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1
Wagner, Esther-Miriam. "Script-switching between Hebrew and Arabic Scripts in Documents from the Cairo Genizah". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 7, n.º 2-3 (10 de julio de 2019): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00702007.
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Abstract In the multi-lingual world of the Cairo Genizah, Arabic (including Judaeo-Arabic), Hebrew and Aramaic were used in legal documents and letters. Jewish scribes excelled in Hebrew and Arabic penmanship. The mixing of Hebrew and Arabic alphabets in documents by particular writers affords important sociolinguistic insights. This article presents case studies of two Genizah writers, Daniel b. ʿAzaryah (11th century) and Ḥalfon b. Manasse (12th century), who were both highly innovative and exceptional in their use of scripts and vocalisation signs. Their scribal habits and decisions allow us to understand attitudes of writers towards the two scripts, and levels of literacy within the Jewish scriptorium, and provide an important contribution to our understanding of medieval allography and script-switching.
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Ghufron, Zaki. "PROBLEMATIKA PENGGUNAAN AKSARA ARAB". ALQALAM 27, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2010): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v27i3.601.
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Arabic script is a system of written language used to symbolize the sounds of Arabic. It constitutes the category of written system of ortography and it is made based on the pronounciation of a sound independently or separated from the context of a word. As a result, there are latters arranged alphabetically, well-known as al-huruf al-hijaiyyah. All this time, Arabic script is acknowledged as a consistent language of the sound sign. It is understood considering that every Arabic letter has special character and it is completed by spelling rules. By such characters and spelling rules, every letter can write both its sound and its variances. It needs comprehensive understanding on the characters and the spelling rules of Arabic letters to write the sounds of Arabic scripts correctly. Without understanding it, the mistakes in writing a sound of Arabic scripts will appear.
To avoid mistakes in writing the sounds of Arabic scripts, this article tries to explain the character of every Arabic letters as well as it spelling rules. This article also gives information about several Arabic letters that make difficulties for the users.
Keywords: Arabic, Arabic script, al-huruf al-hijaiyyah
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Alkadi, Hisham S. "Tendency or Trend? The Direction Towards Modern Latin-Like Arabic Script". International Journal of English Linguistics 9, n.º 4 (3 de julio de 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p119.
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The past few decades have witnessed an aesthetic trend in the Arabic Writing System and its well-known calligraphic arts, which have exploited features of other writing systems, including Latin and Chinese scripts. Although there are great differences between almost every aspect of the Arabic and Latin scripts, this trend has blended certain characteristics of Arabic script with some features of Latin script.
This study examines this trend and its experiments and transitions, from the moment it first emerged until the present day. It investigates the motivations underpinning the trend and analyzes its artistic and linguistic characteristics, in which the researcher visually analyzes all possible details and disassembles both orthographic items and calligraphic features into their basic essential scripts. The findings reveal an aesthetic and linguistic trend that is substantial and significant, based on linguistic, cultural, and sociocultural factors, including increased levels of communication, culturalism, advances in technology, transportation, migration, and globalization. Script tools and features are used to divide the main trend into three sub-trends: 1) Script switching, where scripts are interchanged at word-level; 2) Script fusion, where scripts are altered at letter-level; and 3) Faux fonts, which dissolve certain features of Arabic script to mirror Latin script. All of the techniques used to make Arabic script match Latin script have been shown to be culturally-induced and linguistically informative, rather than merely aesthetic. The findings of this study also indicate that this new phenomenon is likely to be in the early stages, with further developments expected to unfold in future.
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Polliack, Meira. "Dual Script Mixed Code Literary Sources from the Cairo Genizah". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 7, n.º 2-3 (10 de julio de 2019): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00702006.
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Abstract This article complements my article on “Single-Script Mixed-Code Literary Sources from the Cairo Genizah” (2018). It begins with introductory comments on the phenomenon of mixed code in Judeo-Arabic, as a continuously spoken and written Jewish language from medieval to modern times. While the documentary sources in the Cairo Genizah (a Jewish medieval archive found in the loft of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo) have drawn scholars’ attention to this phenomenon, there are few discussions of code switching in dual script Judeo-Arabic literary sources. The article presents and discusses two Genizah sources of this kind (as well as one new documentary source), which feature both Hebrew and Arabic scripts in the space of the same fragment. It argues that the haphazard appearance of code switching in such fragments is misleading. The analysis shows there are specific conditions that govern the mixing of Hebrew and Arabic scripts, and highlights its sociolinguistic background. Code switching is a dominant feature of single script Judeo-Arabic literary sources as well, meaning, those penned solely in Hebrew or Arabic script, which lie beyond the scope of the present study. A systematic survey and study of the Genizah literary sources relevant to both categories (single and dual scripts) is therefore a desideratum, and is bound to lead to a better understanding of the sociolinguistic functions of mixed code in Judeo-Arabic writings and culture.
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Pudjiastuti, Titik. "Tulisan Pegon Wujud Identitas Islam-Jawa Tinjauan atas Bentuk dan Fungsinya". SUHUF 2, n.º 2 (21 de noviembre de 2015): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22548/shf.v2i2.92.
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Islam comes to Java in 15th-16th centuries did not only introduce the religious concepts but also Arabic scripts. The impact of the penetration of Islam was the production of new civilization which is known as Islamic-Javanese civilization. The  Arabic scripts which at first were taught for the sake of understanding Islamic teachings and of writing Islamic text in Arabic, were eventually developed, modified and adapted to the Javanese tongue and then can be used as the tool to write the texts in Javanese literature. This modified Arabic-Javanese script is known as pegon. The original purpose of creating pegon script was related to the mission of spreading Islam but in further development is also functioned as the medium of writing many purposes and interests such as for writing literary texts, documents, private letters, etc
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Iyengar, Arvind. "Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies". Written Language and Literacy 21, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00014.iye.
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Abstract The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī, focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possible pedagogical implications of such orthographic standardisation and variation.
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Mathieu, Lionel. "The influence of foreign scripts on the acquisition of a second language phonological contrast". Second Language Research 32, n.º 2 (3 de septiembre de 2015): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315601882.
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Recent studies in the acquisition of a second language (L2) phonology have revealed that orthography can influence the way in which L2 learners come to establish target-like lexical representations (Escudero et al., 2008, 2014; Escudero and Wanrooij, 2010; Showalter, 2012; Showalter and Hayes-Harb, 2013). Most of these studies, however, involve language pairs relying on Roman-based scripts. In comparison, the influence of a foreign or unfamiliar written representation on L2 phonological acquisition remains understudied. The present study therefore considers the effects of three L2 scripts on the early acquisition of an Arabic consonantal contrast word-initially (e.g. /ħal/–/χal/). Monolingual native speakers of English with no prior knowledge of Arabic participated in a word-learning experiment where they were instructed to learn six pairs of minimally contrastive words, each associated with a unique visual referent. Participants were assigned to one of four learning conditions: no orthography, Arabic script, Cyrillic script, and Roman/Cyrillic blended script. After an initial learning phase, participants were then tested on their phonological knowledge of these L2 minimal pairs. The results show that the degree of script unfamiliarity does not in itself seem to significantly affect the successful acquisition of this particular phonological contrast. However, the presence of certain foreign scripts in the course of phonological acquisition can yield significantly different learning outcomes in comparison to having no orthographic representation available. Specifically, the Arabic script exerted an inhibitory effect on L2 phonological acquisition, while the Cyrillic and Roman/Cyrillic blended scripts exercised differential inhibitory effects based on whether grapheme–phoneme correspondences activated first language (L1) phonological units. Besides revealing, for the first time, that foreign written input can significantly hinder learners’ ability to reliably encode an L2 phonological contrast, this study also provides further evidence for the irrepressible hold of native orthographic rules on L2 phonological acquisition.
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Cho, Taeyoung. "TULISAN ARAB: PEMBINA TAMADUN ISLAM DI NUSANTARA". Siddhayatra: Jurnal Arkeologi 23, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/siddhayatra.v23i2.136.
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This paper describes the role of Arabic script on a view of establishing Islamic civilization in Indonesian archipelago. Arabic script, apart from a tool for writing, its characteristic is so intensive to symbolize Islamic civilization. The arrival of Islamic civilization into the archipelago has not only spread the religion, but also influenced the change of social system in which Arabic script wrote the various spheres of Islamic civilization and transferred them into the local communities. The appearance of variant graphemes into the Arabic- based local scripts (Jawi, Pégon, Sérang, and Buri Wolio) is a result from the modification of Arabic script to the local languages for transmitting the elements of Islamic civilization to the contexts of local communities. In other words, Arabic script shifted Indonesian archipelago from the age of Jahiliah to the age of Islamic civilization.
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Adegoke, Kazeem Adekunle y Bashir Abdulraheem. "Re-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script". TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society 4, n.º 1 (7 de junio de 2017): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549.
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Abstract Arabic Romanization has been revolutionized by the impact of information technology. The driving-force in this regard is the need to make the reading of Arabic scripts through Romanization easier than what it is used to be. The needed vital instrument to achieve this venture requires the invention of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters which were successfully done in Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts. Thus, the paper attempts to examine the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts in the twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the occidental world. It is a case study research examining the historical evolution of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters in which the distinction and lack of uniformity of Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts are fully explored. The paper would finally take us through the fundamental role played by the CJKI Arabic Romanization System (CARS) in the recent innovation in the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts in the twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the western-oriented institution of learning. The purpose is to see what element of innovative development ushered in the recent Arabic-Islamic scholarship in the methods of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters. Abstrak Romanisasi Arab telah berevolusi karena dampak teknologi informasi. pendorong hal tersebut adalah adanya kebutuhan untuk membuat pembacaan naskah Arab melalui Romanisasi lebih mudah dari yang digunakan sebelumnya. Instrumen vital yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai usaha ini memerlukan penemuan transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf-huruf non-Arab yang berhasil dilakukan dalam Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam. Dengan demikian, makalah ini mencoba untuk mengkaji Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam dalam disiplin ganda Studi Arab dan Islam di dunia barat. Ini adalah penelitian studi kasus yang meneliti evolusi historis transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf-huruf non-Arab di mana perbedaan dan kurangnya keseragaman Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam sepenuhnya dieksplorasi. Makalah ini akhirnya membawa kita melalui peran mendasar yang dimainkan oleh CJKI Arabic Romanization System (CARS) dalam inovasi baru-baru ini dalam Romanisasi skrip Arab-Islam dalam disiplin ganda bahasa Arab dan studi Islam di institusi pembelajaran yang berorientasi barat. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat elemen pembangunan inovatif yang mengantar kajian Arab-Islam baru-baru ini dalam metode transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf non-Arab. How to Cite : Abdulraheem, B. Adegoke, K.A. (2017). Re-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 4(1), 22-31. doi:10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549
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Jones, Alan y Beatrice Gruendler. "The Development of the Arabic Scripts". Vetus Testamentum 44, n.º 3 (julio de 1994): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1535234.
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El-Sheikh, Talaat S. y Ramez M. Guindi. "Computer recognition of arabic cursive scripts". Pattern Recognition 21, n.º 4 (enero de 1988): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(88)90042-8.
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Kurzon, Dennis. "A brief note on diacritics". Written Language and Literacy 11, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2008): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.11.1.07kur.
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This short note relates to remarks made by Peter Daniels in his 2006 article ‘On beyond alphabets’ on diacritics which he defines as markers that have a consistent phonological function in the particular script. From examples taken from French, Czech and other languages using the roman script, it is shown that the principal function of diacritics is to set up contrasts among various graphemes. This is extrapolated to the Arabic and Perso-Arabic scripts, where it is shown that the dots above and below graphemes are in effect diacritics.
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Ratcliffe, Robert R. "What do “phonemic” writing systems represent?" Written Language and Literacy 4, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2001): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.4.1.02rat.
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The traditional classification of phonemic writing systems into three types — syllabaries, consonantal scripts, and alphabets — is based on a phonological theory which recognizes only the syllable and the segment as potential units of representation. It is argued here that an accurate typology of phonemic writing systems requires recognition of two further dimensions of phonological structure: phonological time, and the sonority hierarchy. The analysis focuses on two “typical” non-alphabetic systems — Japanese kana and the Arabic script, the former traditionally classed as a syllabary, the latter as a consonantal script. It is argued that the two scripts in fact share a common organizational principle, namely the iconic representation of phonological time.
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Brigaglia, Andrea. "Central Sudanic Arabic Scripts (Part 1): The Popularization of the Kanawī Script". Islamic Africa 2, n.º 2 (30 de septiembre de 2011): 51–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5192/21540993020251.
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Ahmad, Rizwan. "Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi". Language in Society 40, n.º 3 (24 de mayo de 2011): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404511000182.
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AbstractIn sociolinguistics, Urdu and Hindi are considered to be textbook examples of digraphia—a linguistic situation in which varieties of the same language are written in different scripts. Urdu has traditionally been written in the Arabic script, whereas Hindi is written in Devanagari. Analyzing the recent orthographic practice of writing Urdu in Devanagari, this article challenges the traditional ideology that the choice of script is crucial in differentiating Urdu and Hindi. Based on written data, interviews, and ethnographic observations, I show that Muslims no longer view the Arabic script as a necessary element of Urdu, nor do they see Devanagari as completely antithetical to their identity. I demonstrate that using the strategies of phonetic and orthographic transliteration, Muslims are making Urdu-in-Devanagari different from Hindi, although the difference is much more subtle. My data further shows that the very structure of a writing system is in part socially constituted. (Script-change, Urdu, Urdu-in-Devanagari, Hindi, Arabic script, Devanagari, orthography, transliteration)*
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Pudjiastuti, Titik. "Aksara-Aksara Penyimpan Informasi di Banten". Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 6, n.º 2 (23 de enero de 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v6i2.97.
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Banten is one of the 34 provinces which helped to establish the Republic of Indonesia. Although it was just acknowledged as a province of Indonesia in 2000, as a pepper producer Banten had been known around the world long before its sultanate even existed. The various written sources consist of scripts, archives, and inscriptions from various backgrounds, such as history, literature, and religion. This research found that there are several scripts used as a written medium in Banten, such as Arabic, Jawi (Malay-Arabic), Pegon (Arabic-Javanese), Hanacaraka, and Latin. From the text content point of view, it has been found that these scripts also function as an information depositor of Banten.
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Schorch, Stefan. "The Allographic Use of Hebrew and Arabic in the Samaritan Manuscript Culture". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 8, n.º 1 (20 de enero de 2020): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00702008.
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Abstract In the 10th/11th century, Arabic became both the vernacular and literary language of the Samaritan community, along with the two languages of the liturgy: Samaritan Hebrew and Samaritan Aramaic; Samaritan Neo Hebrew was also employed at this time mainly for the composition of religious poems. Together with the introduction of the Arabic language, the Samaritans started to use the Arabic script, along with the Samaritan Hebrew formal and cursive scripts. In comparison with the use of the Arabic script, the Samaritan Hebrew script served mostly for more sacred texts or was employed in order to mark certain textual passages with a higher degree of sacredness. Allography of Arabic in Samaritan Hebrew letters is attested in Samaritan manuscripts since the beginning of the 13th century, although it was introduced most probably at an earlier date. This allography is employed mainly for the Arabic translation of the Samaritan Torah, for the Arabic translations of prayers, and for Samaritan Hebrew or Samaritan Aramaic quotes in Arabic texts. The replacement of Arabic by Modern Israeli Hebrew as the primary vernacular among the Samaritans living in the State of Israel led to a revival of Samaritan Hebrew allography for Arabic texts in the 20th century, mainly in festival poems in Arabic language, which are performed at certain occasions, although not all congregants are still familiar with the Arabic language and script. A close analysis demonstrates that Samaritan Hebrew allography of Arabic is the result of an intense contact between two scribal cultures, both of which were well established amongst the Samaritans. The allographic use of the Samaritan Hebrew script for writing Arabic texts originally did not aim to make these texts more accessible to Samaritan readers, but rather was employed to mark Arabic texts as belonging to the realm of the sacred.
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Brigaglia, Andrea y Mauro Nobili. "Central Sudanic Arabic Scripts (Part 2): Barnāwı¯". Islamic Africa 4, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2013): 195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5192/215409930402195.
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Tikhonova, Oxana V. "Features of Arabic Scripts in Aljamiado Manuscripts". NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, n.º 4 (2020): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-4-146-158.
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One of the most famous works of aljamiado literature (literature in Spanish in Arabic script) is the Poem of Yusuf (“Poema de Yúçuf” in Spanish). The poem was written by an anonymous Morisco poet at the end of the XIII – the beginning of the XIV centuries. The poem is based on the most common plot among the Moriscos – the twelfth sūrah of the Qur'an. The poem includes a scene of lament at the grave, which is not found either in the Qur'an or the Old Testament. Researchers of the middle nineteenth century considered the scene original. However, later it was defined that the scene had appeared due to the influence of the Jewish apocrypha. Modern researchers called into question the originality of the scene and the poem itself. Nevertheless, in the lament scene, we can trace not only the influence of the Qur'an or the Old Testament Apocrypha, but also the traditions of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry [A1], which were developed in Al-Andalus. The objective of this study is to show this influence. Undoubtedly, the author of The Poem of Yusuf created a touching image of the protagonist, which was appreciated by the Moriscos. The beginning of the poem was borrowed by the author from another aljamiado poem. Despite the persecution of the Spanish Inquisition, the poem has survived in several copies. Together, they represent a combination of traditions of Islamic, pre-Islamic and Christian versification. The article also contains the text of the lament at the grave in the original (Arabic) script and its scientific transcription by V. Menendez Pidal. It also includes a modern Spanish translation made by G. Ticknor. Thanks to his publication, the poem became known as a unique example of “amalgam elements of Eastern and Western civilizations, which were later reflected in Spanish poetry.”
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Tikhonova, Oxana. "FEATURES OF ARABIC SCRIPTS IN ALJAMIADO MANUSCRIPTS". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n.º 1 (2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080013502-9.
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Colominas Aparicio, Mònica. "Spanish Islam in Arabic Script". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 8, n.º 1 (20 de enero de 2020): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00702012.
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Abstract The present study discusses language as a tool of identity construction by Muslims from the Late Medieval and Early Modern Christian Iberian Peninsula who could practice Islam by law in exchange for paying taxes (Mudejars). Their writings, as well as those of the group who were later forced to convert to Christianity (Moriscos), are in various languages and scripts. The Arabic (Aljamiado) used to transcribe Romance is distinctive and abundant evidence of it is left from the later Morisco period. The earlier uses of language by the Mudejars are nonetheless essential to understand how Muslims negotiated their community boundaries within a Christian majority society. My analysis will concentrate on two Mudejar polemics against the Christians and the Jews, which were most likely composed in fourteenth-century Aragon. In these works, approaches to language and the interplay of Arabic—both as a target language and as a script—with Romance escape discrete definitions of religion and culture.1
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Yaseen, Rasty y Hossein Hassani. "Kurdish Optical Character Recognition". UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 2, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v2n1y2018.pp18-27.
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Currently, no offline tool is available for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in Kurdish. Kurdish is spoken in different dialects and uses several scripts for writing. The Persian/Arabic script is widely used among these dialects. The Persian/Arabic script is written from Right to Left (RTL), it is cursive, and it uses unique diacritics. These features, particularly the last two, affect the segmentation stage in developing a Kurdish OCR. In this article, we introduce an enhanced character segmentation based method which addresses the mentioned characteristics. We applied the method to text-only images and tested the Kurdish OCR using documents of different fonts, font sizes, and image resolutions. The results of the experiments showed that the accuracy rate of character recognition of the proposed method was 90.82% on average.
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Randall, Mick. "Recognizing numbers in different scripts". Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 7, n.º 3 (octubre de 1991): 204–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839100700302.
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This paper considers the effects of different language scripts on the recognition of digits. It reports on two experiments with Arabic-speaking subjects in which they were asked to scan arrays of digits in both standard 'Western numeral' and 'Indian numeral' forms. It compares the array-scanning patterns observed with patterns observed with speakers of other languages, in particular with English native speakers. It discusses the implications of these findings in terms of the use of language-specific word recognition strategies.
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Mehlem, Ulrich. "The graphematic representation of prepositional phrases in experimental writing of Tarifit Berber by Moroccan students in Germany and Morocco". Constraints on Spelling Changes 10, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2007): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.10.2.03meh.
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The representation of word boundaries constitutes a central issue of many writing systems and orthographies, especially when two different components of a segmental phonographic and a word-based morpho-syntactical principle interact. This interaction will be studied in the context of literacy transfer from a L2 learnt at school to a vernacular and non-written L1. The central question of this paper will be how three different types of literate and metalinguistic knowledge intervene in this process. As a case study, the spontaneously written narratives of Moroccan school children who speak Tarifit Berber as their first language in Germany (with German as L2) and Morocco (with Modern Standard Arabic as L2) will be analysed. We assume that the writing of Berber in these two settings does not only differ on the level of the two different scripts, but also on the level of very divergent orthographic principles at the morpho-syntactical level. This paper presents material from two research projects on literacy acquisition of Moroccan students in Germany and Morocco, in which students from different grades were asked to produce oral narratives in Berber (and their second language, i.e. Arabic or German, respectively) and then to transcribe them according to their preferred script system. The similarities in the treatment of word boundaries cut across the overt differences in the choice of the script system: pupils in Germany, even if they use the Arabic script, transfer a word concept from German, while in Morocco, even in the case of Latin letters, a different model is dominant. As will be shown with respect to the problem of prepositional phrases in detail, the different models function like “matrix scripts”. They indicate at the same time, albeit in different degrees, a cultural accommodation to the dominant school or official language.
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Asfaha, Yonas Mesfun, Jeanne Kurvers y Sjaak Kroon. "Negen Talen En Drie Schriften". Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 75 (1 de enero de 2006): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.75.09asf.
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In view of its sociolinguistic situation and its mother tongue language policy Eritrea qualifies as an excellent site for comparatively investigating the acquisition and use of literacy in nine different languages (Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Saho, Bidhaawyeet, Kunama, Nara, Bilen and Rashaida) using three different scripts (syllabic Geez, alphabetic Latin and consonantal-alphabetic Arabic) within one and the same cultural and educational context. This contribution presents first results of a literacy survey with 670 Eritreans (which is part of a larger NWO-WOTRO research project). It goes into the respondents' level of literacy, their use of reading and writing in a number of societal domains, their use of the different scripts, and their preferences for the different scripts. A main outcome of the survey is that both, religion and ethnolinguistic group membership, play an important role in the use and positive evaluation of specific scripts. The majority of respondents report a preference for either Geez or Arabic, the scripts of the holy books of the Coptic Orthodox Church and Islam respectively, whereas the Latin alphabet, notwithstanding the official support it gets and the fact that it is used for six out of nine Eritrean languages, hardly plays a societal role.
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Bodin, Helena. "Heterographics as a Literary Device". Journal of World Literature 3, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2018): 196–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00302005.
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Abstract Heterographics (“other lettering”) refers to the use of two scripts in one text or a translation of a text from one script to another. How might the occasional use of heterographics in literary texts highlight issues of cultural diversity? Drawing on intermedial theory and studies of literary multilingualism, literary translation, and pluriliteracies, this article examines various functions of heterographics in selected contemporary literary texts. Examples of embedded Greek, Chinese, Cyrillic, and Arabic script are analysed in works published in Swedish, French, and English between 2004 and 2015, selected because they thematise cultural diversity and linguistic boundaries. The conclusion is that heterographic devices emphasise the heteromediality of literary texts, thereby heightening readers’ awareness of the visual-spatial features of literary texts, as well as of the materiality of scripts. Heterographics influence readers’ experiences of cultural affinity or alterity, that is, of inclusion or exclusion, depending on their access to practices of pluriliteracies.
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Green, David y Paul Meara. "The effects of script on visual search". Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 3, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1987): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838700300202.
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Native English speakers search short strings of letters differently from the way they search strings of nonalphanumeric symbols. Experiment 1 demonstrates the same contrast for native Spanish speakers. Letter search, therefore, is not a result of the peculiarities of English orthography. Since visual search is sensitive to the nature of the symbols being processed, different scripts should produce different effects. Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed such differences for Arabic and Chinese scripts. Furthermore, these experiments showed no evidence that native Arabic and native Chinese speakers adapt their search strategy when dealing with letters. Implications of these findings are considered.
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Rashwan, Hany. "Arabic Jinās is not Pun, Wortspiel, Calembour, or Paronomasia: A Post-Eurocentric Approach to the Conceptual Untranslatability of Literary Terms in Arabic and Ancient Egyptian Cultures". Rhetorica 38, n.º 4 (2020): 335–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2020.38.4.335.
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This article amplifies the call for a paradigm shift across a range of comparative disciplines relevant to non-European cultures, that decentralizes rhetorical concepts from European traditions in comprehending non-European literary and philosophical practices. Such a post-Eurocentric perspective is necessary to both generate a fair comparative module that centralizes the emic (culture-specific) features of a language and to avoid Eurocentric misrepresentation of the non-European culture under consideration. This paper challenges the common academic position that Eurocentric traditions are foundational to understanding ancient Egyptian and Arabic literary systems. The article also considers the graphic nature of the core hieroglyphic script in comparison with Arabic to refute the modern obsession that concentrates on the verbal layers of the scripts and neglects their visual literariness.
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مركز الخطوط, Calligraphy Center. "المكتبة الرقمية للنقوش والخطوط (The digital library for inscriptions and scripts)". Abgadiyat 4, n.º 1 (2009): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-90000017.
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Bafjaish, Salem Saleh, Mohd Sanusi Azmi, Mohammed Nasser Al-Mhiqani y Ahmed Abdalla Sheikh. "Skew correction for mushaf Al-Quran: a review". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i1.pp516-523.
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Skew correction have been studied a lot recently. However, the content of skew correction in these studies is considered less for Arabic scripts compared to other languages. Different scripts of Arabic language are used by people. Mushaf A-Quran is the book of Allah swt and used by many people around the world. Therefore, skew correction of the pages in Mushaf Al-Quran need to be studied carefully. However, during the process of scanning the pages of Mushaf Al-Quran and due to some other factors, skewed images are produced which will affect the holiness of the Mushaf Al-Quran. However, a major difficulty is the process of detecting the skew and correcting it within the page. Therefore, this paper aims to view the most used skew correction techniques for different scripts as cited in the literature. The findings can be used as a basis for researchers who are interested in image processing, image analysis, and computer vision.
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Benmarrakchi, Fatimaezzahra y Jamal El Kafi. "Investigating Reading Experience of Dyslexic Children Through Dyslexia-Friendly Online Learning Environment". International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 17, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicte.2021010107.
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Dyslexia is one of the most common developmental disabilities; it is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. The current study focuses on the potential benefits of the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to support children with dyslexia in reading. This paper addresses the need for dyslexia-friendly online text by introducing a dyslexia-friendly font for Arabic scripts called Arabolexia. An important question is asked which is ‘Is Arabolexia font an effective reading aid for children with dyslexia?' In this work, the author presents the first study that measures the impact of a dyslexia-friendly font for Arabic scripts on reading performance of native Arabic speakers. Fifty-two students aging between 8 and 26 years old were participated in this study. Descriptive and deductive statistical analysis showed that Arabolexia font has an impact on the reading accuracy of children with dyslexia.
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Ahmed, Saad, Saeeda Naz, Muhammad Razzak y Rubiyah Yusof. "Arabic Cursive Text Recognition from Natural Scene Images". Applied Sciences 9, n.º 2 (10 de enero de 2019): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020236.
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This paper presents a comprehensive survey on Arabic cursive scene text recognition. The recent years’ publications in this field have witnessed the interest shift of document image analysis researchers from recognition of optical characters to recognition of characters appearing in natural images. Scene text recognition is a challenging problem due to the text having variations in font styles, size, alignment, orientation, reflection, illumination change, blurriness and complex background. Among cursive scripts, Arabic scene text recognition is contemplated as a more challenging problem due to joined writing, same character variations, a large number of ligatures, the number of baselines, etc. Surveys on the Latin and Chinese script-based scene text recognition system can be found, but the Arabic like scene text recognition problem is yet to be addressed in detail. In this manuscript, a description is provided to highlight some of the latest techniques presented for text classification. The presented techniques following a deep learning architecture are equally suitable for the development of Arabic cursive scene text recognition systems. The issues pertaining to text localization and feature extraction are also presented. Moreover, this article emphasizes the importance of having benchmark cursive scene text dataset. Based on the discussion, future directions are outlined, some of which may provide insight about cursive scene text to researchers.
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Ahmed, Rami, Mandar Gogate, Ahsen Tahir, Kia Dashtipour, Bassam Al-tamimi, Ahmad Hawalah, Mohammed A. El-Affendi y Amir Hussain. "Novel Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Contextual Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Scripts". Entropy 23, n.º 3 (13 de marzo de 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030340.
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Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition (OAHR) has recently become instrumental in the areas of pattern recognition and image processing due to its application in several fields, such as office automation and document processing. However, OAHR continues to face several challenges, including high variability of the Arabic script and its intrinsic characteristics such as cursiveness, ligatures, and diacritics, the unlimited variation in human handwriting, and the lack of large public databases. In this paper, we introduce a novel context-aware model based on deep neural networks to address the challenges of recognizing offline handwritten Arabic text, including isolated digits, characters, and words. Specifically, we propose a supervised Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model that contextually extracts optimal features and employs batch normalization and dropout regularization parameters. This aims to prevent overfitting and further enhance generalization performance when compared to conventional deep learning models. We employ a number of deep stacked-convolutional layers to design the proposed Deep CNN (DCNN) architecture. The model is extensively evaluated and shown to demonstrate excellent classification accuracy when compared to conventional OAHR approaches on a diverse set of six benchmark databases, including MADBase (Digits), CMATERDB (Digits), HACDB (Characters), SUST-ALT (Digits), SUST-ALT (Characters), and SUST-ALT (Names). A further experimental study is conducted on the benchmark Arabic databases by exploiting transfer learning (TL)-based feature extraction which demonstrates the superiority of our proposed model in relation to state-of-the-art VGGNet-19 and MobileNet pre-trained models. Finally, experiments are conducted to assess comparative generalization capabilities of the models using another language database , specifically the benchmark MNIST English isolated Digits database, which further confirm the superiority of our proposed DCNN model.
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حسن, محمد. ""المونوجرام أنموذجا" (1952-1805) الشارات الكتابية في مصر في عصر أسرة محمد علي (Written Emblems in Egypt during the Era of the Muhammad Ali Family (1805-1952 CE) 'Monogram Model')". Abgadiyat 6, n.º 1 (2011): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-90000010.
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Written emblems present an important stage in the history of Arabic calligraphy and Arabic writing in general, especially that they are one of the emblems of ruling. An important stage in the history of the written emblems appeared in Egypt during the era of the Muhammad Ali family, which succeeded, but did not spread; known as ‘the Monogram’. Studying the phenomenon of emblems in general, and the Monogram in particular, requires a vision that does not fragment Arabic calligraphy or Arabic writing by isolating them from their historical and cultural reality, or by studying them as scripts or writings on buildings. Therefore, we strived to establish methodological steps through which we can widely study written emblems. (Please note that this article is in Arabic).
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Alqarhi, Awaad. "Arabic Phonology". English Linguistics Research 8, n.º 4 (13 de octubre de 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v8n4p9.
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The phenomenon seen in domains more than one is termed as Language Hybridization. Many languages have multiple dialects that tend to differ in the phonology concept. The Arabic language that is spoken in contemporary time can be more properly described as varieties having a continuum. The modern and standard Arabic language consists of twenty eight consonant phonemes along with six phonemes that might also be eight vowel in most of the modern dialects. Every phonemes have a contrast between non-emphatic consonants and uvularized or emphatic consonants. Few of the phonemes have also found to get coalesced into various other modern dialects whereas on the other hand, the new phonemes have already been introduced via phonemic splits or borrowing. The phonemic length and quality that applies to both consonants and vowels at the same time. There have been research that analyses how multicultural society in Australia gets operated only with a particular form of language generated in some linguistic environments. The scripts of English Language tend to have the capability of merging with other language that are native of a place for making it a complete new variety. The process is termed as Romanization. The hybrid or amalgamation of languages within the linguistic framework can be classified and characterized that makes its standardization easy. This paper aims to do a complete research on the linguistics of Arabic phonology.
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Jaruki, Muhammad. "NASKAH DOKUMEN/SURAT RAJA KESULTANAN KALIMANTAN BARAT: KAJIAN STRUKTUR, PALEOGRAFI, DAN KEBAHASAAN (Royal Letter/Document of West Kalimantan Sultanate: Structure, Paleography, and Language)". Kandai 13, n.º 1 (24 de agosto de 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v13i1.143.
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Issues disclosed in the research are the structure, the form and style, and language aspect used in Royal Letter/Document of Pontianak Sultan, West Kalimantan Sultanate. The aim of the research is to discribe and explain structure, the style of writing of Jawi script, and the language used in the script or letter of “Sultan Pontianak, Sultan Syarif Hamid Bin Sultan Syarif U'sman Alqodri to the Government of the Netherlands”. Using content analysis method to describe the structure, style, and language contained in those scripts, and diplomatic method for manuscript editing, the edited text produced is in accordance with the original. The analysis result shows that the script of "Letter of Agreement of the Dutch government with Pontianak Sultan, Sultan Syarif Hamid bin Sultan Syarif U'sman Alqodri" is classified as official letter which has the structure of (1) letter head, (2) opening words, (3) the contents of the letter, and (4) the date of the letter. Other parts or structure of the letter not included in the script are: mailing address, number of letters, attachments, subject, mailing address, signature, the name of the sender, and stamp. This letter is written mostly in Arabic typed riqa, taqwi, and muluqah. The language used in the script is Arabic and Dutch. The sentences structure of the manuscript however, does not comply with the language rules.
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KURZON, DENNIS. "Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 20, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2009): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309990319.
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AbstractThis article will discuss two attempts at the romanisation of Indian languages in the twentieth century, one in pre-independence India and the second in Pakistan before the Bangladesh war of 1971. By way of background, an overview of the status of writing in the subcontinent will be presented in the second section, followed by a discussion of various earlier attempts in India to change writing systems, relating mainly to the situation in Bengal, which has one language and one script used by two large religious groups – Muslims and Hindus (in modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, respectively). The fourth section will look at the language/script policy of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence days, and attempts to introduce romanisation, especially the work of the Bengali linguist S. K. Chatterji. The penultimate section deals with attempts to change the writing system in East Pakistan, i.e. East Bengal, to (a) the Perso-Arabic script, and (b) the roman script.In all cases, the attempt to romanise any of the Indian scripts failed at the national – official – level, although Indian languages do have a conventional transliteration. Reasons for the failure will be presented, in the final section, in terms of İlker Aytürk's model (see this issue), which proposes factors that may allow – or may not lead to – the implementation of romanisation.
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Singh, Pawan Kumar, Ram Sarkar y Mita Nasipuri. "A Study of Moment Based Features on Handwritten Digit Recognition". Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2796863.
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Handwritten digit recognition plays a significant role in many user authentication applications in the modern world. As the handwritten digits are not of the same size, thickness, style, and orientation, therefore, these challenges are to be faced to resolve this problem. A lot of work has been done for various non-Indicscripts particularly, in case ofRoman, but, in case ofIndicscripts, the research is limited. This paper presents a script invariant handwritten digit recognition system for identifying digits written in five popular scripts of Indian subcontinent, namely,Indo-Arabic,Bangla,Devanagari,Roman, andTelugu. A 130-element feature set which is basically a combination of six different types of moments, namely, geometric moment, moment invariant, affine moment invariant, Legendre moment, Zernike moment, and complex moment, has been estimated for each digit sample. Finally, the technique is evaluated onCMATERand MNIST databases using multiple classifiers and, after performing statistical significance tests, it is observed that Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classifier outperforms the others. Satisfactory recognition accuracies are attained for all the five mentioned scripts.
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Naz, Saeeda, Arif I. Umar, Syed H. Shirazi, Saad B. Ahmed, Muhammad I. Razzak y Imran Siddiqi. "Segmentation techniques for recognition of Arabic-like scripts: A comprehensive survey". Education and Information Technologies 21, n.º 5 (17 de febrero de 2015): 1225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9377-5.
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Cecotti, Hubert. "Hierarchical k-Nearest Neighbor with GPUs and a High Performance Cluster: Application to Handwritten Character Recognition". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, n.º 02 (12 de enero de 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417500057.
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The accelerating progress and availability of low cost computers, high speed networks, and software for high performance distributed computing allow us to reconsider computationally expensive techniques in image processing and pattern recognition. We propose a two-level hierarchical [Formula: see text]-nearest neighbor classifier where the first level uses graphics processor units (GPUs) and the second level uses a high performance cluster (HPC). The system is evaluated on the problem of character recognition with nine databases (Arabic digits, Indian digits (Bangla, Devnagari, and Oriya), Bangla characters, Indonesian characters, Arabic characters, Farsi characters and digits). Contrary to many approaches that tune the model for different scripts, the proposed image classification method is unchanged throughout the evaluation on the nine databases. We show that a hierarchical combination of decisions based on two distances, using GPUs and a HPC provides state-of-the-art performances on several scripts, and provides a better accuracy than more complex systems.
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Gusmian, Islah. "BAHASA DAN AKSARA DALAM PENULISAN TAFSIR AL-QUR’AN DI INDONESIA ERA AWAL ABAD 20 M". MUTAWATIR 5, n.º 2 (28 de septiembre de 2016): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/mutawatir.2015.5.2.223-247.
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Language and script in the writing of Qura’nic tafsir in Indonesia is not only used for communication tools, but it is also being a part of social and cultural cognition. This article investigates the relational and diverse interest in the practical life of Qur’anic interpretation. The local practice of Javanese script (pegon) for example, is commonly used by the community of pesantren and it is widely read by its students (santri). The practice of Cacarakan is also vastly used in the local context that is relevant to the social tradition of palace (keraton) community. On the other hand, the usage of Pegon, Bugis and Cacarakan in the writing of Qur’anic interpretation has experienced various difficulties, primarily in the issue of transforming Arabic vocabularies that however the scriptural features is not really applicable to the local features of Nusantara scripts.
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Can, Yekta Said y M. Erdem Kabadayı. "CNN-Based Page Segmentation and Object Classification for Counting Population in Ottoman Archival Documentation". Journal of Imaging 6, n.º 5 (14 de mayo de 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6050032.
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Historical document analysis systems gain importance with the increasing efforts in the digitalization of archives. Page segmentation and layout analysis are crucial steps for such systems. Errors in these steps will affect the outcome of handwritten text recognition and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) methods, which increase the importance of the page segmentation and layout analysis. Degradation of documents, digitization errors, and varying layout styles are the issues that complicate the segmentation of historical documents. The properties of Arabic scripts such as connected letters, ligatures, diacritics, and different writing styles make it even more challenging to process Arabic script historical documents. In this study, we developed an automatic system for counting registered individuals and assigning them to populated places by using a CNN-based architecture. To evaluate the performance of our system, we created a labeled dataset of registers obtained from the first wave of population registers of the Ottoman Empire held between the 1840s and 1860s. We achieved promising results for classifying different types of objects and counting the individuals and assigning them to populated places.
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Batibo, Herman M. "Over 1,000 Years of Contact Between Arabic and the Eastern and Southern African Languages: A Case Study of Kiswahili and Setswana". Education and Linguistics Research 4, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v4i2.13729.
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Arab travellers and traders along the eastern African coast, more than 1000 years ago, were the first Arabic speaking people to bring Arabic language in contact with the other African languages in eastern and later southern Africa. Over the years, Arabic gained a lot of influence in the region. The impact of Arabic can be seen, especially in old scripts, loanwords, Arabic accents and sound features in some of the local languages.This article examines the nature and extent of contact situations between Arabic and two languages, namely Kiswahili, spoken in eastern Africa, and Setswana, spoken in southern Africa. The study is based on the Language Contact Theory, which states that the nature, length and intensity of language contact are the key factors determining the linguistic and sociolinguistic processes that take place. Contact between languages could be either direct or indirect. The main argument of the study is that the extent of influence of a language on another depends not only on the nature of contact, but also, and mainly, on the length and intensity of contact. The paper highlights the domains in which elements of Arabic origin have infiltrated or been adopted in these languages.
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Sabir, Brahim, Yassine Khazri, Mohamed Moussetad y Bouzekri Touri. "Hardware and Software Co-Design of Arabic Alphabets Recognition Platform for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons". Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 11, n.º 1 (16 de noviembre de 2017): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001711010193.
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Background:Optical character Recognition (OCR) is a technic that converts scanned or printed text images into editable text. Many OCR solutions have been proposed and used for Latin and Chinese alphabets.However not much can be found about OCRs for the handwriting scripts Arabic Alphabets, and especially to be used for blind and visually impaired persons.This paper has been an attempt towards the development of an OCR for Arabic Alphabets dedicated to blind and visually impaired persons.Method:The proposed Optical Arabic Alphabets Recognition algorithm includes binarization of the inputted image, segmentation, feature extraction and a classification based on neural networks to match read Arabic alphabets with trained pattern.The proposed algorithm has been developed using Matlab, and the solution was designed to be implemented on hardware platform and can be customized for mobile phones.Conclusion:The presented method has the benefit that the accuracy of recognition is comparable to other OCR algorithms.
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Can, Yekta Said y M. Erdem Kabadayı. "Automatic CNN-Based Arabic Numeral Spotting and Handwritten Digit Recognition by Using Deep Transfer Learning in Ottoman Population Registers". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 16 (6 de agosto de 2020): 5430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165430.
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Historical manuscripts and archival documentation are handwritten texts which are the backbone sources for historical inquiry. Recent developments in the digital humanities field and the need for extracting information from the historical documents have fastened the digitization processes. Cutting edge machine learning methods are applied to extract meaning from these documents. Page segmentation (layout analysis), keyword, number and symbol spotting, handwritten text recognition algorithms are tested on historical documents. For most of the languages, these techniques are widely studied and high performance techniques are developed. However, the properties of Arabic scripts (i.e., diacritics, varying script styles, diacritics, and ligatures) create additional problems for these algorithms and, therefore, the number of research is limited. In this research, we first automatically spotted the Arabic numerals from the very first series of population registers of the Ottoman Empire conducted in the mid-nineteenth century and recognized these numbers. They are important because they held information about the number of households, registered individuals and ages of individuals. We applied a red color filter to separate numerals from the document by taking advantage of the structure of the studied registers (numerals are written in red). We first used a CNN-based segmentation method for spotting these numerals. In the second part, we annotated a local Arabic handwritten digit dataset from the spotted numerals by selecting uni-digit ones and tested the Deep Transfer Learning method from large open Arabic handwritten digit datasets for digit recognition. We achieved promising results for recognizing digits in these historical documents.
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Jawad, Hisham A. "Sound symbolism, schemes & literary translation". Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 56, n.º 1 (11 de mayo de 2010): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.56.1.04jaw.
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The paper examines sound schemes in Arabic original poetic prose and English translation. These are reverse rhyme, rhyme, pararhyme and consonance. Looked at from the vantage point of sound symbolism, an attempt is made to verify their expressive and thematic functions in ST. In some cases, the concept has apparently been proven applicable and the claims made in this regard are plausible. As to the interlingual patterns of sound symbolism, the study has come to the conclusion that ST and TT diverge when it comes to how onomatopoeic elements evoke meaning. The strategic decisions taken by translators in addressing translation problems depend largely on how sensitive they are towards the ST phonic aspect and affiliations. They employ compensation in kind and in place whenever and wherever that is felt to be required, hence, replacing ST phonological recurrence with morphological and lexical ones. These higher-level devices are but one means of achieving parallel effects in the TT. However, consonance is regularly used as a prime solution for the problem of equivalence. It is axiomatic that in any attempt of translation a certain degree of loss is expected in terms of failure to relay the ST message content intact. Another kind of damage consists in the impossibility of rendering ST scripts into TT. The significance of Arabic letters to the readers of Arabic will definitely be mismatched in the TT as they imply culturally broader connotations and allusions to the Islamic heritage. The graphological input to the message in the Arabic text will hardly be imparted by the TT Roman script.
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Primadesi, Yona. "HEGEMONY OF DUTCH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AGAINST THE EXISTENCE OF MINANGKABAU ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS WITH ARABIC-MALAY". Komposisi: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Seni 16, n.º 1 (17 de marzo de 2015): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/komposisi.v16i1.8047.
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HEGEMONI PEMERINTAH KOLONIAL BELANDA TERHADAP KEBERADAAN NASKAH-NASKAH KUNO MINANGKABAU BERAKSARA ARAB-MELAYUAbstractFar before the Netherland colonial came to Indonesia, Indonesian people is a very eductead people. Proves with the development of traditional education that use local font in the whole country, on of them is Minangkabau. Local font of Minangkabau is the adaptation of Arabian font along with the culture of the people there that is brought by the Arabia merchants, and well known with Arab-Melayu font or Arab without marker. Arab-Melayu font is thaught in the traditional Minangkabau education system through mosque. Besides, Arab-Melayu fontis the background of toward the existence of some texts which contains the value of life of Miangkabau people at that time. However, the existence of Arab-Melayu font try to move, especially when the Netherland colonial try to authorize by introducing latin font to Minangkabau people. The hegemony of latin font cause the degradation of Arab-Melayu font, that implicates to the dissapear of some texts like some scripts or memory that is saved in the old Minangkabau people’s mind. Other than that, the hegemony of politics that is offered by The Netherland’s government caused many Minangkabau scripts become not appropriate to be published and also most of the scripts is voluntary given to the Netherland’s government or as a gift. Key Words: Minangkabau scripts, The Netherland’s colonial, hegemony, local fontAbstrakJauh sebelum penjajah Belanda datang ke Indonesia, orang Indonesia adalah orang yang sangat edukatif. Terbukti dengan berkembangnya pendidikan tradisional yang menggunakan aksara lokal di seluruh negeri, di antaranya adalah Minangkabau. Aksara lokal Minangkabau adalah adaptasi dari aksara Arab bersama dengan budaya orang-orang di sana yang dibawa oleh para pedagang Arabia, dan terkenal dengan aksara Arab-Melayu atau Arab gundul. Aksara Arab-Melayu masuk dalam sistem pendidikan tradisional Minangkabau melalui masjid. Selain itu, aksara Arab-Melayu merupakan latar belakang adanya beberapa teks yang berisi nilai kehidupan orang-orang Minangkabau saat itu. Namun, keberadaan aksara Arab-Melayu mencoba terdesak, terutama saat penjajah Belanda mengenalkan aksara latin kepada masyarakat Minangkabau. Hegemoni aksara latin menyebabkan degradasi aksara Arab-Melayu, yang berimplikasi pada menghilangnya beberapa teks seperti beberapa skrip atau memori yang tersimpan dalam pikiran orang Minangkabau tua. Selain itu, hegemoni politik yang ditawarkan oleh pemerintah Belanda menyebabkan banyak naskah Minangkabau tidak sesuai untuk diterbitkan dan juga sebagian besar skripnya secara sukarela diberikan kepada pemerintah Belanda atau sebagai hadiah.Kata kunci: Skrip Minangkabau, hegemoni kolonial Belanda, aksara lokal
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Ghahremani-Ghajar, Sue-San y Diana Masny. "Making sense in a Second Orthography". ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 125-126 (1 de enero de 1999): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.125-126.04gha.
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The importance of efficiently processing letters and gaining orthographic automaticity has been stressed in first language (L1) reading research. While this level has been well defined in L1 reading, it has received little attention in EFL reading, especially when the writing system in L1 differs from the one in L2. This study investigates the influence of L1 literacy and knowledge of a writing system (Farsi) on reading and processing Roman letters in English. Sixty students were selected from an Iranian university. Results showed that the students process strings of letters in Farsi and Roman script in the same way and produce upward M-shaped patterns. The findings are discussed in the light of the research for Arabic and other scripts. The implications for classroom practices in facilitating foreign language learners’ reading ability are also explored.
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Carreiras, Manuel, Manuel Perea, Cristina Gil-López, Reem Abu Mallouh y Elena Salillas. "Neural Correlates of Visual versus Abstract Letter Processing in Roman and Arabic Scripts". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2013): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00438.
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In alphabetic orthographies, letter identification is a critical process during the recognition of visually presented words. In the present experiment, we examined whether and when visual form influences letter processing in two very distinct alphabets (Roman and Arabic). Disentangling visual versus abstract letter representations was possible because letters in the Roman alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar in lowercase and uppercase forms (e.g., c-C vs. r-R) and letters in the Arabic alphabet may look visually similar/dissimilar, depending on their position within a word (e.g., [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] - [Formula: see text]). We employed a masked priming same–different matching task while ERPs were measured from individuals who had learned the two alphabets at an early age. Results revealed a prime–target relatedness effect dependent on visual form in early components (P/N150) and a more abstract relatedness effect in a later component (P300). Importantly, the pattern of data was remarkably similar in the two alphabets. Thus, these data offer empirical support for a universal (i.e., across alphabets) hierarchical account of letter processing in which the time course of letter processing in different scripts follows a similar trajectory from visual features to visual form independent of abstract representations.
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M. Ahmed, Hanaa y Maisa'a A. A. Khohder. "Steganography Arabic Text Based on Natural Language Process Documents". Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, n.º 25 (14 de enero de 2018): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss25.132.
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: Obscurity is a main reason whereas computers can not know natural language. It have made great transaction steps trend developing instrument to morphological and syntactic analyzers for Arabic . One of the manners used in security areas is steganography. The rapid development of steganography scripts, it is a large security and confidentiality problem, it becomes necessary to find appropriate protection because of the significance, accuracy and sensitivity of the data during transmitted.
In this research is offer in a new method and to use one level to hide, this level is hiding by embedding and addition. The one level is embed a secret message twice, one bit in the LSB in the FFT and the addition of one kashida and add Single-Double Quotation in the same secret message. Using Random Singular Value Decomposition (RSVD) is NRG to find positions that are hiding within the text.
Linguistic steganography is covering all the techniques that deal with using written natural language to hide secret message. in this research presents a linguistic steganography for scripts written in Arabic language, using kashida, Single-Double Quotation and Fast Fourier Transform on the bases of using new technique entitled Random Singular Value Decomposition (RSVD) as allocation to hide secret message. The proposed approach is an attempt to present a transform linguistic steganography using one level for hiding to improve implementation of kashida and Single-Double Quotation , and improve the security of the secret message by using Random Singular Value Decomposition (RSVD). Are testing this method in terms of security and capacity, transparency, and robustness and this is way better than previous methods. The proposed algorithm ideal steganography properties.