Tesis sobre el tema "Animus"

O objeto deste trabalho será analisar criticamente a maneira como o direito conceitua a doação. Será dividido em três partes. O Capítulo I tratará dos diversos modos como a doação foi estruturada no direito romano, no direito francês, no direito italiano e no direito brasileiro, das razões para essa diversidade e possíveis críticas à estruturação atual. O Capítulo II cuidará dos critérios para delimitar a fattispecie da doação e distingui-la dos demais contratos gratuitos. Normalmente, a doutrina identifica um elemento objetivo e um elemento subjetivo como caracterizadores da doação. O Capítulo III problematizará esses elementos, a fim de indagar sobre a abrangência do conceito jurídico de doação, tendo como base dois aspectos: a possibilidade de a doação ter por objeto prestações de fazer e o papel atribuído ao chamado animus donandi.
The purpose of this thesis is to analize critically the legal concept of gift. It will be divided into three parts. Chapter I covers the different legal structuring of gifts in Roman Law, French Law, Italian Law and Brazilian Law. The chapter also covers the reasons for the existence of different concepts and possibile criticism of the actual structure of gifts. Chapter II deals with the criteria for defining a legal concept of gift and the distinction between gifts and other gratuitous contracts. Generally, legal science identifies an objective element and a subjective element as characteristic features of gifts. Chapter III discusses these elements focused on the magnitude of the legal concept of gift in accordance with two aspects: the possibility of gratuitous services to be considered gifts and the role assigned to the so-called animus donandi.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A interferência da mídia no animus dos jurados em decisões proferidas pelo Tribunal do Júri é nítida, principalmente por ter como juízes o próprio povo. Um dos casos mais emblemáticos é o caso Eliza Samúdio, em que uma jovem teria sido assassinada brutalmente a mando do pai do próprio filho, um jogador de futebol famoso. Atuando em tempos e com discursos diferentes, mídia e judiciário seguiram seus caminhos. Caso complexo, repleto de enigmas e o envolvimento de uma pessoa famosa no meio popular apresentou-se perfeito à imprensa por concentrar em si os três assuntos que mais prendem a atenção popular: o crime, esporte e sexo. Além do enigma: onde estariam os restos mortais da jovem? Dia a dia, momento a momento, a imprensa seguia os passos do inquérito policial e do processo penal com o intuito de passar a notícia e com isso perceber os seus lucros, sendo notório que essa cobertura privilegiou a fase de inquérito e do julgamento, sempre enfatizando a personalidade de Bruno Fernandes como fora dos padrões normais. A mídia assim, autoafirmava como autoridade moralizadora, utilizando da narrativa para tanto. Ao fim, viu-se a ratificação de um veredicto já proferido pela mídia muito tempo antes do julgamento, tendo em vista o populismo penal midiático em que Bruno Fernandes fora condenado à reprimenda maior do que no direito se admitiria, principalmente porque o julgamento pelo Tribunal do Júri é feito através do povo, que confirmou o que escutou durante quase três anos.
The interference in the media animus of jurors in decisions made by court s jury is clear, mainly because the judges were their people. One of the most emblematic cases is the Eliza Samúdio, where a young woman had been brutally murdered at the behest of the father of his own son, a famous soccer player. Acting upon different times and speeches, media and judicial branches went their ways. Complex case replete with enigma and the involvement of a famous person in the popular medium presented the perfect press to focus itself on three issues that mostly catches the popular attention, being crime, sport, sex. Besides the enigma: where were the remains of the young woman? Day by day, moment by moment the press followed the steps of the police investigation and criminal procedure in order to pass the news and thus realize their profits, being clear that this coverage favored the stage press inquiries and judgment, always emphasizing the personality of Bruno Fernandes and outside the normal range. The media so, self claimed authority as moralizing, using the narrative to do so. At the end, found itself ratification of a verdict already delivered by the media long before the trial, in view of the penal populism media where Bruno Fernandes was sentenced to reprimand larger than the right would admit, mainly because the trial by jury is made through the people, which confirmed that heard for almost three years.

Actualmente existe un amplio proceso de discusión sobre la representación de estereotipos en las producciones audiovisuales, es decir en series y películas. Esta investigación forma parte de esta temática, es decir, el estudio se enfoca en la deconstrucción de los estereotipos en las series de televisión. Para lograr este objetivo se utiliza el arquetipo Jungiano animus, este arquetipo se percibe en un personaje femenino de la serie Game of Thrones. Para establecer los estereotipos que se van a estudiar, se escogió únicamente a los que contrasten directamente con las cualidades del animus del personaje. Se utilizan las siguientes cualidades del animus: pensamiento racional, fortaleza y decisión. A través de entrevistas semiestructuradas se estudia la percepción de las cualidades del animus y cómo estas pueden generar un proceso de deconstrucción de los estereotipos femeninos. Al final se concluye que las cualidades percibidas en el personaje estudiado se contraponen de forma directa a los estereotipos femeninos: sensibilidad, debilidad e inseguridad. La herramienta desarrollada a partir del arquetipo animus permite reconocer, delimitar y estudiar los estereotipos femeninos en los personajes femeninos y las futuras construcciones de personajes femeninos.
Currently there is a wide discussion process on the representation of stereotypes in audiovisual productions, that is, in series and movies. This research is part of this theme, in this sense, the study focuses on the deconstruction of stereotypes in television series. To achieve this goal the Jungian archetype animus is used. For the development of this research, a female character from the Game of Thrones series has been used. To establish the stereotypes to be studied, only those that directly contrasted with the character's animus qualities were chosen. In this sense, the following qualities of the animus are used: rational thought, fortitude and decision. Through semi-structured interviews, the perception of the qualities of the animus and how these can generate a process of deconstruction of female stereotypes is studied. In the conclusions, it is observed that the qualities perceived in the studied character are directly opposed to the female stereotypes: sensitivity, weakness and insecurity. In addition, it is clearly stated that the tool developed from the animus archetype allows the recognition, delimitation and study of female stereotypes in female characters and future constructions of female characters.
Trabajo de investigación

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes constipados apresenta sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda, sendo o anismus uma das principais causas. O objetivo à demonstrar uma nova tÃcnica utilizando a ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica (USD-3D) para o diagnÃstico do anismus e comparando os resultados com a eletromanometria anorretal. Foram utilizadas neste estudo prospectivo e comparativo 70 mulheres adultas com sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda provenientes do ServiÃo de Coloproctologia do Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter CantÃdio da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no perÃodo entre maio de 2005 a agosto de 2006. A idade variou de 23-79, na mÃdia de 48.72 anos. Todas as pacientes foram inicialmente submetidas à eletromanometria anorretal e, a partir dos resultados, divididas em grupo I, constituÃdo por 40 pacientes normais apresentando relaxamento da musculatura esfincteriana estriada ao esforÃo evacuatÃrio e grupo II com as 30 pacientes restantes com diagnÃstico de anismus. Em seguida, as pacientes de ambos os grupos foram submetidas à ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica. A tÃcnica consistiu em dois escaneamentos e as imagens estÃticas e dinÃmicas foram devidamente analisadas nos planos axial e longitudinal, observando-se as posiÃÃes do mÃsculo PR entre o repouso e o esforÃo evacuatÃrio. Visando quantificar de forma objetiva os movimentos do mÃsculo PR, foi desenvolvido no plano longitudinal mediano um Ãngulo constituÃdo por uma linha traÃada paralela à borda interna do PR ( 1.5cm ) com uma outra linha vertical, longitudinal ao eixo do canal anal. Esse Ãngulo à calculado no repouso e no esforÃo evacuatÃrio, sendo a mÃdia no repouso de 88.37   4.05 no grupo I e de 89.13   5.73 no grupo II. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os dois grupos no repouso ( p=0.51 ). A mÃdia do Ãngulo no esforÃo evacuatÃrio no grupo I foi de 98.19   1.18 e no grupo II, de 84.94   1.31, ocorrendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos ( p<0.001 ). A ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica demonstrou resultados concordantes com a eletromanometria anorretal em 92,86 % com relaÃÃo ao diagnÃstico de anismus em pacientes com sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda. Conclui-se que a tÃcnica de ultra-sonografia anorretal dinÃmica apresentada neste estudo pode ser considerada eficaz no diagnÃstico do anismus e com a vantagem de demonstrar simultaneamente a conformaÃÃo anatÃmica dos mÃsculos esfincterianos. .
Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes constipados apresenta sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda, sendo o anismus uma das principais causas. O objetivo à demonstrar uma nova tÃcnica utilizando a ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica (USD-3D) para o diagnÃstico do anismus e comparando os resultados com a eletromanometria anorretal. Foram utilizadas neste estudo prospectivo e comparativo 70 mulheres adultas com sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda provenientes do ServiÃo de Coloproctologia do Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter CantÃdio da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no perÃodo entre maio de 2005 a agosto de 2006. A idade variou de 23-79, na mÃdia de 48.72 anos. Todas as pacientes foram inicialmente submetidas à eletromanometria anorretal e, a partir dos resultados, divididas em grupo I, constituÃdo por 40 pacientes normais apresentando relaxamento da musculatura esfincteriana estriada ao esforÃo evacuatÃrio e grupo II com as 30 pacientes restantes com diagnÃstico de anismus. Em seguida, as pacientes de ambos os grupos foram submetidas à ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica. A tÃcnica consistiu em dois escaneamentos e as imagens estÃticas e dinÃmicas foram devidamente analisadas nos planos axial e longitudinal, observando-se as posiÃÃes do mÃsculo PR entre o repouso e o esforÃo evacuatÃrio. Visando quantificar de forma objetiva os movimentos do mÃsculo PR, foi desenvolvido no plano longitudinal mediano um Ãngulo constituÃdo por uma linha traÃada paralela à borda interna do PR ( 1.5cm ) com uma outra linha vertical, longitudinal ao eixo do canal anal. Esse Ãngulo à calculado no repouso e no esforÃo evacuatÃrio, sendo a mÃdia no repouso de 88.37   4.05 no grupo I e de 89.13   5.73 no grupo II. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os dois grupos no repouso ( p=0.51 ). A mÃdia do Ãngulo no esforÃo evacuatÃrio no grupo I foi de 98.19   1.18 e no grupo II, de 84.94   1.31, ocorrendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos ( p<0.001 ). A ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica demonstrou resultados concordantes com a eletromanometria anorretal em 92,86 % com relaÃÃo ao diagnÃstico de anismus em pacientes com sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda. Conclui-se que a tÃcnica de ultra-sonografia anorretal dinÃmica apresentada neste estudo pode ser considerada eficaz no diagnÃstico do anismus e com a vantagem de demonstrar simultaneamente a conformaÃÃo anatÃmica dos mÃsculos esfincterianos. .
Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes constipados apresenta sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda, sendo o anismus uma das principais causas. O objetivo à demonstrar uma nova tÃcnica utilizando a ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica (USD-3D) para o diagnÃstico do anismus e comparando os resultados com a eletromanometria anorretal. Foram utilizadas neste estudo prospectivo e comparativo 70 mulheres adultas com sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda provenientes do ServiÃo de Coloproctologia do Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter CantÃdio da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no perÃodo entre maio de 2005 a agosto de 2006. A idade variou de 23-79, na mÃdia de 48.72 anos. Todas as pacientes foram inicialmente submetidas à eletromanometria anorretal e, a partir dos resultados, divididas em grupo I, constituÃdo por 40 pacientes normais apresentando relaxamento da musculatura esfincteriana estriada ao esforÃo evacuatÃrio e grupo II com as 30 pacientes restantes com diagnÃstico de anismus. Em seguida, as pacientes de ambos os grupos foram submetidas à ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica. A tÃcnica consistiu em dois escaneamentos e as imagens estÃticas e dinÃmicas foram devidamente analisadas nos planos axial e longitudinal, observando-se as posiÃÃes do mÃsculo PR entre o repouso e o esforÃo evacuatÃrio. Visando quantificar de forma objetiva os movimentos do mÃsculo PR, foi desenvolvido no plano longitudinal mediano um Ãngulo constituÃdo por uma linha traÃada paralela à borda interna do PR ( 1.5cm ) com uma outra linha vertical, longitudinal ao eixo do canal anal. Esse Ãngulo à calculado no repouso e no esforÃo evacuatÃrio, sendo a mÃdia no repouso de 88.37   4.05 no grupo I e de 89.13   5.73 no grupo II. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os dois grupos no repouso ( p=0.51 ). A mÃdia do Ãngulo no esforÃo evacuatÃrio no grupo I foi de 98.19   1.18 e no grupo II, de 84.94   1.31, ocorrendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos ( p<0.001 ). A ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinÃmica demonstrou resultados concordantes com a eletromanometria anorretal em 92,86 % com relaÃÃo ao diagnÃstico de anismus em pacientes com sintomas de evacuaÃÃo obstruÃda. Conclui-se que a tÃcnica de ultra-sonografia anorretal dinÃmica apresentada neste estudo pode ser considerada eficaz no diagnÃstico do anismus e com a vantagem de demonstrar simultaneamente a conformaÃÃo anatÃmica dos mÃsculos esfincterianos. .
Approximately half of the constipated patients shows symptoms of obstructed defecation and anismus is one of the main causes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a new technique using dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography for diagnosis of anismus and compare the results with anorectal manometry. This prospective and comparative study was carried out by seventy women with symptoms of obstructed defecation selected from the Colorectal Unit of the Walter CantÃdio University Hospital of the Federal University of the CearÃ, between may 2005 and august 2006. The mean age was 48 years old (range 23 â 79). All the patients were initially submitted to anorectal manometry and then, depending on the results, separated into two groups. Group I, consisting of forty patients with normal results and presenting anal striated muscles relaxation during straining and group II with the thirty remaining patients with diagnosis of anismus. Subsequently, the patients from both groups were submitted to dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The method consisted of two automatic scans at rest and during straining. Then, both images were analyzed in the axial and longitudinal planes in order to identify the PR movements. The technique consisted to determine an angle between a line traced parallel to the internal edge of the PR ( 1.5cm ) with another vertical and perpendicular line with the anal canal axis. This angle is calculated at rest and during straining and the average resting angle size was 88.37 Â Â 4.05 in group I and 89.13 Â Â 5.73 in group II, without significant difference between them ( p=0.51 ). The mean angle size during straining was of 98.19 Â Â 1.18 in group I and 84.94 Â Â 1.31 in group II, showing significant statistical difference ( p<0.001 ). Thus, the dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography showed the same results of the anal manometry in 92.86 % of the patients regarding anismus diagnosis in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation. As a conclusion, the dynamic ultrasonography technique showed to be considered efficient for anismus diagnosis, with the advantage to simultaneously demonstrate the anatomical conformation of the anal canal.
Approximately half of the constipated patients shows symptoms of obstructed defecation and anismus is one of the main causes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a new technique using dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography for diagnosis of anismus and compare the results with anorectal manometry. This prospective and comparative study was carried out by seventy women with symptoms of obstructed defecation selected from the Colorectal Unit of the Walter CantÃdio University Hospital of the Federal University of the CearÃ, between may 2005 and august 2006. The mean age was 48 years old (range 23 â 79). All the patients were initially submitted to anorectal manometry and then, depending on the results, separated into two groups. Group I, consisting of forty patients with normal results and presenting anal striated muscles relaxation during straining and group II with the thirty remaining patients with diagnosis of anismus. Subsequently, the patients from both groups were submitted to dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The method consisted of two automatic scans at rest and during straining. Then, both images were analyzed in the axial and longitudinal planes in order to identify the PR movements. The technique consisted to determine an angle between a line traced parallel to the internal edge of the PR ( 1.5cm ) with another vertical and perpendicular line with the anal canal axis. This angle is calculated at rest and during straining and the average resting angle size was 88.37 Â Â 4.05 in group I and 89.13 Â Â 5.73 in group II, without significant difference between them ( p=0.51 ). The mean angle size during straining was of 98.19 Â Â 1.18 in group I and 84.94 Â Â 1.31 in group II, showing significant statistical difference ( p<0.001 ). Thus, the dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography showed the same results of the anal manometry in 92.86 % of the patients regarding anismus diagnosis in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation. As a conclusion, the dynamic ultrasonography technique showed to be considered efficient for anismus diagnosis, with the advantage to simultaneously demonstrate the anatomical conformation of the anal canal.
Approximately half of the constipated patients shows symptoms of obstructed defecation and anismus is one of the main causes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a new technique using dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography for diagnosis of anismus and compare the results with anorectal manometry. This prospective and comparative study was carried out by seventy women with symptoms of obstructed defecation selected from the Colorectal Unit of the Walter CantÃdio University Hospital of the Federal University of the CearÃ, between may 2005 and august 2006. The mean age was 48 years old (range 23 â 79). All the patients were initially submitted to anorectal manometry and then, depending on the results, separated into two groups. Group I, consisting of forty patients with normal results and presenting anal striated muscles relaxation during straining and group II with the thirty remaining patients with diagnosis of anismus. Subsequently, the patients from both groups were submitted to dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The method consisted of two automatic scans at rest and during straining. Then, both images were analyzed in the axial and longitudinal planes in order to identify the PR movements. The technique consisted to determine an angle between a line traced parallel to the internal edge of the PR ( 1.5cm ) with another vertical and perpendicular line with the anal canal axis. This angle is calculated at rest and during straining and the average resting angle size was 88.37 Â Â 4.05 in group I and 89.13 Â Â 5.73 in group II, without significant difference between them ( p=0.51 ). The mean angle size during straining was of 98.19 Â Â 1.18 in group I and 84.94 Â Â 1.31 in group II, showing significant statistical difference ( p<0.001 ). Thus, the dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography showed the same results of the anal manometry in 92.86 % of the patients regarding anismus diagnosis in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation. As a conclusion, the dynamic ultrasonography technique showed to be considered efficient for anismus diagnosis, with the advantage to simultaneously demonstrate the anatomical conformation of the anal canal.

LIMA, Doryane Maria dos Reis. Avaliação da eficácia da ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinâmica no diagnóstico de animus em mulheres com evacuação obstruída comparando com a eletromanometria anorreta. 2006. 98 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Cirurgia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2006.
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Approximately half of the constipated patients shows symptoms of obstructed defecation and anismus is one of the main causes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a new technique using dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography for diagnosis of anismus and compare the results with anorectal manometry. This prospective and comparative study was carried out by seventy women with symptoms of obstructed defecation selected from the Colorectal Unit of the Walter Cantídio University Hospital of the Federal University of the Ceará, between may 2005 and august 2006. The mean age was 48 years old (range 23 – 79). All the patients were initially submitted to anorectal manometry and then, depending on the results, separated into two groups. Group I, consisting of forty patients with normal results and presenting anal striated muscles relaxation during straining and group II with the thirty remaining patients with diagnosis of anismus. Subsequently, the patients from both groups were submitted to dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The method consisted of two automatic scans at rest and during straining. Then, both images were analyzed in the axial and longitudinal planes in order to identify the PR movements. The technique consisted to determine an angle between a line traced parallel to the internal edge of the PR ( 1.5cm ) with another vertical and perpendicular line with the anal canal axis. This angle is calculated at rest and during straining and the average resting angle size was 88.37 º ± 4.05 in group I and 89.13 º ± 5.73 in group II, without significant difference between them ( p=0.51 ). The mean angle size during straining was of 98.19 º ± 1.18 in group I and 84.94 º ± 1.31 in group II, showing significant statistical difference ( p<0.001 ). Thus, the dynamic three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography showed the same results of the anal manometry in 92.86 % of the patients regarding anismus diagnosis in patients with symptoms of obstructed defecation. As a conclusion, the dynamic ultrasonography technique showed to be considered efficient for anismus diagnosis, with the advantage to simultaneously demonstrate the anatomical conformation of the anal canal.
Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes constipados apresenta sintomas de evacuação obstruída, sendo o anismus uma das principais causas. O objetivo é demonstrar uma nova técnica utilizando a ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinâmica (USD-3D) para o diagnóstico do anismus e comparando os resultados com a eletromanometria anorretal. Foram utilizadas neste estudo prospectivo e comparativo 70 mulheres adultas com sintomas de evacuação obstruída provenientes do Serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio da Universidade Federal do Ceará, no período entre maio de 2005 a agosto de 2006. A idade variou de 23-79, na média de 48.72 anos. Todas as pacientes foram inicialmente submetidas à eletromanometria anorretal e, a partir dos resultados, divididas em grupo I, constituído por 40 pacientes normais apresentando relaxamento da musculatura esfincteriana estriada ao esforço evacuatório e grupo II com as 30 pacientes restantes com diagnóstico de anismus. Em seguida, as pacientes de ambos os grupos foram submetidas à ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinâmica. A técnica consistiu em dois escaneamentos e as imagens estáticas e dinâmicas foram devidamente analisadas nos planos axial e longitudinal, observando-se as posições do músculo PR entre o repouso e o esforço evacuatório. Visando quantificar de forma objetiva os movimentos do músculo PR, foi desenvolvido no plano longitudinal mediano um ângulo constituído por uma linha traçada paralela à borda interna do PR ( 1.5cm ) com uma outra linha vertical, longitudinal ao eixo do canal anal. Esse ângulo é calculado no repouso e no esforço evacuatório, sendo a média no repouso de 88.37 º ± 4.05 no grupo I e de 89.13 º ± 5.73 no grupo II. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos no repouso ( p=0.51 ). A média do ângulo no esforço evacuatório no grupo I foi de 98.19 º ± 1.18 e no grupo II, de 84.94 º ± 1.31, ocorrendo diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos ( p<0.001 ). A ultra-sonografia anorretal tridimensional dinâmica demonstrou resultados concordantes com a eletromanometria anorretal em 92,86 % com relação ao diagnóstico de anismus em pacientes com sintomas de evacuação obstruída. Conclui-se que a técnica de ultra-sonografia anorretal dinâmica apresentada neste estudo pode ser considerada eficaz no diagnóstico do anismus e com a vantagem de demonstrar simultaneamente a conformação anatômica dos músculos esfincterianos.

Magíster en Psicología Clínica Adultos
Esta investigación se realizó en el segundo semestre del año 2015, en la ciudad de La Serena. Su propósito fue conocer cómo es la crisis de la mediana edad en una pareja desde la comprensión junguiana. Es un estudio cualitativo interpretativo, paradigma post positivista. Se analizaron los siguientes ejes: Comprensión de la pareja desde la elección inicial/persona/máscara; Estado de individuación al inicio del compromiso matrimonial; Estado del proceso de individuación de los miembros de la pareja; Hermenéutica analítica-simbólica en ambos miembros; Situación actual de la pareja en el proceso terapéutico: Punto de inflexión; Es posible alcanzar la conjunción?; Mirada mitológica de la pareja; Posibilidades terapéuticas para Mónica y Alonso hacia el camino de la Integración. Como enfoque metodológico se utilizó el análisis de contenido en un estudio de caso. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y registro de observación hasta lograr lo que ambos participantes querían decir exactamente; reformular lo que dijeron, pedir confirmación; indagar por ejemplo, sobre algún gesto, silencio, interrupción, comentario, emoción. Posterior al análisis de contenidos, se contrastaron los resultados con la literatura existente sobre el tema. Los resultados de la investigación son concordantes con la conceptualización de la crisis de la mediana edad desde el pensamiento Junguiano. También se observa una coincidencia en la elección de pareja y su posterior proceso de decepción, realidad que comienza desde el inicio del establecimiento de la pareja

We outline four connections between xenophobia and punitiveness toward criminals in a national sample of Americans. First, among self-identified whites xenophobia is more predictive of punitiveness than specific forms of racial animus. Second, xenophobia and punitiveness are strongly connected among whites, but are only moderately and weakly related among black and Hispanic Americans, respectively. Third, among whites substantial proportions of the variance between sociodemographic, political, and religious predictors of punitiveness are mediated by levels of xenophobia. Finally, xenophobia is the strongest overall predictor of punitiveness among whites. Overall, xenophobia is an essential aspect of understanding public punitiveness, particularly among whites.

Ce travail de recherche vise à présenter une collection de récits traditionnels persans, soit tirés et traduits des ressources indiennes, soit écrits et composés directement en persan dans le sous-continent. Notre attention s'est portée sur les récits en prose qui détiennent plusieurs emprunts de la tradition et la culture indienne, et ceux qui sont enrichis par des éléments narratifs et imaginaires fabuleux. Ces spécificités apparaissent dans de divers aspects : la structure du récit-cadre, les thèmes principaux et les personnages des contes. Les récits indo-persans sélectionnés sont présentés en détail par des informations sur leurs auteurs / traducteurs, la date et le lieu de composition, leurs thématiques, leurs sources originales, les manuscrits disponibles et d'autres références. La recherche actuelle est également un effort pour la pratique et le développement de la perception symbolique dans les récits classiques. Touti-Nâme, choisi comme le corpus de notre étude, nous fournit des scènes sur la vie sociale, les relations intimes et conjugales dans les contextes individuels et sociaux. J’ai examiné les thèmes dominants de la ruse des femmes, du conflit entre le désir et la loi, du rêve et du rire à travers des approches mythiques et symboliques. Le rôle prépondérant des personnages féminins et des perroquets sont étudiés profondément dans les contes. J'ai aussi essayé d'analyser les aspects psychiques des personnages par le biais de l'approche psychanalytique jungienne. Des exemples concrets de l'autorité et des jeux de pouvoir entre les sexes sont donnés dans Touti-Nâme comme spécificité des sociétés traditionnelles patriarcales
The present research aims to introduce a collection of Persian traditional narratives, either translated from Indian sources, or written and composed directly into Persian language in the sub-continent. Our focus has been on prose narratives which hold multiple specificities borrowed from Indian tradition and culture, and are enriched by fabulous and imaginary narrative elements. Such specificities appear in diverse aspects : the frame structure of the stories, the leading themes and the typical Indian characters. These stories are presented in detail by providing information about their authors / translators, date and place of composition, themes, original sources, available manuscripts and other references.The current research is also an endeavor to practice and develop symbolic perception in classical stories. Touti-Nâme, chosen as our target text, demonstrates social life, conjugal relationships and power-struggle in both individual and social contexts. The dominant themes of women’s guiles and tricks, love and law conflict, dream and laughter have been examined through mythical and symbolic approaches. Women characters and birds such as parrots have gone through profound studies due to their predominant roles within the tales. I have also tried to study psychological aspects of story characters and their role in the events by means of the Jungian psychoanalytical approach. Concrete examples of gender authority and power-games in traditional patriarchal societies have been given in Touti-Nâme

Forskningsöversikt

Under denna rubrik har jag beskrivit den historiska utecklingen av de psykoterapeutiska skolbildningarna, från Anton Mesmer och markis de Puységur på 1700-talet till 1900-talets psykoanalytiska och psykodynamiska inriktningar, fram till de därefter framväxande transpersonella inriktningarna.

Avhandling

I avhandlingen har jag fokuserat på några teoretiska begrepp i C.G. Jungs Analytiska Psykologi; arketypteorin, Skuggan, Animus och Anima och Självet. Jag har redovisat kritiska synpunkter och kommentarer till dessa begrepp bl.a. från de post-jungianska och neo-jungianska skolorna och från Roberto Assagioli, Stanislav Grof, Richard Noll och Ken Wilber.

Jag har dessutom beskrivit Jungs intresse för ockultism och spiritualism och hur dessa har haft betydelse för utformningen av Analytisk Psykologi. Framför allt har jag försökt visa på hur den psykiska processens regressiva respektive progressiva tendenser har utnyttjats av olika psykologer i deras arbete med den medvetandegörande processen.

Avslutningsvis har jag kortfattat berört Rudolf Steiners antroposofi och Martin Bubers judiska filosofi, eftersom båda dessa tänkare, som intar en helt annan ståndpunkt än Jung, kan bidra till förståelsen av skillnaden mellan djuppsykologi och höjdpsykologi.

Diskussion

I diskussionsavsnittet har jag ställt frågan: Är Jungs analytiska psykologi transpersonell? Wilber, som tidigare aktivt arbetade för Association for Transpersonal Psychology, lämnade denna organisation då han insåg att den hade utvecklats till att innefatta helt disparata grupperingar. Han anger fyra olika inriktningar som anser sig vara transpersonella; den magisk-mytiska gruppen, den grupp som strävar mot att uppleva förändrade nedvetandetillstånd, ”de postmoderna transpersonalisterna” och slutligen Wilbers egen Integral approach.

Wilber delar i stora drag den jungianska uppfattningen om arketyperna, men han anser inte att Jungiansk Psykologi kan kallas transpersonell. Den som anser sig stå närmast Jung är Stanislav Grof, som i sitt arbete ursprungligen utgick från ett LSD-initierat hallucinatoriskt tillstånd, och som i dessa tillstånd fann en bekräftelse på Jungs arketypterori.

Jag har också i detta avsnitt fördjupat diskussionen om Jungs starka dragning till ockultism och spiritualism, och jag har visat på hur hans barndom och släktförhållanden påverkade honom i den riktningen. Framför allt har jag försökt att visa hur Jungs förhållande till kvinnor och till sin egen anima har haft en avgörande betydelse för utvecklingen av hans psykologi.

Slutligen diskuterar jag den problematiska dialogen mellan Jung och Martin Buber och skillnaden mellan Steiners antroposofiska attityd och Jungs djuppsykologiska inriktning. Min slutsats är att en syntes mellan Jung och Buber, och kanske också mellan Jung och Steiner, skulle kunna sägas vara transpersonell, eftersom den skulle transcendera en djuppsykologiskt orienterad psykologi och skapa en transpersonell psykologi med både djup och höjd. Jag berör också den danske Jes Bertelsens arbete med att skapa en transpersonell syntes av jungiansk psykologi och Steiners antroposofi.

I likhet med Dan Landgré i psykologuppsatsen Den transpersonella psykologin och de kontemplativa traditionerna anser jag att meditation är den basala metod som på sikt förändrar medvetandet och höjer det till en transpersonell nivå.

Jungs analytiska psykologi bör enligt min åsikt inte kallas ”transpersonell”. De transpersonella psykologiska inriktningarna strävar efter att på ett aktivt, medvetet sätt förmedla kontakt med det högre Transpersonella Självet. Den terapeutiska hållningen i de transpersonella inriktningarna skiljer sig på detta sätt från den terapeutiska hållningen i den jungianska psykologin, där man överlåter åt den individuella inre processen att bestämma riktningen. De transpersonella psykologierna integrerar alltid någon typ av meditation, och man fäster mindre vikt vid drömmar än vad man gör i jungiansk psykologi. En viktig skillnad mellan jungiansk och transpersonell psykologi är att man i den transpersonella inriktningen skiljer mellan uttryck som har sitt ursprung i de lägre aspekterna av det som är omedvetet och de uttryck som har sitt ursprung i de högre aspekterna av det som är omedvetet.

De transpersonella psykologier, som började utvecklas under 1900-talets senare del, manifesterar det nya paradigm som kan observeras inom många olika områden. Detta innebär delvis en brytning med det tidigare djuppsykologiska synsättet. I den framväxande höjdpsykologin strävar man efter att på ett snabbare och mera effektivt sätt än tidigare frigöra individens inneboende krafter, och i högre grad än tidigare har man en tilltro till människans förmåga att själv ta ansvar för sin psykiska process.

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The Song of Songs is a book of the Bible whose subject is human love. The book has been, during two millenniums, interpreted as allegory, by Jewish and Christians. The Jewish interpreted the beloved man as a figure of God and the beloved woman as a figure of Israel. Christians interpreted man like Christ and woman like the Church, the human soul or the Virgin Mary. It was at the end of 19th century that appeared the literal interpretations which developed with much force in the 20th century. Literal interpretations describe the beloved man and the beloved woman like two human beings who become acquainted to affection, love and sexual relationship and the book is accepted as a canonical text in the Holy Bible. One of the possibilities of literal interpretation of Song of Songs is the psychological interpretation, starting with symbols and psychic process that are lived by the beloved man and the beloved woman. The Jungian psychology offers some elements to interpret the love relationship as coniunctio and to do an analysis of the archetypes from human psyche, for example: anima, animus, persona, shadow. The love relationship bases the intimate relation and makes possible the grades of psychic process that, according to Jungian psychology, is a process of individuation. This process leads the Self, which is more important archetype of psyche and so, the human being may be happy and be self realized. In the Song of Songs we may perceive the individuation process and the beloved man and the beloved woman being self realized in the love affair and in the Hebrew conception love is like a flame of Yahweh, the God of Israel, and like a strong love which is strong as death. The process initializes but does not end, because it is the property of human psyche in a continuous research of individuation and of self realization
O Cântico dos Cânticos é um livro da Bíblia que trata do amor humano e que foi por, dois mil anos, interpretado alegoricamente, tanto por judeus como por cristãos. Os judeus viam no amado a figura de Deus e na amada a figura de Israel; para os cristãos o amado era figura de Cristo e a amada a figura da Igreja, ou da alma humana ou da Virgem Maria. Foi no final do século XIX que surgiram as interpretações literais e desenvolveram-se com grande vigor no século XX. As interpretações literais vêem no amado e na amada dois seres humanos que se relacionam afetiva, amorosa e sexualmente, dentro de um texto canonizado como Sagrada Escritura. Uma das possibilidades de interpretação literal do texto do Cântico dos Cânticos é psicológica, partindo dos símbolos e dos processos psíquicos que são vivenciados pelo amado e pela amada. A psicologia junguiana oferece alguns referenciais com que se pode interpretar essa relação amorosa como coniunctio e fazer uma análise dos arquétipos da psique humana, tais como anima, animus, persona, sombra. A relação de amor fundamenta o encontro íntimo e possibilita as etapas do processo psíquico que, na psicologia junguiana, é o processo de individuação, cuja meta é chegar ao Si-Mesmo, arquétipo central da psique, e o ser humano sentir-se auto-realizado. No Cântico dos Cânticos vislumbramos o processo de individuação e auto-realização do amado e da amada, dentro de uma atmosfera de amor e de uma conceituação hebraica do amor como faísca de Iahweh, o Deus de Israel, e como um amor forte como a morte. Um processo que se realiza, mas que não finaliza, pois é próprio da psique humana a busca contínua da individuação e da auto-realização

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This paper aimed at showing the relationship father-daughter in attempt to understand the way this relationship affects the development of a woman in her career. In this sense, we looked forward both to some characteristics of this relationship and the attitude of a young adult woman in her professional work. The analysis also permitted the discussion about these characteristics whether they were attached to the image of the father or to the parental complex, thus, affecting or not the behavior of a woman in her professional environment. In addition, we also examined a partial integration of the animus in this crucial moment of the life of a woman. The qualitatative method was employed in this search and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six young adult women. The participants´ mean age was between 28 and 35 years of age. The results indicate that the relationship father-daughter is significant for the women both in terms of development of affection as well as in terms of guidance to her career. Anyway, we realized that the majority of women are still attached to one or other parental complex, so, while the influence of the father is important at the moment of choosing a career, conversely, the representation of the mother works as an anti-model . We also realized that the dimension of the animus of action influences most of our interviewees. In this way, the animus has been partially integrated in the life of a woman, playing an important role in this particularly period of her life
Esta pesquisa procurou compreender o relacionamento pai-filha, e suas conseqüências no desenvolvimento da mulher no trabalho profissional. Buscou-se desenvolver de que forma determinadas características dessa relação refletem-se no posicionamento profissional das mulheres adultas jovens, bem como, se elas estão presas à imagem do pai ou do complexo paterno no desenvolvimento de seu papel profissional. Também procuramos investigar se ocorre a emergência de aspectos do animus nesse momento da vida da mulher. Para o desenvolvimento desse estudo, partimos do princípio de que o pai exerce uma função importante na vida da filha e contribui, assim, para a discriminação dos aspectos Masculinos da mulher em relação à figura paterna. Sendo assim, o objetivo foi verificar como determinadas características da relação pai-filha se refletiram no posicionamento profissional de mulheres adultas jovens, utilizando para isso o referencial da Psicologia Analítica. O método escolhido foi qualititativo, tendo como população de estudo seis mulheres jovens adultas, entre 28 e 35 anos de idade. O procedimento adotado foi o da entrevista semidirigida, com roteiro previamente construído. Os resultados encontrados apontam para o vínculo muito forte com o pai e também com a mãe, destacando que a maioria das mulheres entrevistadas encontra-se ainda vinculada a algum complexo parental. Nesta pesquisa, a mãe parece ter servido como antimodelo , para a maioria dessas mulheres, na construção de seus papéis profissionais. Percebemos, também, que a dimensão do animus da ação já se encontra parcialmente integrada na maioria das mulheres estudadas, na primeira metade da vida

A Constituição Federal de 1988 foi de fundamental importância para consagrar ao Poder Público a incubência de evitar que animais sejam submetidos aos maus-tratos ou atos decrueldade, devendo sempre agir para evitar e proibir essa exposição do animal.Trata-se de uma determinação incubida ao Estado, de forma que o mesmo não deve ser omisso, ou seja, deixar de cumprir essa regra constitucional. Todavia, a realidade mostra-se contrária ao preceito legal, principalmente quando se vislumbra a situação vivida pelos animais (equídeos) utilizados nos veículos de tração nas cidades brasileiras. São animais que vivem sendo maltratados e expostos a atos cruéis por parte de seus proprietários, como por exemplo o uso incondicional do chicote, que causa sérias feridas no animal, assim como a falta de cuidados básicos, como a oferta de água e alimentos necessários para manter a nutrição do animal, e, em nenhum momento, há uma atuação do Poder Público para proibir essa situação. Poucas são as cidades brasileiras que buscaram proibir o uso dessa atividade ou regrar de forma a garantir o bem-estar do animal, atendendo assim ao que determina a Constituição vigente, já que a grande maioria dos municípios não buscam nenhuma melhora para essa causa animal. Instala-se a dúvida se não seria a mudança do status jurídico do animal, para a condição de sujeito de direitos, a possível solução no fim da exploração dos animais. Na presente pesquisa será abordado a evolução histórica do pensamento humano sobre o animal, e em especial o animal de tração, os tipos de maus-tratos que essa espécie enfrenta no dia a dia, o tipo de responsabilidade civil que assume o Estado que age de forma omissa com essa situação e a importância do Poder Judiciário, Ministério Público e das Organizações Não-Governamentais na luta contra a exploração do animal de tração além da discussão da possibilidade de mudança da condição jurídica dos animais. Para o trabalho foi utilizado o método hermenêutico e a pesquisa bibliogáfica.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
The Federal Constitution of 1988 was of fundamental importance to consecrate to the Public Power the incubation of preventing animals from being subjected to ill-treatment or acts of cruelty, and must always act to avoid and prohibit such exposure of the animal. This is a incubated determination to the State, so that it should not be omitted, that is, fail to comply with this constitutional rule. However, the reality is contrary to the legal precept, especially when we see the situation experienced by the animals (equidae) used in traction vehicles in Brazilian cities. They are animals that live being mistreated and exposed to cruel acts by their owners, such as the unconditional use of the whip, which causes serious injuries to the animal, as well as the lack of basic care, such as the supply of water and food necessary for maintain the animal's nutrition, and, at no time, there is an action of the Public Power to prohibit this situation. There are few Brazilian cities that have sought to prohibit the use of this activity or to regulate in a way that guarantees the welfare of the animal, thus fulfilling the requirements of the current Constitution, since the great majority of municipalities do not seek any improvement for this animal cause. The question arises whether it would not be the change of the legal status of the animal, for the condition of subject of rights, the possible solution at the end of the exploitation of the animals. In the present research the historical evolution of human thought about the animal, and especially the animal of traction, the types of mistreatment that this species faces in the day to day, the type of civil responsibility that assumes the state that acts of and the importance of the Judiciary, Public Ministry and Non- Governmental Organizations in the fight against the exploitation of traction animals, as well as discussing the possibility of changing the legal status of animals. For the work the hermeneutical method and the bibliographic search were used.

This thesis examines the way the absence of moral consideration of the animal in Christian doctrine is evident in Middle English literature. A fundamental difference between the theology and literature of the medieval period is literature's capacity to present and theorise positions that cannot, for various reasons, be theorised in the official discourses provided by commentators and theologians. Patterns of excluding the animal from moral consideration by Christianity are instigated with the rejection of the ethics of late Neoplatonism. Highlighted by Neoplatonists, and evident in the stylistic differences in reading scripture and philosophy, is an early Christian ideological predisposition toward purely humanocentric concerns. The disparity between a definite Hellenic ethic of the animal and its absence in Christian thought is most evident in the contrast between an outward looking Neoplatonic understanding of creation, and the closed matrix of scholastic interpretative thought. Influential textual representations of the universe require that creation is interpreted through a fideistically enclosed system of signs. The individual must have faith before approaching knowledge. The animal is placed into a system dominated by the primacy of faith in God, which paradoxically produces the predetermined answers supplied by Christian doctrine and selective scriptural and doctrinal suppositions. In literary texts, the animal provides an obvious method of Christian debate. Contemporary theological values, such as the doctrinal commonplace of comparing man with animal in the corporeal context highlights the uncomfortable similarity to, yet prescribes that man aspire to distance himself from, the animal. The primacy of man and the importance of his salvation, is a doctrine which countermands the theocentric basis of Christian theology, in which God is understood as a presence in all his creation. Such conflicting perspectives result in animals in medieval literature being used to test theological and philosophical parameters, illustrating the inadequacy of sharp theological boundaries, and demonstrating the ability of literary expression to escape that which has already been enclosed.

This thesis is an historical analysis of the culture of science and its use of animals in experiments by the British military and in medical scientific research, and its regulation by law, during the period 1947 to 1965. The overall aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the gendered nature of scientific experimentation on animals in mid-twentieth century Britain. To do this, it addresses two aspects of animal experimentation; firstly, exploring how scientific research forms power-knowledge relations through the use of nonhuman animals. Secondly, this thesis analyses the intersection of animal use in science with that of the broader socio-cultural context, asking was science in mid-twentieth century Britain gendered? As a consequence, it explores the effects of this knowledge production upon animals and women. My findings are twofold: that the construction of scientific knowledge through the use of nonhuman animals was one that created subject-object binaries, and this had powerful and detrimental consequences for nonhuman animals. Secondly, this objectification of the nonhuman had resultant power-knowledge effects that reinforced the continuation of specific kinds of scientific knowledge and its associated masculinist ontology of positivism. Consequently, the effects of these power-knowledge relations were gendered and had implications for (and intersections with) normative representations of women at the time.

Jag har alltid haft ett intresse för att förstå olika aspekter inom religion och andlighet. Under senare år har jag även utvecklat ett intresse för att förstå så kallade ockulta fenomen. Denna uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i TV4’s program Det Okända, 2009. Valet av programmet Det Okända blev ett naturligt val för mig då jag tidigare följt programmet under några säsonger i syfte att ta del av det utbud av ockultism som finns i massmedia, för att bredda min kunskap inom ämnet ur det perspektiv som ges i media. Det Okända har en hög popularitet inom ockultism i massmedia och har under våren 2009 haft ca 8800 tittare per program vilket kan liknas vid andra relaterade program, exempelvis Hemsökta hus på TV4 vilket ligger i samma nivå av tittarsiffror per program som Det Okända under år 2009.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån den analytiska psykologin belysa vilka psykologiska funktioner och dysfunktioner televisionens ockultism kan få för den sökande individen.

Följande fråga kommer jag att försöka besvara i uppsatsen genom att utgå från TV4’s program Det Okända, avsnitt 10, 2009.

Vilka terapeutiska syften kan den massmediala ockultismen få för den sökande individen utifrån ett jungianskt perspektiv?

Despite growing academic interest in the human–animal relationship, little research has been directed toward the political regulation of animal treatment. Even less attention has been accorded to the emergence of the long dominant paradigm in this policy area, namely, the ideology of animal welfare. This book attempts to address this gap by chronicling the early history of animal politics in Sweden with the aim of producing a critical, deconstructive genealogy of animal cruelty and animal welfare. The study ranges from the first political debates about animal cruelty in 1844 to the institution of Sweden’s first comprehensive animal protection act in 1944. Taking a post-Marxist and psychoanalytically informed approach to discourse analysis, the study focuses on how the “problem” of animal cruelty was articulated in the parliamentary debates and government documents throughout the period: What was the problem of animal (mis)treatment represented to be? What kinds of animal (ab)use were rendered uncontroversial? What kind of affective investments and ideological fantasies underpinned these discursive constructions, and how did the problematizations change over time? The book contains six empirical chapters that deal with the most important legal revisions in the period as well as the parallel debates about animal experimentation and slaughter. Two major discursive regimes—an early “anti-cruelty regime” and a later “animal welfare regime”—are identified in the material, and the transition between them is theorized in terms of discursive antagonism and dislocation. Focusing on the conflict between competing discursive logics, the study charts a century of ideological struggles through which our modern attitudes toward animals were born. The book also offers a critical reinterpretation of the success story of animal welfare. Against the assumption that modern animal welfarism progressively grew out of the preceding anti-cruelty regime, the central claim of this book is that the “welfarist turn” that took place in the 1930s and 1940s also functioned to re-entrench society’s speciesist values and de-problematize the exploitation of animals for human purposes.

Orientador: Ronaldo Rômulo Machado de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A partir de estudo etnográfico em congressos, manifestações públicas e encontros organizados ao redor do tema do vegetarianismo e da luta pelos direitos animais, a dissertação descreve a formação e a dinâmica de um movimento político em território brasileiro, expondo as principais discussões que mobilizam os ativistas na busca da emancipação dos animais na sociedade. Orientada pelo debate antropológico contemporâneo, voltado para observação das relações entre humanos e não-humanos, pode-se analisar uma discussão atual, na qual os atores não-humanos adquirem status de sujeito, o que mobiliza humanos na formação de um novo modo de fazer política e de se relacionar, em variadas esferas da vida social: a mudança de hábitos alimentares (disseminação da dieta vegetariana), o entretenimento (fim do uso de animais em circos, rodeios, touradas), bem como a revisão e a reflexão profundas sobre o modo de produção científica (fim dos testes em animais em pesquisas biomédicas e início de uma visão, dentro das ciências humanas, que encare seres não-humanos como atores sociais)
Abstract: Starting from an ethnographic study at conferences, public events and meetings organized around the theme of the vegetarianism and the struggle for animal rights, the manuscript describes the formation and dynamics of a political movement in Brazilian territory, exposing the main discussions that mobilize activists in pursuit of the emancipation of the animals in society. Guided by contemporary anthropological debate, aimed at observing the relationship between humans and nonhumans, can analyze a current discussion, in which nonhumans acquire status of subject, which mobilizes humans to the formation of a new way of doing politics and the relationship in various spheres of social life: changing eating habits (spread of vegetarian diet), entertainment (ending the use of animals in circuses, rodeos, bullfights), as well as review and reflection about scientific production (end of animal testing in biomedical researches and the beginning of a vision within the Human sciences, which sees non-human beings as social actors)
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att få en uppfattning om hur andra ser på Afrodite, om de beskriver henne som i myterna eller om det finns en annan bild av henne, men också att få en beskrivning av Afrodite som en kvinna av idag och vilka egenskaper hon i sådana fall har.

Empiriska data har samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativ intervju med öppna frågeställningar. Utgångspunkten har varit en bild av en staty med Afrodite, Pan och Eros och informanterna fick beskriva vad de såg och kände inför bilden. Därefter följde en frågeställning om vem Afrodite-kvinnan av idag är. Förutom bilden av statyn diskuterade informanterna Afrodite som barn och tonåring, kvinnan Afrodite, kärlek och sexualitet, yrke och makt, man och barn, utseende och skönhet.

Cette thèse traite des statues d’animaux dédiées dans les sanctuaires de Grèce continentale, des îles égéennes et de la côte d’Asie Mineure des périodes archaïque à hellénistique. Les statues, les bases de statues et les éventuelles informations épigraphiques découvertes dans des sanctuaires grecs sont rassemblées dans un catalogue archéologique. Les statues d’animaux mentionnées par les auteurs anciens dans leurs descriptions de sanctuaires font l’objet d’un second catalogue littéraire. Une première partie introductive définit le vocabulaire de l’offrande et présente le thème de l’animal dans l’Antiquité. La deuxième partie consiste en une étude contextuelle divisée en plusieurs chapitres, chacun dédié à une catégorie animale figurant au nombre des anathemata statuaires du catalogue archéologique ou littéraire. Chaque catégorie d’animaux a été analysée de manière systématique : l’étude s’intéresse d’abord aux caractéristiques des animaux vivants, leur existence à l’état sauvage ou domestique, leurs utilisations et fonctions au sein de la société et les interactions entre les humains et les animaux. La place des animaux de chaque catégorie dans la littérature ancienne et la mythologie est aussi étudiée, et les diverses représentations d’animaux dans les sanctuaires et dans d’autres contextes sont prises en compte. Les entrées des catalogues archéologique et littéraire ainsi que matériel épigraphique sont présentés de manière typologique à la fin de chaque chapitre de l’analyse contextuelle. Une introduction aux sanctuaires où ont été offertes des statues animales accompagne la présentation des anathemata, et les offrandes sont classées par sanctuaire et par ordre chronologique. Chaque chapitre se clôt sur des interprétations sur le sens des offrandes de statues d’animaux de la catégorie traitée. Le dernier chapitre de l’analyse contextuelle présente brièvement les animaux qui sont souvent représentés dans les sanctuaires mais pas sous forme de statues individuelles – leur absence peut en effet aider à comprendre la présence des animaux représentés. Une partie sur la sculpture suit l’analyse contextuelle et s’intéresse à l’esthétique des statues animales, aux matériaux utilisés, aux prix des anathemata statuaires, aux conditions pratiques de réalisation et d’acheminement, au coût du transport, ainsi qu’à l’identité et la spécialité des artistes qui les exécutaient. Enfin, dans une quatrième et dernière partie, les données observées dans les deux catalogues sont présentées et analysées de manière systématique afin d’en extraire des informations sur le sens des offrandes de statues animalières. Les liens entre les sanctuaires abritant des statues animales, les liens entre les offrandes animalières et les divinités honorées, les implications géographiques et les évolutions diachroniques sont analysés dans cette partie. La place physique des statues animales dans les sanctuaires et le choix des animaux représentés sont aussi étudiés. Les auteurs d’offrandes publiques et privées connus grâce aux inscriptions et sources écrites sont également présentés et comparés ; grâce à ces informations, les offrandes sont étudiées au-delà de leur portée religieuse. Les motivations politiques des offrandes publiques et les implications sociales des offrandes privées, qui varient selon la fortune, le genre et le statut des offrants, permettent de mieux comprendre les raisons implicites qui se cachent derrière les offrandes de statues animalières dans les sanctuaires grecs
This dissertation focuses on the freestanding statues of animals set as offerings, or anathemata, in Greek sanctuaries of the mainland, the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods. The surviving statues found in sanctuaries corresponding to the geographical and chronological frames are gathered in a catalogue, and so were the statue bases on which animal statues stood and the epigraphic material linked with freestanding animal dedications. A second catalogue lists the animal statues recorded by ancient travelers in their visits of Greek sanctuaries. A contextual study on each of the animal categories recorded as freestanding anathemata in archaeological or written sources is a necessary step to understanding why these animals were chosen to be represented in statues offered to the gods. Each animal category was systematically analyzed.Their characteristics as live animals, their existence in the wild or in a domestic context, their use and function in society, the existing interactions between humans and animals are addressed. The place of animals in ancient Greek literature and mythology is also studied, and so are their artistic representations, within sanctuaries and in other contexts. The catalogue entries and typology corresponding to the surviving and literarily recorded freestanding anathemata of each animal category are presented at the end of each chapter of the contextual analysis, and so are their inscriptions and dedications, when known. A presentation of the receiving sanctuaries accompanies the presentation of the anathemata, which are classified by chronology and sanctuaries. Interpretations on the meaning of the offerings of animals per category comes at the end of each of the chapters of the contextual analysis. The last chapter of the contextual study gives an overview of the animals which are often represented in sanctuaries but absent from the present catalogues – as their absence might help understand the significance of the animals that are represented. Observations on ancient sculpture follow the treatment of each animal per category and focus on the aesthetics of animal statues, the materials used, the price of the anathemata, the practicalities and cost of their transport, and the identity and specialties of the artists who made them. Lastly, data drawn from the catalogues are presented and analyzed in a systematic manner in order to extract information about the significance of the offering of freestanding animal statues at sanctuaries. The links between the sanctuaries where animals were offered, the links between the dedication of animals and the receiving deities, the geographical implication and the diachronic evolution of the anathemata are analyzed. The physical place of the animal statues within the sanctuaries and the choice of animals are also studied. The public and private dedicators known through inscriptions and written sources are also presented and compared. Beyond the religious gesture, the political motives of public dedications are discussed. The wealth, gender and status of private dedicators enables the understanding of social implications connected to the dedication of animal statues
Αυτή η διατριβή εστιάζει στα ανεξάρτητα αγάλματα ζώων που παρουσιάζονται ως προσφορές ή αναθήματα σε ελληνικά ιερά της ηπειρωτικής Ελλάδας, των νησιών του Αιγαίου και των παραλίων της Μικράς Ασίας από την Αρχαϊκή μέχρι την Ελληνιστική περίοδο. Τα εναπομείναντα αγάλματα που εντοπίστηκαν στα ιερά που βρίσκονται στο γεωγραφικό και χρονολογικό πλαίσιο που αναφέρθηκε, οι βάσεις πάνω στις οποίες στηρίζονταν αγάλματα ζώων καθώς επίσης και το επιγραφικό υλικό που σχετίζεται με αφιερώσεις ζωικών αγαλμάτων, συγκεντρώθηκαν σε έναν κατάλογο. Ένας δεύτερος κατάλογος απαριθμεί τα ζωικά αγάλματα που καταγράφονται από τους αρχαίους περιηγητές στις επισκέψεις τους στα ελληνικά ιερά. Για να γίνει κατανοητός ο λόγος για τον οποίο τα ζώα αυτά επιλέχθηκαν να αναπαρασταθούν σε αγάλματα και να αφιερωθούν στους θεούς, θα πρέπει να πραγματοποιηθεί μια έρευνα για το πλαίσιο μέσα στο οποίο εντάσσεται κάθε κατηγορία ζώου που αποτελεί ανεξάρτητο ανάθημα, είτε σε αρχαιολογικές, είτε σε γραπτές πηγές. Έτσι, κάθε κατηγορία ζώων έχει συστηματικά ερευνηθεί και αναλυθεί: τα χαρακτηριστικά τους ως έμψυχα όντα, η ύπαρξή τους στην άγρια φύση ή ως κατοικίδια, η θέση και η αξία τους στην κοινωνία, η αλληλεπίδρασή τους με τον άνθρωπο. Η θέση των ζώων όπως εμφανίζεται στην αρχαία ελληνική γραμματεία και μυθολογία, καθώς και οι καλλιτεχνικές τους αναπαραστάσεις στα ιερά και σε αλλού, τίθενται επίσης υπό ανάλυση. Οι καταχωρίσεις στον κατάλογο και η τυπολογία που αντιστοιχεί στα διασωθέντα και καταγεγραμμένα στις πηγές ελεύθερα αναθήματα κάθε κατηγορίας ζώων, παρουσιάζονται στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλαίου της ανάλυσης, όπως επίσης και οι επιγραφές ή αφιερώσεις, όταν αυτές είναι γνωστές. Μια παρουσίαση των ιερών συνοδεύει την παρουσίαση των αναθημάτων, τα οποία έχουν κατηγοριοποιηθεί ανά χρονολογία και ιερό. Οι ερμηνείες για τη σημασία των προσφορών ζώων ανά κατηγορία εκτίθενται στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλιού της ανάλυσης. Το τελευταίο κεφάλαιο της αναλυτικής μελέτης παρέχει μια επισκόπηση των ζώων που συνήθως εκπροσωπούνται σε ιερά, αλλά εκλείπουν από τους καταλόγους -κι αυτό διότι η μνεία τους θα μπορούσε να βοηθήσει στην κατανόηση της σημασίας των ζώων που εκπροσωπούνται. Ακολουθούν παρατηρήσεις σχετικά με την αρχαία γλυπτική, που επικεντρώνονται στην αισθητική των ζωικών αγαλμάτων, τα υλικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, την τιμή των αναθημάτων, τα πρακτικά ζητήματα και το κόστος της μεταφοράς τους, καθώς και στην ταυτότητα και τις ιδιαιτερότητες των καλλιτεχνών που τα δημιούργησαν. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται δεδομένα από καταλόγους, τα οποία αναλύονται συστηματικά με σκοπό να προκύψουν πληροφορίες σχετικά με τη σημασία των προσφορών των ανεξάρτητων ζωικών αγαλμάτων σε ιερά. Ακόμα, αναλύονται οι δεσμοί μεταξύ των ιερών όπου τα ζώα προσφέρονταν, οι δεσμοί μεταξύ προσφερόμενων ζώων και θεοτήτων που τα δέχονταν, η γεωγραφική εφαρμογή τους και η διαχρονική εξέλιξη των αναθημάτων. Μελετώνται επίσης φυσικός χώρος των ζωικών αγαλμάτων μέσα στα ιερά και η επιλογή είδους ζώου. Οι δημόσιοι και ιδιώτες αφιέρωτες γνωστοί από επιγραφές ή γραπτές πηγές επίσης παρουσιάζονται και συγκρίνονται. Συ ζητώνται -πέραν της αφιέρωσης ως λατρευτικής πράξης- τα πολιτικά κίνητρα των αφιερώσεων. Ο πλούτος, το γένος, το φύλο και η κοινωνική θέση των ιδιωτών αφιερωτών συσχετίζεται με την κατανόηση των κοινωνικών εφαρμογών που συνδέονται με τις αφιερώσεις ζωικών αγαλμάτων

Syftet med uppsatsen är att granska och undersöka hur förälskelse, kärlek och sexualitet i ett heterosexuellt parförhållande beskrivs och förklaras ur ett jungianskt perspektiv. Undersökningen utgår från följande frågeställningar:

- Hur uppstår förälskelse och kärlek ur ett jungianskt perspektiv?

- Vilka arketyper inverkar på en heterosexuell parrelation, och på vilket sätt inverkar de?

Jag har valt att undersöka hur kärlek i ett heterosexuellt förhållande uppstår ur ett jungianskt perspektiv. Jag har valt att studera, läsa och granska den litteratur som finns tillgänglig inom området, och har utgått ifrån ett nutida västerländskt perspektiv. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie och den litteratur som jag har använt mig av är så modern och nutida som möjligt, och jag har i denna uppsats därför valt att inte använda mig av t.ex. Emma Jungs ”Animus och Anima” eller C. G. Jungs ”Människan och hennes symboler”, eftersom de i en del avseenden kan verka omoderna. Kvinnors möjlighet till utbildning och självförverkligande i ett modernt västerländskt samhälle är t.ex. annorlunda idag än vad de var när dessa böcker skrevs. Jag har istället valt att använda mig av Sanford, som är en verksam jungiansk analytiker och präst och som skrev sin bok Osynliga Partners 1980. Även Pascal kan räknas till den yngre generationen av jungianska analytiker. Dessa författare använder sig av C. G. Jungs ursprungliga teorier och tankar, men har ombearbetat dessa i modernare form.

Jag har valt att intervjua fyra stycken individer i exemplifierande och reflekterande syfte. Jag vill noga betona att de inte tjänar ett resultat- och slutsatssyfte. De är för få för att som sådana räknas in i ett resultatsyfte, utan tjänar istället ett syfte i att vara exempel på hur moderna människor kan tänka. De intervjuade valdes ut genom personliga kontakter, och intervjuerna genomfördes per telefon. De frågor som jag ställde, var frågor som uppkom av intresse, efter att ha studerat och granskat den jungianska litteraturen.

This dissertation identifies and criticises a fundamental characteristic of the philosophical discourse surrounding the animal issue: the underlying anthropocentric reasoning that informs the accounts of both philosophy of mind and moral philosophy. Such reasoning works from human paradigms as the only possible starting point of the analysis. Accordingly, the aim of my dissertation is to show how anthropocentric reasoning and its implications distort the inquiry of the animal debate. In extracting the erroneous biases from the debate, my project enables an important shift in the starting line of the philosophical inquiry of the animal issue. In chapters one and two, I focus on philosophy of mind. I show how philosophical accounts that are based on anthropocentric a priori reasoning are inattentive to the relevant empirical findings regarding animals' mental capacities. Employing a conceptual line of argument, I demonstrate that starting the analysis from a human paradigm creates a rigid conceptual framework that unjustifiably excludes the possibility of associating the relevant empirical findings in the research. Furthermore, I show how the common approaches to the issue of animals' belief and intentions deny that animals can have these capacities, and I demonstrate how such denials can be avoided. The philosophical discourse that I examine denies intentional mental capacities to animals. Such denials take place, I maintain, because the analysis is anthropocentric: it uses humans' most sophisticated capacities as the only possible benchmark for evaluating animals' mental abilities. A central example of such anthropocentric reasoning is the oft-mentioned view that there is a necessary link between language and intentionality. Such a link indeed characterises humans. Yet the claim that there is no intentionality without language is a problematic framework for analysing the supposed intentionality of non-linguistic and prelinguistic creatures. Employing a standard that applies to normal, adult humans excludes the possibility of animals' intentionality from the outset. It seems, however, that intentionality is a capacity that evolves in stages, and that simple intentional mental states do not require language. At the same time, such an analysis ignores, to a large extent, cases of attributing intentionality to pre-linguistic humans and even normal, adult humans. Thus, I show how the denial that animals may have intentional mental capacities results in a double standard. In chapters three to six, I critically examine the anthropocentric nature of the debate concerning animals' moral status. The anthropocentric reasoning relates to the conditions of moral status in an oversimplified manner. I show that human prototypes, e.g., rational agency and autonomy, have mistakenly served as conditions for either moral status in general or of a particular type. Seemingly, using such conditions excludes from the proffered moral domain not only animals, but also human moral patients. Yet eventually only animals are excluded from the proffered moral domain. I identify and criticise the manoeuvre that enables this outcome. That is, although the proffered conditions are based on individual characteristics of moral agents, they are applied in a collective manner in order to include human moral patients in the moral domain under examination. I also show that when animals are granted moral status, this status appears to be subjugated by human needs and interests, and therefore the very potential to substantiate animal moral status becomes problematic. Significantly, I also criticise arguments in favour of animals' moral status, claiming that they sustain the oversimplified nature of the inquiry, hence reproducing the major problems of the arguments they were originally designed to refute. As part of my critique towards both such arguments and anthropocentric reasoning, I suggest a non-anthropocentric framework that avoids oversimplification with regard to the conditions of moral status. The aspiration of anthropocentric reasoning as well as of pro-animals philosophers is to find a common denominator that is allegedly shared by all members of the moral community as the single foundation of moral status, which consists of individual characteristics. My framework challenges this aspiration by showing that this common denominator cannot account for all cases. The framework that I suggest enables establishing moral statuses upon distinctive foundations, and at the same time, my proposal avoids falling into the trap of speciesism.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Poli(etilenoglicol) (PEG) é um polímero neutro hidrossolúvel, e brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB) e diododecildimetilamônio (DDAB) são surfactantes catiônicos dialquilados, C18 e C12, respectivamente, derivados da amônia quaternária, formadores de vesículas. As suas propriedades físicas, em solução aquosa, são bem conhecidas. No entanto, as propriedades de misturas desse polímero com esses surfactantes não o são. Investigamos a interação de PEG com DODAB e DDAB em solução aquosa, numa faixa de concentração total dos componentes até 1% em peso, e construímos diagramas de fases, com especial destaque para a fase vesicular. Utilizamos PEG com massa molecular entre 200 Da e 2 MDa e os diagramas de fases foram construídos a 25oC, isto é, acima da temperatura de transição gel-líquido cristal (Tm) de DDAB (Tm = 16oC) e abaixo da Tm de DODAB (Tm = 45oC). DODAB e DDAB têm a característica comum de formar vesículas unilamelares em baixas concentrações do surfactante e vesículas multilamelares em concentrações mais elevadas; em regiões intermediárias, vesículas uni e multilamelares coexistem em equilíbrio na solução. A fronteira entre essas regiões de vesículas não é muito bem definida e observamos, neste estudo, que o efeito de PEG na estrutura de agregados de DODAB e DDAB em água depende da massa molecular do polímero. Além disso, PEG favorece a formação de vesículas unilamelares em concentrações mais elevadas de DODAB e DDAB, quando predominam as vesículas multilamelares de DODAB puro (sem o polímero), possibilitando a formação de vesículas mistas de DODAB/PEG e DDAB/PEG em água e concentrações relativamente grandes desses surfactantes. Dentre os métodos experimentais empregados nesse estudo, destacamos, turbidimetria, fluorescência de estado estacionário, calorimetria diferencial...
Poly (ethyleneglycol) (PEG) is a water soluble neutral polymer, and dioctadecyldimethylammonium (DODAB) and diododecyldimethylammonium (DDAB) bromide are double chain cationic surfactants derived from the quaternary ammonium that have been widely investigated due to their high application potential in different areas of the science and technology. The physical properties of PEG, DODAB and DDAB in aqueous solution are well-known. However, the properties of mixtures of the polymer with those surfactants are not. We investigated the interaction of PEG with DODAB and DDAB in aqueous solution, within a range of total concentration of the components of 0-1 wt%, and the phase diagrams built up, with special interest for the vesicular phases. We used PEG with molecular mass between 200 Da and 2 MDa and the phase diagrams were built up at 25°C, that is, above the melting temperature (Tm) of DDAB (Tm = 16°C) and below Tm of DODAB (Tm = 45°C). DODAB and DDAB have the common characteristic of forming unilamellar vesicles at low surfactant concentrations and umultilamellar vesicles at higher concentrations; at intermediate concentrations, uni- and multilamellar vesicles coexist in solution. The borders of these different vesicle phases are not well defined. We observed in this Thesis that the effect of PEG on the structures of DODAB and DDAB aggregates in water depends on the molecular mass of the polymer. Besides, PEG stabilizes the unilamellar vesicles at high concentrations of DODAB, where the multilamellar vesicles are the dominant structures present in solution, thus allowing the formation of mixed DODAB/PEG and DDAB/PEG vesicles in water at relatively high concentrations of these surfactants. The experimental methods used in this investigation include turbidimetry, steady-state fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal titration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Considerando a importância comercial da perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens), implantou-se algumas biotecnologias reprodutivas. Trinta animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle (sem selênio orgânico) e tratamento (com 0,2 a 0,8mg de selênio em 1000kgs de ração ), provenientes da FCAV-UNESP/Jaboticabal (2007-2008). Coletou-se semên por excitação manual que foram aliquotados em pools com 150µL. Após a avaliação do volume, motilidade, vigor, números de espermatozóides, concentração e morfologia espermática, diluiu-se 20µl de sêmen em 300µl de solução fisiológica para testar a Integridade das membranas acrossomal e plasmática e avaliação da atividade mitocondrial. Uma outra alíquota de 20µl foi utilizada para testar a resistência dos espermatozóides ao estresse oxidativo, induzido (vitamina C + sulfato ferroso), por meio da dosagem de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). A amostra restante foi congelada diretamente em nitrogênio líquido para a realização do teste da integridade do DNA espermático e para medir a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes Catalase e Glutationa Peroxidase. Contou-se 200 células, para avaliação da integridade acrossomal e de membrana, atividade mitocondrial e ensaio cometa e classificou-as: 1) Acrossomo Íntegro: cor lilás e Não-Íntegro: róseo; 2)Células Vivas (não coradas) e Mortas (coradas), 3) Classes de I a IV, sendo Classe I (todas as mitocôndrias íntegras) com a peça intermediária totalmente corada e Classe IV (todas as mitocôndrias comprometidas) com a peça intermediária totalmente descorada e 4) Cometa I a IV, sendo Cometa I (DNA íntegro): células com halo ao seu redor e núcleo corado, porém sem cauda de cometa evidente e Cometa IV (DNA altamente fragmentado): célula com núcleo completamente descorado e apenas a cauda do cometa, respevtivamente. Os dados foram analisados pelo SAS, System for Windows. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada para volume, motilidade, vigor, número de espermatozóides, concentração, integridade acrossomal, integridade da membrana plasmática, Classes I e III da atividade mitocondrial, Cometa I,II e IV, TBARS e atividade da Glutationa. Foram encontradas diferenças nas Classes II (Se=33,39±2,93 e Controle=44,39±2,59, p=0.0125 e IV (Se=3,44±0,09 e Controle=1,50±0,38, p=0.0401) e Cometa III (Se=16,00 ± 0,82 e Controle=34,75 ± 1,44, p=<.0001), respectivamente. A diferença encontrada no DAB II pode ser devido aos danos causados na arquitetura da peça intermediária pela deficiência de selênio, o que compromete a mobilidade e a capacidade de fecundação do espermatozóide. Para o DAB IV, não era esperado esse resultado, que pode ser devido aos pequenos valores encontrados para essa variável (Se=3,44% e Controle=1,50%) em relação ao total das classes e que poderia não ser significante se levássemos em consideração as classes juntas. Em relação a porcentagem mais baixa de espermatozóides do grupo suplementado com selênio para a classe III do Ensaio Cometa, pode sugerir um efeito de proteção desta substância, possivelmente devido a um índice mais elevado da Glutationa Peroxidase.
Considering the commercial value of the partridges (Rhynchotus rufescens), the employment of reproductive biotechnologies has been attempted. Thirty animals were randomly assigned into two groups: control group (no selenium) and treatment group (supplemented with 0,2 a 0,8mg selenium/ 1000kgs ration). Animals were allocated at the FCAV - UNESP/Jaboticabal (2007-2008). Semen collections were performed by digital manipulation and divided in pools of at least 150µL. After the immediate evaluation of volume, motility, vigour, concentration and morphology, an aliquot of 20µL was diluted in 300µL of physiologic solution in order to test acrosome and membrane integrities and mitochondrial activity. Another aliquot of 20 µL was used to test the resistance of sperm against the induced oxidative stress (Vitamin C + ferrous sulphate), followed by the measurement of TBARS. The remaining semen sample was frozen directly in liquid nitrogen in orther to perform the comet assay and to measure the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Cells were evaluated respectively for acrosome and membrane integrities, mitochondrial activity and comet assay as follows: 1) Intact acrosome: lilac acrosome; Non-intact acrosome: pink acrosome; 2) Live cells: non stained; Dead: stained; 3) Classes I to IV, being Class I (full mitochondrial potential): midpiece totally stained and class IV (no mitochondrial potential): midpiece not stained; 4) Classes I to IV, being Class I (intact DNA): nucleus with intense fluorescence with no comet tail; Class IV (highly fragmented DNA): no nucleus, only a comet tail. Data was statistically anlysed using the SAS System for Windows. No differences were found on volume, motility, vigour, number of spermatozoa, concentration, acrosomal and membrane integrity, Classes I and III of mitochondrial activity, Comets I, II and IV, TBARS and Glutathione activity. Differences were found on as DAB Classes II (Se=33.39±2.93 and control=44.39±2.59, p=0.0125) and IV (Se=3.44±0.09 and control=1.50±0.38, p=0.0401) and comet class III (Se=16.00 ± 0.82 and control=34.75 ± 1.44, p=<.0001), respectively. The difference found on DAB II may be due to the damages caused by the selenium deficiency to the architecture of the midpiece, which compromises sperm mobility and fertilization capacity. On the other hand, the unexpected difference found on DAB IV may be due to the small values found for this variable in all animals (Se=3.44% and control=1.50%), which would be not significant taking into account all classes. The decreased percentage of sperm showing DNA fragmentation Class II found on the selenium supplemented group may suggest a protective effect of this substance on sperm DNA, possibly due to a higher GPx content.

Orientador: Classius de Oliveira
Banca: Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
Banca: Carlos Alberto Vicentini
Resumo: Poli(etilenoglicol) (PEG) é um polímero neutro hidrossolúvel, e brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB) e diododecildimetilamônio (DDAB) são surfactantes catiônicos dialquilados, C18 e C12, respectivamente, derivados da amônia quaternária, formadores de vesículas. As suas propriedades físicas, em solução aquosa, são bem conhecidas. No entanto, as propriedades de misturas desse polímero com esses surfactantes não o são. Investigamos a interação de PEG com DODAB e DDAB em solução aquosa, numa faixa de concentração total dos componentes até 1% em peso, e construímos diagramas de fases, com especial destaque para a fase vesicular. Utilizamos PEG com massa molecular entre 200 Da e 2 MDa e os diagramas de fases foram construídos a 25oC, isto é, acima da temperatura de transição gel-líquido cristal (Tm) de DDAB (Tm = 16oC) e abaixo da Tm de DODAB (Tm = 45oC). DODAB e DDAB têm a característica comum de formar vesículas unilamelares em baixas concentrações do surfactante e vesículas multilamelares em concentrações mais elevadas; em regiões intermediárias, vesículas uni e multilamelares coexistem em equilíbrio na solução. A fronteira entre essas regiões de vesículas não é muito bem definida e observamos, neste estudo, que o efeito de PEG na estrutura de agregados de DODAB e DDAB em água depende da massa molecular do polímero. Além disso, PEG favorece a formação de vesículas unilamelares em concentrações mais elevadas de DODAB e DDAB, quando predominam as vesículas multilamelares de DODAB puro (sem o polímero), possibilitando a formação de vesículas mistas de DODAB/PEG e DDAB/PEG em água e concentrações relativamente grandes desses surfactantes. Dentre os métodos experimentais empregados nesse estudo, destacamos, turbidimetria, fluorescência de estado estacionário, calorimetria diferencial... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Poly (ethyleneglycol) (PEG) is a water soluble neutral polymer, and dioctadecyldimethylammonium (DODAB) and diododecyldimethylammonium (DDAB) bromide are double chain cationic surfactants derived from the quaternary ammonium that have been widely investigated due to their high application potential in different areas of the science and technology. The physical properties of PEG, DODAB and DDAB in aqueous solution are well-known. However, the properties of mixtures of the polymer with those surfactants are not. We investigated the interaction of PEG with DODAB and DDAB in aqueous solution, within a range of total concentration of the components of 0-1 wt%, and the phase diagrams built up, with special interest for the vesicular phases. We used PEG with molecular mass between 200 Da and 2 MDa and the phase diagrams were built up at 25°C, that is, above the melting temperature (Tm) of DDAB (Tm = 16°C) and below Tm of DODAB (Tm = 45°C). DODAB and DDAB have the common characteristic of forming unilamellar vesicles at low surfactant concentrations and umultilamellar vesicles at higher concentrations; at intermediate concentrations, uni- and multilamellar vesicles coexist in solution. The borders of these different vesicle phases are not well defined. We observed in this Thesis that the effect of PEG on the structures of DODAB and DDAB aggregates in water depends on the molecular mass of the polymer. Besides, PEG stabilizes the unilamellar vesicles at high concentrations of DODAB, where the multilamellar vesicles are the dominant structures present in solution, thus allowing the formation of mixed DODAB/PEG and DDAB/PEG vesicles in water at relatively high concentrations of these surfactants. The experimental methods used in this investigation include turbidimetry, steady-state fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal titration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

The Western conception of the proper human proposes that there is a potent divide between humans and all other animate creatures. Even though the terms of such a divide have been shown to be indecisive, relationships between humans and animals continue to take place across it, and are conditioned by the ways it is imagined. My thesis asks how twenty-first century fiction engages with and practises the textual politics of animal representation, and the forms these representations take when their positions relative to the many and complex compositions of the human-animal divide are taken into account. My analysis is located in contemporary critical debate about human-animal relationships. Taking the animal work of such thinkers as Jacques Derrida and Cary Wolfe as a conceptual starting point, I make a detailed and precise engagement with the conditions and terms of literary animal representation in order to give forceful shape to awkward and uncomfortable ideas about animals. Derrida contends that there is a “plural and repeatedly folded frontier” between human and nonhuman animals, and my study scrutinises the multiple conditions at play in the conceptual and material composition of this frontier as it is invoked in fictional animal representations. I argue that human relationships with animals are conditioned by our imaginative shapings of them, and that the animals we imagine are, therefore, of enormous significance for real animals. Working in the newly established field of Literary Animal Studies, I read representations of ordinary animals in a selection of twenty-first century novels, including Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People, E. O. Wilson’s Anthill, Carol Hart’s A History of the Novel in Ants, Aryn Kyle’s The God of Animals, Yann Martel’s Beatrice and Virgil, Mark McNay’s Fresh, James Lever’s Me Cheeta, and Karen Joy Fowler’s We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves. I interrogate how fictional animal forms and tropes are responding to, participating in or challenging the ways animals’ lives are lived out in consequence of human imaginings of them. There are many folds in the frontier between human and nonhuman animals, and my thesis is structured to address how particular forms of discursive boundary-building are invoked in, shape, or are shaped by, the fictional representations of animals. Each of the four chapters in this study takes spectively, political, metaphorical, material and cognitive – between humans and other animals. Analysis is directed at developing concepts and critical practices which articulate the singular literariness of the human, ant, horse, donkey, chicken and ape representations encountered throughout my study. Understanding the ways we make animals through our imaginative eyes is essential to understanding how we make our ethical relationships with them. A key task for Literary Animal Studies is to make visible how literary animal representations may either reinforce homogeneous and reductive conceptions of animals, or may participate in a re-making of our imaginings of them. My study contributes to clarifications of the terms of this task by evolving ways to read unusual or unacknowledged manifestations of the human-animal divide, by giving form to previously unarticulated questions and conditions about how animals are imagined, and by evaluating literary re-imaginings of them.

Non-human animals suffer greatly and are exploited in numerous ways by humans. This is a grave injustice that points to an urgent need for an adequate framework from which to protect animals from mistreatment by humans. Although classical theories in the animal rights literature have existed for some time now, in recent years few theorists have engaged in the effort to find more persuasive theories under which the mistreatment of animals by humans should be considered. Two influential attempts to develop such a theory were undertaken by Martha Nussbaum in her article and book chapter "Beyond Compassion and Humanity: Justice for Nonhuman Animals" (2004, 2006), and by Robert Garner in his books Animal Ethics (2005) and A Theory of Justice for Animals: Animal Rights in a Nonideal World (2013). In this paper, I argue that both these approaches have fundamental flaws that prevent them from being adequate theoretical frameworks under which to protect animals. Through careful examination of the theories, I show why they can't fulfill what they claim to, and should be rejected. The only real way to protect animals, I argue, is to assign them universal rights under the theoretical concept of justice. Taking animal rights seriously means that they have these rights by virtue of their selfhood and sentience. An application of this view means an extension of the rights view, widely acknowledged since the human rights revolution, to animals. Such an extension would mean that virtually all human exploitive treatment of animals ought to be abolished. It calls for a new paradigm shift in human-animal relationships. It is now the appropriate historical and political moment for such an extension.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

What does it mean to be cruel to an animal? What does it mean for an animal to suffer? These are the questions embedded in the term "cruelty to animals," which has seemed, at first glance, a well defined term in modern America, in so far as it has been codified in anti-cruelty statutes. Cruelty to animals has been a disputed notion, though. What some groups call cruel, others call business, science, culture, worship, and art. Contests over the humane treatment of animals have therefore been contests over history, ideology, culture, and knowledge in which a variety of social actors-- animal scientists, cockfighters, filmmakers, FBI agents, members of Congress, members of PETA, and many, many others--try to decide which harms against animals and which forms of animal suffering are justifiable. Behaving Like Animals examines these contests in the United States from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, focusing on four practices that modern American animal advocates have labeled cruel: malicious animal abuse, cockfighting, intensive animal agriculture, and the harming of animals on film. These case studies broadly trace the contours of American attitudes toward human cruelty and animal suffering over the last century. They also trace the historical evolution of the ideas embedded in the term “cruelty to animals.” Cruelty to animals has been the structuring logic of animal advocacy for two centuries, and historians have followed its development through the nineteenth century as a constellation of ideas about human and animal natures, about cruelty and kindness, and about suffering and sentience—very old ideas rooted in western intellectual thought and given shape by nineteenth-century sentimental culture. Behaving Like Animals follows this historical and intellectual thread into the twenty-first century, and reveals how these old ideas adapted to modern and evolving regimes of knowledge, science, and law, as they became thickly knotted in America’s varied and transforming social, cultural, intellectual, political, and legal contexts. That process has had varied and far-reaching implications in modern American culture, structuring social relations among Americans while shaping understandings of the place of animals in American society. Behaving Like Animals tells this history.

L'animation de créatures virtuelles est un domaine ayant bénéficié d'un effort de recherche important en informatique graphique. Des techniques telles l'interpolation de clefs ou la capture de mouvement sont très largement utilisées, mais imposent un travail important à l'animateur du fait des possibilités limitées de réutilisation des mouvements produits. En parallèle à ces techniques "en boucle ouverte", des approches basées sur des outils de plus haut niveau ont vu le jour : simulation physique, algorithmes moteurs, systèmes perceptifs, etc. Elles présentent l'intérêt d'abstraire le mouvement en fournissant à l'animateur des outils de contrôle aux paramètres moins nombreux et plus génériques que les techniques traditionnelles. Cette problématique du contrôle d'un système en fonction d'objectifs, ainsi que certains des outils décrits se retrouvent dans le domaine de la vie artificielle. Celle-ci s'intéresse en effet à la synthèse de systèmes se comportant de manière similaire aux êtres vivants. Des implémentations robotiques de ces techniques ont montré les possibilités offertes par la genèse de comportements dans un environnement complexe. Constatant un besoin de généricité des outils d'animation en informatique graphique, et l'intérêt d'un environnement simulé complexe en vie artificielle, nous étudierons le rapprochement des problématiques de ces communautés via une plate-forme commune, articulée autour de la notion de simulation physique et la génération aisée de modèles physiques de créatures articifielles. Nous étudierons un cadre de travail commun tenant compte des besoins et contraintes de ces disciplines, les difficultés posées par l'utilisation d'une simulation physique et en quoi les outils proposés en facilitent l'accès. Nous montrerons enfin les usages envisageables pour cette plate-forme, et les apports attendus dans les domaines de l'informatique graphique et de la vie artificielle
The animation and computer simulation of virtual creatures are topics which have benefitted from a strong research impulse from the community of computer graphics. Some techniques, such as keyframing of motion capture, are widely used but impose a great burden on the animator because of the limited re-use possibilities of produced movements in new projects. Parallel to those open loop techniques, other approaches based on higher level tools have been developped : physical simulation, locomotion / prehension algorithms, perceptive systems, etc. They all have the interest of abstracting the movement by bringing the animator control tools with higher-level parameters, and in a smaller number than traditionnal techniques. This problem of system control with respect to some goals, and some described tools have counterparts in the artificial life domain. This discipline addresses the issue of the genesis of biological phenomenom by synthetising systems which behave in a way similar to life beings. Beyond computer simulations, robotic implementations of those techniques have shown their practical interest and possibilities offered by behaviours generation in a complex environment. Basing our work on the observation of a need of genericity for animation tools in computer graphics, and on the interest of a complex environment in which artificial life simulations can take place, we will show the usefulness of bringing together the issues of those communities using a common platform, itself based on a physical simulation and the easy generation of physical models of artificial creatures. We will hence study a framework taking into account needs and constraints of those disciplines, the issues raised by physical simulation use and how the tools we are proposing make it easier to use. We will finally show how this platform can be used, and the expected contributions either from a computer graphics or artificial life point of view

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study aimed to inventory and quantify the wealth of species of wildlife that are being kept as pets and pinpoints ways of acquiring the animal, the main reasons for creating and analyzing the socioeconomic profile of the available population. The fieldwork was carried out between July 2013 and January 2015, with residents of the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semiarid Northeast. They interviewed 1,195 locals who created or not wild species as a pet. Data were collected through semistructured questionnaires individually. 271 specimens belonging to 35 species belonging to 11 families were recorded. The avifauna was the most significant group in which the Thraupidae Family was the most representative in number of species (n = 12) and specimens (n = 122). The animals are mostly (38.5%) captured from nature and its main form of use is as a pet (76%). Find wild animals being kept as pets in possession of creators of both genders (male and female), divided into different age categories predominantly in the category 20-40 years and different levels of education. The results also showed that the maintenance of domestic species in selected households exceeded considerably the creation of wild species. Thus, we understand that positively choosing a cat, dog, rabbit or any other animal domestic fauna, as estimates of animal in this region, is mitigating the exploitation and removal of many wild species of nature, assisting in the conservation process thereof. Given the above, we hope that our findings are important to support the development of management plans for conservation of the species of wildlife that are being used as pets in northeastern Brazil.
O presente trabalho objetivou inventariar e quantificar a riqueza de espécies da fauna silvestre que estão sendo mantidas como animais de estimação, evidenciando as formas de aquisição dos animais, os principais motivos da criação e analisando o perfil socioeconômico da população acessível. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada entre Julho de 2013 e Janeiro de 2015, junto aos moradores do município de Santa Luzia situado no semiárido Nordestino. Foram entrevistados 1.195 moradores locais que criavam ou não espécies silvestres como animal de estimação. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários semiestruturados aplicados individualmente. Foram registrados 271 espécimes, pertencentes a 35 espécies, distribuídas em 11 famílias. A avifauna foi o grupo mais expressivo, no qual a Família Thraupidae foi a mais representativa em número de espécies (n=12) e espécimes (n=122). Os animais são em sua maioria (38,5%) capturados da natureza e sua principal forma de uso é como animal de companhia (76%). Encontramos animais silvestres sendo mantidos como animais de estimação em posse de criadores de ambos os gêneros (masculino e feminino), distribuídos em diferentes categorias etárias com predominância na categoria de 20 a 40 anos e diferentes graus de escolaridade. Os resultados evidenciaram ainda, que a manutenção de espécies domésticas nos domicílios visitados superou, consideravelmente, a criação de espécies silvestres. Dessa forma, entendemos que de maneira positiva a escolha de um gato, cachorro, coelho ou qualquer outro animal de fauna doméstica, como animal de estima nessa região, está mitigando a exploração e retirada de muitas espécies silvestres da natureza, auxiliando no processo de conservação das mesmas. Diante do exposto, esperamos que nossos resultados sejam importantes para subsidiar a elaboração de planos de manejo para conservação das espécies da fauna silvestre que estão sendo utilizadas como animais de estimação no Nordeste do Brasil.

Orientador: Otavio Augusto Vuolo Marques
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Síndromes morfológicas relacionadas ao uso do ambiente têm sido observadas em diversas serpentes. Entretanto, a morfologia corporal pode estar associada à linhagem filogenética dos organismos. Portanto, estudos eco-morfológicos podem ser melhor realizados utilizando-se métodos comparativos. Utilizando-se espécimes depositados em coleções, os Boidae (subfamílias Boinae e Pythoninae) foram comparados quanto à morfologia corporal e sua relação com o uso do ambiente. Espécies arborícolas apresentam maior compressão lateral do corpo e cauda relativamente maior quando comparadas àquelas terrícolas e aquáticas, mesmo quando removido o efeito filogenético. O dimorfismo sexual ocorreu em relação ao comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC), tamanho relativo da cabeça, da cauda, circunferência corporal, compressão lateral do corpo e tamanho do esporão. Entretanto, dentre os Boinae, o dimorfismo de CRC não foi observado na maioria das espécies que apresentam combate (Epicrates spp.) e o de cauda não foi observado nas arborícolas. Na maioria dos casos o dimorfismo resulta de crescimento diferencial entre os sexos já que não estão presentes em recém-nascidos. A otimização dos caracteres morfológicos e de uso do ambiente nas hipóteses filogenéticas disponíveis sugere que os Boidae sofreram poucas modificações ao longo da evolução, muitas das quais representam autapomorfias das espécies ou subespécies. Duas hipóteses filogenéticas concordam que o ancestral dos Boinae possuía cauda curta, circunferência corporal moderada, cabeça pequena, baixo índice de dimorfismo sexual de CRC (SSD) e era semi-arborícola. Mas, não concordam em como seria o ancestral quanto ao tamanho corporal e compressão lateral do corpo. Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva dos Boinae Neotropicais são restritas e referem-se basicamente a espécimes em cativeiro. Este trabalho apresenta informações sobre a ecologia reprodutiva dessas serpentes, a partir de exemplares preservados em coleções, e compara com as informações disponíveis na literatura para os Erycinae e Pythoninae. Com exceção de Corallus hortulanus e Eunectes murinus, todas as espécies apresentaram vitelogênese concentrada no outono-inverno, gestação do final do inverno até a primavera e nascimentos no final da primavera até o verão. Cópula foi observada em poucas espécies (Boa constrictor ssp. e Epicrates cenchria crassus) e ocorreu do outono até início do inverno. As espécies do gênero Corallus apresentaram vitelogênese mais prolongada. A gestação em C. hortulanus ocorreu desde o final do verão até início do inverno e os nascimentos no outono-inverno. Eunectes murinus apresentou vitelogênese na primavera, a gestação durante o verão e os nascimentos no outono-inverno. O ciclo testicular foi sazonal em B. c. constrictor (pico de espermatogênese no verão) e em E. c. crassus (pico de espermatogênese no verão-outono) e contínuo nas demais espécies analisadas (C. hotulanus, E. c. assisi e E. c. cenchria). O tamanho da ninhada variou de acordo com o tamanho das espécies. O padrão reprodutivo da maioria dos Boinae analisados parece diferir dos Boinae de Madagascar e dos Erycinae, assemelhando-se ao padrão da maioria dos Pythoninae. O tamanho da ninhada e dos recém-nascidos é semelhante nas sub-famílias Boinae e Pythoninae
Abstract: Morphological syndromes related to macrohabitat use have been detected in many snakes. However, body morphology can be also related to phylogenetic lineage and for this reason ecomorphological studies are better when using comparative methods. Body morphology and its relationship with macrohabitat use was compared among the Boidae snakes, using preserved specimens deposited in museum collections. Arboreal species are more flattened laterally and have relative longer tails, than terrestrial or aquatic species, even after removing phylogenetic effects. Sexual dimorphisms occurs in SVL, relative head size, tail length, body circumference, lateral flatness of the body and spur size. However, SVL dimorphism are absent in some species with ritual combat (Epicrates ssp.) and tail dimorphism is absent in arboreal species. In most cases sexual dimorphism results of diferential growth in sexes because it does not occur in newborn. Optimizations of morphological characters and microhabitat use on two phylogenetic hypotheses suggest that Boinae had little modifications during the evolution, and most of that represent autapomorphies in species or subspecies level. Both hypotheses agree that the ancestor of Boinae was a short-tailed snake, with medium-size body circumference, small head, low SSD and semi-arboreal, but they disagree how would be the ancestor in terms of body size and lateral flatness of the body. Data on the reproductive biology of Neotropical Boinae are mostly restricted to captive snakes. This work presents information on reproduction of these snakes, using preserved specimens from collections, and compares the results to those available in literature to the subfamilies Pythoninae and Erycinae. The Neotropical Boinae presented vitelogenesis mostly during the autumn and winter (except for Corallus hortulanus and Eunectes murinus), pregnancy from late winter to spring and birth from late spring to summer. Mating was only recorded to Boa constrictor spp. and Epicrates cenchria crassus, from autumn to early winter. Vitellogenis timing was more extended in Corallus hortulanus, the pregnancy was recorded from late summer to early winter, and birth from autumn to winter. In Eunectes murinus vitellogenesis occurred in the spring, pregnancy in the summer and birth from autumn to winter. Testicular cycles were seasonal in Boa c. constrictor (peak occurring in the summer) and in Epicrates c. crassus (peak occurring in the summer-autumn), but continuous in the other species (C. hotulanus, E. c. assisi e E. c. cenchria). Clutch size differs among species but it was related to SVL. The reproductive pattern in most Boinae species apparently differed from the Madagascan boas and Erycinae species but was very similar to the pattern recorded to most Pythoninae snakes. Clutch size and offspring size is similar among Boinae and Pythoninae snakes
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia

Syftet med arbetet är att ge en generell presentation av Den gyllene blommans hemlighets innehåll och funktion samt introducera två olika kommentarer och synliggöra deras specifika synsätt. De generella frågorna jag har ställt mig är följande: Vad är textens innehåll? På vilka filosofiska grunder vilar metoden? Vilka är de viktigaste skillnaderna mellan Jungs och Clearys kommentarer?

Wilhelm var den person som hittade texten och som först översatte den till ett västerländskt språk år 1928. Han har både översatt och kommenterat bl. a. I Ching, Den gyllene blommans hemlighet, Tao te king mm. och därmed var han insatt i att göra Kinas själsliga skatter åtkomliga för Europa. Då var Europa fortfarande nybörjare i förståelsen av Österlandets visdom och de kristna formerna och aspekterna påverkade hans uppfattning om den. Dogma och känsla stred med varandra i honom “vilken i hans fall tog sig uttryck som en konflikt mellan väst och öst“, konstaterade Jung. Detta tvivel påverkade också Jung själv som beundrade Österlandets stora filosofer – som han benämnde dem – men han hade en oförsynt syn på deras metafysik. Jung har studerat alkemiska verk tidigare men han har själv påstått att “först genom texten i Den gyllene blomman har alkemins väsen kommit närmare“ .

Denna text - som heter T'ai I Chin Hua Tsung Chih (Den gyllene blommans hemlighet) tillsammans med Hui Ming Ching (Medvetandets och livets bok) - är en samling av ett slags aforismer och innehåller förklaringar - med suggestiva, esoteriska terminologier - av praktisk betydelse som behandlar de alkemistiska (ev. fysiologiska) processerna. Dessa framförda tekniker antyder varken hjälp ifrån eller närvaro av en gudom eller gudomlig kraft, istället är det insiktens ljus som ger en direkt upplysning till utövaren. Med i texten finns även en ganska detaljerad beskrivning av faror och villovägar som väntar på den ouppmärksamme praktikanten.

Det blev klart för Jung “att alkemin i symbolisk och allegorisk form i själva verket beskriver människans andliga mognad“ och att denna mognadsprocess förbinder människan med livets andliga dimensioner och hjälper henne att finna Självet, det gudomliga inom henne. Denna inre erfarenhet av “förening med det gudomliga“ var enligt Jung det mest värdefulla och viktigaste målet i livet. Därför försökte Jung i sin moderna psykoterapi ge en högre religiös bakgrund vid avlägsnandet av konfliktorsaken. Enligt Jungs tolkning omskapar och genererar den gyllene blommans metod kroppens energi för att, å ena sidan, människan ska kunna komma ur olika själsliga tillstånd som hon blivit fångad i (Projektion, Skuggan, Personan, Animus-Anima), och å andra sidan för att kunna nå fram till något hon var avskuren ifrån (det gudomliga Självet).

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The Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) recognize as legal activities the following purposes: Commercial, Scientific, Conservationist and Amateur. From those activities, only the amateur one will not be discussed in this study. In chapter one a geographic survey of the activity on national territory is made. The data used were supplied by the IBAMA, from the records performed between the years of 1976 and 2001. As a parameter, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used to characterize the socioeconomic profile of the distribution of breeding sites. For this analysis, data supplied by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistical) was used. Most wild fauna breeding sites, recorded at the IBAMA until 2001, showed significant percentage of the distribution associated with municipalities in which the service sector was predominant in the composition of GDP. It was also observed a higher concentration, of wild fauna breeding sites, on big and developed geographic regions of the country South and Southeast. The second chapter brings a revision of the Brazilians lawful diplomas related to the wild fauna. We looked forward, whenever was possible, to the official texts in chronologic sequence, for offer a vision of the evolution of these lawful devices. A relation of cause and consequence, between public politics intended to regulation of different categories of breeding sites and proliferation of these. In these considerations, not only the public politics were studied, the political framework as well as peculiarities of the different creations were sought to explain the founded behavior. However, according to the Brazilian social setting, there are questions about the execution capability of these.
O Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) reconhece como legal as seguintes finalidades de criação: comercial, científica, conservacionista e amadorista esta última para passeriformes. Das categorias citadas, as três primeiras serão abordadas neste estudo, com o intuito de caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico da distribuição dos criadouros. Abordou-se a distribuição geográfica da atividade em associação com o PIB no território nacional. Para isto utilizou-se dados disponibilizados pelo IBAMA, referentes aos registros de criadouros efetuados entre os anos de 1976 e 2001, e a composição do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) municipal a partir de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A maioria dos criadouros de fauna silvestre, registrados junto ao IBAMA até o ano de 2001, estavam em municípios nos quais o setor de serviços foi predominante na composição do PIB. Observou-se também uma maior concentração dos criadouros nas grandes regiões geográficas mais desenvolvidas do país Sul e Sudeste. O segundo capítulo traz uma revisão dos diplomas legais brasileiros relativos à fauna silvestre. Buscou-se dispor, sempre que possível, os textos oficiais em seqüência cronológica, para assim oferecer uma visão da evolução destes dispositivos legais. Estabeleceu-se uma relação entre as políticas públicas destinadas à regulamentação das diferentes categorias dos criadouros e a proliferação destes. O cenário político, bem como peculiaridades das diferentes criações foram buscadas para explicar o comportamento encontrado. De modo geral, foram encontradas respostas positivas para estas políticas, porém questionando-se a exeqüibilidade destas.

Orientador: Ronaldo Romulo Machado de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A presente dissertação busca rastrear o contradiscurso acerca da experimentação animal no sentido de elucidá-lo enquanto um movimento social. Toma como foco o trâmite da Lei Arouca, de recente aprovação no Congresso Nacional para regulamentar a vivissecção em todo território nacional. A partir desta lei o olhar se volta aos atores sociais envolvidos e às forças políticas conflitantes para esta questão de controvérsia científica. Paralelamente, outras manifestações práticas do contradiscurso serão seguidas a fim de enriquecer o material de análise para colocar em evidência os argumentos que concorrem para a construção simbólica do estatuto do animal de laboratório. Porém, não será perdido de vista o caráter mais amplo no qual o movimento antivivisseccionista está inserido, a saber, a luta contra a exploração dos animais não-humanos
Abstract: This dissertation intends to follow the counter-discourse on animal experimentation in order to elucidate it as a social movement. It is focused on the processing of Arouca Law, recently passed the Congress to regulate vivisection nationwide. From this law, the focus is on the social actors involved and the political conflicting forces for this matter of scientific controversy. In parallel, other practical manifestations of counter-discourse will be followed in order to enrich the material for analysis to highlight the arguments that contribute to the symbolic status of laboratory animals. However, the broader nature in which the antivivisection movement is inserted, namely the fight against the exploitation of nonhuman animals, will not be lost
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social

A sobrevivência da maioria das espécies de Felideos selvagens conhecidas, foi colocada em risco por diversos fatores, entre eles a perda difusa de habitat, a caça ilegal e a fragmentação e degradação de suas áreas de ocorrência. Para o sucesso de um plano conservacionista faz-se necessária a utilização de biotecnologias direcionadas à preservação da variabilidade genética das populações de animais selvagens. Na prática, a aplicação de biotécnicas reprodutivas no manejo destas populações enfrenta dificuldades como a distância entre os indivíduos que se deseja acasalar ou a distância destes em relação aos centros de pesquisa onde se encontra a estrutura necessária para manipulação de seus gametas. O resfriamento é uma técnica de conservação de sêmen frequentemente utilizada para contornar estes problemas, porém pode submeter os gametas ao estresse oxidativo. Sabe-se que as espécies reativas ao oxigênio responsáveis por este estresse podem causar danos estruturais significantes às membranas e, principalmente, ao material genético dos espermatozóides. O uso de diluidores e antioxidantes que possam promover uma proteção aos espermatozóides contra os danos do estresse oxidativo pode ser uma alternativa para manter a qualidade do sêmen sob refrigeração. Para avaliar esta hipótese, o sêmen do gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus, SCHREBER, 1775) foi submetido a testes convencionais e funcionais em diferentes tempos de refrigeração a 4°C (2, 12 e 24 horas), utilizando-se três diluidores (TCM 199, Ham F10 e tris-gema-citrato) e o tratamento com glutationa reduzida (GSH) em diferentes concentrações (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5mM) para obter uma melhora na qualidade do sêmen. Os testes convencionais utilizados foram a motilidade e vigor. Os funcionais compreenderam as avaliações da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, da atividade mitocondrial, e da fragmentação do material genético. Também foi avaliada a suscetibilidade das células espermáticas à peroxidação lipídica induzida através da mensuração da concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Os resultados obtidos para as provas convencionais e funcionais, com exceção da resistência dos espermatozóides ao estresse oxidativo por meio da dosagem TBARS, indicaram que o diluidor tris-gema-citrato (TGC) foi superior aos diluidores TCM 199 (TCM) e Ham F10 (HAM), sendo que não houve efeito do tratamento com GSH. Para todos os diluidores as variáveis referentes aos testes funcionais apresentaram correlação com as variáveis referentes aos testes convencionais. Apenas para os diluidores HAM e TGC a concentração de TBARS apresentou correlação com a atividade mitocondrial e integridade acrossomal. Nas amostras diluídas no TGC não foram verificados efeitos do tratamento com GSH, ou do tempo de refrigeração no grau de integridade do DNA das células espermáticas. Também nas amostras diluídas em TGC, a integridade do DNA correlacionou-se com a concentração de TBARS e com aatividade mitocondrial, mas não com os testes convencionais e os outros testes funcionais. Conclui-se que o melhor diluidor para manter o sêmen do gato-do-mato-pequeno sob refrigeração a 4ºC, por 24 horas, é o diluidor à base de gema de ovo (TGC), sendo que o tratamento antioxidante com GSH nas concentrações utilizadas não apresentou efeito sobre a qualidade deste sêmen.
The survival of most of the known wild feline species was jeopardized by diffuse habitat lost, illegal hunting and fragmentation and devastation of their occurrence areas. The use of biotechnologies aiming to preserve the genetic variability of wild animal populations is crucial for the success of a conservationist program. The practical application of reproductive biotechnologies on the management of these populations faces difficulties such as the distance between individuals included in a breeding plan or between the animals and the research centers where the necessary structure to manipulate their gametes is located. Semen cooling is a conservation technique frequently used to overcome those problems. However such technology may submit the spermatozoa to the oxidative stress. It is well known that the reactive oxygen species which are responsible for this stress can cause structural damages to the membranes and especially to the genetic material of the spermatozoa. The use of extenders and antioxidants that could protect the spermatozoa against oxidative damages can be an alternative to maintain the quality of semen samples under cooling. In order to test this hypothesis semen samples of tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus, SCHREBER, 1775) was submitted to conventional and functional tests at different cooling periods (4°C; 2, 12 and 24 hours), using three extenders (TCM 199, Ham\'s F10 and Tris-egg yolk-citrate) and treatment with reduced glutathione (GSH) in different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mM). Conventional tests used in the present experiment were motility and vigor. Functional tests included the evaluation of plasmatic and acrosomal membrane integrity, of mitochondrial activity and of DNA fragmentation. The susceptibility of the spermatozoa to the induced lipidic peroxidation followed by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration (TBARS) was used as an index of oxidative stress. Results obtained for the conventional and functional tests indicated that the tris-egg yolk citrate (TGC) extender was superior to the TCM 199 (TCM) and the Ham\'s F10 (HAM). No effect of GSH was observed. For all extenders, correlations were found between the functional tests and the conventional tests variables. Only for the HAM and TGC extenders, the concentration of TBARS showed negative correlation with mitochondrial activity and acrosomal integrity. For the samples diluted in TGC, no effects of GSH treatment or cooling time was observed on the spermatic cells DNA integrity. Also in sample diluted in TGC, the DNA integrity was correlated with the concentration of TBARS and the mitochondrial activity, but not with conventional tests the others functional tests. Results of the present experiment suggested that the best extender to maintain the semen of tigrina under 4°C for 24 hours is the one containing egg yolk (TGC), and the antioxidant treatment with GSH showed no effect on semen quality.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preferência e efeito do fornecimento de materiais de nidificação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c e da linhagem heterogênica Swiss em sistema de acasalamento intensivo monogâmico. Primeiro foi realizado um estudo para avaliar a preferência dos camundongos pelo material oferecido para nidificação. Utilizou-se um sistema composto de quatro gaiolas, com livre acesso a água e ração, interligados por tubos de PVC que permitiam que os animais se locomovessem entre todas as gaiolas. Quatro tipos de materiais foram oferecidos para a construção do ninho: algodão, gaze, rolinho de papelão, e touca de polipropileno descartável. Cada um dos quatro materiais foi oferecido simultaneamente em uma das quatro gaiolas que compunham o sistema. Foram usados 10 sistemas iguais e cada um abrigou um casal da linhagem BALB/c, desde os 28 dias de idade até o terceiro ciclo reprodutivo. Os mais encontrados na confecção do ninho, em ordem decrescente, foram a touca, rolinho, algodão e gaze (P< 0,0083). Com base nestes resultados foram selecionados dois tipos de materiais para fornecimento aos animais no experimento 2. Embora o rolinho tenha sido o segundo material mais utilizado optou-se pelo algodão devido a inviabilidade de fornecimento do item durante todo o período de duração do experimento 2. O segundo experimento avaliou a eficiência reprodutiva em cinco ciclos reprodutivos do nascimento até o desmame. Usou-se 60 casais de irmãos completos da linhagem BALB/c (isogênica) e 60 casais formados por acasalamentos aleatórios da linhagem Swiss (heterogênica) de padrão sanitário controlado, criados e mantidos em ambiente padronizado. Eles foram distribuídos, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas linhagens em alojamento com ou sem material para nidificação). Como forma de ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the preference and effect of nesting materials provision on performance of inbred mice of the BALB/c strain and of heterogenic Swiss in intensive monogamous mating system. Firstly, a study was conducted to evaluate the preference of mice for the material offered for nesting. A system composed of four cages was used, with free access to water and food, connected by PVC tubing, which allowed animal displacement among all cages. Four types of materials were available for construction of the nest: cotton, gauze, cardboard rolls, and disposable polypropylene cap. Each of the four materials was offered simultaneously in one of four cages that formed the system. Ten identical system were used and each one housed a BALB/c couple, from 28 days of age up to the third reproductive cycle. The most commonly found materials in nest making were cap, roll, cotton and gauze (P <0.0083). Based on these results, two types of materials were selected to be offered to the animals in experiment 2. Although the roll was the second most used material, we chose cotton due to unfeasibility supplying of the item throughout the duration of the second experiment. The second experiment evaluated the reproductive efficiency in five reproductive cycles from birth to weaning. Sixty BALB / c full siblings pairs (inbred) and 60 pairs formed by random mating of Swiss strain (outbred), bred and maintained in a standardized environment were used. They were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two strains in housing with or without nesting material). As a way of cage enrichment, polypropylene disposable cap cut into 8 pieces of approximately 1 cm each and one piece of cotton about 3 g were used after being previously packaged and autoclaved . The following characteristics were evaluated: age at first parturition, litter intervals, pre-weaning mortality and ...

Orientadores: Daniella Jorge de Moura, Douglas D'Alessandro Salgado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de carne suína do mundo, e almeja sempre por avanços a fim de estabelecer-se e conquistar novos mercados consumidores. O "wean to finish" é um sistema de criação de suínos, na qual os animais permanecem em uma mesma instalação do desmame até a fase de abate. Ainda não existem muitos estudos que definam qual o melhor padrão de divisões de sexo para alojamento de suínos criados neste sistema visando o bem-estar e a produtividade. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o alojamento exclusivo de 26 machos suínos (T1), misto (T2), contendo 13 machos e 13 fêmeas, e o tratamento único de fêmeas (T3) para os quesitos de ganho de massa, variáveis comportamentais e ambientais. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado às análises estatísticas descritivas, exploratórias e confirmatórias (teste de Kruskall-Wallis), através do programa estatístico Minitab. Foram obtidas diferenças no ganho de massa entre as diferentes condições de alojamento ao longo das fases de criação. Os resultados analisados das variáveis comportamentais também indicaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Já com relação às variáveis ambientais, não foram obtidas diferenças significativas
Abstract: Brazil is one of the largest pork producers in the world, and always craves advances in order to establish themselves and gain new consumer markets. The "wean to finish" is a system of pig farming, where animals remain in an installation phase from weaning to slaughter. There are not many studies that define what the best pattern of divisions sex for housing pigs created this system for the well - being and productivity. Thus, we aimed to study the exclusive property of 26 male pigs (T1) , mixed (T2) , containing 13 males and 13 females , and females only treatment (T3) for questions of mass gain , behavioral and environmental variables . Data analysis was used to descriptive, exploratory and confirmatory statistical analysis (Kruskal - Wallis test) , through the Minitab statistical program . Differences were obtained in mass gain between the different housing conditions throughout the stages of creation. Analyzed the results of the behavioral variables also indicated differences between treatments. In relation to environmental variables, no significant differences were obtained
Mestrado
Construções Rurais e Ambiencia
Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola

Using Kenneth Burke's dramatistic understanding of language as action, and drawing from literature in rhetoric of science and medicine, this thesis argues that the rhetoric of biomedical researchers, advocates, and popularizers perpetuates a progress narrative when using and advocating for the use of experimental animals that disregards animal interests and ethics. First, this thesis examines how transgenic experimental animals are rhetorically constructed as the place, and researchers as the means, of biomedical data, which provides discursive distance from the acts of experimentation. Likewise, the terms affixed to research animals, such as “Oncomouse,” “model,” and even “rodent” function to reflect realities of these research animals that creates discursive distance as they are used to produce knowledge. Second, this thesis examines how biomedical researchers and advocates who disagree about the efficacy of the animal model are united in their rejection of serious animal ethics in biomedical research. Critics of animal experimentation are made into monsters, while serious animal ethics itself is considered either monstrous or irrelevant to biomedical inquiry by groups of researchers who otherwise disagree about animal experimentation's usefulness in biomedical research. Third, it examines how the genre of popular biomedical entertainment seeks to persuade non-expert audiences to be entertained by biomedical research using animals. In addition, biomedical research and animal entertainment industries such as zoos and pet production have a complex, mutually beneficial relationship that makes use of animals to produce knowledge and entertainment at the expense of animal interests. This thesis concludes that the narrative of biomedical progress is underpinned by powerful rhetorical forces applied to animals that reject the serious consideration of their interests that could otherwise complicate such a narrative. A suggested way forward could be a more complex biomedical narrative that includes serious animal ethics as part of biomedicine's “moral progress”.
Arts, Faculty of
Graduate

Après avoir reçu les tendances des écoles de pensée, en Grèce et à Rome, concernant l'être vivant et l'animal, nous avons rédigé un plan en trois parties visant à suivre l'évolution de l'anthropomorphisation du règne animal dans l'Antiquité. Les premières études portent sur la présence de l'âme, de la raison, d'une disposition particulière innée chez l'animé, homme et animal. Faut-il séparer l'homme de l'animal comme le veut Aristote, tout en assurant la continuité entre le espèces de vivants animés, ou bien faut-il admettre, avec Platon et ceux qui croient à la métempsycose, que l'âme humaine et l'âme animale peuvent se confondre? Les stoïciens, en refusant la raison à l'animal, se sont penchés sur ses caractéristiques innées, sur l'instinct. Sextus Empiricus croit que le chien peut donner son assentiment. Antisthène pense que l'animal a une nature bestiale. Xénocrate et Théophraste reconnaissent une parenté entre les animés hommes et bêtes. Pythagore, Empédocle et plus tard Porphyre refusent l'alimentation carnée. Pline l'ancien et Plutarque sont partisans de l'intelligence animale. Aristote et Pline sont sensibles à la voix et au cri des animaux. Cependant le rapprochement de l'homme et de la bête a déjà eu lieu dans des circonstances rapportées par les auteurs : Ulysse et Argos, Xénophon et les chevaux, le dauphin et les enfants. L'humanité et la douceur envers les bêtes vont accélérer le rapprochement entre l'homme et l'animal.