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Neville, C. J. "The Law of Treason in the English Border Counties in the Later Middle Ages". Law and History Review 9, n.º 1 (1991): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743658.
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In the parliament held at Leicester in the spring of 1414, King Henry V was confronted with a long list of grievances on the part of the common folk of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland. A formal petition decried the contempt with which the terms of truces made with Scotland and royal letters of safe conduct were treated. The commons further complained that men of the liberties of Tynedale, Redesdale, and Hexham daily committed “many murders, treasons, homicides … robberies, and other misdeeds,” and that “some of the said persons shelter and support many people of Scotland, counselling and comforting [them] in their robbery and despoiling.” Finally, they said, in contravention of the terms of the truce, men of Scotland “also take them prisoner, keeping them … until they make ransom of their own volition, all this with the aid, assent and comfort of the said persons so enfranchised.”
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Fakeman, F. "Exploring Museums. A Museums Association Guide: The Home Counties; Scotland; Ireland; Wales". Journal of the History of Collections 6, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 1994): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/6.2.227.
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Ashcroft, Brian, James H. Love y Eleanor Malloy. "New Firm Formation in the British Counties with Special Reference to Scotland". Regional Studies 25, n.º 5 (octubre de 1991): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409112331346597.
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FOFANA, A., L. TOMA, D. MORAN, G. J. GUNN, S. GUBBINS, C. SZMARAGD y A. W. STOTT. "An ex-ante economic appraisal of Bluetongue virus incursions and control strategies". Journal of Agricultural Science 154, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2015): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000015.
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SUMMARYThe incursion of Bluetongue disease into the UK and elsewhere in Northern Europe in 2008 raised concerns about maintaining an appropriate level of preparedness for the encroachment of exotic diseases as circumstances and risks change. Consequently the Scottish government commissioned the present study to inform policy on the specific threat of Bluetongue virus 8 (BTV8) incursion into Scotland. An interdisciplinary expert panel, including BTV and midge experts, agreed a range of feasible BTV incursion scenarios, patterns of disease spread and specific control strategies. The study was primarily desk-based, applying quantitative methodologies with existing models, where possible, and utilizing data already held by different members of the project team. The most likely distribution of the disease was explored given Scotland's agricultural systems, unique landscape and climate. Epidemiological and economic models are integrated in an ex-ante cost-benefit appraisal of successful prevention of hypothetical BTV8 incursion into Scotland under various feasible incursion scenarios identified by the interdisciplinary panel. The costs of current public and private surveillance efforts are compared to the benefits of the avoided losses of potential disease outbreaks. These avoided losses included the direct costs of alternative vaccination, protection zone (PZ) strategies and their influence on other costs arising from an outbreak as predicted by the epidemiological model. Benefit-cost ratios were ranked within each incursion scenario to evaluate alternative strategies. In all incursion scenarios, the ranking indicated that a strategy, including 100% vaccination within a PZ set at Scottish counties along the England–Scotland border yielded the least benefit in terms of the extent of avoided outbreak losses (per unit cost). The economically optimal vaccination strategy was the scenario that employed 50% vaccination and all Scotland as a PZ. The results provide an indicator of how resources can best be targeted for an efficient ex-ante control strategy.
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Nenadic, Stana y Sally Tuckett. "Artisans and Aristocrats in Nineteenth-Century Scotland". Scottish Historical Review 95, n.º 2 (octubre de 2016): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2016.0296.
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This article considers relationships between artisans and aristocrats on estates and elsewhere in Scotland during the long nineteenth century. It argues that the Scottish aristocracy, and women in particular, were distinctly preoccupied with the craft economy through schemes to promote employment but also due to attachments to ‘romanticised’ local and Celtic identities. Building in part on government initiatives and aristocratic office-holding as public officials and presidents of learned societies, but also sustained through personal interest and emotional investments, the craft economy and individual entrepreneurs were supported and encouraged. Patronage of and participation in public exhibitions of craftwork forms one strand of discussion and the role of hand-made objects in public gift-giving forms another. Tourism, which estates encouraged, sustained many areas of craft production with south-west Scotland and the highland counties providing examples. Widows who ran estates were involved in the development of artisan skills among local women, a convention that was further developed at the end of the century by the Home Industries movement, but also supported male artisans. Aristocrats, men and women, commonly engaged in craft practice as a form of escapist leisure that connected them to the land, to a sense of the past and to a small group of easily identified and sympathetic workers living on their estates. Artisans and workshop owners, particularly in rural areas, engage creatively in a patronage regime where elites held the upper hand and the impact on the craft economy of aristocratic support in its various forms was meaningful.
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Smale, David. "Alfred John List and the Development of Policing in the Counties of Scotland, c. 1832–77". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 33, n.º 1 (mayo de 2013): 52–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2013.0062.
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Montgomery, Michael. "The morphology and syntax of Ulster Scots". English World-Wide 27, n.º 3 (12 de octubre de 2006): 295–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.05mon.
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Ulster differs from the other three historical provinces of Ireland in the presence of Ulster Scots, an off-shoot of Lowland Scots brought principally from the Western and Central Lowlands of Scotland in the 17th century through a plantation established by King James I and through periodic migrations, especially in times of economic duress in Scotland. Since that time Ulster Scots has been spoken in rural parts of Counties Antrim, Donegal, Down, and Londonderry/Derry, where it was mapped by Robert Gregg in the 1960s mainly on the basis of phonological features. The present article, based on eight years of fieldwork with native speakers in Antrim, analyzes a range of pronominal, verbal, and syntactic features, seeking to identify general patterns as well as variation within Ulster Scots. When possible, comparisons are made to Lowland Scots and Irish English in order to situate structural features of Ulster Scots within the larger linguistic landscape of the British Isles.
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Riches, Peter F. "A recently discovered hand-coloured geological map of Norfolk and Suffolk attributed to Richard Cowling Taylor (1789–1851)". Archives of Natural History 47, n.º 2 (octubre de 2020): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2020.0652.
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A recently discovered hand-coloured geological map of Norfolk and Suffolk is probably the work of Richard Cowling Taylor (1789–1851). It was originally published by Laurie & Whittle in 1811 and later hand coloured to show the geological strata of the two English counties. The colouration was based on William Smith's 1815 geological map A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland, but with significant modifications. It appears to have been hand-coloured between 1816 and 1819 and is a very early example of the adoption of Smith's methodology of using colour to represent the different layers of strata on a geological map.
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Bezdenezhnykh, T. P., N. Z. Musina, V. K. Fedyaeva, T. S. Tepcova, V. A. Lemeshko y V. V. Omelyanovsky. "International experience in determining the cost-effectiveness thresholds". PHARMACOECONOMICS. Modern pharmacoeconomics and pharmacoepidemiology 11, n.º 4 (22 de enero de 2019): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909.2018.11.4.073-080.
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The article reviews international methodological guidelines, regulatory documents and existing approaches to the determination of the costeffectiveness threshold (CeT), also known as the willingness-to-pay threshold (WTP), the threshold value of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICeR), in europe (england and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, France, Belgium, Denmark, the netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Finland, norway, Poland), America (the USA, Canada, Brazil), Asia (Japan, South korea, Taiwan, Thailand), in Australia and new Zealand. The CeT is commonly used to rationalize decision-making in health cost reimbursement. The present review demonstrates that just a few countries (englandandWales,Thailand,Poland,USA) have introduced the explicit value of CeT into their decision making. Some countries (Australia,Canada,new Zealand, thenetherlands,Sweden, andBrazil) use CeT in an implicit manner implying that no specific CeT value is defined by law. In other countries (Finland,Sweden,norway,France,Germany,Denmark,Japan,South korea,Taiwan), the role of the threshold in health reimbursement remains uncertain despite the presence of HTA systems. The CeT is expressed as additional cost per unit of incremental health benefit, which is represented by quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in most counties. However,PolandandBrazilallow using life years gained (LYG) as a measure of additional benefit neglecting the quality of life. In thenetherlandsandengland, different CeT values are applied to the health technology under assessment depending on the severity or rareness of the disease and some other factors.
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Cullen, Karen J., Christopher A. Whatley y Mary Young. "King William's Ill Years: new evidence on the impact of scarcity and harvest failure during the crisis of the 1690s on Tayside". Scottish Historical Review 85, n.º 2 (octubre de 2006): 250–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2007.0005.
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The last national famine in Scotland occurred during King William's reign in the late 1690s. Investigation into this event has hitherto been fairly limited. Generally, historians have dismissed suggestions that it was a very serious or long-lasting crisis. The work of Robert Tyson on Aberdeenshire marked a departure from this. He identified high levels of suffering and mortality in that county which contributed to a crisis much more severe than previously suggested, other than in the Highlands. Tayside, to the south, constituting the counties of Angus and Perthshire, was thought to have largely escaped the worst effects. This article challenges that viewpoint. It argues that the crisis spanned several years, and while its impact differed in important respects from the experience in Aberdeenshire, it nevertheless had profound economic, social and demographic consequences.
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Townsend, A. R. "The Location of Employment Growth after 1978: The Surprising Significance of Dispersed Centres". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 18, n.º 4 (abril de 1986): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a180529.
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Despite the overwhelming importance of job loss in labour markets in Great Britain since 1979, and the growth of unemployment everywhere, it has come to light that a proportion of areas enjoyed net job gains when recession was at its worst. Contrary to common assertion, these areas lay not entirely in the Home Counties or eastern Scotland, but included examples in most regions (for example, Exeter, York). A common denominator of many of these changes lies in relative shifts towards grade 3A service centres in the production of services. This pattern also prompts the need for thorough stocktaking over the location of elements of job growth, and the methodological implications of new sectoral patterns of growth, which continue to be represented sharply in official estimates at regional level to 1985.
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Cameron, Ewen A. "The Scottish Highlands as a Special Policy Area, 1886 to 1965". Rural History 8, n.º 2 (octubre de 1997): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001278.
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This paper has two objectives. The first is to explore the creation of a Highland policy area in the 1880s. Emphasis will be placed on the use of historical arguments by the government in the course of the construction of the Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act of 1886, especially in the attempt to justify confining the operation of that statute to the Highlands. The second theme, explored in the latter parts of the paper, concerns the strategies which succeeding governments have used to justify the perpetuation of a distinct Highland policy area. An element of continuity in Highland history in the twentieth century has been the special treatment of the area by governments. On the occasions when this has caused resentment in other rural areas of Britain, the Scottish Office response has been to argue that the Highlands are a special case because of the existence of the crofting counties with their special code of legislation. Clearly, this is a tautological argument and it is hoped that this paper, by exploring the period from the creation of the crofting legislation in the 1880s, to the late twentieth century, will shed some light on its origins. It will be argued that this has created a climate of fear in the Highlands and particularly the crofting community, but also, on occasion in the Lowlands. Further, there are occasions when the existence of a special Highland policy area has served to marginalise Highland policy. The paper falls into five main sections: the first will briefly review the literature about the Highland/Lowland division in Scotland, the second will look at the origins of the Crofters' Act of 1886, the third will examine the period from 1906 to 1911 when aspects of crofting legislation were extended to the rest of Scotland; the fourth section will identify the inter war period as an era when Highland policy became more diverse and the final section will scrutinise the impact of that more diverse approach in the years after the Second World War.
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Abrams, Lynn. "The Taming of Highland Masculinity: Inter-personal Violence and Shifting Codes of Manhood, c.1760–1840". Scottish Historical Review 92, n.º 1 (abril de 2013): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2013.0139.
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Inter-personal violence between men has often been accepted as a ubiquitous feature of male relationships in the past, and the contexts in which that violence was perpetrated is seen to reveal something about the mentalities and social roles of men in past societies. This article considers the social practices of masculinity and the acting out of codes of manhood in the context of Highland Scotland in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries – a period of significant economic and social change. Based primarily on the scrutiny of legal records relating to cases of violent assault involving men of the middling and lower classes from across the Highland counties, this article suggests that the everyday practice of Highland manhood was subject to taming, as the expressions of manhood appropriate for a society at war were gradually rejected as inappropriate for a society of commerce and civility. While customary forms of violence in pursuit of the restitution of honour continued to have some legitimacy until the early nineteenth century, especially in the rural Highlands, in Inverness a new model of disciplined masculinity was applied to male behaviour, offering a glimpse at new sensibilities around inter-personal violence that were to enter Highland society more generally in the following decades.
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Inbadas, Hamilton, José Miguel Carrasco, Michelle Gillies y David Clark. "The level of provision of specialist palliative care services in Scotland: an international benchmarking study". BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 8, n.º 1 (8 de julio de 2017): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2016-001301.
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ObjectivesComparative benchmarking of specialist palliative care (SPC) services across jurisdictions can be used to assess the adequacy of provision. Published in 2016, the Scottish Atlas of Palliative Care unlocks the possibility of benchmarking Scotland’s provision against other European Union (EU) countries. Our objectives were to describe the provision of SPC services in Scotland and compare this with other EU countries, assessing coverage against European norms.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data collected as part for the Scottish Atlas by structured telephone (n=33) or online (n=3) survey with informants from 14 territorial health boards and 15 hospices who provided information about SPC services in their locality. National-level Scottish data were compared with data from other EU countries allowing ranking for each service type and service coverage as calculated against European Association for Palliative Care norms.ResultsScotland had a total of 23 SPC inpatient units containing 349 beds, 27 SPC hospital support teams and 38 SPC home care teams. Relative to other EU countries, Scotland ranked seventh for provision of SPC inpatient units and hospital support teams, and fifth for home care teams. Coverage for these services was 85%, 100% and 72%, respectively.ConclusionScotland is positioned among the top 10 EU countries for the level of provision of SPC services. National policy in Scotland has focused on the delivery of palliative care at home or in a homely setting. These data support a focus on developing services in community settings to meet Scotland’s policy ambitions.
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Hunter, Alistair y Nasar Meer. "Is Scotland Different on Race and Migration?" Scottish Affairs 27, n.º 3 (agosto de 2018): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2018.0249.
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This short article reports on a symposium at the University of Edinburgh entitled ‘Is Scotland Different on Race and Migration’. The event brought together the latest research to consider whether Scotland really is different from neighbouring countries. Questions under discussion included, but were not limited to, what does the data tell us on mass Scottish attitudes? Is ‘Scottishness’ more inclusive then ‘Englishness’? Where do migrants and racial minorities fit into this story and who is narrating it? What are Scotland's policy options in light of it?
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ROY, K. M., S. J. HUTCHINSON, S. WADD, A. TAYLOR, S. O. CAMERON, S. BURNS, P. MOLYNEAUX, P. G. MCINTYRE y D. J. GOLDBERG. "Hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Scotland: a review of prevalence and incidence data and the methods used to generate them". Epidemiology and Infection 135, n.º 3 (8 de agosto de 2006): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007035.
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It is estimated that of 50000 persons in Scotland (1% of the county's population), infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), around 90% injected drugs. This paper reviews data on the prevalence and incidence of HCV, and the methods used to generate such information, among injecting drug users (IDUs), in Scotland. The prevalence estimate for HCV among IDUs in Scotland as a whole (44% in 2000), is comparable with those observed in many European countries. Incidence rates ranged from 11·9 to 28·4/100 person-years. The data have shaped policy to prevent infection among IDUs and have informed predictions of the number of HCV-infected IDUs who will likely progress to, and require treatment and care for, severe HCV-related liver disease. Although harm reduction interventions, in particular needle and syringe exchanges and methadone maintenance therapy, reduced the transmission of HCV among IDUs during the early to mid-1990s, incidence in many parts of the country remains high. The prevention of HCV among IDUs continues to be one of Scotland's major public health challenges.
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de Lima, Philomena y Sharon Wright. "Welcoming Migrants? Migrant Labour in Rural Scotland". Social Policy and Society 8, n.º 3 (julio de 2009): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746409004941.
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For a decade, Scotland has had a declining natural population, dispersed throughout a diverse geography, including remote highlands and islands, which presents a policy making context that is very different from other parts of the UK. Rural Scotland accounts for 95% of Scotland's landmass and only 18% of the population (Scottish Government 2008). In particular, the familiar challenges, presented by the combination of population ageing with below-replacement level fertility rates, have, until 2007, been reinforced by the extent of out-migration amongst people of working age. Evidence suggests that following EU enlargement in 2004, rural areas have experienced an influx of labour migrants from Central and Eastern European countries on an unprecedented scale. Whilst such large-scale migration into rural communities has provided a major challenge for public service provision and ‘social integration’, it has also addressed local labour market shortages and created opportunities for regeneration. This article explores critical questions about the role and impact of migrant labour in rural communities in Scotland and the role of agencies in addressing the needs of all rural residents.
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Nijnik, Maria, Albert Nijnik y Iain Brown. "Exploring the linkages between multifunctional forestry goals and the legacy of spruce plantations in Scotland". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, n.º 10 (octubre de 2016): 1247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0399.
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This paper explores the ecosystem services associated with woodlands, as they are viewed by individuals in Scotland, with the idea to reconcile objectives for multifunctionality with the legacy of past forestry systems that were not designed with multifunctionality in mind. Research follows a semi-qualitative route and applies the Q method to identify and explain a range of attitudes among the general public and forestry-associated stakeholders regarding the functional future of forestry in Scotland. Four distinctive groups of attitudes were identified and key factors influencing the attitudinal diversity were explained. Despite the uncovered attitudinal heterogeneity, all groups of attitudes have strong emphasis on native woodland regeneration and on improvement of aesthetic values of woodlands but differ concerning afforestation. An improved understanding of what people think provided an indication of their recognition of ecosystem services types and the trade-offs between these, opportunities available, and factors that can hamper forestry development (e.g., concerning the aspiration of increasing Scotland’s forest cover to 25%). Findings suggest that the productivists’ position (for which the economic objectives are important) remains strong in Scotland. Results (compared with those in several other countries) demonstrate comparability between public and stakeholder perspectives in support of the multifunctional forestry, and this has distinct policy relevance and implications for decision-making.
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McLaren, John y Jo Armstrong. "Scotland's Economic Performance and the Fiscal Implications of Moving to Independence". National Institute Economic Review 227 (febrero de 2014): R3—R13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011422700102.
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Scotland's economic performance and fiscal make-up are key elements in the debate leading up to the forthcoming referendum on independence. However, in terms of understanding Scotland's economic performance, the situation is complicated by the high degree of overseas ownership, especially with regards to North Sea activity, and the importance of a natural commodity, oil. This makes the use of traditional measures of economic performance, like GDP or GDP per capita, less relevant than for most countries and suggests a greater need to use both constant price and cash GNI, neither of which are currently available. In terms of its fiscal balance, Scotland's independence would require taxes derived from its offshore (North Sea) activity to be sufficient to offset the extra monies (in per head terms) currently transferred from the rest of the UK (via the Barnett formula system) in order to pay for the current level of public services. Based on current projections, such North Sea related tax revenues would amount to less than the likely Barnett transfer, leading to a net loss in funding at the time of independence. Under such circumstances the question of whether or not Scotland could afford to initiate the building up of an ‘Oil Fund’, is largely a redundant one. However, uncertainties over both future oil and gas revenues and over the continuation of the existing Barnett system make it difficult to predict with any great certainty whether Scotland would see a longer-term net fiscal gain or loss post-independence. Apparent inconsistencies between official GNI and Scottish revenue figures also means that the existing fiscal balance position remains open to question.
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Fenton, Lynda, Jon Minton, Julie Ramsay, Maria Kaye-Bardgett, Colin Fischbacher, Grant M. A. Wyper y Gerry McCartney. "Recent adverse mortality trends in Scotland: comparison with other high-income countries". BMJ Open 9, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): e029936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029936.
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ObjectiveGains in life expectancy have faltered in several high-income countries in recent years. Scotland has consistently had a lower life expectancy than many other high-income countries over the past 70 years. We aim to compare life expectancy trends in Scotland to those seen internationally and to assess the timing and importance of any recent changes in mortality trends for Scotland.SettingAustria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, England and Wales, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and USA.MethodsWe used life expectancy data from the Human Mortality Database (HMD) to calculate the mean annual life expectancy change for 24 high-income countries over 5-year periods from 1992 to 2016. Linear regression was used to assess the association between life expectancy in 2011 and mean life expectancy change over the subsequent 5 years. One-break and two-break segmented regression models were used to test the timing of mortality rate changes in Scotland between 1990 and 2018.ResultsMean improvements in life expectancy in 2012–2016 were smallest among women (<2 weeks/year) in Northern Ireland, Iceland, England and Wales, and the USA and among men (<5 weeks/year) in Iceland, USA, England and Wales, and Scotland. Japan, Korea and countries of Eastern Europe had substantial gains in life expectancy over the same period. The best estimate of when mortality rates changed to a slower rate of improvement in Scotland was the year to 2012 quarter 4 for men and the year to 2014 quarter 2 for women.ConclusionsLife expectancy improvement has stalled across many, but not all, high-income countries. The recent change in the mortality trend in Scotland occurred within the period 2012–2014. Further research is required to understand these trends, but governments must also take timely action on plausible contributors.
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Greene, Kellie. "Ireland's Architecture of Containment: Concealed Citizens and Sites Bereft of Bodies". Somatechnics 1, n.º 1 (marzo de 2011): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2011.0003.
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With Irish Independence being granted in1922, the Irish Catholic Hierarchy and the Irish Politicians with their new found power embarked on the complex and highly fraught project of forging a new Irish Nationalist identity. In the decades which followed, the officially named “Irish Freestate” became a nationwide network of asylums, reformatory schools, industrial schools, Magdalen Asylums and Mother and Baby homes. A mere two years after the declaration of Irish independence, it was reported that “there were more children in industrial schools in the twenty-six counties of Ireland than were in all the industrial schools in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland put together,” (Raftery, O'Sullivan: 1999: 69, 72). Likewise, Rafferty and O'Sullivan claim that between 1869 and 1969 approximately 105,000 children were committed to industrial schools and that at its peak, the system consisted of 71 such institutions (1999: 20).This paper will draw on the experiences of my younger brother and I as we spent a combined total of 18 years in four such institutions in the Republic of Ireland in the 1980s and 1990s. In the terms of much of the current literature on what is sometimes referred to as “coercive confinement” (O'Sullivan & O'Donnell, 2008: 32) we are amongst thousands of survivors of a state-sponsored and Church-administered system that as An Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern acknowledged in his ‘apology’ speech of 1999, all too often “denied children the care and security that they needed”, and worse still, perpetrated “grave wrongs”.With the recent conclusion of our 17 year legal battle with the Irish Catholic church and State and with research I am undertaking for my PhD project, “Remembering and (Re)Presenting Lives Within Care” I will recall the event where my brother and I were taken beneath the Four Courts in Dublin, an airless subterranean trap, and asked to trade away our voices. We have learned that in the face of the most insidious forms of State violence, one doesn't breathe to speak, one needs to speak to breathe. This is the story of our combat breathing.
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McCluskey, Gillean. "Closing the attainment gap in Scottish schools: Three challenges in an unequal society". Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 12, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2017): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746197916683468.
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Scotland’s First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has recently said, ‘Improving school attainment is arguably the single most important objective in this programme for Government’ (Parliamentary address, 1 September 2015). Scotland’s levels of academic attainment have become an increasing focus for debate amid continuing concerns that children living in the most deprived areas in Scotland are ‘6 to 13 months behind their peers in problem-solving at age 5; 11 to 18 months behind their peers in expressive vocabulary at age 5; and around two years of schooling behind their peers at age 15’. The link between educational disadvantage and low levels of attainment is well documented in many countries, but particularly troubling in the United Kingdom, where overall levels of inequality are greater than in many other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, including Sweden. This article draws on recent research in three fields of interest, namely student participation, home–school relationships and relationships within school, to explore the challenges for education in improving overall attainment. It considers how these fields of interest connect with each other and with issues of inequality and, finally, argues that they each have the potential to offer a new set of ‘guidewires’ for tackling this challenge.
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Mccrorie, Kirsty, Joshua Thorburn, Joseph Symonds y Stephen W. Turner. "Falling admissions to hospital with febrile seizures in the UK". Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, n.º 8 (29 de marzo de 2019): 750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-316228.
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ObjectivesThere was a reduction in febrile seizure admissions in Scotland after 2008. Our hypothesis was that a similar trend would be seen in other countries.MethodsWe obtained the number of febrile and non-febrile seizure admissions in England and Scotland 2000–2013 and the incidence of all seizure admissions 2000–2013 in European countries. We compared the incidence of admission for febrile seizure (Scotland and England) and all seizures (all countries) between 2000–2008 and 2009–2013.ResultsThe incidence of febrile seizure admissions per 1000 children in 2009–2013 was lower than 2000–2008 in Scotland (0.79 vs 1.08, p=0.001) and England (0.92 vs 1.20, p<0.001). The incidence of all seizure admissions (but not non-febrile seizures) was lower in 2009–2013 compared with 2000–2008 in Scotland (1.84 vs 2.20, p=0.010) and England (2.71 vs 2.91, p=0.001). Across 12 European countries (including the UK), there was no difference in all seizure admissions after 2008. We explored the possibility that the fall was related to the introduction of routine pneumococcal vaccination in 2006 but there were insufficient data.ConclusionA fall in admissions for febrile (but not afebrile) seizures after 2008 in Scotland and England explains a fall in all emergency admissions for seizure. A fall in all seizure admissions has not occurred in other European countries, and more research is required to understand the different outcomes in the UK and non-UK countries.
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Kelley, Paul M. "Venture Funders — Are They the Solution?" Industry and Higher Education 12, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229801200203.
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The author briefly describes what venture funders do and how they do it to illuminate the process of high-tech business formation and development. By way of illumination, he gives two short histories of successful university spin-outs that his company, Zero Stage Capital, has helped launch. He then examines how this firm's knowledge and experience may apply in the context of the Scottish university and financial climate, and bearing in mind the goals of Scotland's Technology Ventures strategy. Finally, he discusses the US government support initiatives for small business, the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) Program. He suggests an approach for its application in increasing the birth-rate of fast-track technology-based ventures in Scotland or in other countries that have the infrastructure to support and enhance the process.
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Filippon, Jonathan, Stephen Bremner, Ligia Giovanella y Allyson Pollock. "An ecological study of publicly funded elective hip arthroplasties in Brazil and Scotland: do access inequalities reinforce the inverse care law?" JRSM Open 11, n.º 5 (mayo de 2020): 205427042092077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270420920772.
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Objectives To compare elective hip arthroplasty rates funded by the public sector in Brazil and Scotland. Design Ecological study, 2009–13, of crude and directly standardised rates of elective primary hip arthroplasty rates (per 100,000) funded by the public sector at national and regional level for age (30 + years) and gender in Brazil and Scotland. Setting National Health Service Scotland and Unified Health System in Brazil. Participants Over 30 s who had undergone an elective hip arthroplasty funded by the public sector. Main outcome measures Publicly funded standardised elective hip arthroplasty rates in Brazil and Scotland. Results Between 2009 and 2013, there was a seven-fold difference in treatment rates between Brazil and Scotland, and an eight-fold regional difference in Brazil; Brazil (7.8–8.3/100,000, increase of 0.5 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.3, 0.7) from 2009/10 to 2012/13) and Scotland (from 61.1 to 57.7/100,000, decrease of 3.4 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval (1.4, 5.8) per 100,000); a two-fold difference in number of public beds per head of population (Brazil 158.3/100,000 vs. Scotland 305.1/100,000) and general medical workforce (Brazil 198.8/100,000 vs. Scotland 327.4/100,000); numbers of orthopaedic surgeons per head of population in the two countries were similar in 2013 (Brazil 5.2/100,000 vs. Scotland 4.3/100,000). Conclusion Although the ‘inverse care law’ is seen in both countries, access to publicly funded hip arthroplasties in Brazil is worse than in Scotland; the distribution of specialists and higher treatment rates in Brazil is highly skewed towards wealthier areas, perpetuating historical regional inequalities.
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Czapiewski, Tomasz. "The (Para)diplomacy of Scotland towards Asian Countries". Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Acta Politica 31 (2015): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ap.2015.31-04.
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Crombie, Iain K. "Suicide in England and Wales and in Scotland". British Journal of Psychiatry 157, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.4.529.
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The suicide rates in England and Wales and Scotland converged during the late 1960s, and from 1970 were higher in Scotland. The convergence occurred because of differences in the falls in rates of those aged over 45 years and not because of differences in frequency and decline of coal gas suicide. Male suicide increased more rapidly in Scotland during the 1970s. In England and Wales overall female suicide rates fell during 1958–76 whereas in Scotland there was no clear trend. Suicide by car exhaust increased similarly in both countries, but that by hanging and drug poisoning increased more rapidly in Scotland.
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Yerokhin, Vladimir. "CELTIC FRINGES AND CENTRAL POWER IN GREAT BRITAIN: HISTORY AND MODERNITY". Izvestia of Smolensk State University, n.º 1 (49) (26 de mayo de 2020): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-226-244.
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The article deals with history of interrelations between political centre and Celtic fringes of Great Britain in modern and contemporary times. As soon as nationalist movements in Celtic fringes became more active from the mid 1960s, the need appeared to analyze the history of interrelations between central
power and Celtic regions in order to understand causes of Celtic people’s striving for obtaining more rights and even state independence. The article ascertains that attitude of central power to Celtic fringes was complicated by ethno-cultural differences between Englishmen and Celtic people, which resulted in discrimination of Scotland, Wales and Ireland by London's policy towards Celtic regions. Since British industrialization evolved the central power in Great Britain, it created conditions for balanced comprehensive
development of industrial economy only in English counties, whereas Celtic regions were permitted to develop only branches of economic activity which were non-competitive to English business. The level of people’s income in Celtic fringes was always lower than in English parts of Great Britain. There was an
established practice that English business dominated in Celtic regions and determined the economic development of Celtic regions. The English as distinct from Celts had prior opportunities to be engaged on more prestigious and highly paid positions. Celtic population’s devotion to preservation of their culture
and ethno-cultural identity found expression in religious sphere so that Nonconformity and Presbyterianism accordingly dominated among Welshmen and Scotsmen. Political movements in Celtic fringes put forward ethno-cultural demands
rather than social class ones in their activities.
During the first half of the XX century the opposition between Celtic fringes and central power in Great Britain showed that in parliamentary elections Celtic population gave their votes mainly for the members of Labour Party. From the mid-1960s nationalist movements in Celtic fringes became more active. They began to make slogans of political independence. The author of the
article comes to conclusion that interrelations of central power in Great Britain towards Celtic fringes can be adequately described by notions of I. Wallerstein’s world-system analysis and M. Hechter's model of internal colonialism.
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Sigmond, J. P. "G.G. Simpson, Scotland and the Low Countries 1124-1994". BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 113, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 1998): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.4737.
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Folkesson, Joakim, Gerda Engholm, Eva Ehrnrooth, Anne-Mette Kejs, Lars Påhlman, Henrik Harling, Arne Wibe et al. "Rectal cancer survival in the Nordic countries and Scotland". International Journal of Cancer 125, n.º 10 (15 de noviembre de 2009): 2406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24562.
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Hatton, Chris. "Specialist inpatient services for people with learning disabilities across the four countries of the UK". Tizard Learning Disability Review 21, n.º 4 (3 de octubre de 2016): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-08-2016-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare data from national censuses on specialist inpatient service use by people with learning disabilities across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Design/methodology/approach National statistics (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland) reporting inpatient service censuses including people with learning disabilities were accessed, with data extracted on trends over time, rate of service use, young people and length of stay. Findings The number and rate of people with learning disabilities in specialist inpatient services varied across the UK: 230 people in Scotland (rate 4.88 per 100,000 population); 3,250 people in England (5.48); 183 people in Wales (5.90); 144 people in Northern Ireland (7.82). The number of people in inpatient services in Northern Ireland halved over four years, in other areas reductions were modest. Between 5 and 8 per cent of people in inpatient services were children/young people. Median length of stay in the person’s current inpatient service varied: 19 months in England; 33 months in Scotland; three to five years in Northern Ireland. Social implications Different parts of the UK vary in the scale of their specialist inpatient services for people with learning disabilities. With the exception of Northern Ireland, which may still be in the last stages of completing a “regular” deinstitutionalisation programme, strong policy prescriptions for substantial reductions in specialist inpatient services are currently only resulting in modest reductions. Originality/value This paper is a first attempt to compare national inpatient service statistics across the UK. With increasing divergence of health and social service systems, further comparative analyses of services for people with learning disabilities are needed.
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Zigmond, Tony. "Changing mental health legislation in the UK". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14, n.º 2 (marzo de 2008): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005116.
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Following devolution, the mental health acts of the constituent countries of the UK are diverging in their provisions. This editorial describes three significant differences between the new Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003, which came into effect in Scotland in 2005, and the Mental Health Act 2007 for England and Wales.
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Wilson, Ruth y Jonathan Hopkins. "The Changing Shape of Scotland’s Digital Divide". European Countryside 11, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 563–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2019-0031.
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Abstract The challenges of reaching rural areas with the latest digital technologies are well documented, resulting in a longstanding urban–rural digital divide in many countries. In 2016, Scotland embarked on one of the most ambitious infrastructure projects in Europe when it committed to bringing superfast broadband to all of its citizens by 2021. In this paper, we take stock of recent progress towards this goal by applying the framework of the “Sparsely Populated Area”. While previous work has highlighted that Scotland’s digital divide is shrinking, application of this new framework reveals inequalities that traditional urban–rural classifications mask. We show that, while the number of digital “not spots” has fallen in recent years, many of those remaining are concentrated in a region that faces particular vulnerabilities in terms of service delivery and population decline. Digital inequalities introduce a further challenge to this region in addressing its potential as a viable and attractive place to live and work.
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McDONALD, S. A., S. J. HUTCHINSON, C. SCHNIER, A. McLEOD y D. J. GOLDBERG. "Estimating the number of injecting drug users in Scotland's HCV-diagnosed population using capture–recapture methods". Epidemiology and Infection 142, n.º 1 (22 de marzo de 2013): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000617.
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SUMMARYIn countries maintaining national hepatitis C virus (HCV) surveillance systems, a substantial proportion of individuals report no risk factors for infection. Our goal was to estimate the proportion of diagnosed HCV antibody-positive persons in Scotland (1991–2010) who probably acquired infection through injecting drug use (IDU), by combining data on IDU risk from four linked data sources using log-linear capture–recapture methods. Of 25 521 HCV-diagnosed individuals, 14 836 (58%) reported IDU risk with their HCV diagnosis. Log-linear modelling estimated a further 2484 HCV-diagnosed individuals with IDU risk, giving an estimated prevalence of 83. Stratified analyses indicated variation across birth cohort, with estimated prevalence as low as 49% in persons born before 1960 and greater than 90% for those born since 1960. These findings provide public-health professionals with a more complete profile of Scotland's HCV-infected population in terms of transmission route, which is essential for targeting educational, prevention and treatment interventions.
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Korus, K. A., A. D. Timmerman, R. D. French-Monar y T. A. Jackson. "First Report of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis) of Corn in Texas". Plant Disease 95, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-10-0541.
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In September 2009, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic received leaf samples of hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) displaying long, necrotic lesions with wavy margins. The lesions had discontinuous water-soaked spots that are indicative of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight. The symptomatic leaves were submitted from Dallam County, located in the Texas Panhandle (northwest Texas). According to the USDA Farm Service Agency and the National Agricultural Statistics Service, in 2009 Dallam County had 54,025 ha planted to corn. This is approximately 19% of the total corn planted in the 26 counties in the Texas Panhandle and 6% of the total corn planted in the state of Texas. Extracts from the infected leaf tissue tested positive for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis with a commercially available ELISA test (Neogen Inc., Scotland, UK). Isolation from the infected tissue onto CNS selective media (1) resulted in round, dark orange, mucoid colonies that tested gram positive with the Gram-stain test. BLAST nucleotide sequence alignments of the amplified 500-bp 16S rRNA region of the suspect culture's genome (2) revealed a 96% similarity for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (NCBI BLAST Accession No. U09381.1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, three sweet corn plants (Golden Cross Bantam) at growth stage V3 to V4 were inoculated in the greenhouse with a suspension of approximately 1 × 109 CFU/ml from suspect cultures grown on CNS for 5 days. Wounds approximately 6.5 cm long were created with sterile scissors on the fifth leaf from the bottom running parallel to the veins on either side of the midrib at the leaf apex. The leaf apex was dipped into 150 ml of the inoculum suspension for 5 s. Approximately 6 days after inoculation, discontinuous, water-soaked spots consistent with the symptoms on the original symptomatic leaves appeared on all the inoculated leaves near the site of infection. Colonies consistent with C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (dark orange, mucoid) were reisolated onto CNS, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight on corn in Texas and because it is a residue-borne pathogen, the probability of it becoming a resident disease is relatively high. References: (1) D. C. Gross and A. K. Vidaver. Phytopathology 69:82, 1979. (2) X. Li and S. H. De Boer. 1995. Phytopathology 85:837, 1995.
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NYLEN, G., F. DUNSTAN, S. R. PALMER, Y. ANDERSSON, F. BAGER, J. COWDEN, G. FEIERL et al. "The seasonal distribution of campylobacter infection in nine European countries and New Zealand". Epidemiology and Infection 128, n.º 3 (junio de 2002): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802006830.
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In all temperate countries campylobacter infection in humans follows a striking seasonal pattern, but little attention has been given to exploring the epidemiological explanations. In order to better characterize the seasonal patterns, data from nine European countries and New Zealand have been examined. Several European countries with weekly data available showed remarkably consistent seasonal patterns from year to year, with peaks in week 22 in Wales, week 26 in Scotland, week 32 in Denmark, week 30 in Finland and week 33 in Sweden. In Europe, the seasonal peak was most prominent in Finland and least prominent in Scotland and Austria. In New Zealand the seasonality was less consistent since the peak was more prolonged. Possible explanations for the seasonal peaks are discussed. Research into the causes of campylobacter seasonality should help considerably in elucidating the sources of human infection.
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Davison, A. M., J. H. McFarlane y J. C. Clark. "Differences in Forensic Pathology Practice between Scotland and England". Medicine, Science and the Law 38, n.º 4 (octubre de 1998): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249803800403.
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Scotland and England are part of the United Kingdom but have separate legal systems. These legal differences have a substantial effect on forensic pathology practice, and are probably best appreciated by those pathologists who have worked on both sides of the border. This paper seeks to highlight the differences in forensic pathology practice between Scotland and England, discussing the investigation of death in both countries. It concludes that a knowledge of the Scottish procurator fiscal system of death investigation may be beneficial to those contemplating changes to the coroner system. All three authors have practised forensic pathology in Scotland and England or Wales.
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Bille, Trine y Sidsel Kjems. "Mapping Church Economy in the Nordic Countries, England and Scotland". Nordisk kulturpolitisk tidsskrift 24, n.º 01 (11 de junio de 2021): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.2000-8325-2021-01-06.
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Mok, Pearl L. H., Navneet Kapur, Kirsten Windfuhr, Alastair H. Leyland, Louis Appleby, Stephen Platt y Roger T. Webb. "Trends in national suicide rates for Scotland and for England & Wales, 1960–2008". British Journal of Psychiatry 200, n.º 3 (marzo de 2012): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092908.
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BackgroundSuicide rates in Scotland have increased markedly relative to those in England in recent decades.AimsTo compare changing patterns of suicide risk in Scotland with those in England & Wales, 1960–2008.MethodFor Scotland and for England & Wales separately, we obtained national data on suicide counts and population estimates. Gender-specific, directly age-standardised rates were calculated.ResultsWe identified three distinct temporal phases: 1960–1967, when suicide rates in England & Wales were initially higher than in Scotland, but then converged; 1968–1991, when male suicide rates in Scotland rose slightly faster than in England & Wales; and 1992–2008, when there was a marked divergence in national trends. Much of the recent divergence in rates is attributable to the rise in suicide among young men and deaths by hanging in Scotland. Introduction of the ‘undetermined intent’ category in 1968 had a significant impact on suicide statistics across Great Britain, but especially so in Scotland.ConclusionsDifferences in temporal patterns in suicide risk between the countries are complex. Reversal of the divergent trends may require a change in the perception of hanging as a ‘painless' method of suicide.
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Pentland, B., C. Boake y W. W. McKinlay. "Scottish Head Injury Rehabilitation: An Historical Account". Scottish Medical Journal 34, n.º 1 (febrero de 1989): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308903400113.
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During the Second World War two units were established in Scotland for the rehabilitation of head injured patients which were ahead of their time in philosophy and practice. Despite advice to the contrary, these two facilities were not maintained in the ensuing post-war years and while other countries have expanded and improved upon the concepts of care for the traumatically brain injured no specific unit for head injury rehabilitation exists in Scotland today.
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Aragón, María José y Martin Chalkley. "How do time trends in inhospital mortality compare? A retrospective study of England and Scotland over 17 years using administrative data". BMJ Open 8, n.º 2 (febrero de 2018): e017195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017195.
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ObjectivesTo examine the trends in inhospital mortality for England and Scotland over a 17-year period to determine whether and if so to what extent the time trends differ after controlling for differences in the patients treated.DesignAnalysis of retrospective administrative hospital data using descriptive aggregate statistics of trends in inhospital mortality and estimates of a logistic regression model of individual patient-level inhospital mortality accounting for patient characteristics, case-mix, and country-specific and year-specific intercepts.SettingSecondary care across all hospitals in England and Scotland from 1997 to 2013.PopulationOver 190 million inpatient admissions, either electively or emergency, in England or Scotland from 1997 to 2013.DataHospital Episode Statistics for England and the Scottish Morbidity Record 01 for Scotland.Main outcome measuresSeparately for two admission pathways (elective and emergency), we examine aggregate time trends of the proportion of patients who die in hospital and a binary variable indicating whether an individual patient died in hospital or survived, and how that indicator is influenced by the patient’s characteristics, the year and the country (England or Scotland) in which they were admitted.ResultsInhospital mortality has declined in both countries over the period studied, for both elective and emergency admissions, but has declined more in England than Scotland. The difference in trend reduction is greater for elective admissions. These differences persist after controlling for patient characteristics and case-mix.ConclusionsComparing data at country level suggests questions about the roles performed by or functioning of their healthcare systems. We found substantial differences between Scotland and England in regard to the trend reductions in inhospital mortality. Hospital resources are therefore being deployed increasingly differently over time in these two countries for reasons that have yet to be explained.
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Pavlenko, Valerii y Mykola Polovin. "History of the Scottish and welsh independence movements: comparison and analysis". European Historical Studies, n.º 18 (2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.12.
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The article addresses the history of the Scottish and Welsh approaches towards nationalism within the United Kingdom and features inherent in them. Similarities and differences between the Scottish and Welsh independence movements have been shown. Analysis of historical underpinnings of the creation of the Scottish National Party and the Party of Wales has been conducted. Influence of the Scottish and Welsh nationalism’s unique characteristics on the parties’ electoral performance has been analyzed. Research on the Scottish and Welsh independence movements from the perspective of Anglo–Scottish and Anglo–Welsh relations has been carried out. Influence of the British colonial empire on the suppression of the nationalistic tendencies in Scotland in Wales has been demonstrated. Scottish and Welsh societies’ special features concerning the differences between the independence movements in these countries have been analyzed. Causes of the relative success of the Scottish independence movement and reasons behind the relatively low popularity of nationalism in Wales have been identified. Based on the tendencies in the Scottish and Welsh societies, an analysis of future outlook of the Scottish National Party and the Party of Wales has been conducted. Special attention is paid to the 1979 and 1997 referendums on the restoration of the Scottish Parliament and creation of the National Assembly of Wales. Research on the causes of the referendums has been carried out, electoral preferences have been demonstrated, differences between the Scottish and Welsh national movements and different levels of home rule support among the Scottish and Welsh have been shown. It is argued that independence movements in Scotland and Wales are different in their nature, from which stem the Scottish national party’s and Plaid Cymru’s contrasting electoral results. It is demonstrated that the causes of such electoral performances are not only the historical underpinnings that have shaped both countries throughout centuries, but also the differences in Scotland’s and Wales’ economic development and the ideological distinctions within the Scottish and Welsh independence movements.
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Jacob, Marita, Cristina Iannelli, Adriana Duta y Emer Smyth. "Secondary school subjects and gendered STEM enrollment in higher education in Germany, Ireland, and Scotland". International Journal of Comparative Sociology 61, n.º 1 (febrero de 2020): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715220913043.
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This article examines the extent to which science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subject choice in upper secondary education explains gender differences in STEM enrollment in higher education. We adopt a cross-country approach using Germany, Ireland, and Scotland as three case studies. These countries differ in terms of both the degree of subject choice offered in upper secondary education and the relevance for higher education admission of having studied specific school subjects. Using datasets of young people from all three countries, our results indicate a stronger mediation of school subjects for Scotland than in Germany and Ireland and a remarkable gender gap in STEM enrollment in all three countries. We conclude that females studying science subjects within upper secondary education appears to be a necessary but not a sufficient condition to ensure gender equality in progression to STEM fields.
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Brenner, M. Harvey. "Economic Instability, Unemployment Rates, Behavioral Risks, and Mortality Rates in Scotland, 1952–1983". International Journal of Health Services 17, n.º 3 (julio de 1987): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5gvu-86y6-nh1u-pqb0.
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Short-term relations (under five years) between national unemployment and cause-specific mortality rates have been found in several industrialized countries in Europe and North America including the United States and, separately, Scotland and England/Wales. Long-term cumulative relations (at least a decade) have been found between national unemployment and age-adjusted mortality rates for eight countries including England/Wales. In this article it is demonstrated that, controlling for the significant effects of per capita cigarette, spirits, and fat consumption, and cold winter temperatures, there is in Scotland a significant long-term relation (at least a decade) between cumulative change in unemployment rates and mortality rates-for all causes, for total heart disease, and in particular for ischemic heart disease. Also, the exponential trend in real per capita income is related to mortality declines. Other writers have encountered difficulty in measuring this long-term relation between unemployment and cause-specific mortality in Scotland in the absence of controls for at least alcohol and tobacco consumption per capita.
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Therre, H. "National policies for preventing antimicrobial resistance - the situation in 17 European countries in late 2000". Eurosurveillance 6, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2001): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.01.00227-en.
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A survey carried out within Member States of the European Union and Norway shows that in all but two countries national surveillance of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics existed in December 2000. In Italy, Ireland and Scotland, the systems were set up very recently (respectively in 1998, 1999 and 1999). Moreover, excepting of Ireland and Scotland, all countries have a national system for data collection on the consumption of antibiotics, namely since 2000 in Austria, Italy and Luxembourg. Several of these systems were set up after 1998 when the recommendations of the European conference ‘The Microbial Threat’ held in Copenhague were published. In addition, a certain number of other measures have been undertaken since then: education campaigns to the population in England and Wales, in Ireland or in France, creation of committees specifically in charge of consumption surveillance in Italy or of the prevention of resistance in Belgium or in Ireland, publications of recommendations on the good use of antibiotics in Austria and in Finland, etc.
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Ramstedt, Mats, Erica Sundin, Inger Synnøve Moan, Elisabet E. Storvoll, Ingunn Olea Lund, Kim Bloomfield, Ann Hope, Sveinbjörn Kristjánsson y Christoffer Tigerstedt. "Harm Experienced from the Heavy Drinking of Family and Friends in the General Population: A Comparative Study of Six Northern European Countries". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s2 (enero de 2015): SART.S23746. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s23746.
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Background Epidemiological research on alcohol-related harm has long given priority to studies on harm to the drinker. A limitation with this perspective is that it neglects the harm drinking causes to people around the drinker, and thus, it fails to give a full picture of alcohol-related harm in society. Aim The aim was to compare the prevalence and correlates of experiencing harm from the heavy drinking by family and friends across the Nordic countries and Scotland and to discuss whether potential differences match levels of drinking, prevalence of binge drinking, and alcohol-related mortality. Data and Method Data from recent national general population surveys with similar questions on experiences of harms from the drinking of family and friends were collected from Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Scotland. Results National estimates of the overall population prevalence of harm from the drinking of family and friends ranged from 14% to 28% across these countries, with the highest prevalence in Finland, Iceland, and Norway and lower estimates for Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland. Across all countries, the prevalence of harm from heavy drinking by family and friends was significantly higher among women and young respondents. Conclusion This study revealed large differences in the prevalence of harm across the study countries, as well as by gender and age, but the differences do not match the variation in population drinking and other indicators of harm. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.
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Hill, Elizabeth A., Hiroyuki Sawatari, Mari K. Nishizaka, Donna M. Fairley, Akiko Chishaki, Kouta Funakoshi, Renata L. Riha y Shin-ichi Ando. "A Cross-Sectional Comparison of the Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms in Adults With Down Syndrome in Scotland and Japan". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 125, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2020): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-125.4.260.
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Abstract Small studies in Western populations report a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults with Down syndrome. To date, ethnic differences have not been explored. A questionnaire sent to 2,752 adults with Down syndrome aged ≥16 years in Scotland and Japan (789 valid responses) estimated OSA prevalence based on reported symptoms. Symptoms were common in both countries, with snoring (p = 0.001) and arousals (p = 0.04) more prevalent in Japan. Estimated OSA prevalence in adults with Down syndrome was similar in the two countries, and raised in comparison with the general adult population (19.6% in Scotland and 14.3% in Japan; p = 0.08), though BMI was a confounder. Identification and treatment of OSA is recommended in adults with Down syndrome, regardless of ethnicity.
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Becker, Julia C., David A. Butz, Chris G. Sibley, Fiona Kate Barlow, Lisa M. Bitacola, Oliver Christ, Sammyh S. Khan et al. "What Do National Flags Stand for? An Exploration of Associations Across 11 Countries". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, n.º 3 (12 de enero de 2017): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022116687851.
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We examined the concepts and emotions people associate with their national flag, and how these associations are related to nationalism and patriotism across 11 countries. Factor analyses indicated that the structures of associations differed across countries in ways that reflect their idiosyncratic historical developments. Positive emotions and egalitarian concepts were associated with national flags across countries. However, notable differences between countries were found due to historical politics. In societies known for being peaceful and open-minded (e.g., Canada, Scotland), egalitarianism was separable from honor-related concepts and associated with the flag; in countries that were currently involved in struggles for independence (e.g., Scotland) and countries with an imperialist past (the United Kingdom), the flag was strongly associated with power-related concepts; in countries with a negative past (e.g., Germany), the primary association was sports; in countries with disruption due to separatist or extremist movements (e.g., Northern Ireland, Turkey), associations referring to aggression were not fully rejected; in collectivist societies (India, Singapore), obedience was linked to positive associations and strongly associated with the flag. In addition, the more strongly individuals endorsed nationalism and patriotism, the more they associated positive emotions and egalitarian concepts with their flag. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Galletly y Whyte. "Epidemiology of prostate cancer in two European countries: Scotland and Norway". European Journal of Cancer Care 7, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1998): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2354.1998.00104.x.
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Kmietowicz, Z. "Life expectancy in Scotland remains lower than in many EU countries". BMJ 341, aug09 2 (9 de agosto de 2010): c4337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4337.
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