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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Alternaria tomato"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

Koka, Jahangir Abdullah, Mohd Yaqub Bhat y Abdul Hamid Wani. "In vitro efficacy of fungicides on mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata and Mucor plumbeus". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, n.º 3 (15 de mayo de 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i3.4692.

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Tomato fruits were infected by various pathogens especially fungal pathogens under storage conditions as well as in field conditions. It was revealed that tomato fruits are attacked by Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria rot of tomato and Mucor plumbeus causing Mucor rot of tomato. Antifungal activity of some fungicides was undertaken during the present study. Different concentrations of fungicides brought about significant reduction in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata and Mucor plumbeus under in vitro conditions. Hexaconozole proved highly effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth and spore germination of Alternaria alternata followed by carbendazim and copper oxychloride respectively. However, the most effective fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth and spore germination of Mucor plumbeus was hexaconozole followed by carbendazim and copper oxychloride respectively. Keywords: In vitro, fungicides, Alternaria alternata and Mucor plumbeus, mycelial growth, spore germination

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2

Habib, Wassim, Mario Masiello, Romy El Ghorayeb, Elvis Gerges, Antonia Susca, Giuseppe Meca, Juan M. Quiles, Antonio F. Logrieco y Antonio Moretti. "Mycotoxin Profile and Phylogeny of Pathogenic Alternaria Species Isolated from Symptomatic Tomato Plants in Lebanon". Toxins 13, n.º 8 (22 de julio de 2021): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080513.

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The tomato is one of the most consumed agri-food products in Lebanon. Several fungal pathogens, including Alternaria species, can infect tomato plants during the whole growing cycle. Alternaria infections cause severe production and economic losses in field and during storage. In addition, Alternaria species represent a serious toxicological risk since they are able to produce a wide range of mycotoxins, associated with different toxic activities on human and animal health. Several Alternaria species were detected on tomatoes, among which the most important are A. solani, A. alternata, and A. arborescens. A set of 49 Alternaria strains isolated from leaves and stems of diseased tomato plants were characterised by using a polyphasic approach. All strains were included in the recently defined phylogenetic Alternaria section and grouped in three well-separated sub-clades, namely A. alternata (24 out of 49), A. arborescens (12 out of 49), and A. mali morpho-species (12 out of 49). One strain showed high genetic similarity with an A.limoniasperae reference strain. Chemical analyses showed that most of the Alternaria strains, cultured on rice, were able to produce alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT) and tenuazonic acid (TA), with values up to 5634, 16,006, 5156, and 4507 mg kg−1, respectively. In addition, 66% of the strains were able to co-produce simultaneously the four mycotoxins investigated. The pathogenicity test carried out on 10 Alternaria strains, representative of phylogenetic sub-clades, revealed that they were all pathogenic on tomato fruits. No significant difference among strains was observed, although A. alternata and A. arborescens strains were slightly more aggressive than A. mali morpho-species strains. This paper reports new insights on mycotoxin profiles, genetic variability, and pathogenicity of Alternaria species on tomatoes.

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3

Sharma, Ratan Lal, R. R. Ahir, Shankar Lal Yadav, Pinki Sharma y R. P. Ghasolia. "Effect of nutrients and plant extracts on Alternaria blight of tomato caused by Alternaria Alternata". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 128, n.º 4 (16 de junio de 2021): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00485-4.

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4

AKAMATSU, H. "Molecular biological studies on pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype". Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 70, n.º 3 (2004): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.70.160.

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5

Ahmad, Aqeel, Sobiya Shafique, Shazia Shafique y Waheed Akram. "Penicillium oxalicum directed systemic resistance in tomato against Alternaria alternata". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 36, n.º 5 (19 de febrero de 2014): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1500-5.

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6

ZUR, GIDEON, ERIC M. HALLERMAN, RACHEL SHARF y YECHEZKEL KASHI. "Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Assay for the Detection of Alternaria Fungal Contamination in Food Products". Journal of Food Protection 62, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1999): 1191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.10.1191.

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Alternaria sp. are important fungal contaminants of vegetable, fruit, and grain products, including Alternaria alternata, a contaminant of tomato products. To date, the Howard method, based on microscopic observation of fungal filaments, has been the standard examination for inspection of tomato products. We report development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for detection of Alternaria DNA. PCR primers were designed to anneal to the internal transcribed regions ITS1 and ITS2 of the 5.8S rRNA gene of Alternaria but not to other microbial or tomato DNA. We demonstrate use of the PCR assay to detect Alternaria DNA in experimentally infested and commercially obtained tomato sauce and tomato powder. Use of the PCR method offers a rapid and sensitive assay for the presence of Alternaria DNA in tomato products. The apparent breakdown of DNA in tomato sauce may limit the utility of the assay to freshly prepared products. The assay for tomato powder is not affected by storage time.

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7

OROLAZA, Noemi P., Itsuo KAWAGUCHI, Takashi TSUGE y Noriyuki DOKE. "Effect of AL-toxin Produced by Alternaria alternata Tomato Pathotype on Cultured Roots of Tomato." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 58, n.º 3 (1992): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.58.411.

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8

Akamatsu, Hajime. "Molecular biological studies on the pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype". Journal of General Plant Pathology 70, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2004): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-004-0148-1.

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9

Ismael, Jalal Hama salih Ismael y Shallaw Adulrahman Omer Omer. "Diagnosis And In Vitro Control Of Tomato Leaf Spot Caused By Alternaria alternata In Sulaimani Governorate". Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 2ndInt.Conf.AGR, Special Issue (21 de febrero de 2018): 637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10710.

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10

Marcinkowska, Joanna. "Fungi of genus Alternaria occurring on tomato". Acta Agrobotanica 34, n.º 2 (2013): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1981.021.

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Tomato early blight in central Poland was caused by <i>Alternaria solani</i> (<i>A. porri</i> f. sp., <i>solani</i>) and <i>A. alernata</i> (<i>A. tenuis</i>). <i>A. alternata</i> was isolated more often than <i>A. solani</i>. All isolates of <i>A. solani</i> in controlled conditions killed tomato seedlings, while pathogenic isolates of <i>A. alternata</i> caused only slight seedling blight. In greenhouse tests <i>A. solani</i> proved to be strongly pathogenic for leaves and stems of tomato but <i>A. alternata</i> was weakly pathogenic. The latter species attacked only injured fruits while, <i>A. solani</i>could penetrate through undamaged peel of fruits. Both of these species caused the same type of symptoms; the differences consisted only in intensification of disease symptoms. During 1974 and 1975 field tomatoes were moderately attacked by early blight. Thebest development of this disease occurred by the turn of August and September. Determinate variety 'New Yorker' was distinguished by more severe infection of stem parts of tomato whereas the fruits of a stock variety 'Apollo' were more strongly attacked.

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11

Weir, Tiffany L., David R. Huff, Barbara J. Christ y C. Peter Romaine. "RAPD-PCR Analysis of Genetic Variation among Isolates of Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata from Potato and Tomato". Mycologia 90, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1998): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761323.

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12

VAKALOUNAKIS, D. J. "Cultivar reactions and the genetic basis of resistance to alternaria stem canker (Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici) in tomato". Plant Pathology 37, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1988): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02087.x.

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13

Mikhnya, N. I. y G. A. Lupashku. "Response of perspective tomato lines to cultural filtrates of alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. fungus". Agrarian science 326, n.º 3 (julio de 2019): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2019-326-3-120-123.

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14

Ruelas, C., M. E. Tiznado-Hernandez, A. Sanchez-Estrada, M. R. Robles-Burgueno y R. Troncoso-Rojas. "Changes in Phenolic Acid Content During Alternaria alternata Infection in Tomato Fruit". Journal of Phytopathology 154, n.º 4 (abril de 2006): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01090.x.

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15

Akhtar, K. P., M. Y. Saleem, M. Asghar y M. A. Haq. "New report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of tomato in Pakistan". Plant Pathology 53, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2004): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01099.x.

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16

Kumar, Vijay, Gurvinder Singh y Ankur Tyagi. "Evaluation of Different Fungicides Against Alternaria Leaf Blight of Tomato (Alternaria solani)". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, n.º 5 (10 de mayo de 2017): 2343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.262.

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17

Reddy, M. V. Bhaskara, Essaid Ait Barka, F. Castaigne y Joseph Arul. "Effect of Chitosan on Growth and Toxin Production by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici". HortScience 32, n.º 3 (junio de 1997): 467F—468. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.467f.

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The antifungal activity of chitosan, a bioplymer of β-1-4 gluscosamine, against Alternaria alternata, causal agent of black mold of tomato, was investigated. Chitosan was incorporated into potato dextrose broth (PDB) at concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400 μg·ml–1, growth and toxin production by the fungus were assessed after a 15-day incubation period. Chitosan significantly affected both growth and toxin production at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentrations, toxin production was affected more than the growth, as evidenced by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of chitosan derived for toxin production and mycelial growth. Excess sporulation of the fungus was observed in the presence of chitosan, but the spore viability was affected. Chitosan induced aggregation of fungal cells, abnormal shape, excess branching, and hyphal contortion. It also induced leakage of proteins from the fungal cells. The virulence of the toxin in culture filtrate of the fungus from different concentrations of chitosan was assayed by administering on tomato discs. Phospholipid content, electrolyte leakage, xylanase, and pectin methylesterase activity were measured in the culture filtrate administered tomato tissue. Decreased trend in causing electrolyte leakage, phospholipid degradation, and activation of xylanase and pectin methylesterase were observed with increasing concentrations of chitosan. The results showed that chitosan inhibits fungal growth at higher concentrations than toxin production. Further toxin produced at lower concentrations of chitosan was less virulent. Thus chitosan has potential as an antifungal agent.

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18

PAVÓN, MIGUELÁNGEL, ISABEL GONZÁLEZ, MARÍA ROJAS, NICOLETTE PEGELS, ROSARIO MARTÍN y TERESA GARCÍA. "PCR Detection of Alternaria spp. in Processed Foods, Based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer Genetic Marker". Journal of Food Protection 74, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2011): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-110.

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The genus Alternaria is considered one of the most important fungal contaminants of vegetables, fruits, and cereals, producing several mycotoxins that can withstand food processing methods. Conventional methods for Alternaria identification and enumeration are laborious and time-consuming, and they might not detect toxigenic molds inactivated by food processing. In this study, a PCR method has been developed for the rapid identification of Alternaria spp. DNA in foodstuffs, based on oligonucleotide primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and ITS2 regions of the rRNA gene. The specificity of the Alternaria-specific primer pair designed (Dir1ITSAlt–Inv1ITSAlt) was verified by PCR analysis of DNA from various Alternaria spp., and also from several fungal, bacterial, yeast, animal, and plant species. The detection limit of the method was 102 CFU/ml in viable culture, heated culture, or experimentally inoculated tomato pulp. The applicability of the method for detection of Alternaria spp. DNA in foodstuffs was assessed by testing several commercial samples. Alternaria DNA was detected in 100% of spoiled tomato samples, 8% of tomato products, and 36.4% of cereal-based infant food samples analyzed.

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19

Yang, Jiali, Cui Sun, Yangyang Zhang, Da Fu, Xiaodong Zheng y Ting Yu. "Induced resistance in tomato fruit by γ-aminobutyric acid for the control of alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata". Food Chemistry 221 (abril de 2017): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.061.

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20

Kremneva, Oksana, Svetlana Nekoval, Alexey Pachkin, Anastasia Zakharchenko y Ksenia Gasiyan. "Influence of a biological fungicide on the development and spreading of Alternaria alternata on vegetable crops". BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 04018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213404018.

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The effect of the biofungicide BFTIM KS-2, Zh on the development and spreading of the Alternaria alternata fungus on vegetable crops (tomato, pepper, eggplant) was studied using classical and modern methods of phytosanitary monitoring. The research was carried out in Krasnodar region in the Pavlovsky District, on the production fields of the ZAO Yubileinoye. To assess the development and spreading of the disease, the classical visual method was used, as well as a modern method for determining the congestion rate of plantings using the OZR-1mp spore trap.The article presents data on the development and spreading of A. alternata, the number of fungal spores on vegetable crops before and after treatments with the biofungicide. It was found that the use of the biological product reduces the development and spreading of the phytopathogen. Its influence is the most effective on tomato and eggplant crops. Also, in the course of research, the possibility of using a spore trap for monitoring Alternaria on vegetable crops has been shown.

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21

Akamatsu, H., Y. Itoh, M. Kodama, H. Otani y K. Kohmoto. "AAL-Toxin-Deficient Mutants of Alternaria alternata Tomato Pathotype by Restriction Enzyme-Mediated Integration". Phytopathology® 87, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1997): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.9.967.

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Host-specific toxins are produced by three pathotypes of Alternaria alternata: AM-toxin, which affects apple; AK-toxin, which affects Japanese pear; and AAL-toxin, which affects tomato. Each toxin has a role in pathogenesis. To facilitate molecular genetic analysis of toxin production, isolation of toxin-deficient mutants utilizing ectopic integration of plasmid DNA has been attempted. However, the transformation frequency was low, and integration events in most transformants were complicated. Addition of a restriction enzyme during transformation has been reported to increase transformation frequencies significantly and results in simple plasmid integration events. We have, therefore, optimized this technique, known as restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI), for A. alternata pathotypes. Plasmid pAN7-1, conferring resistance to hygromycin B, with no detectable homology to the fungal genome was used as the transforming DNA. Among the three restriction enzymes examined, HindIII was most effective, as it increased transformation frequency two-to 10-fold depending on the pathotype, facilitating generation of several hundred transformants with a 1-day protocol. BamHI and XbaI had no significant effect on transformation frequencies in A. alternata pathotypes. Furthermore, the transforming plasmid tended to integrate as a single copy at single sites in the genome, compared with trials without addition of enzyme. Libraries of plasmid-tagged transformants obtained with and without addition of restriction enzyme were constructed for the tomato pathotype of A. alternata and were screened for toxin production. Three AAL-toxin-deficient mutants were isolated from a library of transformants obtained with addition of enzyme. These mutants did not cause symptoms on susceptible tomato, indicating that the toxin is required for pathogenicity of the fungus. Characterization of the plasmid integration sites and rescue of flanking sequences are in progress.

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22

Kuti, Joseph O. "Evaluation of Tomato Varieties for Resistance to Alternaria Fruit Rot". HortScience 33, n.º 3 (junio de 1998): 527e—527. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.527e.

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Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. (syn. A. tenuis Ness.) causes severe rot of tomato fruits and reduction in yield under field conditions in south Texas. Several fungicidal control measures have been tried against the disease and incorporation of genetic resistance has been found to be economically feasible. The objective of this study was to evaluate resistance and susceptibility of fruits of different tomato cultivars to Alternaria rot. Twenty-five tomato varieties were grown in the field in a randomized complete-block design. Subsequently, the plants were inoculated two times at mature-green stage with A. alternata conidia suspension (104 per ml) to promote moderate to severe fruit rot epidemics. Uninoculated fruits served as controls. Fruit rot incidence was measured by recording numbers of rotted fruit/plant per block and disease severity were rated on a scale of 0 to 3 at red-ripe stage. Three tomato varieties `Celebrity', `Golden Boy', and `Colonial' had little or no fruit rot symptoms, with disease severity indices of less than 1.0. These varieties were regarded as resistant. The tomato varieties `Duke', `GH 761', `Quick-Pick', and `Heat-wave' had disease severity ratings greater 1.5 and were regarded as relatively resistant. The remaining tomato varieties with disease severity ratings greater than 1.5 were regarded as susceptible.

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23

Sánchez-Domínguez, D., M. Y. Ríos, P. Castillo-Ocampo, G. Zavala-Padilla, M. Ramos-García y S. Bautista-Baños. "Cytological and biochemical changes induced by chitosan in the pathosystem Alternaria alternata–tomato". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 99, n.º 3 (marzo de 2011): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.01.003.

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24

Alizadeh-Moghaddam, Giti, Zahra Rezayatmand, Mehdi Nasr Esfahani y Mahdi Khozaei. "Bio-genetic analysis of resistance in tomato to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata". Phytochemistry 179 (noviembre de 2020): 112486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112486.

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25

Morris, Paul F., Mary S. Connolly y Dina A. St Clair. "Genetic diversity of Alternaria alternata isolated from tomato in California assessed using RAPDs". Mycological Research 104, n.º 3 (marzo de 2000): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756299008758.

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26

Egusa, Mayumi, Hajime Akamatsu, Takashi Tsuge, Hiroshi Otani y Motoichiro Kodama. "Induced resistance in tomato plants to the toxin-dependent necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 73, n.º 4-5 (noviembre de 2008): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2009.02.001.

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27

KODAMA, Motoichiro, Kiyoshi INOUE, Hiroshi OTANI y Keisuke KOHMOTO. "Cultivar-specific and Non-specific Responses in Tomato Cell Cultures to AL-toxin from Alternaria alternata Tomato Pathotype." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 61, n.º 6 (1995): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.61.582.

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28

Estiarte, N., A. Crespo-Sempere, S. Marín, V. Sanchis y A. J. Ramos. "Occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins and quantification of viable Alternaria spp. during the food processing of tomato products in Spain". World Mycotoxin Journal 11, n.º 4 (7 de diciembre de 2018): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2282.

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The occurrence of two Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and the presence of conidia from Alternaria spp., were investigated throughout the food production chain of two businesses, one which uses organic fruit and the other non-organic. For this purpose, a propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment followed by a quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR) was used to detect and quantify viable conidia exclusively. Results demonstrated that 68.4% of the total raw fruit analysed was contaminated with viable Alternaria spp. Regarding the mycotoxin occurrence, only a few samples were contaminated with AME, while 35% of raw tomatoes tested positive for AOH in the organic producer and 21% in the non-organic producer. AOH was present in samples analysed before heat treatment, while almost no mycotoxins were found in the final products of the organic producer. However, in the non-organic producer, 47% of the tomato concentrates were contaminated.

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Pielka, Jan y Gustaw Nowak. "Observations on Alternaria tenuis Nees on tomato plants". Acta Mycologica 2, n.º 1 (21 de noviembre de 2014): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1966.013.

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Dzham, M. y S. Mykhailenko. "Efficacy of modern fungicides against tomato alternaria blotch". Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, n.º 66 (24 de diciembre de 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2020.66.74-81.

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Goal. To determine the species composition of early blight on tomatoes and to establish the technical effectiveness of modern fungicides. Methods. The research was conducted in 2019—2020 in Cherkasy, PE «Poretsky» on tomatoes variety Zagadka. Weather conditions of the growing season favored the intensive disease development. Plot size — 10 m2 in 4 replicates, placement of plots — randomized. Agricultural techniques are common for the growing area. To determine the species composition of pathogens, during the growing season samples of plants with typical symptoms were taken. Isolation of phytopathogen in pure culture and their identification was carried out in the laboratory according to conventional methods. To determine the technical effectiveness of fungicides the following fungicides were used: Zorvek Incantia, SE (0.5 l/ ha), Orvego, KS (1.0 l/ha), Quadris 250 SC, hp (1.0 l/ha), Quadris Top 325 SC, KS (0.6 l/ha), Cabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/ha), Signum, VG (0.3 kg/ha), Thanos 50, VG (1.0 kg/ha). Results. As a result of research, it was found that during the growing season early blight was the most common. According to our research, the disease is caused by two species of the pathogen Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Altrenaria solani Sorauer. We found that almost 70% of isolated and identified isolates were classified as Alternaria solani. For protecting of tomatoes against early blight following fungicides were used: Zorvek Inkantiya, CE (0,5 l/hectare), Orvego, KS (1,0 l/h), Kvadris 250 SC (1.0 l/ hectare ), Kvadris Top 325 SC (0.6 l/h), Kabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/h), Signum, VG (0.3 kg/h), Tanos 50, VG (1.0 kg/h). Technical efficiency of them was 55.6—78.6%, and the stored harvest — 5.11—6.62 t/ha. Conclusions. As a result of researches we specified specific composition of early blight of tomatoes. It is set that disease is caused by two species: Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani, that are different in anatomo-morphological properties. It is established that to protect tomatoes from Alternaria, it is advisable to apply the following fungicides: Kvadris 250 SC (1.0 l/h), Kvadris Top 325 SC (0.6 l/h), Kabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/h).

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Shidlauskienė, A. y E. Survilienė. "Distribution and pathogenic peculiarities of fungi of the Alternaria genus on vegetable crops in Lithuania". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10504-pps.

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In 1999–2001 the investigation of Alternaria species on vegetable crops: cabbage, cucumber, tomato and carrot was carried out and fungi species were isolated from vegetables and substrata used for plant cultivation. Isolated micromycetes: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria cucurbitae, Alternaria dauci, Alternaria radicina and Alternaria solani differed in pathogenic peculiarities, frequency of occurrence and their various reaction to fungicides (a.s. azoxystrobin, dichlofluanid, Cooper hydroxide, mancozeb, propamocarb hydrochloride), plant activator Bion (benzothadiazole) and antagonistic microorganisms (Trichoderma harzianum, Streptomyces griseoviridis).

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Perveen, Kahkashan y Najat A. Bokhari. "Management of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato plants by mentha essential oil". Plant Protection Science 56, No. 3 (11 de junio de 2020): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/100/2019-pps.

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The essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation of the leaves of Mentha arvensis Linnaeus was evaluated for its antifungal activity against the causal agent of the Alternaria blight of tomatoes, i.e., Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. The antifungal activity of the mentha essential oil was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of the mentha oil was also identified by GCMS analysis. The in vitro test revealed that the maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth (93.6%) and conidia germination (90.6%) was at the highest concentration (40 µL/mL), furthermore, it was found that the inhibition of the mycelial growth and conidia germination was dose dependent. The in vivo test proved that the application of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) significantly increased the plant height (84.6%), fresh weight (81.5%) and dry weight (80.0%) when compared to the untreated tomato plants. The disease incidence was 3.5 in the untreated plants, while it was 0.93 for the mentha essential oil treated plants and was 0.08 in the carbendazim treated plants. The GC-MS analysis of the mentha essential oil identified 18 compounds in total, among which the percentage of menthol was the highest (69.2%). The mentha essential oil was successful in managing the Alternaria leaf blight in the tomato plants. Therefore, it can be explored further for the development of a natural fungicide.

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33

Reddy, M. V. Bhaskara, Paul Angers, Francois Castaigne y Joseph Arul. "Chitosan Effects on Blackmold Rot and Pathogenic Factors Produced by Alternaria alternata in Postharvest Tomatoes". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2000): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.6.742.

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Stem scar application of chitosan inhibited growth and production of pathogenic factors by blackmold rot [Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.] in challenged tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit stored at 20 °C for 28 days. Blackmold lesions were visible within 4 days of inoculation in control fruit, compared with >7 days in chitosantreated fruit. Macerating enzyme activity (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and cellulase) in the tissue in the vicinity of the lesions was <50% in chitosan-treated fruit compared with control fruit. Chitosan also inhibited production of oxalic and fumaric acids (chelating agents) and host-specific toxins such as alternariol and alternariol monomethylether by the fungus. The pH of the infected tissue decreased from 4.7 to 4.0 in the control fruit, the optimum for polygalacturonase activity, while the pH of chitosan-treated fruit remained at 4.6. In addition, chitosan also induced production of rishitin (a phytoalexin) in tomato tissue. Such chitosan-pathogen-host interactions may be exploited in the control of postharvest pathogens of fresh fruit and vegetables.

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34

Sadeghi, B. y S. Mirzaei. "First Report of Alternaria Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria chlamydosporigena on Tomato in Iran". Plant Disease 102, n.º 6 (junio de 2018): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-17-1420-pdn.

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35

Logrieco, A., A. Moretti y M. Solfrizzo. "Alternaria toxins and plant diseases: an overview of origin, occurrence and risks". World Mycotoxin Journal 2, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2009): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2009.1145.

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The genus Alternaria includes both plant-pathogenic and saprophytic species, which may affect crops in the field or cause harvest and postharvest decay of plant products. The taxonomy of the genus Alternaria is not well-defined yet. A polyphasic approach based on morphological features, phylogeny and toxin profiles could be the key to a correct identification at species level and the evaluation of mycotoxin risks associated with fungal contamination. Species of Alternaria are known to produce many metabolites, mostly phytotoxins, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of plants. However, certain species, in particular the most common one A. alternata, are capable of producing several mycotoxins in infected plants and/or in agricultural commodities. The major Alternaria mycotoxins belong to three structural classes: the tetramic acid derivative, tenuazonic acid; the dibenzopyrone derivatives, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and altenuene; and the perylene derivatives, the altertoxins. The toxic effects of the Alternaria toxins have not yet received the same attention as the biological activities of other mycotoxins. However, the Alternaria mycotoxins should not be underestimated since they are produced by several Alternaria species frequently associated with a wide range of diseases in many plants of a high agrifood value. The major problems associated with Alternaria mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products are illustrated by focusing on various crops and their relevant diseases, e.g. black rot of tomato, olive, and carrots; black and grey rot of citrus fruits; black point of small-grain cereals; and Alternaria diseases of apples.

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36

Oka, Kumiko, Akiko Okubo, Motoichiro Kodama y Hiroshi Otani. "Detoxification of α-tomatine by tomato pathogens Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype and Corynespora cassiicola and its role in infection". Journal of General Plant Pathology 72, n.º 3 (5 de junio de 2006): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-005-0262-8.

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37

Ostry, V. "Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs". World Mycotoxin Journal 1, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2008): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.x013.

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Microfungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous pathogens and saprophytes. Many species of the genus Alternaria commonly cause spoilage of various food crops in the field or post-harvest decay. Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins. A. alternata produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxins I, II, III, tenuazonic acid and other less toxic metabolites. Tenuazonic acid is toxic to several animal species, e.g. mice, chicken, dogs. Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and altertoxin I are not very acutely toxic. There are several reports on the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. Alternariol has been identified as a topoisomerase I and II poison which might contribute to the impairment of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. Analytical methods to determine Alternaria toxins are largely based on procedures, involving cleanup by solvent partitioning or solid phase extraction, followed by chromatographic separation techniques, in combination with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectroscopic detection. A large number of Alternaria metabolites has been reported to occur naturally in food commodities (e.g. fruit, vegetables, cereals and oil plants). Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, mandarins, olives, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected in citrus fruit, Japanese pears, prune nectar, raspberries, red currant, carrots, barley and oats. Alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were detected in melon. Natural occurrence of alternariol has been reported in apple juice, cranberry juice, grape juice, prune nectar, raspberry juice, red wine and lentils.

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Mujahid, Claudia, Marie-Claude Savoy, Quentin Baslé, Pei Mun Woo, Edith Chin Yean Ee, Pascal Mottier y Thomas Bessaire. "Levels of Alternaria Toxins in Selected Food Commodities Including Green Coffee". Toxins 12, n.º 9 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090595.

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Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins, candidates for regulation by European Authorities. Therefore, highly sensitive, confirmatory, and reliable analytical methodologies are required for their monitoring in food. In that context, an isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of five Alternaria toxins (Altenuene, Alternariol, Alternariol monomethylether, Tentoxin, and Tenuazonic Acid) in a broad range of commodities including cereals and cereal-based products, tomato-based products, tree nuts, vegetable oils, dried fruits, cocoa, green coffee, spices, herbs, and tea. Validation data collected in two different laboratories demonstrated the robustness of the method. Underestimation of Tenuazonic Acid level in dry samples such as cereals was reported when inappropriate extraction solvent mixtures were used as currently done in several published methodologies. An investigation survey performed on 216 food items evidenced large variations of Alternaria toxins levels, in line with data reported in the last EFSA safety assessment. The analysis of 78 green coffee samples collected from 21 producing countries demonstrated that coffee is a negligible source of exposure to Alternaria toxins. Its wide scope of application, adequate sample throughput, and high sensitivity make this method fit for purpose for the regular monitoring of Alternaria toxins in foods.

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39

Razak, Nisreen J. y Mohammed H. Abass. "First Report of Alternaria arborescens Causing Early Blight on Tomato in Iraq". Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 34, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2021): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.1.20.

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In this paper, the isolation of the fungal species Alternaria arborescens was done from symptomatic tomato leaves and diagnosed morphologically and molecularly using ITS primers. Subsequently, pathogenicity determination was achieved for the diagnosed fungal species on tomato plant. It’s noteworthy, this work on A. arborescens was not previously recorded as a potential pathogen on the shoot system of tomato in Iraq.

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40

Barman, Harikamal, Aniruddha Roy, Shaon Kumar Das, N. U. Singh, D. K. Dangi, Dahun y A. K. Tripathi. "Antifungal properties of some selected plant extracts against leaf blight (Alternaria alternata)in tomato". Research on Crops 17, n.º 1 (2016): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2016.00027.9.

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41

Spletzer, Matthew E. y Alexander J. Enyedi. "Salicylic Acid Induces Resistance to Alternaria solani in Hydroponically Grown Tomato". Phytopathology® 89, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1999): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.9.722.

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Alternaria solani is the causal agent of early blight disease in tomato and is responsible for significant economic losses sustained by tomato producers each year. Because salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal molecule that plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion, we investigated if the exogenous application of SA would activate systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against A. solani in tomato leaves. The addition of 200 μM SA to the root system significantly increased the endogenous SA content of leaves. Free SA levels increased 65-fold over basal levels to 5.85 μg g-1 fresh weight (FW) after 48 h. This level of SA had no visible phytotoxic effects. Total SA content (free SA + SA-glucose conjugate) increased to 108 μg g-1 FW after 48 h. Concomitant with elevated SA levels, expression of the tomato pathogenesis-related (PR)-1B gene was strongly induced within 24 h of the addition of 200 μM SA. PR-1B expression was still evident after 48 h; however, PR-1B induction was not observed in plants not receiving SA treatment. Challenge inoculation of SA-treated tomato plants using conidia of A. solani resulted in 83% fewer lesions per leaf and a 77% reduction in blighted leaf area as compared with control plants not receiving SA. Our data indicate that root feeding 200 μM SA to tomato plants can (i) significantly elevate foliar SA levels, (ii) induce PR-1B gene expression, and (iii) activate SAR that is effective against A. solani.

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42

LANGSDORF, Gabriele, Pyoyun PARK y Syoyo NISHIMURA. "Investigations on Alternaria solani infections: Effect of alternaric acid on the ultrastructure of tomato cells." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 57, n.º 1 (1991): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.57.32.

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43

Sauer, Aline Vanessa, Hugo José Tozze Júnior, Marcel Bellato Spósito, Eduardo Feichtenberger Feichtenberger, Nelson Barros Colauto, Luzia Doretto Paccola-Meirelles y Nelson Sidnei Massola Júnior. "Characterization of Alternaria alternata causal agent of brown spot in Citrus spp". Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 1, n.º 2 (24 de noviembre de 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2015v1i2p45.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize culturally, enzymatically and pathogenically Alternaria alternata isolates obtained of tangerine/tangor (TP) and rough lemon (RLP). Significant differences were observed regarding mycelial growth speed and sporulation of isolates when cultivated in starch-agar (SA), potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and tomato juice agar (V8) media. SA and PDA media promoted better mycelial growth and sporulation, respectively. Eight genetic similarity groups were defined through isoenzymatic characterization but without correlation between isolates and host or site of origin. All isolates produced amylase, cellulase, polygalacturonase and pectynase; however, no lipolytic or proteolytic activity was observed. Disease incubation period varied between 24 to 48 h for all isolates in all phenological stages of the inoculated fruit. Symptomatic fruit incidence in most tangerine and tangor isolates was higher in stage F3 compared to stages F4 and F5. Alternaria alternata have the ability to perform hyphal anastomosis indicating that this can be a mechanism used by the fungus to increase genetic variability.

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44

Brandwagt, Bas F., Tarcies J. A. Kneppers, Gerard M. Van der Weerden, H. John J. Nijkamp y Jacques Hille. "Most AAL Toxin-Sensitive Nicotiana Species are Resistant to the Tomato Fungal Pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, n.º 4 (abril de 2001): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.4.460.

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The phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici produces AAL toxins required to colonize susceptible tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants. AAL toxins and fumonisins of the unrelated fungus Fusarium moniliforme are sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs), which are toxic for some plant species and mammalian cell lines. Insensitivity of tomato to SAMs is determined by the Alternaria stem canker gene 1 (Asc-1), and sensitivity is associated with a mutated Asc-1. We show that SAM-sensitive species occur at a low frequency in the Nicotiana genus and that candidate Asc-1 homologs are still present in those species. In Nicotiana spp., SAM-sensitivity and insensitivity also is mediated by a single codominant locus, suggesting that SAM-sensitive genotypes are host for A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici. Nicotiana umbratica plants homozygous for SAM-sensitivity are indeed susceptible to A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici. In contrast, SAM-sensitive genotypes of Nicotiana spegazzinii, Nicotiana acuminata var. acuminata, Nicotiana bonariensis, and Nicotiana langsdorffii are resistant to A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici infection concomitant with localized cell death. Additional (nonhost) resistance mechanisms to A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici that are not based on an insensitivity to SAMs are proposed to be present in Nicotiana species.

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Ivanovic, M., M. Mijatovic y D. Antonijevic. "EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON ALTERNARIA SOLANI IN TOMATO". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 579 (mayo de 2002): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.579.94.

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Kumar, Sudheer, Ruchi Singh, Prem Lal Kashyap y Alok Kumar Srivastava. "Rapid detection and quantification of Alternaria solani in tomato". Scientia Horticulturae 151 (febrero de 2013): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.12.026.

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Fritz, Maendy, Iver Jakobsen, Michael Foged Lyngkjær, Hans Thordal-Christensen y Jörn Pons-Kühnemann. "Arbuscular mycorrhiza reduces susceptibility of tomato to Alternaria solani". Mycorrhiza 16, n.º 6 (14 de abril de 2006): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-006-0051-z.

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Ragupathi, K. P., P. R. Renganayaki, S. Sundareswaran, S. Mohan Kumar y A. Kamalakannan. "Characterization of Alternaria Species Causing Early Blight of Tomato". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, n.º 12 (10 de octubre de 2020): 2603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.308.

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Sharma, Ratan Lal, R. R. Ahir, Pinki Sharma y Poonam Yadav. "Survey, identification and pathogenicity of alternaria blight of Tomato". ANNALS OF PLANT PROTECTION SCIENCES 28, n.º 3 (2020): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0163.2020.00065.8.

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KP, Ragupathi, PR Renganayaki, S. Sundareswaran, S. Mohan Kumar y A. Kamalakannan. "Mycomolecules against Alternaria solani causing Early blight of tomato". Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 9, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2021.v9.i1b.8125.

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