Tesis sobre el tema "Anatomy and representation"

Anatomy was crucial for the formation of modern cultural concepts of the body during the early modern period. In a process from the Renaissance to the turn of the nineteenth century, cosmological concepts of the body were secularized and gradually replaced by notions of the body as an object of modern medicine and science. This thesis argues that the visual representation of the anatomical body played a key role in this transformation. Until the end of the seventeenth century the iconography of anatomy legitimized the dissection of the body and portrayed the anatomist as an honourable, dignified and decent scholar. However, during the Enlightenment the moralizing visual language was gradually replaced by neo-classical aesthetics and art theory. Now technical skills and detailed knowledge became the defining features of the anatomist and the representations of the anatomical body. This thesis uses a wide range of visual sources and analyzes them in the longue durée. The material includes illustrations from anatomical textbooks and their frontispieces, anatomical treatises and portraits of anatomists. These sources are discussed in their wider iconographic context as well as in relation to early modern concepts of the body and anatomical research. The first chapter discusses the general framework for the visual representation of the anatomical body, practice and authority, while the second chapter looks into how the visual representation of anatomy shaped the identity of the anatomist as the legitimate authority of the body. The other three chapters are case studies which use the examples of the rete mirabile, the lymphatic system and the unborn to analyze the different functions of anatomical images and how they were used to deal with uncertainty, establish new anatomical knowledge and reflected changing cultural meanings of the body.

Cette thèse est une analyse approfondie de la méthode SIFT, la méthode de comparaison d'images la plus populaire. En proposant un échantillonnage du scale-space Gaussien, elle est aussi la première méthode à mettre en pratique la théorie scale-space et faire usage de ses propriétés d'invariance aux changements d'échelles.SIFT associe à une image un ensemble de descripteurs invariants aux changements d'échelle, invariants à la rotation et à la translation. Les descripteurs de différentes images peuvent être comparés afin de mettre en correspondance les images. Compte tenu de ses nombreuses applications et ses innombrables variantes, étudier un algorithme publié il y a une décennie pourrait surprendre. Il apparaît néanmoins que peu a été fait pour réellement comprendre cet algorithme majeur et établir de façon rigoureuse dans quelle mesure il peut être amélioré pour des applications de haute précision. Cette étude se découpe en quatre parties. Le calcul exact du scale-space Gaussien, qui est au cœur de la méthode SIFT et de la plupart de ses compétiteurs, est l'objet de la première partie.La deuxième partie est une dissection méticuleuse de la longue chaîne de transformations qui constitue la méthode SIFT. Chaque paramètre y est documenté et son influence analysée. Cette dissection est aussi associé à une publication en ligne de l'algorithme. La description détaillée s'accompagne d'un code en C ainsi que d'une plateforme de démonstration permettant l'analyse par le lecteur de l'influence de chaque paramètre. Dans la troisième partie, nous définissons un cadre d'analyse expérimental exact dans le but de vérifier que la méthode SIFT détecte de façon fiable et stable les extrema du scale-space continue à partir de la grille discrète. En découlent des conclusions pratiques sur le bon échantillonnage du scale-space Gaussien ainsi que sur les stratégies de filtrage de points instables. Ce même cadre expérimental est utilisé dans l'analyse de l'influence de perturbations dans l'image (aliasing, bruit, flou). Cette analyse démontre que la marge d'amélioration est réduite pour la méthode SIFT ainsi que pour toutes ses variantes s'appuyant sur le scale-space pour extraire des points d'intérêt. L'analyse démontre qu'un suréchantillonnage du scale-space permet d'améliorer l'extraction d'extrema et que se restreindre aux échelles élevées améliore la robustesse aux perturbations de l'image.La dernière partie porte sur l'évaluation des performances de détecteurs de points. La métrique de performance la plus généralement utilisée est la répétabilité. Nous démontrons que cette métrique souffre pourtant d'un biais et qu'elle favorise les méthodes générant des détections redondantes. Afin d'éliminer ce biais, nous proposons une variante qui prend en considération la répartition spatiale des détections. A l'aide de cette correction nous réévaluons l'état de l'art et montrons que, une fois la redondance des détections prise en compte, la méthode SIFT est meilleure que nombre de ses variantes les plus modernes<br>This dissertation contributes to an in-depth analysis of the SIFT method. SIFT is the most popular and the first efficient image comparison model. SIFT is also the first method to propose a practical scale-space sampling and to put in practice the theoretical scale invariance in scale space. It associates with each image a list of scale invariant (also rotation and translation invariant) features which can be used for comparison with other images. Because after SIFT feature detectors have been used in countless image processing applications, and because of an intimidating number of variants, studying an algorithm that was published more than a decade ago may be surprising. It seems however that not much has been done to really understand this central algorithm and to find out exactly what improvements we can hope for on the matter of reliable image matching methods. Our analysis of the SIFT algorithm is organized as follows. We focus first on the exact computation of the Gaussian scale-space which is at the heart of SIFT as well as most of its competitors. We provide a meticulous dissection of the complex chain of transformations that form the SIFT method and a presentation of every design parameter from the extraction of invariant keypoints to the computation of feature vectors. Using this documented implementation permitting to vary all of its own parameters, we define a rigorous simulation framework to find out if the scale-space features are indeed correctly detected by SIFT, and which sampling parameters influence the stability of extracted keypoints. This analysis is extended to see the influence of other crucial perturbations, such as errors on the amount of blur, aliasing and noise. This analysis demonstrates that, despite the fact that numerous methods claim to outperform the SIFT method, there is in fact limited room for improvement in methods that extract keypoints from a scale-space. The comparison of many detectors proposed in SIFT competitors is the subject of the last part of this thesis. The performance analysis of local feature detectors has been mainly based on the repeatability criterion. We show that this popular criterion is biased toward methods producing redundant (overlapping) descriptors. We therefore propose an amended evaluation metric and use it to revisit a classic benchmark. For the amended repeatability criterion, SIFT is shown to outperform most of its more recent competitors. This last fact corroborates the unabating interest in SIFT and the necessity of a thorough scrutiny of this method

An examination of the science of human anatomy and dissection as it occurs in plays of the early modern period. Starting with a survey of available literature on the subject, the thesis then moves on to examine the state of human anatomy in England at the time as well as an overview medical training, textbooks and information that may have been available to the public at large. This leads to an examination of a group of plays that refer explicitly to the practice of anatomy, references that are found to be either literal or metaphorical in nature. In this, the theatrical representation of anatomy is examined with an eye toward investigating the nature of these representations.

This dissertation is an investigation into the representation of the sexed and gendered body on the English stage between the years 1570 and 1635. The parameters of the study are fully set out in the introduction, however, a summary that might prove useful to the general reader is as follows: The thesis commences with an account of the 'one-sex' anatomical model - as recently set out by Thomas Laqueur in Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990). It then proceeds to question the dominance of such an anatomical paradigm throughout the entire Renaissance - and, in its first chapter, sets out evidence from various medical treatises in order to outline the emergence of a contrasting 'two-sex' model of human reproductive biology. Chapter two then uses evidence from a 'two-sex' model in order to re-examine the homo-erotic implications of theatrical narratives that present (or imply) spontaneous sex changes (by means of an analysis of John Lyly's Gallathea and Shakespeare's Falstaff plays). In chapter three, attention turns to the female body in early modern English society and attempts to assess the implications of an emergent 'two-sex' model on female cultural and social agency in the period (by means of an analysis of actual female-to-male cross-dressers and the anatomical representations of the female body that were undertaken in elite cultural forms such as the Court Masque). Chapter four then turns back to the professional English transvestite stage in order to examine the strategies of recuperation of the female body that were employed in a production environment that was exclusively controlled by men (and this is undertaken by means of an analysis of Middleton and Dekker's The Roaring Girl and Beaumont and Fletcher's The Maid's Tradedy). Chapter five turns its attention to an analysis of theatre and anatomy hall architecture in order to examine the ways in which one exclusive private theatre (Christopher Beeston's Phoenix, in Drury Lane) sought to exploit an architectural accident in order to provide elite audiences with a staged representation of the processes of anatomical dissection. Finally, chapter six examines four plays by John Ford: The Witch of Edmonton, The Broken Heart, Love's Sacrifice and 'Tis Pity She's A Whore in order to examine the anatomical emblazonment of the female body in two specific Private theatres. The dissertation also contains four appendices: I) Selections from the Published Debate Between Jean Riolan and Jacques Duval Concerning the Case of Marie Le Marcis, the Hermaphrodite of Rouen II) The List of Sex Changes from Johann Schenck von Graffenberg's Observationum Medicarum Rarum (Frankfurt, 1600) III) Selections From Thomas Artus' L'Isle des Hermaphrodites IV) Selections From The Boke of Duke Huon ofBurdeux, translated by Sir John Bourchier (Lord Berners] (Wynkyn de Worde, 1534) V) Anthony Wood, Athena Oxonienses. An Exact history of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the most Ancient and Famous University ofOxford(a Biography of William Petty)

Exegesis (MA--Art and Design) -- AUT University, 2007.<br>Primary supervisor: Laurent Antonczak. Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (67 leaves : col. ill. ; 30 cm. + DVD) in City Campus Collection (T 743.49 CAR)

In this thesis, I explore how specific films and television shows use the preexisting structure and mechanics of narrative film in order to create queer characters and stories that defy their otherness and stereotypes, thus creating a profound cinematic experience. Not only does the manipulation of these structures and mechanics heighten the realism and depth of the narrative at hand, it also enhances audience identification by allowing queer viewers to find themselves and straight viewers to understand the “other.” In this manner, the New New Queer Cinema and television have had lasting effects on the modern gay rights movement, changing perceptions and attitudes of society on an extremely personal level and making way for incredible strides in public policy changes.

Las series de drama médico estadounidenses se han convertido en un fenómeno social y cultural, logrando acumular un gran número de audiencias tanto locales como extranjeras. Aunque algunos estudios señalan que el rol de la televisión es puramente entretener; otros trabajos advierten que lo que se representa en estas series ha tenido un impacto en el imaginario de las personas sobre cómo son los médicos y su entorno. El presente trabajo aborda este fenómeno desde un enfoque lingüístico, ya que busca analizar la construcción del realismo y dramatismo a través del discurso médico en el doblaje de tres series contemporáneas Grey’s Anatomy, The Good Doctor y New Amsterdam. Para ello, se propone aplicar dos técnicas: el análisis de contenido y el análisis textual-contrastivo. El primero, permitirá describir la función de los diálogos dentro de las narrativas de las series, la construcción de los personajes y el escenario dramático. El segundo, servirá para describir las técnicas de traducción que se utilizaron en el doblaje, así como las normas de naturalización y las restricciones de sincronía.<br>American medical dramas have become a social and cultural phenomenon, attracting a large number of audiences both locally and abroad. Although some studies point out that the role of television is exclusively to entertain, other studies suggest that what is represented in these programs has had an impact on people's perception of what doctors and their environment are. This paper addresses this phenomenon from a linguistic approach, as it seeks to analyze the construction of realism and drama through medical discourse in the dubbed version of three contemporary series Grey's Anatomy, The Good Doctor and New Amsterdam. For this purpose, two techniques will be applied: content analysis and contrastive-textual analysis. The first technique will describe the function of the dialogues within the narratives of the series, the construction of the characters and the dramatic scenario. The second technique will serve to describe the translation techniques used in the dubbing, as well as the naturalization rules and the synchronization.<br>Trabajo de investigación

As computers become an increasingly important part of medical education, a proper understanding of the techniques and applications of computer aided modeling is vital. An initial overview of medical imaging and the techniques of computer modeling is presented. Construction of three-dimensional models of anatomical structures is then discussed in great detail with specific focus on modeling structures like the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is one region where computer modeling efforts should be directed because it presents a special challenge. Understanding the walls, borders and layering of the inguinal canal is especially difficult but vital to accurate clinical diagnoses of hernias. Computer-based instruction based on high-quality three dimensional images promises to greatly enhance students’ learning and comprehension of difficult anatomical structures and relationships.

<p> This dissertation sheds light on two important aspects of Arabic morphology: the status and representation of roots and that of templates (or word patterns). The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the role of these controversial word constituents in the representation and processing of the non-linear morphological structure of words in two varieties of Arabic: Emirati Arabic (EA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). </p><p> Chapter 2 presents a linguistic investigation of the verbal morphological system of EA, with some focus on how it compares to the MSA system and in light of the main claims made by Doron (2003) in her account of Hebrew verbal templates. In this chapter, I provide arguments for separating the verbal root from templates and affixes in the analysis of Arabic and, by extension, Semitic morphology. Specifically, I argue that verbal meaning is a combination of at least two syntactic heads: Voice and little v, and a lexical head: the consonantal root. I further show that the interaction of the semantics and argument structure of the root with little v and Voice within a unified syntactic structure captures the regularities as well as the exceptions in the interpretation of the verb forms of EA. </p><p> Chapter 3 presents experiments using the subliminal speech priming technique, as developed by Kouider and Dupoux (2005) and used by Schluter (2013), and magnetoencephalography (MEG), as applied to auditory morphological processing (Ettinger, Linzen, &amp; Marantz, 2013). Both these techniques are relatively new and are applied to EA for the first time. The subliminal speech priming technique has the advantage of tapping into the earliest stages of auditory word recognition, allowing an investigation of the relevance of the consonantal root in the processing of the EA verbal forms. The results of this study suggest that the discontinuous consonantal root in EA is an independent lexical unit, a finding consistent with root-based models of Semitic morphology. The results also point to the effectiveness of the subliminal speech priming technique as a promising way to explore unwritten dialects of Arabic such as Emirati Arabic. </p><p> In Chapter 4, I exploited a standard visual lexical decision task with concurrent MEG recordings to explore the neural correlates of morphological decomposition in MSA by examining the early stages of visual word recognition in this language. The results obtained show that words in MSA go through the same stages of word recognition, beginning with extraction of the consonantal root, in a manner completely parallel to the decomposition of words into stems and affixes in concatenative languages like English, arguing for the obligatory decomposition model of word recognition in Arabic non-linear morphology. The results of this study also hold significant implications for the long-lasting debate surrounding the status of the consonantal roots in Arabic and morphological theory in general. </p><p> The behavioural and MEG studies reported in this dissertation support the hypothesis that morphological decomposition in language processing is the same across non-linear and affixal languages, ratifying the linguistic analysis of non-concatenative morphology as essentially affixal. Additionally, the general results of this dissertation adds new and original support for the claims that the Arabic consonantal root is an essential cognitive unit in representations and processing.</p>

Cette recherche a pour objet l’étude de la question de la rencontre dans l’œuvre italienne de Matteo Ricci, à partir d’une lecture biographique des Lettere et du Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina. Le propos entend ajouter à la figure de l’écrivain sino-chrétien, celle d’un Matteo Ricci auteur d’une œuvre italienne digne intérêt, tant d’un point de vue civilisationnel que littéraire. Notre démarche s’appuie sur une lecture de ses écrits comme anatomie de sa rencontre avec le Céleste Empire et comme biographie d’un voyage littéraire, ce corpus étant appréhendé comme phénoménologie littéraire de la rencontre. Une réflexion autour du concept d’altérité permet d’analyser les textes ricciens en tant que biographie d’un regard particulier sur la Chine et les Chinois, une vision qui promeut, à partir d’une interprétation humaniste et chrétienne, la rencontre sensible avec l’Autre lointain, portée par le désir. Nous avons voulu mettre en évidence la façon dont Matteo Ricci, au fil de son œuvre missionnaire et littéraire, élabore une nouvelle herméneutique du monde chinois, en rupture avec l’imagologie issue de l’Europe médiévale. Le dernier volet de notre analyse entend l’écriture de Ricci comme la biographie d’une parole et comme la proposition d’une mystique et d’une esthétique de la rencontre. Fidèle à la tradition chrétienne, il redéfinit néanmoins les rapports entre l’Occident et l’altérité païenne par la promotion d’un nouveau langage : l’inculturation. D’un point de vue littéraire, son écriture propose une démarche stylistique singulière qui mêle esthétique du divers, historiographie en tension vers l’épique et apologétique chrétienne<br>This thesis aims at studying the question of the encounter in Matteo Ricci’s Italian work, starting from a biographical reading of Lettere and of Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina.This study supplements the figure of the Sino-Christian writer with that of Matteo Ricci as the author of an Italian work that is worthy of interest both from the point of view of civilisation and of literature. My approach relies on a reading of his writings as an anatomy of his encounter with the Celestial Empire and as a biography of a literary travel, the set of texts being apprehended as a literary phenomenology of the encounter.Reflecting on the concept of alterity allows one to analyse Ricci’s texts as the biography of a particular look on China and Chinese people — a vision which, from a Humanist and Christian interpretation, promotes the tangible encounter with a distant Other, born by desire. Throughout his missionary and literary work, Matteo Ricci constructs a new hermeneutics of the Chinese world that breaks away from the imagology produced by medieval Europe.The final section of the analysis envisages Ricci’s writing as the biography of a discourse, as putting forward a religious interpretation and an aesthetics of the encounter. Being faithful to the Christian tradition, he however redefines the relationships between the Western world and pagan otherness by promoting a new language — inculturation. From a literary point of view, his writing proposes a singular stylistic approach, one that mingles aesthetic diversity and historiography which gestures towards the epic and Christian apologetics

O presente estudo versa sobre os discursos policial, jurídico, psiquiátrico e jornalístico produzidos acerca de um jovem, autor de um quíntuplo homicídio em família (patri-matri-fratricídio). O dossier sobre o caso, e ainda mais três explicações para a conduta violenta, oriundas do campo psi, foram analisados a partir da arqueologia, genealogia e ética foucaultianas visando esclarecer os motivos e os modos de construção destes discursos. O estudo permitiu constatar que as diferentes instâncias sociais solidarizaram-se para forjar uma representação do homicida compatível com o consagrado modelo da psicopatia - a ausência de remorsos, a incapacidade para a empatia, a frieza afetiva e a insensibilidade moral; também, que produções do campo psi prestam-se a dar referendo científico às conclusões sociais que retratam os homicidas como seres malignos, portadores de aberrações biológicas que os incapacitam a desenvolver adequadamente a afetividade e a moralidade, condenando-os aos atos criminosos violentos. Estas constatações, discutidas pelo prisma das contradições da sociedade contemporânea, deixam vislumbrar parte daquilo que se obnubila por estes discursos: remetendo ao plano biológico as determinações da conduta irracional e violenta, poupa-se de crítica o ordenamento sistemático das relações sócio-econômicas. Em conclusão, apresenta-se como imperativo derivar para a ciência psi a injunção de conhecer e denunciar as interveniências dos planos individual e coletivo em toda e qualquer conduta humana - o mais irracional e violento dos crimes cometido por um homem, guarda obrigatoriamente os traços da irracionalidade e violência do sistema social que o envolve; aperceber-se deles é condição de transformá-los.<br>This present study considers the police, legal, psychiatric and journalistic speeches about a young man who is the author of a quintuplet family homicide (patricide-matricide-fraticide). The dossier about the case, and three explanations else for the violent behaviour from the psy area, were analysed from the archaeological, genealogical and ethical foucaultian considering to clear up the cause and way these speeches were constructed.The study has allowed to show up the different social resort to join forces to forging a representation of the murderer with the stablished model of psychopath - no remorses, the incapacity for empathy, coolness affection and moral insensibility; it is also to show that productions of the psy area are suitable for giving scientific endorsement to the social agreement that show the murderer as evil beings who are owners a such of biological aberrations that make them incapable of developing the affecting and morality and to sentence them to criminal violent actions. All these observations were talked about by the point of view of the contemporany society contradictions and they let to glimpse part of that are hided by those speeches: the systematic order of social economical relations indulgences itself of criticism when it sends the determinations of irrational and violent behaviour to the biological area. As conclusion, it shows the necessity to deduce to the psy science the obligation to knowing and denouncing the interference between individual and collective plans in all human behaviour - the most of irrational and violent crimes commited by a man hides traces of irrationality and violence of social system that involves it. The capacity of see the traces is the conditions to be able to change them.

Ce travail de thèse visait à étudier les effets de l'immobilisation de courte durée d'un membre sur les processus cognitifs impliqués dans la planification et le contrôle des mouvements. Précisément, nous avons examiné l'impact d'une immobilisation de courte durée du membre supérieur (main droite ou gauche) sur la représentation mentale des actions de ce membre. Pour cela, nous avons eu recours à une tâche d'imagerie motrice implicite (rotation mentale de stimuli corporels), en partant du principe qu'un ensemble de processus cognitifs similaires sont sollicités que l'action soit réellement ou simplement simulée. Nos résultats indiquent que l'inactivité physique modifie le fonctionnement des processus cognitifs permettant la réalisation et l'optimisation des actions. L'immobilisation de courte durée du membre supérieur altère la capacité des sujets à se représenter mentalement des actions. L'effet de ces perturbations (changement de stratégie d'imagerie, transfert inter-membre…) peut varier d'un individu à l'autre, ainsi qu'en fonction des contraintes de la tâche d'imagerie implicite et de la durée de l'immobilisation. Un second objectif visait à examiner le potentiel de l'imagerie motrice explicite pour réactiver le système sensorimoteur suite à la période d'immobilisation de la main. Nous montrons qu'une pratique mentale en imagerie motrice kinesthésique pendant la période d'immobilisation permet de contrecarrer les perturbations fonctionnelles induite par la restriction d'exercice<br>The present thesis focused on the effects of short-term limb immobilization on the cognitive level of action control. Especially, we examined the influence of short-term upper-limb immobilization (right or left-hand) on the mental representation of action. To this aim, an implicit motor imagery task (mental rotation of body-stimuli) was used, assuming similar processes between motor simulation and motor execution. Results showed that physical inactivity affects the cognitive processing of action. Short-term upper-limb immobilization impaired the ability to mentally represent action. The immobilization-induced effects (switch from a motor to a visual imagery strategy, inte-limb transfer…) may vary from one individual to another, and may depend on the constraints of the implicit imagery task or with the period of immobilization (24h vs. 48h). A second aim of this thesis was to examine the potential of explicit motor imagery to reactivate the sensorimotor system after the period of sensorimotor restriction. We showed that kinesthetic imagery practice during the period of immobilization can counteract the functional impairment induced by sensorimotor restriction

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy<br>This thesis is a study of quantifiable variation in the geometric shape of the superior articular surface of the talus of higher primates, with special reference to fossil tali of Plio- Pleistocene hominids. (Abbreviation abstract )<br>AC2017

Biologists use ontologies as a method to organize and publish their acquired knowledge. Computer scientists have shown the value of ontologies as a means for knowledge discovery. This dissertation makes a number of contributions to enable systematic biologists to better leverage their ontologies in their research. Systematic biology, or phylogenetics, is the study of evolution. “Assembling a Tree of Life” (AToL) is an NSF grand challenge to describe all life on Earth and estimate its evolutionary history. AToL projects commonly include a study a taxon (organism) to create an ontology to capture its anatomy. Such anatomy ontologies are manually curated based on the data from morphology-based phylogenetic studies. Annotated digital imagery, morphological characters and phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees are the key components of morphological studies. Given the scale of AToL, building an anatomy ontology for each taxon manually is infeasible. The primary contribution of this dissertation is automatic inference and concomitant formalization required to compute anatomy ontologies. New anatomy ontologies are formed by applying transformations on an existing anatomy ontology for a model organism. The conditions for the transformations are derived from observational data recorded as morphological characters. We automatically created the Cypriniformes Gill and Hyoid Arches Ontology using the morphological character data provided by the Cypriniformes Tree of Life (CTOL) project. The method is based on representing all components of a phylogenetic study as an ontology using a domain meta-model. For this purpose we developed Morphster, a domain-specific knowledge acquisition tool for biologists. Digital images often serve as proxies for natural specimens and are the basis of many observations. A key problem for Morphster is the treatment of images in conjunction with ontologies. We contributed a formal system for integrating images with ontologies where images either capture observations of nature or scientific hypotheses. Our framework for image-ontology integration provides opportunities for building workflows that allow biologists to synthesize and align ontologies. Biologists building ontologies often had to choose between two ontology systems: Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) or the Semantic Web. It was critical to bridge the gap between the two systems to leverage biological ontologies for inference. We created a methodology and a lossless round-trip mapping for OBO ontologies to the Semantic Web. Using the Semantic Web as a guide to organize OBO, we developed a mapping system which is now a community standard.<br>text