Artículos de revistas: "AIDS in three stages"

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Reichert, David A., and Robert A. MacGuffie. "AIDS: An Overview for Rehabilitation Counselors." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 19, no. 2 (1988): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.19.2.34.

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This article presented an overview of AIDS. The disability involves three diagnoses: HIV Antibody Positive Tests, AIDS Related Complexes and AIDS. AIDS is transmitted through sexual intercourse, sharing unclean needles and use of contaminated blood. AIDS is incurable although the use of Azidothymidine (AZT) has shown some promise. Three categories of clients involving four stages of reaction are presented. Rehabilitation counselor interventions and vocational implications are discussed.

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Eyer-Silva, Walter A., Maria Alessandra Leite Freire, Mary Lúcia Gayão, Carlos Alberto Basílio-de-Oliveira, and Mariza G. Morgado. "Epidemiologic features of HIV infection in three municipalities of inner Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 49, no. 5 (2007): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652007000500006.

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In Brazil relatively little attention is being paid to the study of the features of the spread of the AIDS epidemic towards small cities and rural areas. We report a descriptive study on the epidemiological features of HIV infection among 208 adult patients seen between July 1999 and May 2006 in the municipal HIV/AIDS Programs of three cities of inner Rio de Janeiro State: Saquarema, Santo Antonio de Pádua and Miracema. A portrait of a heterosexual epidemic emerged, with an overall male to female ratio of 1.1. More than 90% were residents of the studied cities, demonstrating a local demand for HIV-related assistance and the importance of municipal HIV/AIDS Programs. Past or current use of snorted cocaine was reported by a quarter of the patients. Older age and male gender were independent predictors of having a diagnosis of AIDS at presentation. The latter is in accordance with a more recent wave of epidemic spread towards female gender. A low frequency of male circumcision, an important determinant of heterosexual HIV transmission, was recorded. Almost 60% of the patients first presented in advanced stages of HIV infection, suggesting the existence of a large pool of undiagnosed cases in the community.

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Ma, Chuang, Yanhong Zhou, and Sheng-He Huang. "Inequalities and Duality in Gene Coexpression Networks of HIV-1 Infection Revealed by the Combination of the Double-Connectivity Approach and the Gini's Method." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/926407.

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The symbiosis (Sym) and pathogenesis (Pat) is a duality problem of microbial infection, including HIV/AIDS. Statistical analysis of inequalities and duality in gene coexpression networks (GCNs) of HIV-1 infection may gain novel insights into AIDS. In this study, we focused on analysis of GCNs of uninfected subjects and HIV-1-infected patients at three different stages of viral infection based on data deposited in the GEO database of NCBI. The inequalities and duality in these GCNs were analyzed by the combination of the double-connectivity (DC) approach and the Gini's method. DC analysis reveals that there are significant differences between positive and negative connectivity in HIV-1 stage-specific GCNs. The inequality measures of negative connectivity and edge weight are changed more significantly than those of positive connectivity and edge weight in GCNs from the HIV-1 uninfected to the AIDS stages. With the permutation test method, we identified a set of genes with significant changes in the inequality and duality measure of edge weight. Functional analysis shows that these genes are highly enriched for the immune system, which plays an essential role in the Sym-Pat duality (SPD) of microbial infections. Understanding of the SPD problems of HIV-1 infection may provide novel intervention strategies for AIDS.

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Billard, L., and Zhen Zhao. "Three-stage stochastic epidemic model: an application to AIDS." Mathematical Biosciences 107, no. 2 (1991): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(91)90018-e.

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Nunes Rosado, Flavia G., Doha M. Itani, Cheryl M. Coffin, and Justin M. Cates. "Utility of Immunohistochemical Staining With FLI1, D2-40, CD31, and CD34 in the Diagnosis of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome–Related and Non–Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Related Kaposi Sarcoma." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 136, no. 3 (2012): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2011-0213-oa.

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Context.—Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor frequently associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection, advanced age, or iatrogenic immunosuppression. Immunohistochemistry for CD31 and CD34, and more recently for FLI1 and D2-40, has been used as ancillary diagnostic tests for KS, despite little information regarding the sensitivities and differential staining patterns of the latter 2 markers in the major clinical subtypes and histologic stages of KS. Objective.—This retrospective study aims to assess the prevalence of the vascular markers D2-40 and FLI1 in the main clinical subgroups and tumor stages of KS. Design.—Twenty-four cases of KS (12 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]–related cases and 12 non–AIDS-related cases; 11 nodular-stage and 13 patch/plaque–stage KS) were stained for CD34, CD31, D2-40, and FLI1 by immunohistochemistry. The distribution of immunoreactivity was compared between the clinical subtypes and tumor stages of KS using the Mann-Whitney test. Results.—CD31, CD34, D2-40, and FLI1 strongly and diffusely stained tumor cells in 75%, 92%, 67%, and 92% of AIDS-related cases and 58%, 92%, 67%, and 75% of non–AIDS-related cases, respectively. Differences in the proportions of positive cases between AIDS-related and non–AIDS-related cases did not reach statistical significance. No significant staining differences were observed between nodular- and patch/plaque–stage KS either. Conclusions.—There are no differences in the distribution of immunohistochemical reactivity for CD31, CD34, D2-40, or FLI1 between AIDS-related and non–AIDS-related KS or between nodular- and patch/plaque–stage KS. All of the markers studied demonstrated high sensitivity in both clinical settings and both stages of tumor progression.

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Holtgrave, David R. "Causes of the decline in AIDS deaths, United States, 1995–2002: prevention, treatment or both?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 12 (2005): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646205774988109.

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The decline in AIDS deaths in the USA between 1995 and 2002 has been attributed by Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to HIV treatments advances. The purpose of the present study is to assess whether this AIDS deaths decline was due entirely to treatment advances, to earlier prevention successes, or a combination of both. Secondarily, we quantitatively estimate the number of AIDS deaths averted (or delayed) by treatment advances over and above prevention effects. The study employed scenario analysis to address the research questions. To answer the primary research question, we examined whether three key predictions derived from the shape and peak of the HIV incidence curve in the USA (and the natural history of HIV disease in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]) about the shape and peak of the AIDS deaths curve were upheld (e.g., one prediction was that the peak of the AIDS deaths curve should occur 10–12 years after the peak of the HIV incidence curve). To the extent that these predictions are supported, there is evidence that earlier HIV prevention efforts impacted the number of AIDS deaths later in the epidemic. To answer the second research question, the observed annual AIDS deaths curve (1995–2002) was compared with three estimated AIDS deaths curves that may have occurred had HAART never became available. Three estimations were employed to reflect a range of assumptions about the lag between the flattening of HIV incidence in the USA and the flattening of AIDS deaths (i.e., 10, 11 or 12 years). For any one of the three-scenario analyses, the quantitative area between the 'observed' and 'estimated' AIDS deaths curves provide an estimate of the number of AIDS deaths averted by HIV/AIDS treatments. The three predictions from the HIV incidence curve (and the pre-HAART natural history of HIV disease) for determining the shape and peak of the AIDS deaths curve were supported thereby indicating the influence of past prevention efforts on recent AIDS deaths. However, the observed decline in AIDS deaths was more precipitous than predicted (indicating the influence of treatment advances). The scenario analyses indicated that between 33,480 and 41,784 AIDS deaths were averted (or delayed) between 1995 and 2002 as a function of treatment. That is, approximately, 206,037 AIDS deaths occurred between 1995 and 2002 (in the HAART era), but between 239,517 and 247,821 likely would have occurred without the advent of HAART. We conclude that both past prevention and current treatment services have lead to the AIDS deaths decline in the USA, and that HAART has averted between 33,480 and 41,784 AIDS deaths in the USA between 1995 and 2002 over and above the effects of early prevention efforts.

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Habibah, Ummu. "Stability Analysis of HIV/AIDS Model with Educated Subpopulation." CAUCHY 6, no. 4 (2021): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v6i4.10275.

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We had constructed mathematical model of HIV/AIDS with seven compartments. There were two different stages of infection and susceptible subpopulations. Two stages in infection subpopulation were an HIV-positive with consuming ARV such that this subpopulation can survive longer and an HIV-positive not consuming ARV. The susceptible subpopulation was divided into two, uneducated and educated susceptible subpopulations. The transmission coefficients from educated and uneducated subpopulations to infection stages were where (( and ) ( and )) In this paper, we consider the case of and were zero. We investigated local stability of the model solutions according to the basic reproduction number as a threshold of disease transmission. The disease-free and endemic equilibrium points were locally asymptotically stable when and respectively. To support the analytical results, numerical simulation was conducted.

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LEWIS, FRASER, and DAVID GREENHALGH. "EFFECTS OF VARIABLE INFECTIVITY ON THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS." Journal of Biological Systems 09, no. 01 (2001): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339001000323.

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In this paper we develop and analyse a model for the spread of HIV/AIDS amongst a population of injecting drug users. We examine the impact on the spread of disease caused by allowing addicts to progress through three distinct stages of variable infectivity prior to the onset of full blown AIDS. We first state a three stage infectivity model of the transmission of HIV and perform an equilibrium and stability analysis on this model. We find that there is a critical threshold parameter R0 which determines its behaviour. If R0≤1 then there is a unique disease-free equilibrium which is globally stable. If R0>1 then there is a unique endemic equilibrium which is locally stable. Simulations indicate that if R0>1, then provided disease is initially present it will tend to the endemic equilibrium. We also extend this model to include recruitment and mortality from AIDS, and find that its long-term behaviour is similar to that of the simple model. We then look briefly at a stochastic version of the model and simulations indicate that again the disease dies out if R0<1 and if R0>1 the long-term conditional mean prevalence of disease is approximately the same as in the simple model. We examine the implications of our results for the prevention of the spread of HIV and AIDS amongst drug users. A short discussion concludes the paper.

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Wahyudi, Imam, and Fitri Wijayanti. "PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS COURSELAB PADA PRINSIP KERJA ENGINE BIDANG KEAHLIAN KENDARAAN RINGAN." Jurnal Poli-Teknologi 18, no. 3 (2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/pt.v18i3.2347.

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Development research focused on developing Courselab-based learning aids on the principle of Light Vehicle Engine Expertise which includes Student Books, Student Activity Sheets and Lesson Plans for grade XI SMK students. The model of development used in this research refers to the model of learning aids development of Dick & Carey which consists of three phases, namely (1) identification phase; at this stage the writing of goals and analysis of instructional learning is conducted, identifying initial behaviors and characteristics of the students, (2) development phase; at this stage the Courselab-based learning tools is developed by formulating the goals and the standard reference tests, as well as developing the strategies and the learning aids, (3) testing and evaluation phase. The developed Courselab-based learning aids has been validated by two experts with revision to obtain a result which is fit to use. The tests carried out in three stages, namely one-on-one testing, small group testing conducted at SMK Nasional Makassar to evaluate the practicality of the learning aids and limited testing conducted at SMK Darussalam Makassar to evaluate the practicality and the effectiveness of the learning aids. The research results show that the developed learning aids, after the validation, was declared valid. The learning aids is attributed practical as the students responded positively to the learning aids they used. The learning aids is considered effective as the students responded positively to the learning aids used. It has met the criteria of effectiveness, with the results: (1) student activities have met the predetermined tolerance limits, (2) the teacher activities have fulfilled the observed aspects, and (3) the student learning outcomes on the working engine principle materials have achieved completeness.

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Huang, Shao-Wei, and Tsen-Yao Chang. "Social Image Impacting Attitudes of Middle-Aged and Elderly People toward the Usage of Walking Aids: An Empirical Investigation in Taiwan." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (2020): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040543.

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The elderly need the assistance of walking aids due to deterioration of their physical functions. However, they are often less willing to use these aids because of their worries about how others may think of them. Not using professional walking aids often makes elderly people fall easily when walking. This study explores the behavioral intention factors of middle-aged people (45–64 years old) and elderly people (65 years and older) that affect the use of walking aids. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), subjective norms, attitude toward usage, behavior intention, safety, and usefulness were combined with social image to establish the research framework. This study used questionnaire surveys both in paper form assisted by volunteers and in online electronic form. A total of 457 questionnaires were collected. Data analysis was carried out in three stages: descriptive analysis, measurement model verification, and structural equation model analysis. The results showed that social image had a significant impact on the attitude toward using walking aids. Factors such as attitude toward usage, subjective norms, and safety of walking aids also had a significant positive impact on behavioral intention. Finally, through the research results, some suggestions are proposed for stakeholders to improve the elderly’s concerns about the social image of using walking aids.

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Rodrigues, Daniela Maria, Jéssica Ferreira Rodrigues, Vanessa Rios de Souza, João de Deus Souza Carneiro, and Soraia Vilela Borges. "Consumer preferences for Cerrado fruit preserves: a study using conjoint analysis." British Food Journal 120, no. 4 (2018): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2017-0187.

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Purpose One way to increase the availability and to add more value to exotic Brazilian fruits is to develop new products. However, prior to product development, there is a need to know consumer’s preferences and target audience. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of different characteristics of Cerrado fruit preserves on the intention to purchase using conjoint analysis. Design/methodology/approach Conjoint analysis evaluated three factors with three levels each, defined by focus group technique. The attributes and levels evaluated were: flavor (marolo, marolo and soursoup, marolo, soursoup and sweet passion fruit), nutritional information (light, diet and absent) and health claims (aids reduction of cardiovascular disease risk; aids reduction of blood cholesterol; aids activation and regulation of the gastrointestinal system). Findings The results of conjoint analysis led to three consumers’ groups. Group 1 (majority) were more influenced by flavor (IR=26.5 percent) and nutritional information (IR=59.3 percent). Groups 2 and 3 were greatly influenced by flavor and nutritional information, respectively. Health claims influenced weakly on the intention to purchase regardless the groups. Thus, the concept of Cerrado fruit preserves for each group was different. Originality/value This research contributes to future studies, supporting the development of products based on Cerrado fruits and the variety of products on the market. There are few research works using conjoint analysis to evaluate consumer preferences in the early stages of new product development, which makes this paper even more relevant.

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Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, and Tadesse Bedada Haye. "Factors Associated with Anemia among People Living with HIV/AIDS Taking ART in Ethiopia." Advances in Hematology 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9614205.

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Background. Globally, anemia, among people living with HIV/AIDS, is a major public health problem. It has a significant effect on the progression of HIV/AIDS to advanced stages and there are a number of factors that often affect anemia. However, there is little insight regarding factors affecting anemia among HIV/AIDS patients in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. This study aimed at investigating factors affecting anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS taking ART drug at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A hospital based cross-sectional study design was used to assess factors affecting anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS. Structured checklist was used to gather information from charts of patients selected by simple random sampling method. We analyzed the data to identify factors associated with anemia among people with HIV/AIDS using logistic regression models. Results. A total of 301 selected charts were reviewed. The median age was 38 ± 10.38. The majority (62.5%) of the patients were taking ZDV-containing ART drug (ZDV/3TC/NVP). The overall anemia prevalence was 34.6%, while about 5%, 15.6%, and 14% of the patients had severe, moderate, and mild prevalence of anemia, respectively. Factors that were found to affect anemia among these patients include gender (OR = 2.26 [95% CI: 1.22, 4.16]), occupation (OR: 0.57 [95%CI: 0.35, 0.92]), WBC count (OR = 2.30 [95% CI: 1.29, 4.09]), platelet count (OR = 2.89 [95% CI: 0.99, 8.41]), nutritional status (OR = 2.05 [95% CI: 0.69, 6.02]), and WHO clinical stage of HIV/AIDS (OR = 3.69 [95% CI: 1.86, 7.31]). Conclusions. About one in three patients was found to be anemic. Intervention aimed at diagnosing and treating anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS should be considered.

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Hansen, Catherine E. "Psychometric Properties of the Trauma Stages of Recovery." Psychological Reports 97, no. 1 (2005): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.1.217-235.

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Of the trauma theories available, Herman's has captured the essential features common to most traumatic etiologies. Continued development of this theory has included dimensions within stages of recovery. The Trauma States of Recovery is presented here as a way of assessing stages of recovery and inherent components. Three samples of about 500 college students each and a clinical sample ( n = 34) were recruited. Independent principal components analyses, employing a scree plot, gave a five-component solution accounting for 40.2% of the total variance. The component solution employed Promax rotation for the correlated components. The five components were named Emotional Awareness and Control, Symptom Mastery, Coping, Memory, and Relationships. Internal consistencies, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability were acceptable. Response bias was low. Convergent validity (with various subscales from the Beck Depression Inventory, the Self-esteem Scale, the Spielberger Anger-Expression Scale, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale) and discriminant validity (with various subscales of the AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Survey and Jackson's Personality Research Form Dominance Scale) were promising. The Trauma Stages of Recovery also significantly discriminated between clinical and nonclinical samples on three of the five components, Symptom Mastery, Coping, and Memory.

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Lake-Bakaar, Gerond, and Roger Grimson. "Alcohol Abuse and Stage of HIV Disease in Intravenous Drug Abusers." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 7 (1996): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900709.

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Our objective was to identify factors that might correlate with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease stage in intravenous drug abusers (IVDA). Particular attention was given to alcohol abuse. We accordingly explored in a cross-sectional study the relation between stage of HIV disease and age, sex, needle sharing, ethnicity, self-reported history of alcohol consumption and CAGE scores. IVDA from a single municipal hospital were subdivided into three groups according to HIV disease status. Group 1 comprised 42 individuals with AIDS; group 2 comprised 114 who were HIV positive but without AIDS; and group 3 comprised 52 who were HIV negative. Information on alcohol consumption and CAGE responses were obtained by questionnaire and interview. Discriminant analysis indicated that alcohol abuse, assessed either by self-reported consumption or by CAGE scores, was significantly more common in the AIDS group than in either the HIV positive or the HIV negative groups, when controlled for age, sex, and needle sharing status. The relative risk of AIDS was 3.8 times higher in the heavy drinkers than in moderate drinkers. Needle sharing was also more common in the AIDS group than in the HIV positive or HIV negative groups when the other factors were controlled for. AIDS was more common in black than white IVDA, and this increased frequency did not appear related to alcohol consumption since the distribution of heavy drinkers within each category of HIV disease did not differ within the ethnic groups. These data indicate that a history of heavy alcohol consumption is more common in IVDA with AIDS than in IVDA at earlier stages of HIV disease.

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Scoggins, Robert M., James R. Taylor, James Patrie, Angélique B. van't Wout, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and David Camerini. "Pathogenesis of Primary R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clones in SCID-hu Mice." Journal of Virology 74, no. 7 (2000): 3205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.7.3205-3216.2000.

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ABSTRACT We studied the replication and cytopathicity in SCID-hu mice of R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) biological clones from early and late stages of infection of three patients who never developed MT-2 cell syncytium-inducing (SI; R5X4 or X4) viruses. Several of the late-stage non-MT-2 cell syncytium-inducing (NSI; R5) viruses from these patients depleted human CD4+ thymocytes from SCID-hu mice. Earlier clones from the same patients did not deplete CD4+ thymocytes from SCID-hu mice as well as later clones. We studied three R5 HIV-1 clones from patient ACH142 in greater detail. Two of these clones were obtained prior to the onset of AIDS; the third was obtained following the AIDS diagnosis. In GHOST cell infection assays, all three ACH142 R5 HIV-1 clones could infect GHOST cells expressing CCR5 but not GHOST cells expressing any of nine other HIV coreceptors tested. Furthermore, these patient clones efficiently infected stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a normal donor but not those from a homozygous CCR5Δ32 individual. Statistical analyses of data obtained from infection of SCID-hu mice with patient ACH142 R5 clones revealed that only the AIDS-associated clone significantly depleted CD4+ thymocytes from SCID-hu mice. This clone also replicated to higher levels in SCID-hu mice than the two earlier clones, and a significant correlation between viral replication and CD4+ thymocyte depletion was observed. Our results indicate that an intrinsic property of AIDS-associated R5 patient clones causes their increased replication and cytopathic effects in SCID-hu mice and likely contributes to the development of AIDS in patients who harbor only R5 quasispecies of HIV-1.

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Adeomi, Adeleye Abiodun, Oluwatosin Adediran Adeoye, Esther Olufunmilayo Asekun-Olarinmoye, Olugbemiga Lanre Abodunrin, Adenike Iyanuoluwa Olugbenga-Bello, and Adedayo Olukemi Sabageh. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Peer Education in Improving HIV Knowledge, Attitude, and Sexual Behaviours among In-School Adolescents in Osun State, Nigeria." AIDS Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/131756.

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Introduction. Young people are at the centre of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of peer education in improving HIV knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices among in-school adolescents in Osun State, Nigeria.Methods. This was an intervention study that was carried out among in-school adolescents attending mixed secondary schools in Osun State, Nigeria. The study was in three stages: before intervention, intervention, and after intervention. The impact of peer education was evaluated twelve weeks after intervention. Data were collected using pretested semistructured questionnaires and data analysis was done with SPSS version 16.Results. At the preintervention stage, the study and control groups were similar in their sociodemographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices, including high risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS transmission. After the peer education intervention, those with good knowledge and positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS increased significantly from 50.0% to 86.7% and from 49.0% to 85.6%, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion. The study showed that peer education is effective in improving knowledge, attitude, and some preventive practices towards HIV/AIDS among in-school adolescents. Educational programmes about HIV/AIDS should therefore be designed to target this age group putting into consideration their unique characteristics.

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Boittelle, Caroline, Vuk Milisic, and Martine Mietton-Peuchot. "New filter aids for wine filtration." OENO One 43, no. 4 (2009): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.4.789.

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Aims: In a real concern to improve the quality and to reduce the pollution, the concept of « ecological filtration » based on the use of a regenerable filter aid is developed.Methods and results: Polyamide particles were tested as new filter aids for wine filtration. The particles were characterized with regard to water permeability and specific surface area. Filtration experiments were carried out at pilot scale under industrial operating conditions. Two test runs were performed using different suspensions and three grades of polyamide particles.Conclusions: In the first precoat filtration tests, the impact of polyamide particles on wine quality was determined by the chemical characteristics of the wine. Enological analyses showed that the precoat filtration of wine with polyamide particles did not affect wine quality and improved turbidity (97%), fouling index (80%) and the filtrate flux (compared to the usual precoat filtration with diatomites) . In the second test run, polyamide particle regeneration tests proved that these particles could be re-used as filter aids several times.Significance and impact of study: Polyamide particles used as filter aids in wine filtration were found to be very effective. Moreover, these particles are available in several sizes allowing their application at different stages of the wine-making process.

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Brown, George R. "The Use of Methylphenidate for Cognitive Decline Associated with HIV Disease." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 25, no. 1 (1995): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/72u2-fq94-rvk5-6j5c.

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Objective: Complaints of cognitive changes are often expressed by patients at all stages of HIV infection. Such changes include decreased memory and attention span, diminished concentration, apathy, and “slowing.” Methylphenidate (MPD) has been used in several clinical studies in men with late-stage HIV disease in an attempt to ameliorate these difficulties. The objectives of this review article are to review salient psychopharmacological characteristics of MPD and to describe the research and clinical literature supporting the use of MPD in patients at all stages of HIV infection. Methods: Seven studies, case reports, or abstracts from International Conferences on AIDS were available in the English literature through August, 1993, directly addressing the use of MPD in patients with HIV disease. Twenty-nine papers were reviewed for pharmacokinetic data, eighteen for safety and side effects issues, and seventeen for relevant contributions from the neuropsychological testing literature. Results: Studies in clinical settings have used doses ranges from 10–90 mg. per day in two or three divided doses with reportedly good results in improving both affective and cognitive symptoms associated with HIV disease. Side effects have been relatively mild and patient satisfaction with treatment has been high. However, no studies have been conducted in early stage HIV disease, where a significant minority of patients have similar complaints in the absence of clinically apparent immunosuppression. Likewise, placebo-controlled, dose-finding studies in AIDS patients are entirely lacking, and no studies in women with HIV disease and cognitive changes have been published. Conclusions: In spite of these important research shortcomings, clinical experience with MPD treatment of cognitive changes in men with HIV/AIDS is consistent with the notion that this medication holds significant promise to improve the quality of life for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Controlled studies to test this hypothesis are warranted.

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Speers, Suzanne, R. Monina Klevens, Candace Vonderwahl, et al. "Electronic Matching of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C Surveillance Registries in Three States." Public Health Reports 126, no. 3 (2011): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600307.

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Barnes, Rosemary, Cristina Barrett, Susan Weintraub, Gabrielle Holowacz, Meeley Chan, and Evan Leblanc. "Hospital Response to Psychosocial Needs of AIDS In Patients." Journal of Palliative Care 9, no. 2 (1993): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585979300900205.

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Compassionate care for HIV-infected persons requires response to psychosocial needs. With no new external funding, Women's College Hospital, a 270-bed urban teaching hospital, provided effective psychosocial services for HIV-infected in patients by developing a comprehensive policy, educating staff, organizing existing services into a psychosocial support team to provide crisis intervention, and developing liaisons with community AIDS organizations. A retrospective chart review of epide-miologic and psychosocial patient data was carried out for 59 HIV in patients (58 men, 1 woman) admitted during 1987–89. Of the cohort, 91% indicated homosexual contact as the only risk factor. A psychosocial support team contacted 90% of these in patients. One third (36%) of the patients designated as next of kin individuals who were not legally or biologically related. Approximately 25%–30% made active arrangements for impending death, e.g. wills and funeral plans. Thirteen patients, 22%, died in hospital, and three, 5%, on first admission. Experience showed that psychosocial interventions that focus on human dignity and quality of life, normally seen as elements of palliative care, are critically important from the earliest stages of HI V disease and should not be reserved only for those who are terminally ill.

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Oramasionwu, Christine U., Jonathan M. Hunter, Carolyn M. Brown, et al. "Cardiovascular Disease in Blacks with HIV/AIDS in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Open AIDS Journal 6, no. 1 (2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601206010029.

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Objectives: Blacks in the United States bear a disproportionate burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has been demonstrated that HIV/AIDS itself and HIV/AIDS-related therapies may predispose patients to early onset of CVD. It is also possible that Black patients may be at greater risk for this interaction. Thus, the objective of this literature review was to identify and critically evaluate disparities in CVD between Black and White patients with HIV/AIDS. Design: A MEDLINE search (January 1, 1950 to May 31, 2010) was performed to identify original research articles published in the English language. The search was limited to articles that evaluated race-based disparities for CVD among patients with HIV/AIDS. Results: Of the five publications included in this review, a CVD diagnosis was the primary focus for only three of the studies and was a secondary objective for the remaining two studies. Two studies concluded that Blacks were more likely than Whites to have a CVD diagnosis at time of hospital admission, whereas, the other three studies did not detect any race-based disparities. Conclusions: Few studies have addressed the issue of Black race, HIV/AIDS, and CVD, highlighting the need for future research in this area.

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BLOOM, SHELAH S., and PAULA L. GRIFFITHS. "FEMALE AUTONOMY AS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO WOMEN’S HIV-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR IN THREE CULTURALLY CONTRASTING STATES IN INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 4 (2007): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001623.

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SummaryFactors contributing to India’s vulnerability to the AIDS epidemic include pervasive poverty, low levels of education and high gender stratification. This study uses data collected in the 1998–99 National Family Health Survey-2 (NFHS-2) to investigate the relationship between aspects of women’s autonomy and four measures of HIV-related knowledge and behaviour – awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS, condom awareness and condom use – in three culturally contrasting states in India: Kerala (n=2884), Karnataka (n=4357) and Uttar Pradesh (n=8981). The NFHS-2 is a nationally representative survey of India, with a sampling scheme that was designed such that each state sample can be generalized back to represent ever-married women aged 15–49 living in the state. Kerala scores highest in the four health outcome measures, followed by Karnataka and then Uttar Pradesh, but condom use is lowest in Karnataka. Kerala also leads in the four dimensions of autonomy examined and in socio-demographic status, followed again by Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. Despite these observed differences, in all three states, women with greater autonomy as measured by this study were more likely to be knowledgeable about AIDS and condoms and to use condoms, after controlling for socio-demographic factors. These results concur with other studies focusing on women’s autonomy and health outcomes around the world, and point to the importance of incorporating a gender-based approach to AIDS prevention programmes in India.

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23

Harrison-Read, Phil. "IQ tests as aids to diagnosis and management in early schizophrenia." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, no. 3 (2008): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.004127.

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Intellectual and other more specific neurocognitive impairments in schizophrenia are important for understanding the aetiology of the condition and its likely outcome. However, these impairments are not usually considered important for supporting a diagnosis in suspected early schizophrenia. IQ testing is widely available and probably acceptable to most people likely to be experiencing the early stages of psychosis and who might be unable or unwilling to disclose details of their history and mental state or to cooperate with more comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Although in general IQ tests have only limited diagnostic value in schizophrenia, the finding of a substantial decline in IQ score from the estimated premorbid level may be helpful in supporting a provisional diagnosis of early schizophrenia in cases without organic signs in which the clinical picture is unclear or incomplete. More important, the results of IQ tests may contribute to a better understanding of patients' impairments and assist clinical management in a number of ways, as illustrated here by three fictional case studies.

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24

Booth, Samuel Hallsor. "A Comparison of the Early Responses to AIDS in the UK and the US." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.1558.

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Upon its emergence in the western world in the early 1980s, AIDS marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of communicable disease. In the early stages of the epidemic there was a distinct lack of knowledge about the causation or transmission of the disease, rendering control of the situation a practical impossibility. It was clear that AIDS necessitated a definitive response from several sectors of society. With its apparent associations with then largely marginalised groups of society, namely homosexuals and injecting drug users, virtually no aspects of the response to AIDS were free from the influence of social and political perceptions of the disease and its victims. The US and the UK have strong political and cultural links and in this essay I will compare the responses of these two nations to the AIDS epidemic at a scientific, political and community level and explore the interactions which occurred therein.

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25

Parela, Kresna Abdi. "STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI VOLUNTARY COUNSELING TEST (VCT) TERHADAP ORANG DENGAN HIV/AIDS (ODHA) DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DR. SAIFUL ANWAR MALANG (RSSA)." Paradigma: Jurnal Filsafat, Sains, Teknologi, dan Sosial Budaya 24, no. 1 (2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/paradigma.v24i1.346.

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Communication Strategy Voluntary Counseling Test ( VCT ) Living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA ) General Hospital Dr . Saiful Anwar ( RSSA ) HIV / AIDS is still one of the dreaded disease by a large part of society , because they still consider HIV / AIDS as a deadly disease , there is no cure and the disease is a curse . This is caused due to an incorrect myths about HIV / AIDS . Due to the myth, making people living with HIV / AIDS ( PLWHA ) are stigmatized and discrimination . Stigma and discrimination are two things that are often experienced by people living with HIV . Because of the stigma and discrimination that people living with HIV be afraid , afraid to open up for fear of being shut excluded so that people living with HIV and people living with HIV closure that makes HIV / AIDS is difficult to detect its spread . To overcome these problems , one of which is through Voluntary Counseling Test ( VCT ) . VCT counseling is an activity that provides psychological support , information and knowledge of HIV / AIDS , prevent the transmission of HIV, promote responsible behavior change, treatment and ensure solving various problems associated with HIV / VCT AIDS.Ada in two stages, namely the stage of Pre- Test and Post- Tests . In the Pre- test counseling is done stage by providing information about HIV / AIDS , prevention , transmission and window period . Pre- test counseling provides knowledge about the benefits of HIV testing , testing for decision making , and planning for issues facing HIV . After HIV Testing and Counseling Pre PLWHA PLWHA undergo the HIV test will undergo stages of post counseling where PLHIV will be conditioned to accept the results of the HIV test , get information about what to do if the results of his HIV test is positive or negative , and most importantly so that people living with HIV do not become stress , depression and despair. VCT is run by counselors who are trained and experienced in this study bidangnya.Pada researchers conducted a study using qualitative methods to the three counselors that have been set using purposive sampling method and data captured through interviews and counseling in VCT observasi.Ketika Pre Test and post- test , the counselor needs a communications strategy that will be used to affect people living with HIV in order to receive the message delivered by the counselor and the main thing is to change the behavior of people living with HIV. Based on the results of research conducted by the researchers of the communication strategy VCT Pre Test and Post- Test in Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang against people living with HIV , it was found that the result is a persuasive communication strategies used by counselors when doing koneling to PLWHA HIV Testing Pre and Communication , Information andEducation (CIE ) is a communication strategy that is used by counselors when counseling Post- test counseling is done by the counselor was tailored to what the existing problems in people living with HIV with the ultimate goal , namely a change in the behavior of people living with HIV.

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26

Wainberg, Mark A., Andre Dascal, and Jack Mendelson. "Anti-Retroviral Strategies for AIDS and Related Diseases." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 3 (1991): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1991/487657.

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The replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses consists of four stages: attachment of the virus to specific receptors on the cell surface; uncoating of the viral nucleic acid and conversion to DNA; production of viral RNA and proteins; and assembly and liberation of progeny virus from the cell. Each of these steps represents a potential target for antiviral chemotherapy. Combinations of drugs which act against different steps in the viral replication cycle might be expected to have synergistic potential. Zidovudine (AZT) is the most widely used drug to date for impeding the replication of HIV-1. Although AZT therapy has been reasonably successful, it has not been free from toxicity. In addition, there have been several reports of isolation of AZT-resistant variants of HIV-1.

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27

Muñoz, Karen, Kristina Blaiser, and Karianne Barwick. "Parent Hearing Aid Experiences in the United States." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 01 (2013): 005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.1.2.

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Background: Children born with permanent hearing loss have the opportunity to receive services earlier as a result of newborn hearing screening (NHS). We conducted a survey to address three aspects within the early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) process: (1) timeliness of service delivery, (2) hearing device access, and (3) hearing aid management. Parent experiences provide valuable information in identifying existing challenges for these components of the EHDI system. Purpose: The aim was to investigate parent experiences as they access and manage hearing aids for their child. Research Design: A cross-sectional, population-based survey was used. Study Sample: Three hundred fifty-two completed surveys from parents of children born between 1977 and 2010 were returned from 45 states in the United States. Data Collection and Analysis: Responses were obtained online and through the mail, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Over time, the age of hearing loss identification has decreased to a median of 2 mo, age of first hearing aid fitting has decreased to a median of 5 mo, and the delay between hearing loss identification and hearing aid fitting has remained the same with a median of 2 mo. For children born between 2007 and 2010, the top three challenges parents reported in obtaining hearing aids were (1) paying for hearing aids, (2) accepting the need for hearing aids, and (3) wait time for an appointment. Almost one-half (48%) of the parents reported that they did not receive adequate support from their audiologist in how to check the function of their child's hearing aids. Conclusions: Significant progress has been made over the past two decades in reducing the age of hearing loss identification and hearing aid fitting for children who do not pass the NHS. However, many children continue to experience delays between hearing loss diagnosis and hearing aid fitting that exceed Joint Committee on Infant Hearing recommendations. The experiences parents reported provide valuable information about areas that need further investigation to improve the process for children with hearing loss.

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28

HAPSARI, IRIANI INDRI, and SITI SAHLAH FAUZIYAH ARIF. "KEBERMAKNAAN HIDUP PADA IBU RUMAH TANGGA YANG TERINFEKSI HIV&AIDS DARI SUAMINYA." JPPP - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi 3, no. 2 (2014): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jppp.032.04.

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People living with HIV (PLWH) often encounter feelings of shocked, sadness, scared, stress, and disappointed, when they have discovered that they are infected with HIV. If those feelings remain to exist, they may become depressed and even lose their meaning of life. Therefore, the aim of this reseacrh is to find and interpret the meaning of life of a housewife infected with HIV&AIDS from her husband. This research used a qualitative approach with the case study method. The subject is a housewife infected with HIV&AIDS from her husband in which was not involved in any risky acts and behaviours that could transmit HIV to others.The results of this research showed that subject can reach and understand the meaning of life through a few stages. For instance, the stage of tragic event, self-acceptance, finding meaning, realisation of meaning, and meaningful life. The success of these finding is also supported by several components in which this research showed that the component of social support plays very important role for the subject to reach her meaning of life in a great deal. Furthermore, there are three sources of meaning of life. They are creative values, attitudinal values, and experiental values.

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29

Lewis, Fraser, and David Greenhalgh. "Three stage AIDS incubation period: a worst case scenario using addict–needle interaction assumptions." Mathematical Biosciences 169, no. 1 (2001): 53–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5564(00)00053-5.

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30

GREENHALGH, DAVID, and FRASER LEWIS. "Three-stage AIDS incubation period: a best case scenario using addict-needle interaction assumptions." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 17, no. 2 (2000): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/17.2.95.

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31

Greenhalgh, D. "Three-stage AIDS incubation period: a best case scenario using addict-needle interaction assumptions." Mathematical Medicine and Biology 17, no. 2 (2000): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imammb/17.2.95.

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32

Novariyanto, Rizki Agung. "STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI VOLUNTARY COUNSELING TEST (VCT) TERHADAP PENDERITA HIV/AIDS (ODHA) DI MALANG." Paradigma: Jurnal Filsafat, Sains, Teknologi, dan Sosial Budaya 23, no. 2 (2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/paradigma.v23i2.333.

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HIV / AIDS is still one of the dreaded disease by a large part of society, because they still consider HIV / AIDS as a deadly disease , there is no cure and the disease is a curse . This is caused due to an incorrect myths about HIV / AIDS . Due to the myth , making people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA ) are stigmatized and discrimination . Stigma and discrimination are two things that are often experienced by people living with HIV . Because of the stigma and discrimination that people living with HIV be afraid , afraid to open up for fear of being shut excluded so that people living with HIV and people living with HIV closure that makes HIV / AIDS is difficult to detect its spread . To overcome these problems, one of which is through Voluntary Counseling Test ( VCT ) . VCT counseling is an activity that provides psychological support , information and knowledge of HIV / AIDS , prevent the transmission of HIV, promote responsible behavior change , treatment and ensure solving various problems associated with HIV / VCT AIDS.Ada in two stages , namely the stage of Pre- Test and Post- Tests . In the Pre- test counseling is done stage by providing information about HIV / AIDS , prevention , transmission and window period. Pre- test counseling provides knowledge about the benefits of HIV testing , testing for decision making, and planning for issues facing HIV . After HIV Testing and Counseling Pre PLWHA PLWHA undergo the HIV test will undergo stages of post counseling where PLHIV will be conditioned to accept the results of the HIV test , get information about what to do if the results of his HIV test is positive or negative , andmost importantly so that people living with HIV do not become stress , depression and despair. VCT is run by counselors who are trained and experienced in this study bidangnya.Pada researchers conducted a study using qualitative methods to the three counselors that have been set using purposive sampling method and data captured through interviews and counseling in VCT observasi.Ketika Pre Test and post- test , the counselor needs a communications strategy that will be used to affect people living with HIV in order to receive the message delivered by the counselor and the main thing is to change the behavior of people living with HIV. Based on the results of research conducted by the researchers of the communication strategy VCT Pre Test and Post- Test in Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang against people living with HIV , it was found that the result is a persuasive communication strategies used by counselors when doing koneling to PLWHA HIV Testing Pre and Communication , Information andEducation (CIE ) is a communication strategy that is used by counselors when counseling Post- test counseling is done by the counselor was tailored to what the existing problems in people living with HIV with the ultimate goal , namely a change in the behavior of people living with HIV.

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33

Pugin, A., S. E. Pullan, and D. R. Sharpe. "Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-176-180.

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A regional hydrogeological study conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada acquired 35 line-km of 12-fold seismic reflection profiles on or adjacent to the Oak Ridges moraine, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three-dimensional geometry provided by these data aids in understanding the erosional and depositional processes that occurred beneath the Laurentide ice sheet during the late stages of glaciation. The seismic sections indicate large infilled channels in the subsurface which are interpreted as tunnel channels eroded by large, subglacial meltwater discharges. Two seismic profiles from different areas of the moraine show channel-cutting events of different ages and different types of infilling.

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34

Pugin, A., S. E. Pullan, and D. R. Sharpe. "Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection." Annals of Glaciology 22 (1996): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550001538x.

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A regional hydrogeological study conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada acquired 35 line-km of 12-fold seismic reflection profiles on or adjacent to the Oak Ridges moraine, north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three-dimensional geometry provided by these data aids in understanding the erosional and depositional processes that occurred beneath the Laurentide ice sheet during the late stages of glaciation. The seismic sections indicate large infilled channels in the subsurface which are interpreted as tunnel channels eroded by large, subglacial meltwater discharges. Two seismic profiles from different areas of the moraine show channel-cutting events of different ages and different types of infilling.

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35

Ximenes, Ricardo AA, Heloisa R. Lacerda, Democrito B. Miranda-Filho, et al. "Comparison between potential risk factors for cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV/AIDS in areas of Brazil." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 09 (2015): 988–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5867.

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Introduction: Coronary heart disease and its risk factors depend on genetic characteristics, behaviors, and habits, all of which vary in different regions. The use of antiretroviral therapy (ARV) has increased the survival of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), who begin to present mortality indicators similar to the general population. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of factors potentially associated with coronary heart disease in three cohorts of PLWHA from three different regions of Brazil. Methodology: The study population was composed of participants of the cohorts of Pernambuco, Goiás, and Rio Grande do Sul states. In these sites, adult patients attending reference centers for treatment of HIV/AIDS were consecutively enrolled. Results: Pernambuco and Goiás had a higher proportion of males and of individuals with high-risk high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Pernambuco also had a greater proportion of individuals with hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3. Lower education was more frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, and the use of cocaine was higher in this state. Conclusions: The results confirm the importance of risk factors for coronary heart disease in PLHIV and highlight differences in the three cohorts. Specific measures against smoking and sedentary lifestyle, avoidance of advanced stages of immunosuppression, and appropriate treatment of dyslipidemia and dysglicemia are urgently needed to cope with the disease in Brazil.

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36

Báez, Maria Valeria Jiménez. "Kaposi's sarcoma a series of cases and review of the literature." MOJ Clinical & Medical Case Reports 11, no. 4 (2021): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojcr.2021.11.00392.

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Introduction: Kaposi's sarcoma is a neoplasm associated with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - AIDS especially in advanced stages, in Quintana Roo HIV-AIDS ranks first in the country. Methodology: A series of 22 cases with diagnosis confirmed by biopsy attended by the oncology service of HGR No. 17 is presented. Results: They were classified as low risk (4); three of them with complete response. High risk (18); fifteen accepted chemotherapy. Nine (60%) received liposomal doxorubicin and six (40%) paclitaxel; of these, four had a complete response, one partial response, six with stable disease and five with disease progression that required a second line. The presence of adverse effects associated with chemotherapy treatment was documented in six patients classified as high risk (40%). Conclusions: Clinical interventions with therapeutic trials are necessary, since the available evidence dates from periods of more than 10 years ago. HIV patients require continuous monitoring and clinical trials to improve the therapeutic options available to treat one of the most common oncological diseases in this population such as Kaposi's Sarcoma.

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37

Hunter, James R., David L. Rosen, and Robert DeChristoforo. "Overview of the Food and Drug Administration Procedures for Expediting the Development and Evaluation of Drugs for the Treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Other Life-Threatening Illnesses." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 5, no. 3 (1992): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009200500307.

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The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has focused increased attention on new drug development and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluation process for durgs to treat patients with AIDS and other severely debilitating or life-threatening illnesses. To expedite the review of these experimental drugs and to make them available to patients earlier in the development process, the FDA has implemented new procedures and mechanisms. In the new drug regulations, the subpart E procedures commit the FDA to extensive and intensive participation in the initial stages of development of these drugs. Early consultation by the FDA with drug sponsors, more frequent meetings between the FDA and drug sponsors, larger and more extensive phase 1 and phase 2 trials, and postmarketing surveillance are some of the key features of these FDA procedures. The subpart E procedures reflect the philosophy that early involvement by the FDA in drug study design enhances the likelihood that the results from these studies will provide enough information to allow the FDA to more quickly assess the safety and efficacy of these drugs. Treatment Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs) increase the early availability of experimental drugs in the final stages of the FDA evaluation process, but before final approval. Both the parallel track proposal and the accelerated drug approval concept are additional mechanisms intended to increase the early availability of drugs for patients with AIDS. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.

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38

Kramer, Ivan. "What TriggerstransientAIDS in the Acute Phase of HIV Infection andchronicAIDS at the End of the Incubation Period?" Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 8, no. 2 (2007): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486700701395461.

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Novel dynamical models are introduced demonstrating that the T helper cell (THC) density drops in the acute infection phase of HIV infection, sometimes causingtransientAIDS, and at the end of the incubation period causingchronicAIDS have a common dynamical cause. The immune system's inability to produce enoughuninfectedTHCs to replace theinfectedones it is destroying causes a drop in the THC densityat any stage of HIV infection. Increases in viral infectivity, probably caused by random mutation of HIV, are shown to drive the progression of the infection. The minimum incubation period for the long term non-progressors (LTNPs) was calculated from a novel physical model: 0.3% of infecteds have incubation periods of 23.1 years or more, and there is no biomedical difference between LTNPs and progressors. Chronic AIDS is shown to result from three random transitions linking four clinically-distinct stages of HIV infection following seroconversion.

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39

Yang, Zhong Zheng, Zhen Xian Xing, Zhan Fang Gai, and Huan Qiang Liu. "Preparation of Bauxite-Based Homogenized Mullite Grogs with Bauxite and Coal Gangue." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1940.

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The sintering behavior, physical properties and heat processing changes of bauxite-based homogenized grogs prepared by homogenization process and high temperature sintering using bauxite as starting material were investigated. Results show that the bauxite-based mullite can be synthesized by the method, sintering temperature with and without MgO/CeO2sintering aids are 1600°C and 1700°C separately, the mullite with apparent porosity of＜1.0% and 2.5%, bulk density of ≥2.87g•cm-3and 2.75g•cm-3, Refracteriness-Under-Load(RUL) 1600°C and 1620С; changes in the heat processing is divided into three stages: dehydration stage(400°С~900°С ), primary mullitization stage(1000°С ~1200°С) and secondary mullitization stage(>1200°С).

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40

Dhal, Nirjharini, Sridhar Panda, Namita Mohapatra, Naresh C. Pattanayak, and Rohan Pattanaik. "Study of haematological abnormalities in HIV infected patients and its correlation with CD4 counts." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 9 (2018): 2937. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183385.

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Background: To study and correlate the haematological abnormalities with CD4 cell counts in HIV infected patients diagnosed on OPD basis in S.C.B Medical College, Cuttack, before they are initiated on Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.Methods: A 100, ELISA positive, untreated HIV patients were included in the study while those patients with history of any haematological disease, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Chronic Liver Disease (CLD), underlying malignancy or on chemotherapy were excluded. Following clinical evaluation, haemoglobin levels (Hb. %), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Platelet Count (PC), CD4 counts (by flow cytometry) and peripheral smear examination was done. They were staged as per WHO clinical staging guidelines given by NACO and statistical analysis was drawn by Fischer Exact Test and association between CD4 counts and haematological abnormalities were inferred.Results: The mean age of the patients was found to be 36.85±6.2 years with males (63%), married (80%) and rural population (78%) showing commonest mode of transmission of the virus as heterosexual route (94%). Most common clinical finding was found to be pallor (68%) with majority in stage III of AIDS. Mean TLC count was found to be 5872±2210 cells/mm 2.40% had leucopenia on TLC and 29% had neutropenia, 30% lymphocytopenia and 20% monocytopenia on DLC. Mean CD4 count was 89 cells per microliter and 79% were anaemic. CD4 counts did not statistically correlate either with WHO staging or cytopenias or haemoglobin levels. However, there was positive association between CD4 counts with anaemia, WHO stages of AIDS, lymphocytopenia and monocytopenia in this study.Conclusions: In this study we could ascertain that, majority were in WHO stage III of AIDS with CD4 counts <200 cells per microliter and blood findings of various cytopenias and anaemia. From our findings, we could correlate between WHO stage of AIDS, CD4 counts and haematological abnormalities thus, establishing the essence of our study.

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41

Garcia, P., D. Hernandez, C. Fillizola, J. M. Santacruz, and H. Santamaría García. "Neurocognitive profile of patients with early stages of HIV infection." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): s505—s506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.642.

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HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) may include neurological disorders of various severities such as AIDS dementia complex (ADC) also known as HIV dementia and HIV-associated dementia (HAD), HIV encephalopathy, and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (MND). As it seems HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders are associated with a metabolic encephalopathy induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of macrophages and microglia. Despite of a group, evidences have described presence of cognitive alterations in HIV patients at different stages of HIV infection so far; little is known about the neurocognitive state of patients at very early stages of HIV infection. Here, we explored the neurocognitive profile of a group of cases of HIV patients at very early stages of HIV infection. We have analyzed of three groups of subjects, thus, we have studied a group of patients with early HIV infection, a healthy control group and a group of patients with mild cognitive impairment due to neurodegenerative causes. Our results suggested that cognitive processes are sensitive to very early neuropathological changes in HIV infection. Noteworthy, our results also showed that neurocognitive profile of HIV patients differs from those cognitive alterations in patients with mild cognitive disorders associated to primary neurodegeneration. Together, our results point out that HIV infection generates neural changes even at early stages of infection. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of a deep neurocognitive exploration at very early stages of HIV infection as this approach allow improve the accompaniment, clinical attachment and interventions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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42

Rossit, Andréa Regina Baptista, Ana Carolina Musa Gonçalves, Célia Franco, and Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado. "Etiological agents of diarrhea in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus-1: a review." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 51, no. 2 (2009): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652009000200001.

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Despite the importance of understanding the epidemiology of agents responsible for infectious diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, the number of articles about this subject is relatively few. The current article summarizes published data on bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic enteropathogens in the HIV/AIDS seropositive subjects in different countries, regions and localities. In general, there is a great difference in the frequencies of etiological agents due to factors which include immune status, geographical location, climate and socioeconomic conditions. It is important to stress that a great prevalence of infection by emergent agents has been reported in the more advanced stages of AIDS. Therefore, to establish specific treatment depends directly on knowledge of these agents and risk factors associated to their distribution. Moreover, the colonization by potential pathogenic agents verified in these individuals is high thus implicating that they act as carriers. Finally, public health measures of control and prevention must take into consideration the regional previously identified enteropathogens, especially in areas where HIV prevalence is high.

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43

Oninla, Olumayowa Abimbola. "Mucocutaneous Manifestations of HIV and the Correlation with WHO Clinical Staging in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria." AIDS Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360970.

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Skin diseases are indicators of HIV/AIDS which correlates with WHO clinical stages. In resource limited environment where CD4 count is not readily available, they can be used in assessing HIV patients. The study aims to determine the mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients and their correlation with WHO clinical stages. A prospective cross-sectional study of mucocutaneous conditions was done among 215 newly diagnosed HIV patients from June 2008 to May 2012 at adult ART clinic, Wesley Guild Hospital Unit, OAU Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ilesha, Osun State, Nigeria. There were 156 dermatoses with oral/oesophageal/vaginal candidiasis (41.1%), PPE (24.4%), dermatophytic infections (8.9%), and herpes zoster (3.8%) as the most common dermatoses. The proportions of dermatoses were 4.5%, 21.8%, 53.2%, and 20.5% in stages 1–4, respectively. A significant relationship (using Pearson’s Chi square withPvalue<0.05) was obtained between dermatoses and WHO clinical stages. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation between the number of dermatoses and the WHO clinical stages. Dermatoses can therefore serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in resource limited settings to initiate HAART in clinical stages 3 and 4.

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Petty, Linda S., Julia E. G. Foster, and Patty Rigby. "Identifying community-dwelling older adults’ vision loss during mobility assessments: A scoping review." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 86, no. 2 (2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417419831800.

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Background. Co-occurring mobility issues and vision loss are prevalent in older adults. Vision loss can cause ambulation difficulties and falls. Community-dwelling older adults frequently require mobility-aids assessment by occupational therapists. However, therapists often lack access to medical documentation on vision or training in vision assessment to ensure that clients have adequate vision for safe mobility-aid use. Purpose. This study aimed to identify screening and assessment approaches to identify functional vision loss to guide mobility-aid prescription. Method. A scoping review following Arksey and O’Malley’s five stages was undertaken using Medline and CINAHL databases. A data-charting form was used for extraction of information about each article, including the population, vision diagnosis, and the methodology for vision screening. The data regarding vision loss and mobility of older adults were summarized for each article. Findings. Twenty-three papers were included in the study, describing screening questions and questionnaires or assessment tools to screen for vision loss in community settings. Implications. The various tools identified can better prepare therapists to prescribe mobility aids appropriate for seniors’ level of functional vision and to refer clients for further assessment and intervention if warranted.

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Ba, Mboya, Ramsès Djidjou-Demasse, Mountaga Lam, and Jean-Jules Tewa. "Optimal intervention strategies of staged progression HIV infections through an age-structured model with probabilities of ART drop out." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 16 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2021024.

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In this paper, we construct a model to describe the transmission of HIV in a homogeneous host population. By considering the specific mechanism of HIV, we derive a model structured in three successive stages: (i) primary infection, (ii) long phase of latency without symptoms, and (iii) AIDS. Each HIV stage is stratified by the duration for which individuals have been in the stage, leading to a continuous age-structure model. In the first part of the paper, we provide a global analysis of the model depending upon the basic reproduction number ℜ0. When ℜ0 ≤ 1, then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the infection is cleared in the host population. On the contrary, if ℜ0 > 1, we prove the epidemic’s persistence with the asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium. By performing the sensitivity analysis, we then determine the impact of control-related parameters on the outbreak severity. For the second part, the initial model is extended with intervention methods. By taking into account antiretroviral therapy (ART) interventions and the probability of treatment drop out, we discuss optimal intervention methods which minimize the number of AIDS cases.

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Garcia, Sara M., Kevin T. Du Clos, Olivia H. Hawkins, and Brad J. Gemmell. "Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil and Chemical Dispersants on Multiple Life History Stages of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (2020): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100808.

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The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica is an ecologically and economically important species that is vulnerable to oil pollution. We assessed sublethal effects of soluble fractions of crude oil alone (WAF) and crude oil in combination with Corexit 9500 dispersant (CEWAF) on oysters at three life history stages. Veliger swimming, pediveliger settlement, and adult clearance rates were quantified after 24 h exposures to the contaminants. Veliger swimming speeds were not significantly impacted by 24 h exposures to WAF or CEWAF. A larger proportion of veligers were inactive following WAF and CEWAF exposure as compared to the control, but the effect was greater for pediveligers, and pediveliger settlement in the highest concentration CEWAF treatment decreased by 50% compared to controls. Thus, pediveligers may be particularly vulnerable to oil exposure. In the adults, we found significant clearance rates reductions that persisted 33 days after acute exposure to CEWAF. Knowledge of sublethal effects of oil and dispersant at multiple life history stages aids understanding of how this important species will respond to an oil spill.

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Men, C., B. Meessen, M. Van Pelt, W. Van Damme, and H. Lucas. "“I Wish I Had AIDS”: A qualitative study on access to health care services for HIV/AIDS and diabetic patients in Cambodia." Health, Culture and Society 2, no. 1 (2012): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2012.67.

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Financially stricken Cambodian patients with diabetes and HIV/AIDS typically encounter multiple, serious barriers to effective care. This process may extend over many years and involve numerous rounds of diagnosis and treatment as the disease progresses from initial symptoms to longer term complications. Living with both the impact of the disease and this ongoing struggle for care can severely disrupt the everyday life of both sufferers and their families. Our retrospective study adopted qualitative research methods to collect data from HIV/AIDS and diabetic patients enrolled and not enrolled in treatment programs at varying institutions in urban and rural settings. Using purposive sampling techniques, a total of 25 HIV/AIDS and 45 diabetic patients were recruited. Semi-structured and open-ended interviews were used to collect information on patient experiences of different phases in the on-going process of seeking care and treatment. The findings indicate that both HIV/AIDS and diabetic patients encounter multiple supply- and demand-side barriers to care at different stages of their illness. More strikingly, our research findings suggest that supply-side barriers, for example rationing systems or targeting strategies that limit access to free treatment or social assistance, are substantially higher for diabetic patients. This perceived inequity had a profound impact on diabetic patients to the extent that some “wished they had HIV/AIDS”. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need to widen the focus of health care to address the substantial and increasing burden of disease resulting from diabetes and other serious chronic disorders in Cambodia and many other low/middle income countries.

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Ambarwati, Dewi, and Wilis Dwi Pangesti. "PELATIHAN TEKNIK KOMUNIKASI SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENATALAKSANAAN HIV/AIDS." SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 4, no. 1 (2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v4i1.3219.

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ABSTRAKHuman Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (HIV/AIDS) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan di Indonesia termasuk di wilayah kabupaten Banyumas, Jawa Tengah. HIV/AIDS merupakan penyakit menular yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh. Infeksi tersebut menyebabkan penderita mengalami penurunan ketahanan tubuh sehingga sangat mudah untuk terinfeksi berbagai macam penyakit lain. Sebelum memasuki fase AIDS, penderita terlebih dahulu dinyatakan sebagai HIV positif. Sejak bulan januari-juni tahun 2018 ditemukan kasus baru sebanyak 123 kasus. Sedangkan jumlah kasus komulatif sejak ditemukannya HIV/AIDS pada tahun 1993 hingga tahun 2018 sebanyak 1.146 kasus. Data kasus di Banyumas ini berasal dari laporan VCT (Voluntery Councelling and Test) dari Rumah sakit Prof. Margono Soekardjo dan RSUD Banyumas. Dalam aktivitas pencegahan dan penagguangan HIV/AIDS diperlukan strategi komunikasi. Karena strategi komunikasi merupakan salah satu aspek keberhasilan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS. Strategi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Banyumas belum memberikan pengaruh pada paradigma dikalangan masyarakat tentang HIV/AIDS. Sehingga tujuan dilakukannya pelatihan pada mitra adalah sebagai upaya meningkatkan kemampuan tehnik komunikasi tentang HIV/AIDS pada mitra dan penyebaran leaflet tentang pencegahan dan penatalaksanaan HIV/AIDS pada mitra. Hasil dari pelaksanaan pelatihan pada mitra didapatkan terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan dan teknik komunikasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan meliputi ceramah, tanya jawab, diskusi dan penayangan video. Tahapan kegiatan dimulai dengan icebraking, pretest, penyampaian materi, praktik ketrampilan dan ditutup dengan posttest. Kata kunci: pelatihan; teknik komunikasi; HIV/AIDS ABSTRACTHuman Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV / AIDS) is one of the health problems in Indonesia, including in the Banyumas district, Central Java. HIV / AIDS is an infectious disease that attacks the immune system. The infection causes the patient to experience a decrease in body resistance so that it is very easy to become infected with various other diseases. Before entering the AIDS phase, the patient must first be declared HIV positive. Since January-June 2018, 123 new cases were found. Meanwhile, the number of cumulative cases since the discovery of HIV / AIDS in 1993 to 2018 was 1,146 cases. The case data in Banyumas comes from the VCT (Voluntery Councelling and Test) report from Prof. Hospital. Margono Soekardjo and Banyumas Hospital. In HIV / AIDS prevention and control activities, a communication strategy is needed. Because the communication strategy is one aspect of the success of the HIV / AIDS prevention and control program. The communication strategy carried out by the Banyumas Regency Government has not yet influenced the paradigm among the community regarding HIV / AIDS. So that the aim of conducting training for partners is as an effort to improve communication technical skills on HIV / AIDS to partners and to distribute leaflets on HIV / AIDS prevention and management to partners. The results of the implementation of training on partners found that there was an increase in knowledge and communication techniques. The methods used in the training include lectures, question and answer, discussion and video viewing. The activity stages began with icebraking, pretest, delivery of material, practice skills and closed with a posttest. Keywords: training; communication techniques; HIV / AIDS

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Kennedy, Robert E., and Robert Fulton. "The Emerging Third Stage of the AIDS Epidemic: The Low-Risk Heterosexual." Illness, Crisis & Loss 6, no. 1 (1998): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/il6.1.e.

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Using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) data on 420,148 adults with AIDS reported before January 1995, this article documents that certain low-risk categories of heterosexuals with AIDS (1) were likely to have been underreported by the CDC before 1993; (2) were newly emerging in the early 1990s, having had more than half of their total cases diagnosed in 1993 and 1994; (3) were growing in number by 76 percent to 92 percent per year in early 1993; and (4) between 1988 and 1996 had increased their proportion among all AIDS cases reported annually by eight times for women and by thirteen times for men. The authors propose that a third stage of the AIDS epidemic emerged among adults in the early 1990s. The first stage consisted of members of the three original high-risk groups of the 1980s (men who had had male-male sex, IV-drug users, and blood or blood-product recipients). The heterosexual, non-IV-drug-using sex partners of these individuals made up the second stage. The newly emerging third stage is composed of (1) the low-risk heterosexual sex partners of second-stage persons and (2) low-risk people who were subsequently infected with HIV through heterosexual sex with third-stage persons (third- to third-stage sexual transmission).

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Stevens, Roy W., Aldona L. Baltch, Raymond P. Smith, et al. "Antibody to Human Endogenous Retrovirus Peptide in Urine of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Positive Patients." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 6 (1999): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.6.783-786.1999.

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ABSTRACT Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-like sequences are normal inherited elements that constitute several hundredths of the human genome. The expression of genes located within these elements can occur as a consequence of several different events, including persistent inflammation or genotoxic events. Antibodies to endogenous retroviral gene products have been found in a number of infectious, chronic, and malignant diseases, suggesting a role in disease initiation and progression. We studied human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients for evidence of urine antibody to a HERV peptide and investigated correlates with clinical and laboratory parameters. Forty-three HIV-1-infected patients in documented asymptomatic, symptomatic, or AIDS stages of disease and 21 age- and gender-matched, uninfected controls were tested for antibody to HERV-related peptide 4.1. Urine specimens were examined in a blinded fashion with the Calypte Biomedical Corp. experimental enzyme immunoassay for antibody to peptide 4.1. Results were compared with demographic data, medical history, clinical state of disease, and results of other laboratory tests. Thirty-six percent of the asymptomatic (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] category A) and 81.3% of both the symptomatic (CDC category B) and AIDS (CDC category C) patients were positive for antibody to HERV-related peptide 4.1. None of the controls were positive. In this study, antibodies to HERV-related peptide 4.1 were found more frequently in patients with advanced stages (categories B and C) of HIV-1 disease than in those patients with an earlier stage (category A) of HIV disease. In HIV patients, severe immunosuppression, defined as having had at least one opportunistic infection, correlated with the expression of antibody to a HERV-related peptide.

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