Artículos de revistas: "Apennine chain"

1

Rapisarda, F. "Landslide analysis in Apennine chain areas". Landslides 4, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2007): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-006-0066-8.

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2

Zanchetta, Giovanni, Carlo Giraudi, Roberto Sulpizio, Michel Magny, Russell N. Drysdale y Laura Sadori. "Constraining the onset of the Holocene “Neoglacial” over the central Italy using tephra layers". Quaternary Research 78, n.º 2 (8 de junio de 2012): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.010.

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AbstractA study of six tephra layers discovered in different deposits between 1600 and 2700 m a.s.l. in the Apennine chain in central Italy allowed precise stratigraphic constraints on environmental and climatic changes between ca. 4.5 and 3.8 cal ka BP. Chemical analyses allowed the correlation of these tephra layers with the eruptions of Agnano Mt Spina (AMST) from Phlegrean Field and Avellino (AVT) from Somma–Vesuvius. Major environmental changes in the high mountains of the Central Apennines occurred just after the deposition of the AMST and predate the deposition of the AVT. At this time, renewed growth of the Calderone Glacier occurred, marking the onset of the Apennine “Neoglacial”. The presence of the AMST and AVT enabled us to make a precise, physical correlation with other archives in central Italy. Synchronization of records between sites showed that the period intervening the deposition of the AMST and AVT layers coincided with environmental changes that were not always exactly in phase. This highlights the fact that stratigraphic correlations using only radiocarbon chronologies (the most common method used for dating archives during the Holocene) could produce erroneous correlation of events, giving rise to oversimplified paleoclimatic reconstructions.

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Mele, G. "Pn Anisotropy in the Northern Apennine Chain (Italy)". Pure and Applied Geophysics 151, n.º 2-4 (1 de marzo de 1998): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050125.

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4

Gori, Stefano, Emanuela Falcucci, Chiara Ladina, Simone Marzorati y Fabrizio Galadini. "Active faulting, 3-D geological architecture and Plio-Quaternary structural evolution of extensional basins in the central Apennine chain, Italy". Solid Earth 8, n.º 2 (23 de marzo de 2017): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-319-2017.

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Abstract. The general basin and range Apennine topographic characteristic is generally attributed to the presently active normal fault systems, whose long-term activity (throughout the Quaternary) is supposed to have been responsible for the creation of morphological/structural highs and lows. By coupling field geological survey and geophysical investigations, we reconstructed the 3-D geological model of an inner tectonic basin of the central Apennines, the Subequana Valley, bounded to the northeast by the southern segment of one of the major active and seismogenic normal faults of the Apennines, known as the Middle Aterno Valley–Subequana Valley fault system. Our analyses revealed that, since the late Pliocene, the basin evolved in a double half-graben configuration through a polyphase tectonic development. An early phase, Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene in age, was controlled by the ENE–WSW-striking and SSE-dipping Avezzano–Bussi fault, that determined the formation of an early depocentre towards the N–NW. Subsequently, the main fault became the NW–SE-striking faults, which drove the formation during the Quaternary of a new fault-related depocentre towards the NE. By considering the available geological information, a similar structural evolution has likely involved three close tectonic basins aligned along the Avezzano–Bussi fault, namely the Fucino Basin, the Subequana Valley, and the Sulmona Basin, and it has been probably experienced by other tectonic basins of the chain. The present work therefore points out the role of pre-existing transverse tectonic structures, inherited by previous tectonic phases, in accommodating the ongoing tectonic deformation and, consequently, in influencing the structural characteristics of the major active normal faults. This has implications in terms of earthquake fault rupture propagation and segmentation. Lastly, the morpho-tectonic setting of the Apennine chain results from the superposition of deformation events whose geological legacy must be considered in a wider evolutionary perspective. Our results testify that a large-scale basin and range geomorphological feature – often adopted for morpho-tectonic and kinematic evaluations in active extensional contexts, as in the Apennines – just led by range-bounding active normal faults may be actually simplistic, as it could not be applied everywhere, owing to peculiar complexities of the local tectonic histories.

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Bartolini, C. "When did the Northern Apennine become a mountain chain?" Quaternary International 101-102 (enero de 2003): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00090-3.

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6

Turco, Eugenio, Chiara Macchiavelli, Giulia Penza, Antonio Schettino y Pietro Paolo Pierantoni. "Kinematics of Deformable Blocks: Application to the Opening of the Tyrrhenian Basin and the Formation of the Apennine Chain". Geosciences 11, n.º 4 (14 de abril de 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11040177.

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We describe the opening of back-arc basins and the associated formation of accretionary wedges through the application of techniques of deformable plate kinematics. These methods have proven to be suitable to describe complex tectonic processes, such as those that are observed along the Africa–Europe collision belt. In the central Mediterranean area, these processes result from the passive subduction of the lithosphere belonging to the Alpine Tethys and Ionian Ocean. In particular, we focus on the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin and the contemporary formation of the Apennine chain. We divide the area of the Apennine Chain and the Tyrrhenian basin into deformable polygons that are identified on the basis of sets of extensional structures that are coherent with unique Euler pole grids. The boundaries between these polygons coincide with large tectonic lineaments that characterize the Tyrrhenian–Apennine area. The tectonic style along these structures reflects the variability of relative velocity vectors between two adjacent blocks. The deformation of tectonic elements is accomplished, allowing different rotation velocities of lines that compose these blocks about the same stable stage poles. The angular velocities of extension are determined on the basis of the stratigraphic records of syn-rift sequences, while the rotation angles are obtained by crustal balancing.

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Schiattarella, Marcello, Salvatore Ivo Giano y Dario Gioia. "Long-term geomorphological evolution of the axial zone of the Campania-Lucania Apennine, southern Italy: a review". Geologica Carpathica 68, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2017-0005.

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Abstract Uplift and erosion rates have been calculated for a large sector of the Campania-Lucania Apennine and Calabrian arc, Italy, using both geomorphological observations (elevations, ages and arrangement of depositional and erosional land surfaces and other morphotectonic markers) and stratigraphical and structural data (sea-level related facies, base levels, fault kinematics, and fault offset estimations). The values of the Quaternary uplift rates of the southern Apennines vary from 0.2 mm/yr to about 1.2–1.3 mm/yr. The erosion rates from key-areas of the southern Apennines, obtained from both quantitative geomorphic analysis and missing volumes calculations, has been estimated at 0.2 mm/yr since the Middle Pleistocene. Since the Late Pleistocene erosion and uplift rates match well, the axial-zone landscape could have reached a flux steady state during that time, although it is more probable that the entire study area may be a transient landscape. Tectonic denudation phenomena — leading to the exhumation of the Mesozoic core of the chain — followed by an impressive regional planation started in the Late Pliocene have to be taken into account for a coherent explanation of the morphological evolution of southern Italy.

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Mongelli, F., G. Zito, N. Ciaranfi y P. Pieri. "Interpretation of heat flow density of the Apennine chain, Italy". Tectonophysics 164, n.º 2-4 (agosto de 1989): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90020-6.

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9

Lapenna, V., M. Macchiato, S. Piscitelli y L. Telesca. "Scale-invariance Properties in Seismicity of Southern Apennine Chain (Italy)". Pure and Applied Geophysics 157, n.º 4 (abril de 2000): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00001109.

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10

Di Toro, Francesco, Gianmarco Minuti, Luca Coppari, Matteo De Albentiis, Paolo Laghi, Dino Scaravelli, Valerio Ricciardi y Giacomo Bruni. "Rana temporaria on Monti della Laga (Central Italy): isolated population or wide distribution? First record in Abruzzo and Marche". Acta Herpetologica 16, n.º 1 (5 de mayo de 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/a_h-9824.

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In Central Italy Rana temporaria is only known to occur as a glacial relict on the eastern side of Monti della Laga (Lazio). In this study we report the presence of the species in other areas of the mountain chain, with documented sightings in five distinct localities in Marche and Abruzzo. We use these new records, together with other occurrence data from the Apennine chain, to generate a species distribution model and perform an analysis of the geological preference of the species in Central Italy. Although the model indicates a wide area of Marche and Abruzzo as suitable for R. temporaria, the actual distribution of the species in northern and central Apennine appears strongly associated with sandstones. Therefore, we argue that the presence of this geological substrate on Monti della Laga, but not in surrounding karst uplands, could be among the factors explaining its isolation. Our study aims at paving the way for future surveys and measures to protect these isolated populations from the threat posed by climate change.

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Cubellis, E., G. luongo, A. Marturano, A. Mazzarella y F. Obrizzo. "Power Laws Governing Historical Earthquakes in the Apennine Chain (Southern Italy)". Natural Hazards 34, n.º 3 (marzo de 2005): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-3050-4.

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12

Lapenna, Vincenzo, Pietro Lorenzo, Angela Perrone, Sabatino Piscitelli, Enzo Rizzo y Francesco Sdao. "2D electrical resistivity imaging of some complex landslides in Lucanian Apennine chain, southern Italy". GEOPHYSICS 70, n.º 3 (mayo de 2005): B11—B18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1926571.

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We use high-resolution electrical resistivity imaging to delineate the geometry of complex landslides in the Lucanian Apennine chain of southern Italy, to identify the discontinuity between the landslide material and bedrock, and to locate possible surfaces of reactivation. The Lucanian Apennine chain is characterized by high hydrogeological hazard and shows a complete panorama of mass movements. In this area, all typologies of landslides markedly predisposed and tightly controlled by the geostructural characteristics, are found: rotational and translational slides, rototranslational slides, earth and mudflows, as well as deep-seated gravitational slope phenomena with a predominance of rototranslational slides evolving as earthflow slides. Three test sites, characterized by complex geology and a high hydrogeologic hazard, are studied. The Giarrossa and Varco Izzo earthflow slides are located to the west and east of the town of Potenza, whereas the Latronico slide is located close to the town of Latronico. Electrical images are produced from dipole-dipole geoelectric data acquired along arrays spanning selected profiles positioned perpendicular and parallel to the landslide bodies. High-resolution electrical resistivity images are attained through the use of geologic and borehole constraints in the interpretation phase. Integration and comparison of our results with other geophysical data delineate the geometries and hydrologic characteristics of the landslide structures.

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Festa, Vincenzo, Marianna Cicala y Fabrizio Tursi. "The Curinga–Girifalco Line in the framework of the tectonic evolution of the remnant Alpine chain in Calabria (southern Italy)". International Journal of Earth Sciences 109, n.º 7 (12 de septiembre de 2020): 2583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01918-5.

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Abstract In the peri-Mediterranean metamorphic belts, the tectonic evolution of the Calabria–Peloritani terrane during the dominant compressive tectonics of the Eocene represents one of the most problematic points in palinspastic restorations. A matter of particular debate is its shortening, which could have occurred during the Alpine or the Apennine subduction. In this regard, a crucial joint is provided by the kinematics of one of the most relevant shear zones such as the Curinga–Girifalco Line, cropping out in central Calabria. This shear zone juxtaposed a nearly complete Hercynian crustal section (i.e. the Sila and Serre Unit) onto the remnants of the Castagna Unit. The data in the available literature on ductile kinematics from the south-eastern branch of the Curinga–Girifalco Line indicate a downward movement of the hanging wall. In the present paper we show new, ductile kinematic data and petrographic evidence from outcrops in the north-western and south-eastern branches of the Curinga–Girifalco Line. Our results highlight the coherent kinematics of the Eocene shortening during the Alpine subduction system, followed by (late Eocene?)Oligocene to early Miocene, dominantly ductile extensional reworking, relating to the Apennines subduction system.

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Telesca, Luciano, Vincenzo Lapenna y Maria Macchiato. "Multifractal features in temporal patterns of seismicity in southern Apennine Chain (Italy)". Environmetrics 14, n.º 8 (2003): 719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.615.

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15

Colangelo, G., V. Lapenna y L. Telesca. "Study of self potential anomalous fluctuations in a seismic active zone of Lucano Apennine (southern Italy): recent results". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, n.º 5 (16 de octubre de 2008): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1099-2008.

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Abstract. Geoelectrical fluctuations measured in seismic areas have been attributed to stress and strain changes, associated with earthquakes. The complex nature of this problem has suggested the development of monitoring stations in order to perform geophysical monitoring for a long time period and with a high sample rate. In this paper, anomalous geoelectrical fluctuations of SP signals recorded in the S. Loja basin, Lucano Apennine chain by Tito and Picerno stations, and linked with seismic activity, are analyzed and discussed.

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Blasi, Carlo, Romeo Di Pietro, Paola Fortini y Carlo Catonica. "The main Plant community types of the alpine belt of the Apennine chain". Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 137, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263500312331351361.

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17

Telesca, L., G. Colangelo y V. Lapenna. "Multifractal variability in geoelectrical signals and correlations with seismicity: a study case in southern Italy". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, n.º 5 (9 de septiembre de 2005): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-673-2005.

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Abstract. Multifractal fluctuations in the time dynamics of geoelectrical data, recorded in a seismic area of southern Italy, have been revealed using the Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA), which allows to detect multifractality in nonstationary signals. Our findings show that the geoelectrical time series, recorded in the seismic area of southern Apennine Chain (Italy), is multifractal. The time evolution of the multifractality suggests that the multifractal degree increases prior the occurrence of earthquakes. This study aims to propose another approach to investigate the complex dynamics of earthquake-related geoelectrical signals.

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Amato, Vincenzo, Pietro P. C. Aucelli, Vito Bracone, Massimo Cesarano y Carmen Maria Rosskopf. "Long-term landscape evolution of the Molise sector of the central-southern Apennines, Italy". Geologica Carpathica 68, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2017-0003.

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AbstractThis paper concerns the reconstruction of the main stages of the long-term landscape evolution of the Molise portion of the central-southern Apennines along a transect divided into three sectors (SW, Central and NE). Analysis mainly focused on geomorphological, stratigraphical and structural data supported by chronological constraints, coming from an overall review of past literature and several studies carried out by the authors of the paper during the last 20 years. The results obtained allowed the elaboration of a conceptual model of the long-term evolution of the Molise sector of the central-southern Apennines. Starting from the Pliocene, the emersion of the Molise area occurred gradually from SW to NE, allowing a polycyclic landscape to evolve under the major controls first of compression then transtensional to extensional tectonics as well as climatic variations. Principal markers of the Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the Molise area are represented by the infill successions of the intermontane tectonic depressions located in its internal, SW sector and by four orders of palaeosurfaces that developed between the Early Pleistocene and the beginning of the Late Pleistocene across the region. These markers testify to the alternation of phases of substantial tectonic stability and uplift whose spatial-temporal distribution could be assessed along the investigated transect. Results highlight that the most important stages of landscape evolution occurred during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. At the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, the Molise sector of the Apennine chain had already reached its present setting and further landscape evolution occurred under the major control of climate and land-use.

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Ricci Lucchi, F. y G. B. Vai. "A stratigraphic and tectonofacies framework of the ?calcari aLucina? in the Apennine Chain, Italy". Geo-Marine Letters 14, n.º 2-3 (junio de 1994): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01203733.

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Miccadei, Enrico, Tommaso Piacentini y Marcello Buccolini. "Long-term geomorphological evolution in the Abruzzo area, Central Italy: twenty years of research". Geologica Carpathica 68, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2017-0002.

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AbstractThe most recent research studies into the long-term landscape evolution of the Abruzzo area, carried out over the last twenty years at the “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, are based on an integrated approach incorporating structural geology and geomorphology and, in particular, the geomorphometry of topographic and hydrographic aspects, geological and structural-geomorphological surveys and mapping supported by morpho-stratigraphic and chronological constraints. The geomorphological analyses have allowed us to outline the main stages of geomorphological evolution and to identify the factors that have contributed to the landscape shaping of the Apennine Chain, the Adriatic Piedmont and the fluvial plains and coastal sectors, up to the Tremiti islands. In the Apennine Chain, landscape evolution — in a ridge, valley and basin system — is connected to the regional uplift, local tectonic subsidence and local base level variations, which have led to changes in the drainage systems, from exoreic to endorheic (in the intermontane basins) and then to exoreic again. In the Adriatic Piedmont, landscape shaping is connected to uplifting and eustatic sea-level fluctuations, which have induced the formation of a structure-controlled drainage system and the shaping of systems of entrenched alluvial fans and large consequent river valleys, with flights of river terraces. In the coastal Adriatic area — composed of a coastal plain-coastal slope system (northern and southern coast) and of a cliffed rocky coast (central coast, Tremiti) interrupted by river valleys — landscape shaping is the result of selective erosion due to the interaction between marine geomorphic processes and slope processes connected to Late Quaternary eustatic fluctuations.

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Scisciani, Vittorio. "Styles of positive inversion tectonics in the Central Apennines and in the Adriatic foreland: Implications for the evolution of the Apennine chain (Italy)". Journal of Structural Geology 31, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2009): 1276–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.02.004.

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22

Petrella, Emma y Fulvio Celico. "Heterogeneous aquitard properties in sedimentary successions in the Apennine chain: case studies in southern Italy". Hydrological Processes 23, n.º 23 (15 de noviembre de 2009): 3365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7441.

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23

Telesca, L. y V. Lapenna. "Investigating the spatial variability of the time-scaling properties in Italian seismicity". Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 11, n.º 5/6 (16 de noviembre de 2004): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-545-2004.

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Abstract. Significant power-law long-range correlated structures have been identified in the Italian seismicity from 1983 to 2003. We performed the Allan Factor Analysis and the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis on both the full and the aftershock-depleted seismic data, extracted by the INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) instrumental catalog.Our findings suggest that (i) the time-scaling behaviour characterizes mainly the Apennine chain; (ii) the time-correlated behaviour of the seismicity is persistent, and this implies that the dynamics underlying the seismic phenomenology is characterized by the presence of "positive feedback mechanisms"; (iii) significant time correlation is not simply related with the mainshock/aftershock mechanisms.

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Allocca, V., F. Manna y P. De Vita. "Estimating annual groundwater recharge coefficient for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines (Italy)". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, n.º 2 (27 de febrero de 2014): 803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-803-2014.

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Abstract. To assess the mean annual groundwater recharge of the karst aquifers in the southern Apennines (Italy), the estimation of the mean annual groundwater recharge coefficient (AGRC) was conducted by means of an integrated approach based on hydrogeological, hydrological, geomorphological, land use and soil cover analyses. Starting from the hydrological budget equation, the coefficient was conceived as the ratio between the net groundwater outflow and the precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration (P − ETR) for a karst aquifer. A large part of the southern Apennines, which is covered by a meteorological network containing 40 principal karst aquifers, was studied. Using precipitation and air temperature time series gathered through monitoring stations operating in the period 1926–2012, the mean annual P − ETR was estimated, and its distribution was modelled at a regional scale by considering the orographic barrier and rain shadow effects of the Apennine chain, as well as the altitudinal control. Four sample karst aquifers with available long spring discharge time series were identified for estimating the AGRC. The resulting values were correlated with other parameters that control groundwater recharge, such as the extension of outcropping karst rocks, morphological settings, land use and covering soil type. A multiple linear regression between the AGRC, lithology and the summit plateau and endorheic areas was found. This empirical model was used to assess the AGRC and mean annual groundwater recharge in other regional karst aquifers. The coefficient was calculated as ranging between 50 and 79%, thus being comparable with other similar estimations carried out for karst aquifers of European and Mediterranean countries. The mean annual groundwater recharge for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines was assessed by these characterizations and validated by a comparison with available groundwater outflow measurements. These results represent a deeper understanding of an aspect of groundwater hydrology in karst aquifers which is fundamental for the formulation of appropriate management models of groundwater resources at a regional scale, also taking into account mitigation strategies for climate change impacts. Finally, the proposed hydrological characterizations are also supposed to be useful for the assessment of mean annual runoff over carbonate mountains, which is another important topic concerning water management in the southern Apennines.

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Galeandro, A., A. Doglioni, A. Guerricchio y V. Simeone. "Hydraulic stream network conditioning by a tectonically induced, giant, deep-seated landslide along the front of the Apennine chain (south Italy)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, n.º 5 (17 de mayo de 2013): 1269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1269-2013.

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Abstract. The tectonic stresses that produced the uplift of Apennine chain ridge in southern Italy generated advanced buried thrusts of allochthonous deposits that induced deformations of foredeep deposits. This thrust may cause giant, deep-seated landslides at the front of the chain. Starting from a specific case history in low Biferno Valley, this work presents how giant, deep-seated landslides along the front of the chain may be generated by the thrust of allochthonous nappe of the chain. In addition, the influence that these huge phenomena may have on landslide and flood susceptibility and on natural hazards of the involved area is analysed. The work presents an interpretation of local morphology and stream network paths of low Biferno Valley as a consequence of a giant, deep-seated landslide affecting the right side of the valley. The proposed interpretation is supported by numerical geomorphological analyses of the area at stake. It is shown how both the morphologies of the catchments of the river Biferno and its tributary Cigno and stream paths are strongly conditioned by this large, deep-seated landslide. This landslide deviates the stream paths affecting both the flooding susceptibility of low Biferno Valley and landslide susceptibility on the left side of Biferno Valley.

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Cervi, F., F. Ronchetti, G. Martinelli, T. A. Bogaard y A. Corsini. "Origin and assessment of deep groundwater inflow in the Ca' Lita landslide using hydrochemistry and in situ monitoring". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, n.º 11 (13 de noviembre de 2012): 4205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4205-2012.

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Abstract. Changes in soil water content, groundwater flow and a rise in pore water pressure are well-known causal or triggering factors for hillslope instability. Rainfall and snowmelt are generally assumed as the main sources of groundwater recharge. This assumption neglects the role of deep water inflow in highly tectonized areas, a factor that can influence long-term pore-pressure regimes and play a role on local slope instability. This paper aims to assess the origin of groundwater in the Ca' Lita landslide (northern Italian Apennines) and to qualify and quantify the aliquot attributable to deep water inflow. The research is essentially based on in situ monitoring and hydrochemical analyses. It involved 5 yr of continuous monitoring of groundwater levels, electrical conductivity and temperature and with groundwater sampling followed by determination of major ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−), tracers (such as Btot and Sr2+), and isotopes (δ18O, δ2H and 3H). Leaching experiments on soil samples, hydrochemical modelling and water recharge estimation were also carried out. Results show that the groundwater balance in the Ca' Lita landslide must take into account an inflow of deep and highly mineralised Na-SO4 water (more than 9500 μS cm−1) with non-negligible amounts of Cl− (up to 800 mg l−1). The chemical and isotopic fingerprint of this water points to oilfield water hosted at large depths in the Apennine chain and that uprises through a regional fault line crossing the landslide area. It recharges the aquifer hosted in the bedrock underlying the sliding surface (at a rate of about 49 000–85 700 m3 yr−1) and it also partly recharges the landslide body. In both the aquifers, the hydrochemical imprint of deep water mixed with rainfall and snowmelt water was observed. This indicates a probable influence of deep water inflow on the mobility of the Ca' Lita landslide, a finding that could be applicable to other large landslides occurring in highly tectonized areas in the northern Apennines or in other mountain chains. The paper demonstrates that hydrochemistry should, therefore, be considered as a valuable investigation method to define hydrogeological limits and the groundwater sources in hillslope and to assess groundwater flow patterns in deep-seated landslides.

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Cuomo, V., V. Lapenna, M. Macchiato y L. Telesca. "On the time dynamics of geoelectrical signals recorded in a seismic area of Southern Apennine Chain (Italy)". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy 25, n.º 3 (enero de 2000): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1895(00)00037-5.

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Vitale, Stefano, Ernesto Paolo Prinzi, Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo, Claudio De Paola, Rosa Di Maio, Ester Piegari, Monia Sabbatino, Jacopo Natale, Pasqualino Notaro y Sabatino Ciarcia. "Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Out-of-Sequence Thrusting in the Southern Apennines (Italy)". Geosciences 10, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080301.

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We present a structural study on late Miocene-early Pliocene out-of-sequence thrusts affecting the southern Apennine orogenic belt. The analyzed structures are exposed in the Campania region (southern Italy). Here, thrusts bound the N-NE side of the carbonate ridges that form the regional mountain backbone. In several outcrops, the Mesozoic carbonates are superposed onto the unconformable wedge-top basin deposits of the upper Miocene Castelvetere Group, providing constraints to the age of the activity of this thrusting event. Moreover, a 4-km-long N-S oriented electrical resistivity tomography profile, carried out along the Caserta mountains, sheds light on the structure of this thrust system in an area where it is not exposed. Further information was carried out from a tunnel excavation that allowed us to study some secondary fault splays. The kinematic analysis of out-of-sequence major and minor structures hosted both in the hanging wall (Apennine Platform carbonates) and footwall (Castelvetere Group deposits and Lagonegro-Molise Basin units) indicates the occurrence of two superposed shortening directions, about E-W and N-S, respectively. We associated these compressive structures to an out-of-sequence thrusting event defined by frontal thrusts verging to the east and lateral ramp thrusts verging to the north and south. We related the out-of-sequence thrusting episode to the positive inversion of inherited normal faults located in the Paleozoic basement. These envelopments thrust upward to crosscut the allochthonous wedge, including, in the western zone of the chain, the upper Miocene wedge-top basin deposits.

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Giannandrea, Giano y Sulpizio. "Development of Pleistocene Fluvial Terraces on the Eastern Frontal Sector of the Southern Apennines Chain, Italy". Water 11, n.º 7 (28 de junio de 2019): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071345.

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The investigation of Pleistocene fluvial terraces in the small river valley of the Pescogrosso Stream and surrounding areas has shown a complex and positive location for the study of a fluvial catchment development. The Pescogrosso Stream is a left tributary of the Sinni River and is placed on the eastern front of the fold-and-thrust belt of the southern Apennine chain of Italy. Sedimentological and geomorphological analyses of eight fluvial terraced units revealed that their formation and evolution were strictly controlled by regional tectonic uplift of the Ionian arc, by climatic changes, and by sea-level variations. In particular, the Ionian sea-level oscillations, as a factor in controlling the short-term fluvial terrace development, was the main factor responsible for the three older terraces’ evolutions. Conversely, the evolution of the five younger terraces seems to have been controlled by the base-level variations of the Sinni River. Finally, the matching of much information derived from regional and local tectonics, the plot of longitudinal terrace profiles, and the application of a sequence-stratigraphic approach to fluvial depositional sequences allowed the recognition of three evolutionary stages of development in the Pescogrosso fluvial incised-valley system during Pleistocene times.

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Maestrelli, Daniele, Marco Benvenuti, Marco Bonini, Stefano Carnicelli, Luigi Piccardi y Federico Sani. "The structural hinge of a chain-foreland basin: Quaternary activity of the Pede-Apennine Thrust front (Northern Italy)". Tectonophysics 723 (enero de 2018): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.12.006.

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Galadini, Fabrizio, Carlo Meletti y Eutizio Vittori. "Major active faults in Italy: available surficial data". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 80, n.º 3-4 (diciembre de 2001): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002388x.

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AbstractAn inventory of the available surficial data on active faults in Italy has been compiled by gathering all the available information on peninsular Italy (project by CNR, National Group for the Defense against Earthquakes), the central-eastern Alps and the Po Plain (EC ‘PALEOSIS’ project). Such information has been summarised in maps (reporting surficial expressions of faults with length L≥11 km) and in a table where fault parameters relevant for seismic hazard assessment (e.g. slip rates, recurrence intervals for surface faulting events, etc..) have been reported. Based on the geological characteristics of the Italian territory, a fault has been considered as active if it shows evidence of Late Pleistocene-Holocene displacements. Active faults in Italy are distributed throughout the entire Apennine chain, in the Sicilian and Calabrian regions and in some Alpine sectors, but knowledge is not homogeneously distributed through the territory. The largest amount of data is related to the central Apennines. In contrast, fault geometries and parameters are less well defined in the southern Apennines, Sicily and Calabria, where investigations have started more recently. Knowledge is sparse in the northern Apeninnes, where data necessary to define fault parameters are lacking and also the chronology of the activity has to be considered cautiously. Abundant blind faulting in the Po Plain hinders the detection of active faults by means of the classical surficial investigations and therefore the present knowledge is limited to the Mantova fault. Blind faults and the peculiar recent geological history of the Alpine areas, which is strongly conditioned by the erosional and depositional activity during and after the last glacial maximum, also hinder the identification of active faults in the central-eastern Alps. Some faults in this Alpine sector are believed to be active, but data on their segmentation are still missing. Available information indicates that Italian active faults are usually characterised by slip rates lower than 1 mm/yr. Recurrence intervals for surface faulting events are longer than 1,000 years in the central and southern Apennines. This review on the Italian active faults represents the first step to produce a map of the major seismic sources in Italy, which in turn will result from the merge of surficial data with seismological and geological subsurficial data. The available knowledge gathered in this paper indicates those areas where data are presently sparse. It should be, therefore, possible to better plan future geomorphological and paleoseismological investigations.

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FRONDINI, F., C. CARDELLINI, S. CALIRO, G. CHIODINI y N. MORGANTINI. "Regional groundwater flow and interactions with deep fluids in western Apennine: the case of Narni-Amelia chain (Central Italy)". Geofluids 12, n.º 2 (12 de diciembre de 2011): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00356.x.

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Italiano, Francesco, Pietro Bonfanti y Salvatore Roberto Maugeri. "Evidence of Tectonic Control on the Geochemical Features of the Volatiles Vented along the Nebrodi-Peloritani Mts (Southern Apennine Chain, Italy)". Geofluids 2019 (4 de julio de 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6250393.

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Investigations carried out over the southernmost portion of the Apennine chain (Nebrodi-Peloritani Mountains, Sicily, Italy) reveal a close connection between the tectonic setting and the regional degassing of CO2-dominated volatiles. The geochemical features of the collected gases show that the pristine composition has been modified by gas-water interaction (GWI) and degassing processes. The 3He/4He isotopic ratio in the range of 0.7-2.8 Ra highlights variable contributions of mantle-derived helium, representing an unusual feature for the crustal regime of the study areas characterized by the widespread presence of 4He-producer metamorphic rocks. The degassing of mantle helium is coherent with the tectonics and related to the NW-SE extensional regime of the Calabro-Peloritan Arc (CPA). We propose that the degassing regime as well as the geochemical features of both the dissolved and bubbling gases is closely connected to the strain accumulation rate, inducing almost no temporal changes and insignificant deep-originated fluid contributions to the locked fault volumes. Investigations including discrete and continuous monitoring and degassing-rate estimations are useful tools to gain a better insight into the evolution of seismogenesis, considering the fault rupture as the final stage of a seismic cycle.

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Balestra, Martina, Sveva Corrado, Luca Aldega, Jean-Luc Rudkiewicz, Maurizio Gasparo Morticelli, Attilio Sulli y William Sassi. "3D structural modeling and restoration of the Apennine-Maghrebian chain in Sicily: Application for non-cylindrical fold-and-thrust belts". Tectonophysics 761 (junio de 2019): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.04.014.

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Tallini, Marco y Maurizio Parotto. "Geometry and kinematics of the Montelanico-Carpineto Backthrust (Lepini Mts., Latium) in the hangingwall of the early Messinian thrust front of the central Apennines: implications for the Apennine chain building". Italian Journal of Geosciences 132, n.º 2 (junio de 2013): 274–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2012.34.

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Mascle, Georges H., Pierre Tricart, Luigi Torelli, Jean-Pierre Bouillin, Roberto Compagnoni, Stéphane Depardon, Jean Mascle et al. "Structure of the Sardinia Channel: crustal thinning and tardi-orogenic extension in the Apenninic-Maghrebian orogen; results of the Cyana submersible survey (SARCYA and SARTUCYA) in the western Mediterranean". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2004): 607–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.6.607.

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Abstract The Sardinia Channel is located in a 400 km-long submerged section of the Apennine-Maghrebian branch of the Alpine chain. The Sardinia Channel connects the Algerian-Ligurian-Provençal to the Tyrrhenian oceanic basins. The structure of this region results from the superposition of two tectonic regimes: an earlier crustal thickening and a later crustal thinning. The crustal thickening is the consequence of the shortening which occurred in the late Oligocene–early Miocene during the build up of the Apennine-Maghrebian Orogen. This thickening is coeval with the rotation of the Corsican-Sardinian block and the opening of the Provençal-Algerian back-arc basin. All of these structures, as well as the magmatic arcs in Sardinia and Tunisia, i.e. the Galite Archipelago, are connected to the subduction of the Tethyan Ocean. The crustal thinning is associated with the rifting of the Tyrrhenian Basin, which occurred just before the Messinian salinity crisis and was accompanied by significant erosion throughout the region. This erosion was followed by a period of thermal subsidence linked to the opening of the Tyrrhenian oceanic basin in the Plio-Quaternary, interspersed with minor episodes of compression. On the Sardinian margin, the dives led to the discovery of a submarine volcano, dated at 12.6 Ma, and composed of shoshonitic andesites with lamprophyre inclusions, and to the characterization of the nature and structure of the underlying basement, consisting of tilted blocks of Hercynian metamorphic and granitic rocks and their sedimentary cover. The sea floor morphology reflects this structure. The other areas of the Sardinia Channel explored, i.e. its southern margin and central ridge, belong to the Calabrian-Peloritanian-Kabylian group (CPK). They are composed of a metamorphic and granitic Hercynian basement deformed during the Alpine orogeny, which is stratigraphically overlain by an Oligo-Miocene detrital cover of Peloritanian or Kabylian type, and tectonically overlain by the so-called “flysch nappe”. Throughout the CPK domain these formations were subjected during the Oligo-Miocene, at ca. 23 Ma ago, to a first denudation event, and during the Tortonian, ca. 10-8 Ma ago, to a second denudation, which has been connected to the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin. Structures, microstructures and thermochronological data indicate relatively low P-T conditions for the extensional deformations: this suggests that these units remained at shallow depths in the Apennine-Maghrebian Orogen, and were relatively preserved from the Messinian erosion. The age (12.5 Ma) and nature of the volcanic sequence in the Sorelles is closely comparable with the calc-alkaline suite of the Galite Archipelago, Tunisia. Thus, the data gathered during the dives in the Sardinia Channel give new constraints to the reconstruction of the kinematic evolution not only of the region, but also to the entire western Mediterranean.

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TELESCA, L., V. CUOMO, M. LANFREDI, V. LAPENNA y M. MACCHIATO. "INVESTIGATING CLUSTERING STRUCTURES IN TIME-OCCURRENCE SEQUENCES OF SEISMIC EVENTS OBSERVED IN THE IRPINIA-BASILICATA REGION (SOUTHERN ITALY)". Fractals 07, n.º 03 (septiembre de 1999): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x99000232.

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We reveal the existence of clustering properties in the temporal distribution of the earthquakes observed in a seismic active area of Southern Apennine Chain (Italy) by means of quantitatively fractal tools (Fano Factor and Allan Factor). Data consist in a sequence of seismic events instrumentally recorded during the period 1983–1995 in the Irpinia-Basilicata Region (Southern Italy), in which in past and recent years, many destructive events occurred. The analysis of the Fano and Allan Factors shows that the sequence of the occurrence times of events with magnitude M th ≥2.5 is characterized by a scale-invariant behavior from the time scale τ ~ 5 · 103 s with a scaling coefficient α ~ 0.3. By gradually increasing the threshold magnitude up to M th =3.1, the value of the scaling coefficient monotonically decreases, pointing out a falling-off in the correlation strength. Although the increasing of the threshold magnitude seems to act as a randomizing filter which removes clustered structures, no firm sign of Poissonian, memoryless behavior is detectable in our analysis.

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Gentili, Bernardino, Gilberto Pambianchi, Domenico Aringoli, Marco Materazzi y Marco Giacopetti. "Pliocene –Pleistocene geomorphological evolution of the Adriatic side of Central Italy". Geologica Carpathica 68, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2017-0001.

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Abstract This work is a significant contribution to knowledge of the Quaternary and pre-Quaternary morphogenesis of a wide sector of central Italy, from the Apennine chain to the Adriatic Sea. The goal is achieved through a careful analysis and interpretation of stratigraphic and tectonic data relating to marine and continental sediments and, mostly, through the study of relict limbs of ancient landscapes (erosional surfaces shaped by prevailing planation processes). The most important scientific datum is the definition of the time span in which the modelling of the oldest morphological element (the “summit relict surface”) occurred: it started during Messinian in the westernmost portion and after a significant phase during middle-late Pliocene, ended in the early Pleistocene. During the middle and late Pleistocene, the rapid tectonic uplift of the area and the climate fluctuations favoured the deepening of the hydrographic network and the genesis of three orders of fluvial terraces, thus completing the fundamental features of the landscape. The subsequent Holocene evolution reshaped the minor elements, but not the basic ones.

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Ascione, A., A. Cinque, E. Miccadei, F. Villani y C. Berti. "The Plio-Quaternary uplift of the Apennine chain: new data from the analysis of topography and river valleys in Central Italy". Geomorphology 102, n.º 1 (noviembre de 2008): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.07.022.

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Vittori Antisari, Livia, William Trenti, Alessandro Buscaroli, Gloria Falsone, Gilmo Vianello y Mauro De Feudis. "Pedodiversity and Organic Matter Stock of Soils Developed on Sandstone Formations in the Northern Apennines (Italy)". Land 12, n.º 1 (27 de diciembre de 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010079.

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Pedodiversity is considered the cornerstone of biodiversity. This work aimed to (1) assess pedodiversity according to vegetation, topographic factors, and lithology and to (2) identify the major soil-forming factors on soil organic matter (SOM) stock at a 0–30 cm depth. These goals were reached using data from 147 georeferenced soil profiles distributed along 400–1000 m (≤1000) and 1000–2134 m (>1000) altitudinal gradients in the northern part of the Apennine chain in Italy. Soils showed mainly weak or incipient development (i.e., Entisols and Inceptisols), which could be attributed to sand-based lithology, high slope gradients, and low SOM accumulation rates, which promote soil erosion processes. However, higher pedodiversity was observed at >1000 m than at ≤1000 m, likely due to the higher vegetation cover diversity and climate variability; Spodosols and Mollisols were also found. A greater SOM stock was found at >1000 than ≤1000 m, and vegetation seemed to not affect SOM amounts, suggesting a greater influence of climate on SOM content compared to vegetation. Considering ecosystem conservation, the observed spatial pedodiversity could be considered a critical basis for the protection of soil resources and pedodiversity itself in mountain regions.

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D’Alessandro, L., E. Miccadei y T. Piacentini. "Morphostructural elements of central–eastern Abruzzi: contributions to the study of the role of tectonics on the morphogenesis of the Apennine chain". Quaternary International 101-102 (enero de 2003): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00094-0.

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Gaudiosi, Germana, Giuliana Alessio, Rosa Nappi, Valentina Noviello, Efisio Spiga y Sabina Porfido. "Evaluation of Damages to the Architectural Heritage of Naples as a Result of the Strongest Earthquakes of the Southern Apennines". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 19 (1 de octubre de 2020): 6880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196880.

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The city of Naples (Campanian region, Southern Italy) has been hit by the strongest earthquakes located inside the seismogenic areas of the Southern Apennines, as well as by the volcano-tectonic earthquakes of the surrounding areas of the Campi Flegrei, Ischia and Vesuvius volcanic districts. An analysis of the available seismic catalogues shows that in the last millennium, more than 100 earthquakes have struck Naples with intensities rating I to III on the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale over the felt level. Ten of these events have exceeded the damage level, with a few of these possessing an intensity greater than VII MCS. The catastrophic earthquakes of 1456 (I0 = XI MCS), 1688 (I0 = XI MCS) and 1805 (I0 = X MCS) occurred in the Campania–Molise Apennines chain, produced devastating effects on the urban heritage of the city of Naples, reaching levels of damage equal to VIII MCS. In the 20th century, the city of Naples was hit by three strong earthquakes in 1930 (I0 = X MCS), 1962 (I0 = IX MCS) and 1980 (I0 = X MCS), all with epicenters in the Campania and Basilicata regions. The last one is still deeply engraved in the collective memory, having led to the deaths of nearly 3000 individuals and resulted in the near-total destruction of some Apennine villages. Moreover, the city of Naples has also been hit by ancient historical earthquakes that originated in the Campanian volcanic districts of Campi Flegrei, Vesuvio and Ischia, with intensities up to VII–VIII MCS (highest in the Vesuvian area). Based on the intensity and frequency of its past earthquakes, the city of Naples is currently classified in the second seismic category, meaning that it is characterized by “seismicity of medium energy”. In this paper, we determine the level of damage suffered by Naples and its monuments as a result of the strongest earthquakes that have hit the city throughout history, highlighting its repetitiveness in some areas. To this aim, we reconstructed the seismic history of some of the most representative urban monuments, using documentary and historical sources data related to the effects of strong earthquakes of the Southern Apennines on the city of Naples. The ultimate purpose of this study is to perform a seismic macro-zoning of the ancient center of city and reduce seismic risk. Our contribution represents an original elaboration on the existing literature by creating a damage-density map of the strongest earthquakes and highlighting, for the first time, the areas of the city of Naples that are most vulnerable to strong earthquakes in the future. These data could be of fundamental importance to the construction of detailed maps of seismic microzones. Our study contributes to the mitigation of seismic risk in the city of Naples, and provides useful advice that can be used to protect the historical heritage of Naples, whose historical center is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

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Bricca, Alessandro, Stefano Chelli, Roberto Canullo y Maurizio Cutini. "The Legacy of the Past Logging: How Forest Structure Affects Different Facets of Understory Plant Diversity in Abandoned Coppice Forests". Diversity 12, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030109.

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Predicting how biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning requires a multifaceted approach based on the partitioning of diversity into its taxonomic and functional facets and thus redundancy. Here, we investigated how species richness (S), functional diversity (FD) and functional redundancy (FR) are affected by forest structure. Sixty-eight abandoned coppice-with-standards plots were selected in two mountain areas of the Apennine chain. We performed linear models to quantify the influence of structural parameters on S, FD and FR of clonal traits. Each diversity facet was affected differently by structural parameters, suggesting a complex interweaving of processes that influence the understory layer. Namely, tree layer density influences S, the height of the standards affects the lateral spread and persistence of clonal growth organs, and diameter of standards affects the FD of the number of clonal offspring. Opposite relationships compared to FD was found for the FR, suggesting how clonal traits play a key role in species assemblage. The observation that structural parameters exert opposite impact on FR seems to indicate a counterbalance effect on ecosystem stability. Multifaceted approaches yield a better understanding of relationship between forest structure and understory, and this knowledge can be exploited to formulate indications for more sustainable management practices.

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Sisto, Michele, Antonio Di Lisio y Filippo Russo. "Geosite Assessment as a Tool for the Promotion and Conservation of Irpinia Landscape Geoheritage (Southern Italy)". Resources 11, n.º 10 (20 de octubre de 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11100097.

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Irpinia (Province of Avellino, Campania Region) is a historical–geographical region of Southern Italy inhabited in pre-Roman times by the ancient Samnite tribe of the Irpini, from which the name originates. This area is characterized by both low population density and high naturalness; located on the axial sector of the southern Apennine orogenic chain, the area possesses a complex hilly and mountainous orography, with predominantly agricultural and forest land uses. In this geographical context, there are many relevant geological/geomorphological sites, witnessing a wide geodiversity attributable to complex geological evolution and relief morphogenesis. The extensive bio-geodiversity has thus led to widespread geotourism practices. Irpinia is favored for its beautiful landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and typical small towns, often enhanced by quality certifications; moreover, geotourism activities are often associated with other forms of sustainable tourism. Starting from this geographical framework, the article analyzes eight attractive geosites that represent the geotouristic value of the entire Irpinia area well. The analysis was conducted using well-known qualitative and quantitative assessment methods. The results obtained, emphasizing the salient aspects of geodiversity, can be used in planning the usability of the sites and, more generally, planning for the Irpinian landscape in a geo-ecotouristic sense.

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Masci, F., P. Palangio y M. Di Persio. "Magnetic anomalies possibly linked to local low seismicity". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, n.º 5 (18 de septiembre de 2009): 1567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1567-2009.

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Abstract. During the last twenty years a time-synchronized network of magnetometers has operated in Central Italy along the Apennine chain to monitor the magnetic field anomalies eventually related to the tectonic activity. At present time the network consists of five stations. In the past only few anomalies in the local geomagnetic field, possibly associated to earthquakes, has been observed, not least because the network area has shown a low-moderate seismic activity with the epicentres of the few events with Ml≥5 located away from the network station. During 2007 two Ml≈4 earthquakes occurred in proximity of two stations of the network. Here we report the magnetic anomalies in the geomagnetic field that could be related with these tectonic events. To better investigate these two events a study of ULF (ultra-low-frequency) emissions has been carried out on the geomagnetic field components H, D, and Z measured in L'Aquila Observatory during the period from January 2006 to December 2008. We want to stress that this paper refers to the period before the 2009 L'Aquila seismic sequence which main shock (Ml=5.8) of 6 April heavily damaged the medieval centre of the city and surroundings. At present time the analysis of the 2009 data is in progress.

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Marra, F., G. L. Cardello, M. Gaeta, B. R. Jicha, P. Montone, E. M. Niespolo, S. Nomade et al. "The Volsci Volcanic Field (central Italy): eruptive history, magma system and implications on continental subduction processes". International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, n.º 2 (12 de febrero de 2021): 689–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-01981-6.

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AbstractHere, we report on the Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF, central Italy). In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity, and outline the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Different from the nearby volcanic districts of the Roman and Campanian Provinces, the VVF was characterized by small-volume (0.01–0.1 km3) eruptions from a network of monogenetic centers (mostly tuff rings and scoria cones, with subordinate lava occurrences), clustered along high-angle faults of lithospheric depth. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas (for which we report for the first time the phlogopite phenocryst compositions) mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka), then primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). The fast ascent of primitive magma batches is typical of a tectonically controlled volcanic field, where the very low magma flux is a passive byproduct of regional tectonic strain. We suggest that the dominant compressive stress field acting at depth was accompanied by an extensional regime in the upper crust, associated with the gravity spreading of the Apennine chain, allowing the fast ascent of magma from the mantle source with limited stationing in shallow reservoirs.

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Conforti, Massimo, Michele Mercuri y Luigi Borrelli. "Morphological Changes Detection of a Large Earthflow Using Archived Images, LiDAR-Derived DTM, and UAV-Based Remote Sensing". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010120.

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In mountainous landscapes, where strongly deformed pelitic sediments outcrop, earthflows can dominate denudation processes and landscape evolution. This paper investigated geological and geomorphological features and space-time evolution over a 65-year time span (1954–2019) of a large earthflow, representative of wide sectors of the Apennine chain of southern Italy. The landslide, with a maximum length of 1.85 × 103 m, affects an area of 4.21 × 105 m2 and exhibits two source zones: a narrow and elongated transport zone and a lobate accumulation zone. Spatial and temporal morphological changes of the earthflow were assessed, comparing multi-source and multi-temporal data (aerial photographs, Google Earth satellite images, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) system data). Geomorphic changes, quantified using Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of differences, highlighted an extensive lowering of the topographic surface in the source area and a significant uplift at the landslide toe. Moreover, the multi-temporal analysis showed a high increase of landslide surface (more than 66%) during the last 65 years. The volumetric analyses showed that different sectors of the earthflow were active at different times, with different rates of topographic change. Overall, the used approach highlighted the great potentiality of the integration of multi-source and multi-temporal data for the diachronic reconstruction of morphological landslide evolution.

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Padula, Rosalba, Antonella Carosi, Alessandro Rossetti y Massimo Lorenzoni. "The Diatomic Diversity of Two Mediterranean High-Elevation Lakes in the Sibillini Mountains National Park (Central Italy)". Environments 8, n.º 8 (13 de agosto de 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8080079.

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Temporary high-elevation lakes represent vulnerable and unstable environments strongly threatened by tourism, hydrogeological transformations and climate changes. In-depth scientific knowledge on these peculiar habitats is needed, on which to base integrated and sustainable management plans. Freshwater diatoms, thanks to their high diversity and their particular sensitivity to the water chemistry, can be considered powerful ecological indicators, as they are able to reflect environmental changes over time. The aim of the present study was to analyze the diatomic diversity of the Pilato and Palazzo Borghese lakes, two small temporary high-mountain basins, falling in a protected area within the Apennine mountains chain (central Italy). Diatoms data were collected, at the same time as 12 physicochemical parameters, through six microhabitat samplings, from 17 June to 30 August 2019. In both lakes, a total of 111 diatomic species and varieties were identified. The most species-rich genera were Gomphonema, Navicula, and Nitzschia. The Pilato Lake showed a diatomic community dominated by few species, favored by more stable and predictable environmental conditions than the Palazzo Borghese Lake, which hosted a more diversified community, guaranteed by greater spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Both lakes were characterized by the presence of diatomic species typical of good quality waters. The occurrence of numerous aerial species reflected adaptation strategies adopted to colonize environments subjected to extended drought periods. Endangered diatomic species of particular conservational interest were recorded, confirming the need to preserve their habitats.

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Finardi, Sandro, Giuseppe Agrillo, Rita Baraldi, Giuseppe Calori, Pantaleone Carlucci, Paolo Ciccioli, Alessio D’Allura et al. "Atmospheric Dynamics and Ozone Cycle during Sea Breeze in a Mediterranean Complex Urbanized Coastal Site". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, n.º 5 (mayo de 2018): 1083–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0117.1.

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AbstractPersistent high pressure conditions over the Mediterranean Basin favor the occurrence of sea breezes that can lead to ozone transport through complex recirculation patterns. These features were investigated during an ozone episode with hourly concentrations exceeding 200 μg m−3 that occurred on July 2015 in Naples (Italy), one of the largest and densest conurbations in the Mediterranean region. Aircraft measurements were taken at heights from 150 to 1500 m AGL and compared and integrated with high-resolution meteorological and air quality model simulations to investigate local circulation and pollutants dynamics. The integration of airborne measurements, surface observations, and modeling established a framework to assess the photochemical phenomena in the area. Sea breezes and local emissions triggered ozone production at inland areas, causing high concentrations between the coast and the Apennine chain. Ozone was then injected into the upper boundary layer and transported toward the sea by the wind rotation occurring above 500 m AGL, causing a complex vertical layering of concentrations, with maxima between 500 and 800 m AGL. Vertical growth of the ozone concentration profile was also caused by the decrease of the boundary layer depth occurring when the breeze front reached the inland area carrying NOx-rich air from the densely populated coast and favoring titration near the surface. Although the whole airshed was a net ozone producer, local surface concentrations were determined by a complex interaction of atmospheric flow and chemistry at different scales, supporting the need for coordinated efforts to control smog precursors over wide areas.

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Nanni, T., P. M. Vivalda, S. Palpacelli, M. Marcellini y A. Tazioli. "Groundwater circulation and earthquake-related changes in hydrogeological karst environments: a case study of the Sibillini Mountains (central Italy) involving artificial tracers". Hydrogeology Journal 28, n.º 7 (21 de julio de 2020): 2409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02207-w.

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Abstract Using artificial tracer tests, this study confirms the presence of a single basal aquifer feeding the springs in the wide and complex hydrogeological boundary of the Sibillini Mountains of central Italy. The tracer was introduced into the sinkhole of the Castelluccio di Norcia plain. The tracer test results, observed at the studied springs, highlight the changes induced by the 2016/2017 earthquake in the water circulation of the aquifer system. In particular, the seismic events increased the hydraulic conductivity of the basal aquifer, with a consequent increase in the springs’ flow rates at the western hydrogeological boundary and a decrease in the flow rates at the eastern Adriatic hydrogeological boundary. This phenomenon is in accordance with the hydro-structural framework of the area. The study also investigated the relation between groundwater circulation and tracer behaviour in the springs during the pre- and post-earthquake periods. The tracer test results led to the formulation of hypotheses about water circulation of the area. The trend of the tracer breakthrough curves demonstrates that the upper portion of the basal aquifer is characterised by fast water circulation similar to that in the epiphreatic area of karst aquifers, while a slow circulation due to fissures with interconnected drains occurs in the deepest portion of the aquifers. The obtained results highlight how tectonics and karst can affect the hydrogeological setting of the Apennine carbonate chain; in particular, the seismicity of central Italy may alter groundwater circulation for a long period of time when great magnitude earthquakes occur.

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