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Nowadly, Craig D., Rebecca S. Blue, Harry M. Albaugh, Ryan S. Mayes, and Douglas J. Robb. "A Preliminary Study of U.S. Air Force Pilot Perceptions of the Pilot–Flight Surgeon Relationship." Military Medicine 184, no. 11-12 (May 15, 2019): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz088.
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Abstract Introduction Flight surgeons play a vital role in U.S. Air Force aviation operations by ensuring that pilots are medically prepared to meet the demands of military aviation. However, there is natural tension between pilots and flight surgeons. A pilot may be reluctant to share medical information with a flight surgeon who could negatively impact the pilot’s career or flight status. In this preliminary study, we sought to identify pilot-perceived strengths and weaknesses in the relationship between U.S. Air Force aviators and their flight surgeons. Materials and Methods An online survey regarding pilot–flight surgeon confidence and perceived values was distributed electronically to a convenience sample of U.S. Air Force aviators. Participants included U.S. Air Force active duty and Air Reserve Component (Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard) military aviators in addition to U.S. Air Force Academy aviation cadets. Results One hundred and seventy-three aviators participated in the survey. Respondents reported variable comfort in approaching flight surgeons with medical concerns and suggested that they believed other pilots might be withholding medical information from flight surgeons or seeking care from civilian physicians for career protection. Conclusions We sought to examine the pilot–flight surgeon relationship and its impact on daily flying operations. While limited, results suggest that there may be gaps in trust between pilots and their flight surgeons. These findings could present an opportunity to improve the pilot–flight surgeon relationship by identifying factors that contribute to closer pilot–flight surgeon relationships.
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Wang, Xiashuang, Guanghong Gong, Ni Li, Li Ding, and Yaofei Ma. "Decoding pilot behavior consciousness of EEG, ECG, eye movements via an SVM machine learning model." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 11, no. 04 (July 2, 2020): 2050028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962320500282.
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To decode the pilot’s behavioral awareness, an experiment is designed to use an aircraft simulator obtaining the pilot’s physiological behavior data. Existing pilot behavior studies such as behavior modeling methods based on domain experts and behavior modeling methods based on knowledge discovery do not proceed from the characteristics of the pilots themselves. The experiment starts directly from the multimodal physiological characteristics to explore pilots’ behavior. Electroencephalography, electrocardiogram, and eye movement were recorded simultaneously. Extracted multimodal features of ground missions, air missions, and cruise mission were trained to generate support vector machine behavior model based on supervised learning. The results showed that different behaviors affects different multiple rhythm features, which are power spectra of the [Formula: see text] waves of EEG, standard deviation of normal to normal, root mean square of standard deviation and average gaze duration. The different physiological characteristics of the pilots could also be distinguished using an SVM model. Therefore, the multimodal physiological data can contribute to future research on the behavior activities of pilots. The result can be used to design and improve pilot training programs and automation interfaces.
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AR Bezerra, Thiago, Ana Carolina RV Rodrigues, Thiago G Trigueiro, Liliana M Occulate, Hamilton RMO Carriço, and Leonardo Mendes Faria. "Incidence of cervical and lumbar spine injuries in Brazilian air force helicopter pilots." Aeronautics and Aerospace Open Access Journal 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2024): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/aaoaj.2024.08.00189.
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This paper is a brief analysis of the incidence of pain and discomfort caused by flying rotary-wing aircraft. This is due to the excessive vibration exerted by the rotors on the pilot's seat, which is absorbed by the pilot's spine, and the posture adopted by the pilot during the flight due to the layout of the controls. Air forces from various countries such as Israel, Sweden, England, among others, have considered low back pain to be a primary health problem in airmen and admit that this type of problem is detrimental to flight safety, given that the pain acts throughout the flight and can appear at a level that distracts the pilot. The aim of this study was to clarify the incidence of pain and discomfort among rotary-wing pilots in the Brazilian Air Force. To help carry out the study, an online questionnaire with multiple-choice, scale and full answer questions was used, answered by 124 aviation officers belonging to the Brazilian Air Force. Corroborating previous research in this area, we identified that the main discomforts are related to the position of piloting the aircraft, mainly located in the region of the spine. Most of this discomfort lasts from a few minutes to a few hours. The main preventative methods used by helicopter pilots are related to strength training. Thus, we can infer the awareness of pilots and authorities of the importance of physical exercise, thus inferring an important preventive measure.
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Stepnova, A. I., S. M. Stepanov, V. V. Borsoeva, and V. A. Borsoev. "Analysis of effectiveness of the program of joined air traffic controlles and pilotes training." Civil Aviation High Technologies 22, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-5-32-42.
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Training of cadets-air traffic controllers and cadets-pilots is an integral part of the training, which allows you to form the skills of quick and correct decision-making in different types of situations. For the air traffic controller, these are exercises to solve conflict situations with aircraft in the area of their responsibility, solving problems in normal flight conditions, in unfavorable atmospheric conditions and in the non-routine situations in flight. For the pilots, solutions to the problems are reduced to the rapid decisionmaking on aircraft control in normal flight conditions, adverse atmospheric conditions and non-routine situations in flight. As you know, the work of air traffic controllers is associated with the work of pilots, but training in educational institutions takes place separately, resulting in gaps in knowledge of the specifics of the adjacent specialty, and, eventually, leads to errors. Optimization of the educational process is currently an urgent task. The program of joint training can act as an optimization tool. The program enables you to collaboratively practice the skills of fast decision-making, clearly to learn the specifics of the related specialties that will allow you to create a complete picture of the air situation. The program of joint training implies the joint operational logic simulator that combines two simulators. For the air traffic controller, this is a separate airspace area in the form of a sector, for the pilot it is the cockpit. Thus, the solution to the problems occurs sequentially from the air traffic controller to the pilot and vice versa, and the controller has the ability to observe the algorithm of the pilot's actions, and the pilot is able to monitor the algorithm of the controller's actions.
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Baumgartner, Hannah M. "Wire Strikes and In-Air Obstacle Collisions During Agricultural Aviation Operations." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 94, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6318.2023.
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INTRODUCTION: Wire strikes and in-air collisions with obstacles are a leading cause of accidents in the aerial application industry. While some of these collisions occur due to unseen obstacles, some pilots report being previously aware of the obstacles that they collide with. Whether or not pilots are aware of obstacles pre-collision is an important factor to inform methods of accident prevention.METHODS: Final reports from the National Transportation Safety Board were analyzed for Part 137 Agricultural Operation accidents that took place between January 2020 and December 2022. A deeper analysis of cases that involved an in-air collision with an obstacle was performed, excluding cases that were attributable to an external cause (e.g., aerodynamic stall). The pilot’s awareness of the obstacle pre-accident was inferred from accident narratives if available.RESULTS: Nearly half of all accidents (N = 45 of 107) involved an in-air collision with an obstacle (e.g., wire, tree, pole) as the defining event. In cases where pilot awareness of the obstacle was determinable through the accident report, over half of pilots (N = 21 of 39) had previously seen this obstacle yet still made contact with it.DISCUSSION: In-air obstacle collisions make up a substantial portion of accidents within Part 137 Agricultural Operations. Nearly half of pilots were already aware of the obstacle before collision, indicating that inadequate preparation in scoping the field is not a predominant driver of these events. Instead, these findings suggest that other factors including distractions, high task difficulty, and errors in decision-making may contribute.Baumgartner HM. Wire strikes and in-air obstacle collisions during agricultural aviation operations. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(11):852–856.
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Lee, Minseok, Jihyun Oh, Cheonyoung Kim, Jungho Bae, Yongduk Kim, and Cheolkyu Jee. "The Development of Rule-based AI Engagement Model for Air-to-Air Combat Simulation." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (December 5, 2022): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2022.25.6.637.
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Since the concept of Manned-UnManned Teaming(MUM-T) and Unmanned Aircraft System(UAS) can efficiently respond to rapidly changing battle space, many studies are being conducted as key components of the mosaic warfare environment. In this paper, we propose a rule-based AI engagement model based on Basic Fighter Maneuver(BFM) capable of Within-Visual-Range(WVR) air-to-air combat and a simulation environment in which human pilots can participate. In order to develop a rule-based AI engagement model that can pilot a fighter with a 6-DOF dynamics model, tactical manuals and human pilot experience were configured as knowledge specifications and modeled as a behavior tree structure. Based on this, we improved the shortcomings of existing air combat models. The proposed model not only showed a 100 % winning rate in engagement with human pilots, but also visualized decision-making processes such as tactical situations and maneuvering behaviors in real time. We expect that the results of this research will serve as a basis for development of various AI-based engagement models and simulators for human pilot training and embedded software test platform for fighter.
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Vempati, Lakshmi, Sabrina Woods, and Scott R. Winter. "Pilots’ willingness to operate in urban air mobility integrated airspace: a moderated mediation analysis." Drone Systems and Applications 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2021-0009.
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Interest in advanced air mobility (AAM) and urban air mobility (UAM) operations for on-demand passenger and cargo transport continues to grow. There is ongoing research on market demand and forecast, community acceptance, privacy, and security. There is also ongoing research by National Aeronautics and Space Administration , Federal Aviation Administration, academia, and industry on airspace integration, regulatory, process, and procedural challenges. Safe integration of UAM and AAM will also require different stakeholder perspectives such as air traffic controllers, manned aircraft pilots, remote pilots, UAM operators, and the community. This research aimed to assess the willingness of manned aircraft pilots to operate in UAM integrated airspace based on airspace complexity and UAM automation level. In addition, a moderated mediation analysis was conducted using trust and perceived risk as mediators and operator type as a moderating variable. The results indicated that automation level influenced pilots’ willingness to operate an aircraft in integrated airspace. A moderating effect of operation type on automation level and willingness to pilot an aircraft was also observed: professional pilots were more amenable to UAM operations with a pilot on board compared with remotely piloted operations. Results from the study are expected to inform airspace integration challenges, processes, and procedures for UAM integrated operations.
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Thomas, Gary S., and David C. Miller. "Development of an Air Combat Performance Measure." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 18 (October 1988): 1207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201804.
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The purpose of this research was to formulate a unitary measure of performance for simulated one-versus-one, within visual range, air-to-air combat. The measure will serve as a criterion for the development and validation of specific measures of ACM skill that can be used to provide diagnostic performance feedback to pilots. Two experiments were conducted in which fighter pilots served as judges and rank-ordered, from most to least desirable, hypothetical ACM engagement outcomes. Outcome variables included (1) whether or not the hypothetical pilot achieved a “kill,” (2) whether or not he survived the mission, (3) the percent of time the pilot was in an offensive, defensive, or neutral posture, (4) length of engagement, and (5) posture at the beginning and end of the engagement (offensive, defensive, or neutral). In order to determine inter-rater agreement among judges in Experiment I, their rankings were correlated. Correlations ranged from .93 to .99. Pilots' rankings of engagement outcomes were subjected to linear regression analyses to derive equations that could be used as a unitary measure of ACM success. The regression equation in Experiment I accounted for 95% of the variance in rankings, and the composite regression model calculated in Experiment II accounted for more than 70% of the variance.
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Hettinger, Lawrence J., W. Todd Nelson, and Michael W. Haas. "Applying Virtual Environment Technology to the Design of Fighter Aircraft Cockpits: Pilot Performance and Situation Awareness in a Simulated Air Combat Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (October 1994): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800123.
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The use of multi-sensory displays for fighter aircraft cockpits is being investigated at the U.S. Air Force's Armstrong Laboratory as a means of enhancing pilot performance. The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of employing such displays on the performance of a simulated air combat task. Each of four experienced US Air Force F-16 pilots flew 12 simulated missions which required them to locate and destroy four enemy bombers whose flight path was pre-programmed. Simultaneously, two other pilots were assigned to auxiliary cockpits in the laboratory and flew enemy fighter aircraft in an attempt to intercept and shoot down the primary pilot. Therefore there were three active participants in each air combat scenario. Each pilot flew six trials using a cockpit comprised of conventional F-15 flight instruments and six trials using a modified, multi-sensory cockpit. The results indicated that pilot performance and situation awareness were generally superior with the multi-sensory cockpit as opposed to the conventional cockpit, although statistical differences between the two were at best marginally significant. Nevertheless, the results suggest that if pilots were to receive advance training with the multi-sensory cockpit their performance may exceed that in the highly overlearned conventional cockpit by even more substantial amounts.
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Hancock, Katherine. "The Airline Pilot Shortage: A Result of Age Discrimination or Excessive Training Requirements?" Journal of Air Law and Commerce 88, no. 2 (2023): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/jalc.88.2.5.
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In its relatively short history, public air travel has seen its fair share of airline pilot shortages. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry was facing yet another. There was virtually no part of the airline industry untouched by the pandemic, and pilot supply was no exception. As an attempt to mitigate profit loss, airlines offered pilots early retirement packages. When air travel returned to pre-pandemic numbers earlier than expected, airlines struggled to fill cockpit seats, which was a major factor in causing the extensive flight cancellations and delays in 2022. Legislators sought to alleviate the issue by raising the federally mandated retirement age. In 2022, a bill was introduced to raise the age to from sixty-five to sixty-seven. The lawmakers behind the bill provided one reason for this change: to relieve the pilot shortage. They blamed the pilot shortage on the demographic; the majority of airline pilots are baby boomers nearing retirement. There are a few issues with this proposal. The first is the discriminatory nature of the law itself. Raising the age by two years is a step in the right direction, but it is just as arbitrary as the Age Sixty-Five Rule. The second issue is the lack of impact it would have on the pilot supply. The two-year increase is not going to achieve the lawmakers’ purpose because it does not incentivize pilots to keep working. The third issue is that the proposal does not confront the larger cause for the pilot shortage: the excessive training requirements for pilots to earn their commercial pilot’s license. This Article first examines the legality of the airline pilot age limit and the court challenges it has overcome. It confronts the superfluousness of the mandatory retirement age, arguing that an age limit is superseded by the regular aircraft simulator trainings and medical examinations airline pilots are required to pass in order to keep flying. This Article then critiques the 1,500 Hour Rule and assesses other causes of the pilot shortage. Finally, it argues that there are other, better ways to bolster the pilot supply in the United States.
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Haworth, Damian, Gary Gray, Richard Zoltenko, and Alireza J. Bashirzadeh. "Permanent Medical Grounding in Royal Canadian Air Force Pilots (2008–2017)." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5905.2021.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective registry study was to review the medical causes of RCAF pilot permanent grounding during the period 2008–2017 and to compare our findings to the previous study of 1978–1987 to determine if disease patterns had changed.METHODS: Material was obtained from the RCAF 1 Canadian Air Division Surgeon’s medical registry of military pilots. Anonymized data for permanently grounded pilots were classified by medical diagnosis, age, and training status.RESULTS: During the period 2008–2017, there were a total of 162 pilots permanently grounded, of which 110 were trained and 52 untrained.DISCUSSION: In comparison to the 1991 study, there has been a decrease in permanent groundings due cardiovascular disease, but an increase due to mental health conditions, musculoskeletal issues, and motion sickness.Haworth D, Gray G, Zoltenko R, Bashirzadeh AJ. Permanent medical grounding in Royal Canadian Air Force pilots (2008–2017). Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(11): 913–918.
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Pavlovic, Miroslav, Janko Pejovic, Jovan Mladenovic, Radovan Cekanac, Dalibor Jovanovic, Radovan Karkalic, and Danijela Randjelovic. "Ejection experience in Serbian air force, 1990-2010." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 6 (2014): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp130517044p.
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Background/Aim. Ejection injuries are the problem for air forces. The present risk for injuries is still too high, approximately 30-50%. This study was an effort to determine factors responsible for and contributing to injuries in the Serbian Air Force (SAF) in the last two decades. Methods. All ejection cases in the SAF between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed. The collected data were: aircraft type, ejection seat generation, pilots ? age and experience, causes of ejection, aeronautical parameters, the condition of aircraft control and types of injuries. For ease of comparison the U.S. Air Force Safety Regulation was used to define of major injuries: hospitalization for 5 days or more, loss of consciousness for over 5 min, bone fracture, joint dislocation, injury to any internal organ, any third-degree burn, or second-degree burn over 5% of the body surface area. Results. There were 52 ejections (51 pilots and 1 mechanic) on 44 airplanes. The ejected persons were from 22 to 46 years, average 32 years. Major injuries were present in 25.49% cases. Of all the ejected pilots 9.61% had fractures of thoracic spine, 11.53% fractures of legs, 3.48% fractures of arms. Of all major injuries, fractures of thoracic spine were 38.46%. None of the pilots had experienced ejection previously. Conclusion. Our results suggest to obligatory take preventive measures: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan must be included in the standard pilot selection procedure and procedure after ejection. Physical conditioning of pilots has to be improved. Training on ejection trainer has to be accomplished, too.
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Lyons, Joseph B., Nhut T. Ho, Kolina S. Koltai, Gina Masequesmay, Mark Skoog, Artemio Cacanindin, and Walter W. Johnson. "Trust-Based Analysis of an Air Force Collision Avoidance System." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 24, no. 1 (January 2016): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804615611274.
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This case study analyzes the factors that influence trust and acceptance among users (in this case, test pilots) of the Air Force’s Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System. Our analyses revealed that test pilots’ trust depended on a number of factors, including the development of a nuisance-free algorithm, designing fly-up evasive maneuvers consistent with a pilot’s preferred behavior, and using training to assess, demonstrate, and verify the system’s reliability. These factors are consistent with the literature on trust in automation and could lead to best practices for automation design, testing, and acceptance.
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PIVEN, Victoria, and Nataliia CHEREDNYCHENKO. "PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE PILOTS IN AIR COMMUNICATION." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Pedagogical Sciences 12 (2022): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2522-1477-2022-12-152-157.
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The article concerns the need for up-to-days approaches in teaching English in higher aviation educational establishments, where knowledge of the English language becomes not the purpose in itself of the educational process, and a means of training, forming and developing the professional competence of future pilots. Key words: competence-based approach, air-ground communication, cross-disciplinary communication, professional activity, standard task of professional training.
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CHRISTODOULOU, MANOLIS A., and CHRYSA KONTOGEORGOU. "COLLISION AVOIDANCE IN COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT FREE FLIGHT VIA NEURAL NETWORKS AND NON-LINEAR PROGRAMMING." International Journal of Neural Systems 18, no. 05 (October 2008): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065708001658.
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In recent years there has been a great effort to convert the existing Air Traffic Control system into a novel system known as Free Flight. Free Flight is based on the concept that increasing international airspace capacity will grant more freedom to individual pilots during the enroute flight phase, thereby giving them the opportunity to alter flight paths in real time. Under the current system, pilots must request, then receive permission from air traffic controllers to alter flight paths. Understandably the new system allows pilots to gain the upper hand in air traffic. At the same time, however, this freedom increase pilot responsibility. Pilots face a new challenge in avoiding the traffic shares congested air space. In order to ensure safety, an accurate system, able to predict and prevent conflict among aircraft is essential. There are certain flight maneuvers that exist in order to prevent flight disturbances or collision and these are graded in the following categories: vertical, lateral and airspeed. This work focuses on airspeed maneuvers and tries to introduce a new idea for the control of Free Flight, in three dimensions, using neural networks trained with examples prepared through non-linear programming.
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Rantanen, Esa M., and Nina K. Kokayeff. "Pilot Error in Copying Air Traffic Control Clearances." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600130.
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A study investigating the accuracy of pilots' copying air traffic control clearances is described. Twentyfour airline pilots listened to 28 taped clearances and copied them down on an answer sheet using shorthand, longhand, or some combination of these according to their preferences. The copied clearances were analyzed by the number of correctly copied elements, the number of omitted elements, and the number of extraneous elements that were not present in the original clearance. Preliminary results indicate a strong influence of habit and familiar operating environment and procedures on the accuracy of copying unfamiliar information. Common errors included victor-airways copied as jet-airways, low altitudes copied as much higher, and slow speeds copied as much higher. The vulnerability of controller-pilot communications to the effects of unfamiliarity is apparent. A detailed analysis of these data may provide for a better understanding of the shortcomings of controller-pilot communication.
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Merz, A. W. "Implementing Air Combat Guidance Laws." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153101.
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The one-on-one air combat problem has been studied by both theoreticians and pilots, beginning with the “dogfights” of World War I. Since that time, aircraft and weapon capabilities have vastly increased, but no comparable improvements in pilot tactics or maneuver algorithms have been acknowledged. The advent of new sensors and onboard computing capabilities suggest that the theory of differential games may be applied to this problem. A review of the work done in this field is followed by discussion of a practical method of convincing the pilot of the validity of this theory.
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Gheorghiu, Alexandru, and Mircea Boscoianu. "A Statistical Review on the Decision about the Fighter Pilot's Ejection Inromanian Air Force." Applied Mechanics and Materials 811 (November 2015): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.390.
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Worldwide, the ejection is a challenging method and difficult to approach by fighter pilots. Considering that when eject, the pilot experience a g-force up to 15-18 G, which can affect the physical health of the pilot, the ejection decision can be affected. Besides this reason, with the desire to save the aircraft or third parties, the pilot may lose his life in the air disaster. The current paper reveals a statistical approach of aviation accidents in Romanian Air Force during 1951-2015. 225 cases were analyzed, which involved 235 aircraft and 280 fighter pilots. The below information is a personal one and does not reflect an official position of the Ministry of National Defense.
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Jones, R. Kent. "Miscommunication between pilots and air traffic control." Language Problems and Language Planning 27, no. 3 (October 18, 2003): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.27.3.03jon.
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Language confusion is a frequent cause of pilot error. Although English was made the common language of world aviation in 1951, miscommunication and crashes in which communication was a contributing factor are common. Standard phrases used by air traffic controllers in the United States contain numerous confusing elements. These include ambiguities, misnomers and illogicalities. Phrases are not derivations of a master plan as they should be. The inability of English to express specific directions to pilots without confusion disqualifies it as a language for permanent use by aviation.
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Li, Yuhan, Ke Li, Shaofan Wang, Xiaodan Chen, and Dongsheng Wen. "Pilot Behavior Recognition Based on Multi-Modality Fusion Technology Using Physiological Characteristics." Biosensors 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12060404.
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With the development of the autopilot system, the main task of a pilot has changed from controlling the aircraft to supervising the autopilot system and making critical decisions. Therefore, the human–machine interaction system needs to be improved accordingly. A key step to improving the human–machine interaction system is to improve its understanding of the pilots’ status, including fatigue, stress, workload, etc. Monitoring pilots’ status can effectively prevent human error and achieve optimal human–machine collaboration. As such, there is a need to recognize pilots’ status and predict the behaviors responsible for changes of state. For this purpose, in this study, 14 Air Force cadets fly in an F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter simulator through a series of maneuvers involving takeoff, level flight, turn and hover, roll, somersault, and stall. Electro cardio (ECG), myoelectricity (EMG), galvanic skin response (GSR), respiration (RESP), and skin temperature (SKT) measurements are derived through wearable physiological data collection devices. Physiological indicators influenced by the pilot’s behavioral status are objectively analyzed. Multi-modality fusion technology (MTF) is adopted to fuse these data in the feature layer. Additionally, four classifiers are integrated to identify pilots’ behaviors in the strategy layer. The results indicate that MTF can help to recognize pilot behavior in a more comprehensive and precise way.
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Dyer, Allie, Laurel Klawes, Skyler Royse, Keane Singleton, John Miller, and Colby Shufeldt. "Optimizing Undergraduate Pilot Training 2.5 at Vance Air Force Base." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 11, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2023v11i1-2.pp15-20.
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With a continued increase in demand for qualified pilots, in an environment of continual budget constraints, the Air Education Training Command has been searching for ways to streamline Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT). Leadership has recently implemented UPT 2.5 to train pilots more effectively. However, the 8th and 33rd Flight Training Squadrons at Vance Air Force Base have had issues efficiently cycling students through. Although UPT 2.5 specifies that it takes no more than 90 days for students to complete the post-preflight portion of the syllabus, it currently takes 126 days on average. We developed a discrete event simulation model of pilot training to identify bottlenecks in the current system, find an optimal class size given current resources, and optimize resources to graduate 32 students per class, the number required by AETC. The results will inform recommendations to increase efficiency within UPT and reduce the pilot shortage.
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Rowe, Leah J., Nancy J. Cooke, Sara Elizabeth Gehr, and Winston Bennett. "Assessing Distributed Mission Operations Using the Air Superiority Knowledge Assessment System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 25 (October 2007): 1569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102501.
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The Air Superiority Knowledge Assessment System (ASKAS) was developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory as a method for measuring knowledge in fighter pilots. Differences in ASKAS results have been shown to correspond with the knowledge level of pilots with different amounts of experience. To further test this tool, it has recently been integrated into a week-long training program. ASKAS is given before and after training to measure changes in knowledge as a result of the training. Our results show that there is a small but measurable increase in knowledge, as measured by ASKAS, after the training. In addition, there is a quadratic relationship between pilot experience and performance on ASKAS, suggesting that mid-level pilots have the highest levels of knowledge. These results support the validity of ASKAS as a tool to measure changes in knowledge during training, and provide insight on how to improve ASKAS for future use.
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Ludvigsen, Jennifer, Steven Estes, and John Helleberg. "Evaluation of Flight Deck Procedures Used in the Designation of Traffic for Tailored Collision Avoidance Logic." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601012.
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The Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XO) allows a pilot to select traffic for tailored collision avoidance advisories during simultaneous approaches to parallel runways. In the study reviewed in this paper, pilots evaluated ACAS XO procedures during a series of simulated approaches and departures. Half of the pilots were given the traffic to select by Air Traffic Control (ATC), while the remaining pilots had to determine the appropriate traffic to select on their own. Pilots who received the traffic from ATC selected targets more quickly and earlier in the approach. Pilots felt the process was easy and the workload was operationally acceptable. Analysis showed that earlier selection increased the utility of ACAS XO and was preferred by pilots as it allowed the crew to complete the procedure in a lower workload phase of flight.
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Morphew, M. Ephimia, and Christopher D. Wickens. "Pilot Performance and Workload Using Traffic Displays to Support Free Flight." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200113.
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Arising from the need to employ innovative solutions to safely and efficiently maintain air traffic separation in increasingly denser skyways, the concept of Free Flight involves shifting some air traffic management responsibilities from air traffic control specialists on the ground, to pilots in the cockpit. Such a shift in traffic management responsibilities will be critically dependent upon the development of displays to provide traffic and hazard information to pilots in the cockpit (Wickens, Carbonari, Merwin, Morphew, & O'Brien (1997; Battiste (in progress); Johnson, Battiste, Delzell, Holland, Belcher, & Jordan, 1997). This research examined the effect of different information-varying display aids (predictors and threat vectors) for in-cockpit traffic displays, on pilot performance, workload, attentional demands, and flight safety. Fifteen pilots flew a series of traffic avoidance scenarios in a Free Flight simulation designed to assess the effects of different levels of traffic display information on these pilot variables. Three, 2D-coplanar prototype displays were compared which differed in the level of traffic information provided. Analysis of the data revealed that the traffic display with the most predictive information supported increased safety and decreased workload, without appreciable decrements in flight performance or efficiency.
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Espejo-Antúnez, Luis, Carlos Fernández-Morales, Juan Manuel Moreno-Vázquez, Fernando Blas Tabla-Hinojosa, María de los Ángeles Cardero-Durán, and Manuel Albornoz-Cabello. "Assessment from a Biopsychosocial Approach of Flight-Related Neck Pain in Fighter Pilots of Spanish Air Force. An Observational Study." Diagnostics 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020233.
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Flying on fighter aircraft is the only human activity that exposes the body to acceleration levels for long periods of time. In this sense, the regular exposure to G forces has been related to a high incidence of flight-related neck pain. The aim is to evaluate flight pilots of the Spanish Air Force (instructors vs. students) diagnosed with flight-related neck pain from a biopsychosocial perspective. Eighteen fighter pilots with flight-related neck pain were divided into two groups: instructor fighter pilots (n = 7) and student fighter pilots (n = 11). The Neck Disability Index (NDI), Cervical Range of Motion (CRoM), Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT), cervical repositioning error, and myoelectric activity were evaluated. Cervical flexion, extension and left and right rotation showed a reduced range of motion in both groups with respect to the normative values of the healthy population. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≥ 05). The correlational analysis showed a strong association between the NDI and CRoM of the left rotation (β =−0.880, p = 0.002). The NDI also had a positive association with the pilot’s age (β = 1.353, p < 0.01) and the number of flight hours (β = 0.805, p = 0.003). In conclusion, the Cervical Range of Motion at the left rotation seems to determine the perceived degree of disability in both the instructors and students. This factor could be influenced by the number of flight hours and accumulated experience as an F-5 fighter pilot.
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KORECKI, Zbyšek, Tomáš HOIKA, Miloslav BAUER, and Vladimír SMRŽ. "NEW APPROACH TO MILITARY PILOT EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT." Transport Problems 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2023.19.2.11.
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Military pilot education, including flight training, is a long, expensive, and complex process. The main goal is to produce as many skilled professionals as possible ready to perform flight tasks on the front-line aircraft and push them to their workload limits with complete control. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to select and educate young people with the aptitude and abilities to perform the most demanding military flight tasks. The creation of a model for the education and training of military pilots depends on the requirements of the Czech Air Force Command and the teaching capacities of the University of Defence and the Aviation Training Centre in Pardubice. Rearmament of the Czech Air Force and the required number of pilots requires a change in the new military pilot training model. This contribution describes a new approach to Czech Air Force pilot education and training in the current security conditions in the world.
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Borghini, Gianluca, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Di Flumeri, Vincenzo Ronca, Andrea Giorgi, Nicolina Sciaraffa, Claudio Conca, et al. "Air Force Pilot Expertise Assessment with Regard to Mental Effort Requested during Unusual Attitude Recovery Flight Training Simulations." Safety 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety8020038.
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Pilot training and expertise are key aspects in aviation. A traditional way of evaluating pilot expertise is to measure performance output. However, this approach provides a narrow view of the pilot’s capacity, especially with regard to mental and emotional profile. The aim of this study is hence to investigate whether neurophysiological data can be employed as an additional objective measure to assess the expertise of pilots. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that mental effort can be used as an indirect measure of operator expertise and capacity. An increase in mental effort, for instance, can automatically result in a decrease in the remaining capacity of the operator. To better investigate this aspect, we ask two groups of Italian Air Force pilots, experienced (Experts) and unexperienced (Novices), to undergo unusual attitude recovery flight training simulations. Their behavioral (unusual attitude recovery time), subjective (mental effort demand perception) and neurophysiological data (Electroencephalogram, EEG; Electrocardiogram, ECG) are collected during the entire flight simulations. Although the two groups do not exhibit differences in terms of unusual attitude recovery time and mental effort demand perception, the EEG-based mental effort index shows how Novices request significantly higher mental effort during unusual conditions.
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Schreiber, Brian T., Herbert H. Bell, and William B. Raspotnik. "Investigating Communication and Situation Awareness in Air Combat." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200106.
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In an exploratory study, we examined whether communication could distinguish between high- or low-situation awareness (SA) F-15 lead pilots. With aid from an assigned wingman and an air weapons controller, the lead pilots flew 36 simulated combat engagements. Two measures of SA were utilized. First, ratings of SA were obtained from the operational squadrons. Second, subject matter experts based SA ratings of 40 lead pilots on (a) 28 critical behaviors identified in a task analysis, and (b) behaviors such as communication. Subsequent rankings from both SA measures revealed that, during the simulated engagements, high-situation awareness pilots directed team members more frequently and requested more information. Despite the varied complex simulated engagements, communication patterns were stable; lead pilots' communications were similar for identical engagements that were flown both early and late in the study. Larger studies using a correlational approach with communication categorization are suggested.
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Zasyadko, Konstantin Ivanovich, Sergei Konstantinovich Soldatov, Aleksei Valerievich Bogomolov, Aleksandr Pavlovich Vonarshenko та Mikhail Nikolaevich Yazlyuk. "PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF AIRСRAFT PILOTS DURING VISUAL SEARCH AND DETECTION OF SMALL-SIZE GROUND OBJECTS IN DIFFICULT WEATHER CONDITIONS". Психология. Психофизиология 13, № 4 (11 січня 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/jpps200410.
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Background. Visual search and detection of small-size ground objects in difficult weather conditions is a task that provokes psychophysiological stress. The influence of professional pilot activity on the psychophysiological cost of air reconnaissance remains unclear. Materials and methods. The study on the detection and identification of a ground object during landing approach was carried out in winter, during daylight hours: 42 aircraft pilots (average age 30.0 ± 2.8 years, experience from 7 to 14 years) performed 192 research flights. Studies of the subjective assessment of the range to small-size ground objects (SSGO) depending on different visibility conditions and flight altitude were carried out with the participation of 11 aircraft pilots (average age 31.2 ± 1.4 years, experience from 10 to 14 years). The aircraft pilots performed 33 research flights, during which the indicators of neuro-emotional stress were recorded using on-board recording equipment. Results. The search for SSGO in difficult weather conditions (DWC) is accompanied by the increased neuro-emotional stress of the pilot. The pilot's eye estimate of the range to SSGO in conditions of a limited maximum visibility (2.5–4.0 km) for altitudes of 300–400 m is characterized by overestimating the range by an average of 12 %, while good visibility results in underestimating the range. A flight under the clouds with maintaining the distance between the lower edge of the cloud and a flight height of about 50 meters is more favorable for the search for SSGO. With a decrease in this distance to 25 m or less, there is an increase in the physiological cost of such activity (increase in heart rate by 11.6 %; respiration rate by 13.7 %). Conclusion. The psychophysiological features of a pilot that affect the detection and identification of SSGO in DWC mostly depend on the maximum visibility. The coefficients obtained make it possible to adequately estimate the detection and identification range during air reconnaissance in DWC. Pilot’s workload, as well as the level of his/her neuro-emotional stress are determined by the maximum visibility and the distance between the lower edge of the cloud and the specified flight altitude.
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Lohapoontragul, Chawanwit, Soratorn Baiyai, and Kritchamon Meelung. "The Pilot Behavior Violation of RegulationsAffect Aircraft Accident." Journal Of Technical Education Development 35, no. 124 (December 1, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14416/j.ted.2022.08.003.
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This academic article focus on the behavior modulation violates the pilot regulations. As a guideline and suggestion for reducing the number of accidents caused by pilots not following the regulations. At present, traveling by aircraft has become popular because it is convenient, fast, and time-saving. As a result, there are many people who want to travel by aircraft and air cargo. For this reason, each accident can cost a lot of damage to the aviation industry and related persons. But most accidents are caused by pilots who violate regulations such as flying without following the correct process, drink alcohol before flying and solving problems on their own without listening to the opinion of the crew or air traffic controller. As a result, the situation can't be solved in time and cause an accident. According to the study, make it found the method adjusted behavior in violation of pilot regulations using the flooding technique, It is the most appropriate. As it is a technique that can be applied to the flight training that pilots have to do on a regular basis. It is used for aviation industry to correct the behavior of pilots' violation of regulations and increase the confidence of passengers and related persons in the safety.
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Lazic, Dragan Andrija, Vladimir Grujic, and Marko Tanaskovic. "The role of flight simulation in flight training of pilots for crisis management." South Florida Journal of Development 3, no. 3 (June 2, 2022): 3624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n3-046.
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Every day over 102.000 commercial passenger flights take place on a global scale above our heads. Because of that many questions arise in the areas of safety and security in massive air traffic. If airlines use crisis management, any activity concerning the preparation of the crew and the aircraft for a particular task - flight gets more significance and importance. During the flight, the pilot - the captain of the aircraft, is the key person of any company activity that includes transport of people and goods, and that is the reason why a pilot's psycho-physical abilities and flying performance must be constantly checked, evaluated and improved. In a plane crash near North Macedonia's capital city Skopje, the aviation investigators discovered the number of serious failures in pilot training that led to the fall of a private plane Cessna 340. The investigation revealed that although the pilot was certificated to fly in instrument meteorological conditions, his actions in the air indicate that he was not well trained. European and American aviation authorities have clear legal regulations regarding the training and certification for individual flight categories as well as a categorized simulation technique where pilots exercise before they get one of the flying categories. Flight simulators play an essential role in the training of the future pilots for both visual and instrumental flight conditions
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Koul, Prateeka, Christine Mau, Victor M. Sabourin, Chirag D. Gandhi, and Charles J. Prestigiacomo. "Famous head injuries of the first aerial war: deaths of the “Knights of the Air”." Neurosurgical Focus 39, no. 1 (July 2015): E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.4.focus15109.
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World War I advanced the development of aviation from the concept of flight to the use of aircraft on the battlefield. Fighter planes advanced technologically as the war progressed. Fighter pilot aces Francesco Baracca and Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron) were two of the most famous pilots of this time period. These courageous fighter aces skillfully maneuvered their SPAD and Albatros planes, respectively, while battling enemies and scoring aerial victories that contributed to the course of the war. The media thrilled the public with their depictions of the heroic feats of fighter pilots such as Baracca and the Red Baron. Despite their aerial prowess, both pilots would eventually be shot down in combat. Although the accounts of their deaths are debated, it is undeniable that both were victims of traumatic head injury.
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Muravyov, I. S. "Method of training pilots of the latest-generation aircraft to interact with crews of other aircraft." Civil Aviation High Technologies 26, no. 5 (October 30, 2023): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2023-26-5-42-52.
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Training pilots of latest-generation aircraft to interact with other crews in flight is complicated by the high level of cockpit automation and information overload of crews, on the one hand, and by the responsibility of pilots for decisions made regarding air traffic, on the other hand. Since the unified methodology for training pilots to interact with other crews in the same airspace is not available, the development of qualitative training is required. To address this issue, a method, based on a preliminary calculation of the amount of information which is necessary to process by a pilot when training depending on the type of this information for the efficient formation of a conceptual model of air traffic in flight, has been developed. The method of forming a conceptual model of air traffic is based on the application of a mathematical model of “random walk with absorption”. The method consists of three phases. In the first flight phase, a pilot should operate a training flight en route. In the first flight of the second training phase, a trainee evaluates the tendency for the approach (separation) of the assessed aircraft to the trainee aircraft. In the second flight of the second phase, the assessed aircraft position is determined by the crew position and altitude reports, in the third flight – by the crew position, heading and altitude reports. In the third training phase, when operating three flights primarily en route, a trainee is supposed to evaluate the air situation according to all the parameters reported by crews operating in the same airspace. After flights of the second and third training phases, the pilot is meant to analyze and evaluate the air situation while operating a flight comprehensively by the number of aircraft in the flight area, their position and the sequence of their motion. The experimental results made it possible to determine that participants in the experimental group were 24% more efficient in evaluating the air situation and interacting with other crews in flight in the same flight area compared to the control group pilots. Processing of the experimental results showed that when employing the proposed training method, the reliability of the latest-generation aircraft crew interaction at the automatic piloting mode was statistically significantly increased.
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Hamzah, Haryani. "CLARITY AND PRONUNCIATION OF AB-INITIO AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER." Aviation 25, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2021.15906.
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The increasing number of aircraft flying around the world has led to the requirement for air traffic controllers to improve their communication skills to face high demand traffic in the future. The paper examines the communication errors in the pilot-controller communication of six ab-initio air traffic controllers during simulation training. More than three hours of conversation were collected and analyzed qualitatively using conversational analysis. The transcribed data yielded a total of 62 instances of communication errors. The data revealed that clarity and pronunciation of ab-initio controllers contributed to problematic communication and reduced the efficiency of the air traffic controllers in communicating. In contrast, pronunciation errors rarely diminished comprehension amongst the controllers and pilots who share a similar first language and are familiar with the use of English in a lingua franca setting. The study also describes other instances of communication errors in pilot-controller communication. The results indicate that ab-initio air traffic controllers need to be proficient in three main areas in pilot controller communication to improve their performance: aviation phraseology, aviation English, and aviation knowledge. The findings suggest that pilots and air traffic controllers should achieve level 4 (operational) in aviation language proficiency test, before proceeding to aviation training that requires them to be proficient in their language skills.
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HERASYMENKO, Liudmyla, Olha PIDLUBNA, and Iryna KULISH. "INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING IN AVIATION ENGLISH COURSE." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Pedagogical Sciences 13 (2023): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2522-1477-2023-13-204-211.
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The article describes the peculiarities of professional communication between pilots and air traffic controllers and presents new approaches to its training. Developing communication skills is an important element for future pilots and air traffic controllers’ training due to the significant role of the linguistic factor. The main methods of professional communication training are described: interactive, problem-based, project-based, and scenario methods. Key words: professional communication, aviation specialists’ training, pilots, air traffic controllers, radio exchanges, phraseology, methods.
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Crick, Jeffrey L., Stephen J. Selcon, Maddalena Piras, Craig Shanks, Chris Drewery, and Alex Bunting. "Validation of the Explanatory Concept for Decision Support in Air-to-Air Combat." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100107.
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A decision-support aid developed for use by pilots in air-to-air combat was evaluated in a simulated beyond-visual-range combat scenario in which military pilots competed against one another head-to-head. Combat performance was assessed on a range of operationally-valid measures with three different versions of a head-down display showing integrated information derived from data fusion. One version presented graphical, dynamic representations of both ownship's and the enemy's missile performance envelopes (launch success zones); another showed only the launch success zones of the enemy aircraft; and a third, control version showed neither form of graphical representation. Superior attacking performance was demonstrated with the display showing both ownship and enemy launch success zones, while more successful evasive performance was associated with the display showing only enemy launch success zones. Greater levels of situation understanding were associated with the display showing both ownship and enemy launch success zones. The results lend ecological validity to the use of explanatory graphical displays in providing decision support for pilots in air-to-air combat.
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Parkhimovich, A. V. "Air transport processes. Remuneration of pilots." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 22, no. 4 (August 22, 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-4-43-53.
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da Silva, Gilvan V., Manny Halpern, and Claire C. Gordon. "Anthropometry of Brazilian Air Force pilots." Ergonomics 60, no. 10 (March 14, 2017): 1445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1301575.
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Mihai, Eduard Ionut. "Comparative analysis of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force." MATEC Web of Conferences 290 (2019): 13007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929013007.
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The primary purpose of the military pilots training system is to select objectively and to provide practical and qualitative training, both with regard to their academics and in terms of their specialization as aviation personnel. The current state of the military pilots training system has been marked by difficulties due to its attempt in overcoming a prolonged transition period and adapting to modern armed forces and partner training standards within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Based on the comparative analysis of the training of military aeronautical personnel in Romania and Poland, we will try to observe whether flight training needs to be more or less phased in order for the Air Force to benefit from pilots capable of responding to the current challenges. Accordingly, the aim of the current paper consists of a qualitative analysis meant to prove the necessity of adjusting curricula to the exigencies of the geopolitical reality within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to identify both strong common and distinctive points of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force.
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Lyons, Joseph B., Nhut T. Ho, Anna Lee Van Abel, Lauren C. Hoffmann, Garrett G. Sadler, William E. Fergueson, Michelle A. Grigsby, and Mark Wilkins. "Comparing Trust in Auto-GCAS Between Experienced and Novice Air Force Pilots." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 25, no. 4 (August 16, 2017): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804617716612.
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We examined F-16 pilots’ trust of the Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (Auto-GCAS), an automated system fielded on the F-16 to reduce the occurrence of controlled flight into terrain. We looked at the impact of experience (i.e., number of flight hours) as a predictor of trust perceptions and complacency potential among pilots. We expected that novice pilots would report higher trust and greater potential for complacency in relation to Auto-GCAS, which was shown to be partly true. Although novice pilots, compared with experienced pilots, reported equivalent trust perceptions, they also reported greater complacency potential.
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Otsuka, Yasutami, Akihiko Onozawa, Azusa Kikukawa, and Yoshinori Miyamoto. "Effects of Flight Workload on Urinary Catecholamine Responses in Experienced Military Pilots." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (October 2007): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.563-571.
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This study investigated the flight responses induced by strenuous aerobatic demonstration flight and an air-to-air combat maneuvering flight in experienced pilots. Subjects were 54 military male pilots on a volunteer basis: 8 T-4 pilots ( M = 35.8 yr., SD = 4.9), 15 F-4 pilots ( M = 32.6 yr., SD = 5.1), 13 F-15 pilots ( M = 33.8 yr., SD = 1.0), and 18 F-2 pilots ( M = 33.7 yr., SD = 3.9). Samples of urine were collected approximately 30 min. before and 20 min. after the flights. The postflight adrenaline in all pilots was significantly higher than at preflight, while a significant increase in noradrenaline at postflight was not observed. The post-/preflight ratio of adrenaline in all pilots was relatively similar and high. These findings might be regarded as a result of autonomic nervous system response to the flight workload of military pilots. Especially is increment in sympathetic activity considered to play an important part in psychological adaptation to flight.
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Woch, Marta, Józef Żurek, and Justyna Tomaszewska. "Multi-criteria mathematical model of the pilot training process." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821004012.
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In most NATO countries, helicopter pilots are prepared in accordance with a modern system of threestage training: selection, basic and advanced. The training in the air is performed according to the parallelism of the training. The scheduling of pilot training process based on parallel model, which includes the technological relationships between the individual exercises, whereby for each air exercise, the exercises are specified, which must be done beforehand. The purpose of this contribution is to propose a multi-criteria mathematical model which would enable the selection of exercises for each pilot, the appropriate selection of the aircraft and the moment of beginning of each exercise, so that all required exercises will be carried out in the shortest possible time and the number of trained, in a state of readiness pilots, should be as high as possible. Additionally, in this paper the sketch of a multi-criteria solution is presented. A crucial feature of this work is the model application to optimize pilot training.
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Houck, Michael R., Gary S. Thomas, and Herbert H. Bell. "Training Potential of Multiplayer Air Combat Simulation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 19 (October 1989): 1300–1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301914.
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The objective of this investigation was to identify air combat mission tasks that could be trained using existing multiship simulator technology. Forty-two mission ready F-15 pilots and 16 tactical air controllers rated their need for additional training on 41 air combat tasks. These pilots and controllers then participated in four days of air combat training using McDonnell Aircraft Company's simulation facility. This training allowed the participants to practice two-ship tactics in an unrestricted combat environment which included multiple air and ground threats, electronic combat, and real-time kill removal. Following training, the participants rated the value of their current unit training and training provided by the multiship simulation. Pilots rated the multiship simulator training superior to their current unit training for 22 of the 41 air combat tasks. Pilots also rated their need for additional training in those 22 combat tasks from “very” to “extremely” desirable. The controllers indicated that all combat tasks were better trained in the multiplayer simulation than in their current unit training program. Interviews and questionnaires also identified a number of strengths and weaknesses of the simulation that provide “lessons learned” for the development and use of future multiplayer air combat simulations.
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Flaa, Tine Almenning, Bjørn Bjorvatn, Ståle Pallesen, Erik Zakariassen, Anette Harris, Pia Gatterbauer-Trischler, and Siri Waage. "Sleep and Sleepiness Measured by Diaries and Actigraphy among Norwegian and Austrian Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) Pilots." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074311.
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The study examined sleep and sleepiness among shift working Helicopter Emergency Medical Service pilots from Norway (Norwegian Air Ambulance; NAA) and Austria (Christophorus Flugrettungverein; CFV). Both pilot groups (N = 47) worked seven consecutive 24 h shifts. Sleep was assessed by diaries and actigraphy while sleepiness was assessed by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, all administered throughout the workweek. The results indicated that all pilots had later bedtime (p < 0.05) and wake-up time (p < 0.01) as they approached the workweek end, but no change during the workweek was evident regarding wake after sleep onset, time in bed, total sleep time, or sleep efficiency. The NAA pilots had later bedtime (p < 0.001) and wake-up time (p < 0.001), spent more time awake after sleep onset (p < 0.001), more time in bed (p < 0.001), slept longer (p < 0.01), and had lower sleep efficiency (p < 0.001) compared with the CFV pilots. The sleepiness levels of all pilots were slightly elevated on the first workday but lower on the following workdays (day 2p < 0.001, day 3p < 0.05). For both pilot groups, no major change in sleep or sleepiness parameters throughout the workweek was detected. The NAA pilots reported somewhat more disturbed sleep but obtained more sleep compared with the CFV pilots.
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Rajee Olaganathan and Roli Angelo H Amihan. "Impact of COVID -19 on Pilot Proficiency – A Risk Analysis." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 6, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.6.3.0023.
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Pilot proficiency is essential in the aviation industry to maintain a safety record for successfully operating airlines. The current COVID-19 scenario has made it practically difficult for pilots to achieve the federal requirements stated in Title 14 CFR 121.439 (a) and 14 CFR 61.57 (a) (1). It has placed a burden on pilots to maintain their currency and proficiency related to cost and lack of aircraft access due to furloughs and lay-offs. The purpose of the first part of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on global air traffic based on the data collected from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). The second part of this research study aims to assess the pilot’s proficiency before and after COVID-19 was officially declared as pandemic to identify any threats to aviation safety based on the incident reports submitted in the Aviation Safety Reporting System. The findings show that the highest reduction in flight operations was observed during May 2020 with -70.67 % compared with May 2019 at the global level. Middle East region witnessed a -57.35 % reduction in flight operations. Based on the number of flights operated in the year 2020, the Asia-Pacific region was the most affected region with 4,913,303 fewer flights than in the year 2019. For the U.S. domestic air traffic, a severe impact occurred in May 2020 with a -70.88 % reduction and 532,834 fewer flights than in May 2019 which was similar to the global air traffic trend. The number of incident reports filed by pilots regarding proficiency-related to COVID-19 issues in the ASRS data analysis increased by 1000% during this pandemic period. The results and recommendations of this research study will provide valuable information to the aviation industry that can aid in developing mitigation measures to decrease future aviation accidents related to pilot proficiency.
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Earl, Laurie, Paul R. Bates, Patrick S. Murray, A. Ian Glendon, and Peter A. Creed. "Developing a Single-Pilot Line Operations Safety Audit." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 2, no. 2 (January 2012): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000027.
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A single-pilot form of the line operations safety audit was trialed with a mid-sized emergency medical service air operator using two observers with a sample of pilots flying 14 sectors. The conceptual basis for observing pilot performance and analyzing data was the threat and error management model, focusing on threats, errors, undesired aircraft states, and their management. Forty-six threats and 42 crew errors were observed. Pilots generally used sound strategies to prevent errors and to manage successfully those that occurred. Threats resulting from operational pressures were well managed. The study achieved its objective of determining whether a single-pilot line operations safety audit could be successfully developed and used as a basis for systematic data collection.
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Hettinger, Lawrence J., Bart J. Brickman, Merry M. Roe, W. Todd Nelson, and Michael W. Haas. "Effects of Virtually-Augmented Fighter Cockpit Displays on Pilot Performance, Workload, and Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 2 (October 1996): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000205.
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Virtually-augmented display concepts are being developed at the US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory's Synthesized Immersion Research Environment (SIRE) Facility at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for use in future USAF crew stations. These displays incorporate aspects of virtual environment technology to provide users with intuitive, multisensory representations of operationally relevant information. This paper describes an evaluation that was recently conducted to contrast the effects of conventional, F-15 types of cockpit displays and virtually-augmented, multisensory cockpit displays on pilot-aircraft system performance, workload, and situation awareness in a simulated air combat task. Eighteen military pilots from the United States, France, and Great Britain served as test pilots. The results indicate a statistically significant advantage for the virtually-augmented cockpit configuration across all three classes of measures investigated. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance for the continuing evolution of advanced crew station design.
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Ahsan, Mohammad Ahmed, Umar Rashed Munir, Mushtaq Ahmad, and Md Shahidullah. "Effects of Smoking on Pilots of Bangladesh Air Force in Dhaka Area." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 12, no. 1 (January 24, 2016): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v12i1.39962.
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Introduction: Smokers have a high morbidity and mortality rate and the causes of excess morbidity and mortality include lung cancer, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and cor pulmonale. An estimated 100 million people died in the 20th century from tobacco-associated diseases. Smoking also affects the performance and cause physical deterioration of pilots.
 Objectives: To evaluate the effects of smoking on pilots of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF), Dhaka area.
 Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted during the period of January to June 2014 among the available pilots of different age and ranks of 6 flying squadrons of BAF Dhaka area. Data were collected by using a pre-tested semistructured questionnaire distributed among the pilots. Information were also collected from Central Medical Board (CMB), BAF about total number of pilots placed in low medical category and nature of their sickness. Finally chest X-ray and ECG of the pilots were done to find out any respiratory and cardiovascular abnormalities. Data obtained were entered into SPSS version 21.0 for analysis.
 Results: Total 190 pilots were interviewed and among them, 80(42%) were smokers and 110(58%) were non-smokers. Most of the pilots were within the age group of 26-30 years (30%). Out of 80 smoker, 37(46%) smoked for more than 10 years, rest smoked for 10 years and less. Stress was the most common cause of starting smoking (96.3%). Fifty eight (72.5%) pilots agreed that their stamina and physical efficiency decreased due to smoking, 21 (26.3%) experienced breathlessness at high altitude, 26(32.5%) experienced visual disturbance during night flying. Fifty three (66.3%) pilots complained of occasional episode of palpitation along with increase in pulse rate. Thirty one (39%) experienced occasional headache during high altitude flight, 58(72.5%) had heart burn related to smoking. Thirty eight (47.5%) had occasional bouts of cough with sputum and 40(50%) complained of occasional gum bleeding. These pilots also informed that they reported sick several times for headache, heart burn, cough and URTI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection) and were unfit for flying duties. During January-June 2014, a total of 10 pilots of BAF Dhaka area were placed in low medical category out of them 6 (60%) pilots had smoking habits and suffered from IHD-4 (Ischemic Heart Disease) and HTN-2 (Hypertension). There was statistically significant association between number of the cigarette smoked, period of smoking and physical deterioration of smoker pilots (P<0.05). Those who smoked more than 10 sticks/day and more than 10 years had moderate to severe physical deterioration.
 Conclusion: Smoking adversely affects all systems of human body. It impairs altitude tolerance, early induction of hypoxia, impairment of night vision. It affects autonomic systems and thus impairs all compensatory mechanism needed at higher altitudes. Morbidity and mortality related to smoking have linear relation. Pilots must be indoctrinated not to smoke for the sake of their safety flight, own life, their families and the nation.
 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.12(1) 2016: 22-27
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Mawwaddah, Luthfatun. "KETIDAKMAMPUAN MEMBAYAR UTANG DALAM PERMOHONAN PENUNDAAN KEWAJIBAN PEMBAYARAN UTANG OLEH MANTAN PILOT LION AIR." El-Iqthisadi : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum 2, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisadi.v2i2.13817.
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AbstractAn alternative that can be taken to overcome the problem of fulfilling debt payment obligations is to postpone the Obligation of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU), such as the submission of PKPU done by former Lion Air pilots with Case Number 196 / Pdt.Sus-PKPU / 2019 / PN Niaga Jkt.Pst which won the suit of former Lion Air pilot. However, the results of the decision were not carried out by Lion Air. his writing aims to find out the meaning of the condition of "inability" to pay debts which is the basis of the judge in rejecting the PKPU petition from ex-Lion Air pilot. The method used is to use a normative research method by conducting analysis that is used to focus on the findings of the law, the judge's decision, the opinions of experts, books, and official websites related to this writing. The results of this study explained that the case of PKPU petition by former Lion Air pilots, the judge assessed the condition of "incompetence" based on the going concern value situation in Lion Air where the judge considered that Lion Air's business was still feasible to proceed.Keywords: inability, Lion Air, PKPU AbstrakAlternatif yang dapat ditempuh untuk mengatasi persoalan pemenuhan kewajiban pembayaran utang adalah dengan mangadakan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU), seperti pengajuan PKPU yang dilakukan oleh mantan pilot Lion Air dengan Nomor Perkara 196/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2019/PN Niaga Jkt.Pst dimana memenangkan gugatan mantan pilot Lion Air. Namun, hasil putusan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan oleh pihak Lion Air. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna kondisi “ketidakmampuan” membayar utang yang menjadi dasar hakim dalam menolak permohonan PKPU mantan pilot Lion Air. Metode yang digunakan adalah menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan melakukan analisis yang digunakan berfokus pada temuan-temuan dari undang-undang, putusan hakim, pendapat para ahli, buku, dan situs web resmi yang berkaitan dengan penulisan ini. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa kasus pemohonan PKPU oleh para mantan pilot Lion Air, hakim menilai kondisi “ketidakmampuan” berdasarkan keadaan going concern value pada Lion Air yang mana hakim menilai bahwa usaha Lion Air masih layak untuk dilanjutkan.Kata Kunci: Ketidakmampuan, Lion Air, PKPU.
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Morrow, Daniel. "Experience Counts with Pilots." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 4, no. 2 (April 1996): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106480469600400202.
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