisture gathered at Healdsburg, California. The time series illustrates the transition from a multiyear wet period to exceptionally dry conditions from a soil moisture perspective.

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22

Peterson, G. L., K. L. Kosta, D. L. Glenn y J. G. Phillips. "Utilization of Soil Solarization for Eliminating Viable Tilletia indica Teliospores from Arizona Wheat Fields". Plant Disease 92, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2008): 1604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-12-1604.

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Studies were conducted in Arizona to determine the efficacy of soil solarization for killing teliospores of the soilborne fungal wheat pathogen Tilletia indica. In a replicated study conducted in each of 3 years, T. indica teliospores and bunted wheat kernels were buried in a Karnal bunt-infested wheat field at depths of 5, 10, and 20 cm. Replicate samples were removed from under a clear plastic solarization cover at 7-day intervals and the number of viable teliospores determined. A rapid decline in teliospore viability occurred at all treatment depths over 38 days, with efficacy comparable with methyl bromide protocols using clear plastic sheeting. Initial viability rates of 43, 71, and 82% germination were reduced to 0.1, 7.7, and 0.2% after 38 days (across all depths) in 2003, 2005, and 2006, respectively. Mean daily maximum soil temperatures at 5 and 20 cm under clear plastic in 2003, 2005, and 2006 were 67, 53 and 60°C and 43, 38, and 43°C, respectively. Under current United States Department of Agriculture disease management strategies, the method may be useful for the rapid deregulation of Karnal bunt-affected fields.

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23

Dean, Rebecca M. "Site-Use Intensity, Cultural Modification of the Environment, and the Development of Agricultural Communities in Southern Arizona". American Antiquity 70, n.º 3 (julio de 2005): 403–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035307.

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Some non-prey animals, including certain rodent and bird species, are particularly good indicators of local environments, and are argued to provide an alternative way to look at the emergence of sedentism before, during, and after the transition to agriculture. With the first villages and irrigated fields, human impacts on the environment opened new ecological niches and affected the composition of local pest populations. Some of these animals would have been attracted to the new food sources available in village environments, while others may have been driven away by the destruction of their habitat. In southern Arizona, changes in archaeological pest assemblages are a source of information on the degree of site-use intensity prehistorically and how it changed through the Archaic and Hohokam cultural sequence. Faunal data from the Hohokam region suggest that the earliest farmers in the region were not significantly more sedentary than their Middle Archaic predecessors, and indeed site-use intensity did not increase substantially until well after the introduction of domestic plants.

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24

SCHNEIDER, J. L., P. L. WHITE, J. WEISS, D. NORTON, J. LIDGARD, L. H. GOULD, B. YEE, D. J. VUGIA y J. MOHLE-BOETANI. "Multistate Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Newport Infections Associated with Ground Beef, October to December 2007". Journal of Food Protection 74, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2011): 1315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-046.

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In late October 2007, an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport infections affected 42 case patients in California, Arizona, Idaho, and Nevada. A case-control study implicated ground beef from one chain store. Despite detailed ground beef purchase histories—including shopper card information for several case patients—traceback efforts by both the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service and the California Department of Public Health were unable to identify the source of contamination. Case patients consumed multiple types of ground beef products purchased at numerous chain store A retail locations. These stores had received beef products for grinding from multiple beef slaughter–processing establishments. Detailed retail grinding logs and grinding policies that prevent cross-contamination between batches of ground beef products are crucial in the identification of contaminated beef products associated with foodborne illness.

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25

Farrell, Mary M. y Jeffery F. Burton. "Dating Tom Ketchum: The Role of Chronometric Determinations in Rock Art Analysis". North American Archaeologist 13, n.º 3 (enero de 1993): 219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3krr-q0ak-qnth-641l.

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Rock art analysis has been used both to provide insight into prehistoric symbolism and ceremony, and to measure prehistoric interaction and communication. But chronological control, essential to distinguishing functional or social differences from temporal differences, has been difficult to establish. No one method of dating has yet proven completely reliable or applicable. Accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon dating, at the Tom Ketchum Cave pictograph site in southeastern Arizona, provides one of the first examples of direct independent dating of rock art. The dates suggest the pictographs may have been created during a time when subsistence patterns were shifting from Archaic hunter and gatherer traditions to more agriculture-based subsistence. The Tom Ketchum Cave artists broke from the abstract style more common in the region to represent game animals and hunters, perhaps to ensure success in a disappearing way of life.

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Ayankojo, Ibukun Timothy, Kelly R. Thorp, Kelly Morgan, Kritika Kothari y Srinivasulu Ale. "Assessing the Impacts of Future Climate on Cotton Production in the Arizona Low Desert". Transactions of the ASABE 63, n.º 4 (2020): 1087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13731.

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HighlightsCotton yield was reduced significantly under projected future climate conditions for the Arizona low desert (ALD). Of all the weather variables, yield reduction was primarily due to projected increases in daily maximum and minimum air temperatures.Cotton reproductive stages were more susceptible to heat stress than vegetative stages. Projected increases in air temperature may result in a slight increase in cotton growth or biomass production; however, heat stress significantly reduced fruit retention, leading to lower boll number and yield.Although future increases in CO2 may improve plant growth and productivity, the potential benefit of CO2 fertilization on cotton growth and yield in the ALD was offset by the projected increase in air temperature.The projected average seasonal irrigation requirement increased by at least 10%. This suggests that greater demand for freshwater withdrawal for agriculture can be expected in the future. Therefore, given the projected change in future climate, cotton cultivars tolerant of longer periods of high air temperature, changes in planting dates, and improved management practices for higher water productivity are critical needs for sustainable cotton production in the ALD.Abstract. Cotton is an important crop in Arizona, with a total cash value of approximately $200 million for fiber and cottonseed in 2018. In recent years, heat stress from increasing air temperature has reduced cotton productivity in the Arizona low desert (ALD); however, the effects of future climate on ALD cotton production have not been studied. In this study, the DSSAT CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton model was used to simulate the effects of future climate on cotton growth, yield, and water use in the ALD area. Projected climate forcings for the ALD were obtained from nine global climate models under two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). Cotton growth, yield, and water use were simulated for mid-century (2036 to 2065) and late century (2066 to 2095) and compared to the baseline (1980 to 2005). Results indicated that seed cotton yield was reduced by at least 40% and 51% by mid-century and late century, respectively, compared to the baseline. Of all the weather variables, the seasonal average maximum (R2 = 0.72) and minimum (R2 = 0.80) air temperatures were most correlated with yield reductions. Under the future climate conditions of the ALD, cotton growth or biomass accumulation slightly increased compared to the baseline. Irrigation requirements in the ALD increased by at least 10% and 14% by mid-century and late century, respectively. Increases in irrigation requirements were due to an increase in crop water use; hence, greater demand for freshwater withdrawal for agricultural purposes is anticipated in the future. Therefore, cotton cultivars that are tolerant of long periods of high air temperature and improved management practices that promote efficient crop water use are critical for future sustainability of cotton production in the ALD. Keywords: . Arid region, CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton, Future climate, Gossypium hirsutum L., Heat stress, Irrigation demand.

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Koch, Natalie. "AgTech in Arabia: 'spectacular forgetting' and the technopolitics of greening the desert". Journal of Political Ecology 26, n.º 1 (14 de diciembre de 2019): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23507.

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'AgTech' is the latest discourse about introducing new technologies to agricultural production. Researchers, corporations, and governments around the world are investing heavily in supporting its development. Abu Dhabi, the largest and wealthiest emirate in the UAE, has been among these supporters, recently announcing a massive scheme to support AgTech companies. Given the extreme temperatures and aridity of the Arabian Peninsula, several new start-ups have focused on 'controlled environment' facilities – hydroponics and aeroponics in various kinds of greenhouses. Despite the narrative of novelty touted by these companies, this is not the UAE's first foray with bringing ultra-modern or 'scientific' greenhouses to the Arabian Peninsula – a large University of Arizona project did so in Abu Dhabi from 1969-1974. Yet that project is largely forgotten today, including among today's new AgTech entrepreneurs. This article investigates why this is the case and, more generally, why the systematic failures of high-modernist, spectacular projects like those to green the desert are so routinely forgotten. In analyzing the story linking AgTech in Arabia 50 years ago and today, I show how 'spectacular forgetting' is related to the technopolitics of spectacle, but also rooted in geopolitical discourses and spatial imaginaries particular to each historical moment.Keywords: spectacle; desert greening; AgTech; agriculture; Arabian Peninsula; United Arab Emirates

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Irish, Joel D. y Donatella Usai. "The transition from hunting–gathering to agriculture in Nubia: dental evidence for and against selection, population continuity and discontinuity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, n.º 1952 (9 de junio de 2021): 20210969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0969.

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Some researchers posit population continuity between Late Palaeolithic hunter–gatherers of the late Pleistocene and Holocene agriculturalists from Lower (northern) Nubia, in northeast Africa. Substantial craniodental differences in these time-successive groups are suggested to result from in situ evolution. Specifically, these populations are considered a model example for subsistence-related selection worldwide in the transition to agriculture. Others question continuity, with findings indicating that the largely homogeneous Holocene populations differ significantly from late Pleistocene Lower Nubians. If the latter are representative of the local populace, post-Pleistocene discontinuity is implied. So who was ancestral to the Holocene agriculturalists? Dental morphological analyses of 18 samples (1075 individuals), including one dated to the 12th millennium BCE from Al Khiday, near the Upper Nubian border, may provide an answer. It is the first Late Palaeolithic sample ( n = 55) recovered within the region in approximately 50 years. Using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System to record traits and multivariate statistics to estimate biological affinities, Al Khiday is comparable to several Holocene samples, yet also highly divergent from contemporaneous Lower Nubians. Thus, population continuity is indicated after all, but with late Pleistocene Upper—rather than Lower Nubians as originally suggested—assuming dental traits are adequate proxies for ancient DNA.

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29

Koeltzow, Donald E. y Steven N. Tanner. "Comparative Evaluation of Commercially Available Aflatoxin Test Methods". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 1990): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.4.584.

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Abstract Five qualitative methods and 1 quantitative aflatoxin analytical method were compared with the Holaday-Velasco (HV) mlnlcolumn and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods for corn In an evaluation Involving 4 U.S. Department of Agriculture Federal Grain Inspection Service (USDA-FGIS) laboratories, 1 laboratory at the University of Georgia, and 1 laboratory at the University of Arizona. Samples analyzed Included 1 set of artificially contaminated corn containing both aflatoxin B1 and B2 (ratio of B1:B2 of 92:8), 1 set of artificially contaminated corn containing only aflatoxin B1t and 1 set of naturally contaminated corn. Levels of total aflatoxin tested were 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 ppb. Results of analysis of these samples with each method evaluated are reported. Chl-square analyses Indicated that performance of the Afla-20-Cup, Aflatest, EZ-Screen, OXOID, and SAM-A methods was not statistically different from that of the HV mlnlcolumn. Agri-Screen results were not statistically different from those obtained with TLC.

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30

Allen, T. W., D. C. Jones, T. N. Boratynski, R. E. Ykema y C. M. Rush. "Application of the Humid Thermal Index for Relating Bunted Kernel Incidence to Soilborne Tilletia indica Teliospores in an Arizona Durum Wheat Field". Plant Disease 93, n.º 7 (julio de 2009): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-7-0713.

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A study was conducted to determine the relationship between soilborne Tilletia indica teliospore density and Karnal bunt incidence in an Arizona durum wheat field in 2005 and 2006. Soil samples were collected from 507 sample points according to a grid marked in a 7.7-ha field. Approximately 500 g of soil from the top 5 cm was collected from each sample point, and teliospores were recovered from 25-g aliquots by a modified size-selective sieving, sucrose centrifugation procedure. Twenty-five and 50 wheat heads were collected from a 1-m2 area around each sample point in May 2005 and June 2006, respectively. Wheat head samples from each sample point were bulked, threshed, and examined for the presence of bunted kernels. Additionally, data for soilborne teliospores and percent bunted kernels from 70 sample points in 2005 and 2006 that corresponded to sample points from a 2004 bunted kernel survey conducted by the USDA and Arizona Department of Agriculture were analyzed. Soilborne teliospore numbers ranged from 6 to 1,000 per 25-g soil sample in the 2-year study. No bunted kernels were recovered in 2005; however, two sample points yielded bunted kernels in 2006. Weather data from three time periods in 2004, 2005, and 2006 were applied to the humid thermal index model and suggested that a conducive environment for disease development existed in 2005. Based on the data from this research, we concluded that even though high numbers of soilborne teliospores were present in the field, and although a conducive environment was present for disease to develop on only one occasion, a direct relationship between soilborne teliospores and disease incidence may not exist.

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31

Mpanga, Isaac K., Gunter Neumann, Ursula K. Schuch y Jeff Schalau. "Sustainable Agriculture Practices as a Driver for Increased Harvested Cropland among Large‐Scale Growers in Arizona: A Paradox for Small‐Scale Growers". Advanced Sustainable Systems 4, n.º 4 (abril de 2020): 1900143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201900143.

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32

Cameron, Catherine M. "Wandering Villagers: Pit Structures, Mobility and Agriculture in Southeastern Arizona. Patricia A. Gilman. 1997. Anthropological Research Papers No. 49, Arizona State University, Tempe. xii + 216 pp., 53 figures, 54 tables, 5 appendixes, references. $25.00 (paper)." American Antiquity 63, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694793.

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33

Coltrain, Joan Brenner, Joel C. Janetski y Shawn W. Carlyle. "The Stable- and Radio-Isotope Chemistry of Western Basketmaker Burials: Implications for Early Puebloan Diets and Origins". American Antiquity 72, n.º 2 (abril de 2007): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035815.

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The timing and degree of reliance on maize agriculture in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest has been a central issue in studies that examine the origins of Puebloan society. Both diffusionist (various, but see Wills 1995) and migrationist (Berry and Berry 1986; Matson 1991) models have been proposed to explain the processes responsible for the movement of maize (Zea mays) north into the Four Corners region. This paper reports bone collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values with paired accelerator radiocarbon dates on a large collection of human remains from western Basketmaker II/III sites in Marsh Pass and other areas of northeastern Arizona, as well as data on a small number of Puebloan remains including Chacoan Great House burials. The results make clear that Basketmaker II people were heavily dependent on maize by 400 B.C. Moreover, their degree of dependence is similar to that of Pueblo II and III farmers of the Four Corners region. These findings and the apparent rapidity of maize dependence support a migrationist model for the origins of maize farming in the northern Southwest.

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34

Burnham, Philip C. "Settlement Ecology: The Social and Spatial Organization of Kofyar Agriculture. Glenn Davis Stone. 1996. Arizona Studies in Human Ecology, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, xv + 257 pp., 39 illustrations, 9 tables, 1 appendix, references, index. $47.50 (cloth)." American Antiquity 63, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694715.

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35

Ray, Dennis T., Joy J. Winzerling y Michael E. Staten. "Career Skills: Our Process and Where We Are Today". HortTechnology 27, n.º 5 (octubre de 2017): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03671-17.

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Feedback from employers, internship supervisors, and graduate schools tells us that we are doing a good job of teaching students academically/technically, but our graduates require greater training in communications, critical thinking/problem solving, and leadership/management. Because of their long-term importance to our graduates, we call these “career skills.” To address this issue a task force was established, and over a 2-year period, this group defined the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [CALS (University of Arizona, Tucson)] Students Career Skills Competencies and vetted them through college faculty and more than 50 companies. We divided the CALS Student Career Skills Competencies into three categories: 1) communication skills, 2) critical thinking/problem solving skills, and 3) leadership/management skills. We are currently asking each degree-granting unit in the college how they do, or will, incorporate these competencies into their curricula, with the idea of incorporating the competencies into existing courses first, to avoid increasing the number of required credit hours for graduation and time to degree. Our goal is that by graduation, each student should have had multiple opportunities to hone each of these competencies.

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36

Wasserman, Tzeidle N., Andrew J. Sánchez Meador y Amy E. M. Waltz. "Grain and Extent Considerations Are Integral for Monitoring Landscape-Scale Desired Conditions in Fire-Adapted Forests". Forests 10, n.º 6 (29 de mayo de 2019): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060465.

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Remotely-sensed data are commonly used to evaluate forest metrics, such as canopy cover, to assess change detection, and to inform land management planning. Often, canopy cover is measured only at the scale of the spatial data product used in the analysis, and there is a mismatch between the management question and the scale of the data. We compared four readily available remotely sensed landscape data products— Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery —at different spatial grains and multiple extents to assess their consistency and efficacy for quantifying key landscape characteristics of forest canopy patches and sensitivity to change. We examined landscape-scale patterns of forest canopy cover across three landscapes in northern Arizona and assessed their performance using six landscape metrics. Changes in grain and extent affect canopy cover patch metrics and the inferences that can be made from each data product. Overall data products performed differently across landscape metrics. When performing analyses and choosing data layers, it is essential to match the scale of the data product to the management question and understand the limitations inherent in using canopy cover as a stand-alone metric.

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37

Preucel, Robert W. "Foraging, farming and village formation in the American Southwest". Antiquity 93, n.º 370 (agosto de 2019): 1092–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.100.

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Over 30 years ago, Paul Minnis (1985) proposed the distinction between ‘pristine domestication’ and ‘primary crop acquisition’. The former refers to the initial domestication of wild plant resources and is characterised by only a dozen or so places in the world, most notably China, the Near East and Mesoamerica. The latter refers to the local integration of crops that were domesticated elsewhere and is the more common process. The American Southwest, here defined as the U.S. states of Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, and the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua, is a classic case of primary crop acquisition. Cultigens, first maize and then squash and beans, originally domesticated in Mesoamerica, were brought north by immigrant groups who joined with local hunter-gatherer communities. The introduction of these cultigens did not initiate major immediate changes in ecological or social relationships, instead the shift to agriculture as the central subsistence practice took millennia. Just why this is the case continues to be hotly debated. The two volumes under review offer new data and valuable syntheses relevant to scholars interested in the interrelationships between the adoption of cultigens, mixed mobility strategies, and trade and exchange relationships.

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38

Rae, Ruth A. "Arcology, Arcosanti and the Green Urbanism Vision". Open House International 41, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2016-b0008.

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Arcosanti is a prototype city being built based on the visionary architect Paolo Soleri’s principles of Arcology which integrates architecture with ecology. Arcology proposes a compact three-dimensional urban form to provide a lean alternative to the unsustainable urban sprawl city form found in most of America. In its reduction of dependence on the automobile, reliance on pedestrian transportation, proximity to nature and proposal to have agriculture integrated into the city, Arcology is a vision of Green Urbanism. The design of Arcosanti incorporates Biophilic principles that preserve the biodiverse natural landscape, has a compact organic form, and functions with a circular metabolism that is analogous to nature when complete. Arcosanti, located in central Arizona, was begun in 1970 as an urban laboratory, and has been constructed by over 7,000 workshop volunteers over the past 45 years. Following Soleri's death in 2013, the Cosanti Foundation has established a Strategic Planning Steering Committee to help guide the continued development of Arcosanti as a prototype Arcology. The Strategic Plan will provide a framework for future organization and development. This article examines how the concept of Arcology and the development of the Arcosanti prototype encompasses principles of Green Urbanism and sustainable development.

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39

Waters, Michael R. y John C. Ravesloot. "Landscape Change and the Cultural Evolution of the Hohokam along the Middle Gila River and Other River Valleys in South-Central Arizona". American Antiquity 66, n.º 2 (abril de 2001): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694609.

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Changes in river floodplain morphology can have devastating consequences for irrigation agriculturalists. Channel erosion occurred in the late nineteenth century, on the flood plain of the middle Gila River, Arizona and severely impacted the native Akimel O' odham (Pima) farmers. Prior to the Akimel O' odham, the prehistoric Hohokam also pursued irrigation agriculture along this river. Geoarchaeological investigations of the Gila River flood plain document a major period of channel cutting and widening sometime between A.D. 1020 to 1160. This channel erosion is coincident with the partial abandonment of large Hohokam villages and significant population rearrangements. It also marks the beginning of a major social reorganization when ball-courts were replaced by platform mounds as the social integrative structure and the Hohokam sphere of influence contracted. Other rivers utilized by the Hohokam—the Santa Cruz River, San Pedro River, and Tonto Creek-also experienced channel cutting between A.D. 1050 and 1150. Thus, a regional episode of channel erosion appears to have been a major factor that contributed to the reorganization seen in the Hohokam archaeological record. These synchronous landscape changes would have severely impacted Hohokam irrigation systems and food production capabilities. This undoubtedly created stresses within Hohokam society which in turn may have accelerated social, political, economic, ideological, and demographic changes that were already underway.

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40

Berbeka, Tomasz y Krzysztof Rutkiewicz. "FARM STRUCTURES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERCA IN THE YEARS 1978-2017 – SELECTED ASPECTS". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, n.º 1 (3 de febrero de 2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7906.

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The aim of the study was an attempt to assess the level of changes in the agricultural farm structure of the United States of America within the years 1978-2017 in the he area. The main purpose of the study was to determine the share and dynamics in selected farm area groups in the process of farm area changes. The number of farms in the years 1978-2017 decreased from 2.29 million to 2.04 million (a decrease of 11%), while the area occupied by these farms decreased from 1,353 million acres to 900 million acres (down 33.5%) [USDA 2017]. The article puts forward the hypothesis that due to the long period of observation and regional diversity in agriculture – area changes in farms will confirm significant differences in the rate at which this phenomenon has occurred. The study shows the significant diversification of land resources, dynamics within the number of farms and land utilization within selected states. While the number of farms in the period under consideration increased in 17 states, it decreased in 33 states. The average area of farms in the case of 25 states increased, while it also decreased in 25 cases. The aggregated ratio of farm structure changes was characteristic of states where the most significant changes in farm structure occurred (Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, New Mexico, North Carolina, Nevada and Massachusetts). Research confirmed relatively variable dynamics of farm area changes within a single country. Because of larger scale farms, in comparison to other countries (especially the EU region), the process of farm evolution seems to be slower and, in several cases, remains almost the same in terms of farm structure as 40 years ago. Farm area changes in the USA have shown significant spatial diversity.

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41

Sagan, Vasit, Maitiniyazi Maimaitijiang, Paheding Sidike, Kevin Eblimit, Kyle Peterson, Sean Hartling, Flavio Esposito et al. "UAV-Based High Resolution Thermal Imaging for Vegetation Monitoring, and Plant Phenotyping Using ICI 8640 P, FLIR Vue Pro R 640, and thermoMap Cameras". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 3 (7 de febrero de 2019): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030330.

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The growing popularity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in recent years, along with decreased cost and greater accessibility of both UAVs and thermal imaging sensors, has led to the widespread use of this technology, especially for precision agriculture and plant phenotyping. There are several thermal camera systems in the market that are available at a low cost. However, their efficacy and accuracy in various applications has not been tested. In this study, three commercially available UAV thermal cameras, including ICI 8640 P-series (Infrared Cameras Inc., USA), FLIR Vue Pro R 640 (FLIR Systems, USA), and thermoMap (senseFly, Switzerland) have been tested and evaluated for their potential for forest monitoring, vegetation stress detection, and plant phenotyping. Mounted on multi-rotor or fixed wing systems, these cameras were simultaneously flown over different experimental sites located in St. Louis, Missouri (forest environment), Columbia, Missouri (plant stress detection and phenotyping), and Maricopa, Arizona (high throughput phenotyping). Thermal imagery was calibrated using procedures that utilize a blackbody, handheld thermal spot imager, ground thermal targets, emissivityand atmospheric correction. A suite of statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis between camera temperature and plant biophysical and biochemical traits, and heritability were utilized in order to examine the sensitivity and utility of the cameras against selected plant phenotypic traits and in the detection of plant water stress. In addition, in reference to quantitative assessment of image quality from different thermal cameras, a non-reference image quality evaluator, which primarily measures image focus that is based on the spatial relationship of pixels in different scales, was developed. Our results show that (1) UAV-based thermal imaging is a viable tool in precision agriculture and (2) the three examined cameras are comparable in terms of their efficacy for plant phenotyping. Overall, accuracy, when compared against field measured ground temperature and estimating power of plant biophysical and biochemical traits, the ICI 8640 P-series performed better than the other two cameras, followed by FLIR Vue Pro R 640 and thermoMap cameras. Our results demonstrated that all three UAV thermal cameras provide useful temperature data for precision agriculture and plant phenotying, with ICI 8640 P-series presenting the best results among the three systems. Cost wise, FLIR Vue Pro R 640 is more affordable than the other two cameras, providing a less expensive option for a wide range of applications.

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42

French, J. M., R. J. Heerema, E. A. Gordon y N. P. Goldberg. "First Report of Septoria Leaf Spot of Pistachio in New Mexico". Plant Disease 93, n.º 7 (julio de 2009): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-7-0762c.

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In September of 2008, a Septoria sp., the causal agent of Septoria leaf spot of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was isolated from leaf lesions in an orchard in southern New Mexico. Tree fruit and nut crops including pistachios are becoming an increasingly important part of New Mexico's agricultural industry with total cash receipts of $103 million in 2007 (3). This preliminary positive for Septoria prompted a survey of pistachio-growing counties in the state. The surveyed orchards accounted for approximately 30% of the pistachio acreage in New Mexico. Results indicated that all five pistachio-growing counties had orchards infected with a Septoria sp. Isolates of Septoria from leaf lesions were identified as Septoria pistaciarum Caracc. based on the following symptoms and morphological characteristics of the fungus: leaf lesions were usually circular, 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter, and contained many pycnidia per lesion; pycnidia were dark, ostiolate, and measured 101 to 255 × 69 to 133 μm; and conidia were hyaline, filiform, contained 3 to 9 septa, and measured 3 to 4 × 60 to 149 μm. Most orchards were only mildly affected. In severe cases, hundreds of leaf lesions were present on diseased leaves; large sections of the leaves turned tan and some trees defoliated prematurely. This widespread occurrence of Septoria leaf spot in New Mexico in 2008 suggests that the disease had already been present in the state for several years. A higher average rainfall in the summer of 2008 provided excellent conditions for disease development. Because of the high amounts of inoculum currently present in New Mexico orchards, Septoria leaf spot may emerge as a recurring disease problem for pistachio producers. This disease was first reported in the United States in Texas in 1971 and was also reported in Arizona in 1989 (1,2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Septoria leaf spot of pistachio in New Mexico. References: (1) A. Chitzandis. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki 10:29, 1956. (2) J. L. Maas et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 55:72, 1971. (3) New Mexico Agricultural Statistics, Department of Agriculture, 2007. (4) D. J. Young and T. Michailides. Plant Dis. 73:775, 1989.

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43

Abbas, Abbas. "Description of the American Community of John Steinbeck’s Adventure in Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America 1960s". PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 12, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i2.738.

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This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.

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44

Wagner, David L., Richard Fox, Danielle M. Salcido y Lee A. Dyer. "A window to the world of global insect declines: Moth biodiversity trends are complex and heterogeneous". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n.º 2 (11 de enero de 2021): e2002549117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002549117.

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Moths are the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse insect taxon for which there exist considerable time-series abundance data. There is an alarming record of decreases in moth abundance and diversity from across Europe, with rates varying markedly among and within regions. Recent reports from Costa Rica reveal steep cross-lineage declines of caterpillars, while other sites (Ecuador and Arizona, reported here) show no or only modest long-term decreases over the past two decades. Rates of decline for dietary and ecological specialists are steeper than those for ecologically generalized taxa. Additional traits commonly associated with elevated risks include large wingspans, small geographic ranges, low dispersal ability, and univoltinism; taxa associated with grasslands, aridlands, and nutrient-poor habitats also appear to be at higher risk. In temperate areas, many moth taxa limited historically by abiotic factors are increasing in abundance and range. We regard the most important continental-scale stressors to include reductions in habitat quality and quantity resulting from land-use change and climate change and, to a lesser extent, atmospheric nitrification and introduced species. Site-specific stressors include pesticide use and light pollution. Our assessment of global macrolepidopteran population trends includes numerous cases of both region-wide and local losses and studies that report no declines. Spatial variation of reported losses suggests that multiple stressors are in play. With the exception of recent reports from Costa Rica, the most severe examples of moth declines are from Northern Hemisphere regions of high human-population density and intensive agriculture.

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45

Kubota, Chieri, Cynthia A. Thomson, Min Wu y Jamal Javanmardi. "Controlled Environments for Production of Value-added Food Crops with High Phytochemical Concentrations: Lycopene in Tomato as an Example". HortScience 41, n.º 3 (junio de 2006): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.522.

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Plants produce various phytochemicals that are of nutritional and medicinal value to humans. Phytochemicals having antioxidant capacity are drawing increased interest from consumers. Population studies among Americans have consistently demonstrated inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables. Improving intake of fruit and vegetables has been a major public health effort for many years with minimal success. Given this, it seems opportunistic to consider other approaches to enhance the nutritional quality of the American diet. One plausible approach is the development of fresh produce containing a greater concentration of phytochemicals known to improve health, thus while consuming fewer servings of produce, Americans would still have significant exposure to health-promoting food constituents. Controlled environments provide a unique opportunity to modify the concentrations of selected phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables, yet practical information is limited regarding methods effective in optimizing antioxidant capacity. Our research at the University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Program has shown that application of moderate salt stress to tomato plants can enhance lycopene and potentially other antioxidant concentrations in fruit. The increase in lycopene in response to salt stress in the tomato fruit was shown to be cultivar specific, varying from 34% to 85%. Although the specific biological mechanisms involved in increasing fruit lycopene deposition has not been clearly elucidated, evidence suggests that increasing antioxidant concentrations is a primary physiological response of the plant to the salt stress. Another experiment showed that low temperature during postharvest increased antioxidant capacity of tomato fruit while it maintained the lycopene concentration. More detailed study in this area is needed including accumulation of antioxidant phytochemicals as affected by environmental conditions during the cultivation and the postharvest.

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46

Torto, Nelson. "Preface". Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2013): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20138512iv.

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The fourth conference of the African Network for Analytical Chemists (SEANAC) took place in Maputo, Mozambique, 8-11 July 2012. The SEANAC conferences are always characterized by pre-symposium workshops that are meant to address various aspects for students. In Maputo, on day one, a workshop on "Sample preparation" was given by Dr. Ron Majors of Agilent Technologies. On day two, Dr. Sharon Neal of the National Science Foundation (USA) gave a workshop on "Writing effective grants". On the same day, Dr. Jean Pemberton of Arizona University (USA) gave a workshop on "The basics of writing a good manuscript" and Dr. Jorge Gardea-Torresdey of Texas University at El Paso (USA) gave a workshop on "How to get published in scientific journals". Five keynote lectures were given: "Electrospun sorbents and colorometric probes", Prof. N. Torto, Rhodes University (South Africa); "Pressurized fluid technology in green analytical chemistry", Prof. Charlotta Turner, Lund University (Sweden); "The speciation of mercury in soil, water and ambient air: Analytical protocols and detection", Prof. Andrew Crouch, University of Witwatersrand (South Africa); "Advances in biological and food sample method development by GCxGC/TOF-MS", Prof. Jean-Marie Dimandja, LECO (USA); and "Use of synchrotron techniques to study the environmental implications of nanoparticles in the environment: The case of terrestrial plants", Prof. Jorge Gardea-Torresdey, University of Texas at El Paso (USA). In the main conference, 5 plenary as well as 40 lectures were presented. The papers published in this issue reflect the main areas of focus at the conference, as they covered aspects of agriculture, environment, health, and emerging applications based on nanotechnology.Nelson Torto Conference Editor

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47

Locascio, Salvadore J. "Management of Irrigation for Vegetables: Past, Present, and Future". HortTechnology 15, n.º 3 (enero de 2005): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0482.

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Vegetables are grown throughout the U.S. on various soil types and in various climates. Irrigation is essential to supplement rainfall in all areas to minimize plant water stress. In the U.S., irrigated vegetable production accounts for about 1.9 million ha or 7.5% of the irrigated area. California, Florida, Idaho, Washington, Texas, Nebraska, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Arizona account for 80% of the U.S. production of irrigated vegetables. In the U.S., surface and subsurface (seepage) irrigation systems were used initially and are currently used on 45% of all irrigated crops with a water use efficiency of 33%. Sprinkler or overhead irrigation systems were developed in the 1940s and are currently used extensively throughout the vegetable industry. Sprinkler systems are used on 50% of the irrigated crop land and have a water use efficiency of 75%. In the late 1960s, microirrigation (drip or trickle) systems were developed and have slowly replaced many of the sprinkler and some of the seepage systems. Microirrigation is currently used on 5% of irrigated crops. This highly efficient water system (90% to 95%) is widely used on high value vegetables, particularly polyethylene-mulched tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), pepper (Capsicum annuum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa), and cucurbits. Some advantages of drip irrigation over sprinkler include reduced water use, ability to apply fertilizer with the irrigation, precise water distribution, reduced foliar diseases, and the ability to electronically schedule irrigation on large areas with relatively smaller pumps. Drip systems also can be used as subsurface drip systems placed at a depth of 60 to 90 cm. These systems are managed to control the water table, similar to that accomplished with subsurface irrigation systems, but with much greater water use efficiency. Future irrigation concerns include continued availability of water for agriculture, management of nutrients to minimize leaching, and continued development of cultural practices that maximize crop production and water use efficiency.

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48

W.A.Al- juthery, Hayyawi y Qusay M.N.Al-Shami. "The Effect of Fertigation with Nano NPK Fertilizers on Some Parameters of Growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)". Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN: 2077-5822 , E-ISSN: 2617-1479) 9, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33794/qjas.vol9.iss2.93.

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A field experimentt has been carried out in the Autumn season of 2017 in one of the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Qadisiyah to determine the response of the potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) to the fertigation with nano fertilizers of macro elements NPK on the growth and yield of the potato cultivar Arizona under drip irrigation system. The experiment has included 9 treatments of fertigation single Nano N, P, K, di combination nano (N+P), (N+K), (P+K), tri nano (N+P+K) and conventional fertilizers (NPK20:20:20) In addition to the comparative treatment, according to design of RCBD and one way simple treatment with 4 replicates .Fertilizers have been injected with levels of addition of 40L h-1of nano nitrogen fertilizer 25%N, 10 kg h-1 of nano phosphorus fertilizer 25% P and 20 kg h-1 of nano potassium fertilizer 35% K and 300 kg h-1traditional fertilizer Tron (NPK 20:20:20) ) in four batches 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the quantities of fertilizers added to the first, second, third and fourth batches respectively. The growth parameters tested areplant height, chlorophyll content in leaves, vegetative dry matter yield, soft tubers yield, biological yield, dry tubers yield, starch, protein , The results of the Duncan test under a significant level of 0.05 showe that the following fertigation of nano (N+P+K) give has given the highest rate of vegetative qualities and the quality of all yield and significantly exceeded the di combinations and individual fertigation in some traits (plant height and chlorophyll content SPAD.higher nano(N+P+K) combination in the vegetative yield, the soft tubers yield, the biological yield, dry matter yield of tubers, the total yield protein and starch (2.148, 48.221, 11.395, 9.246,843. 871 and 6.355 Mg h-1) .

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Doolittle, William E. "Traditional Arid Lands Agriculture: Understanding the Past for the Future. Scott E. Ingram and Robert C. Hunt, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2015, 392 pp. $70.00, cloth. ISBN 978-0-8165-3129-5." Journal of Anthropological Research 72, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/689347.

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Batterbury, S. "(i)Rebuilding the Local Landscape: Environmental Management in Burkina Faso, C. Howorth. Ashgate, Aldershot, 1999. ISBN 1-84014-846-2, �35.00 (hardback), xi + 172 pp.?(ii)Settlement Ecology: The Social and Spatial Organisation of Kofyar Agriculture, G. Stone. Arizona Studies in Human Ecology, Arizona University Press, Tuscon, 1996. ISBN 0-8165-1567-0, $47.50 (hardback), xv + 256 pp." Land Degradation & Development 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.427.

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