Artículos de revistas: "Atlantic Coast (Ireland)"

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Horton, Thomas W., Barbara A. Block, Alan Drumm, Lucy A. Hawkes, Macdara O’Cuaig, Niall Ó. Maoiléidigh, Ross O’Neill, Robert J. Schallert, Michael J. W. Stokesbury y Matthew J. Witt. "Tracking Atlantic bluefin tuna from foraging grounds off the west coast of Ireland". ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, n.º 6 (29 de julio de 2020): 2066–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa090.

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Abstract Pop-up archival tags (n = 16) were deployed on Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT) off the west coast of Ireland in October and November 2016 (199–246 cm curved fork length), yielding 2799 d of location data and 990 and 989 d of depth and temperature time-series data, respectively. Most daily locations (96%, n = 2651) occurred east of 45°W, the current stock management boundary for ABT. Key habitats occupied were the Bay of Biscay and the Central North Atlantic, with two migratory patterns evident: an east-west group and an eastern resident group. Five out of six tags that remained attached until July 2017 returned to the northeast Atlantic after having migrated as far as the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean Sea (MEDI) and the Central North Atlantic. Tracked bluefin tuna exhibited a diel depth-use pattern occupying shallower depths at night and deeper depths during the day. Four bluefin tuna visited known spawning grounds in the central and western MEDI, and one may have spawned, based on the recovered data showing oscillatory dives transecting the thermocline on 15 nights. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the aggregation of ABT off Ireland and, more broadly in the northeast Atlantic, highlighting the need for dedicated future research to conserve this important aggregation.

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Quinn, Colin P., Ian Kuijt, Nathan Goodale y John Ó Néill. "Along the Margins? The Later Bronze Age Seascapes of Western Ireland". European Journal of Archaeology 22, n.º 1 (9 de julio de 2018): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.27.

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This article presents the results of multi-scalar investigations into the Later Bronze Age (LBA; 1500–600bc) landscape of Inishark in County Galway, Ireland. The European LBA along the Atlantic coast was characterized by the development of long-distance maritime exchange systems that transformed environmentally marginal seascapes into a corridor of human interaction and movement of goods and people. Archaeological survey, test excavation, and radiocarbon analysis documented the LBA occupation on Inishark. The communities living on Inishark and other small islands on the western Irish coast were on the periphery of both the European continent and of the elite spheres of influence at hillforts in Ireland; yet they were connected to the Atlantic maritime exchange routes. A focus on small coastal islands contributes to a better understanding of LBA socioeconomic systems and the development of social complexity in Bronze Age societies.

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Jackson, David, Sandra Deady, Daniel Hassett y Yvonne Leahy. "Caligus elongatus as parasites of farmed salmonids in Ireland". Contributions to Zoology 69, n.º 1-2 (2000): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-0690102007.

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Infestation patterns of Caligus elongatus on farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout were investigated at several sites along the west coast of Ireland. Parasite abundances were examined in relation to host species, farm location and season. Differences were found in the relative prevalence of infestation between salmon and rainbow trout. Caligus elongatus generally contributed more as a proportion of the total lice burden on rainbow trout than on Atlantic salmon. Evidence of possible parasite transmission from wild fish stocks was found at a number of sites where marked seasonal changes in parasite abundance were observed. A wide size distribution of adult female Caligus elongatus was found at a number of sites.

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Priede, I. G., T. Raid y J. J. Watson. "Deep-Water Spawning of Atlantic Mackerel Scomber Scombrus, West of Ireland". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1995): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038194.

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Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) were sampled by pelagic trawl over the Porcupine Bank to the west of Ireland between 52°N and 54°N at peak spawning time, between 27 May and 10 June 1992. Distribution of juveniles (age classes 1 and 2) was inversely related to depth, comprising over 90% of hauls close to the coast of Ireland and 20% of the catch on the Porcupine Bank. Egg production increased westwards and was high along the continental shelf edge. Adult spawning fish were found throughout the shelf area and beyond, into waters over 3000 m deep. The results indicate that mackerel spawn over deep water some distance from the shelf edge and may exploit oceanic food resources from deep water.

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Cullen, Niamh Danielle y Mary Carol Bourke. "Clast abrasion of a rock shore platform on the Atlantic coast of Ireland". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43, n.º 12 (5 de julio de 2018): 2627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4421.

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FRYDAY, Alan M. y Pieter P. G. VAN DEN BOOM. "Lecidea phaeophysata: a new saxicolous lichen species from western and southern Europe with a key to saxicolous lecideoid lichens present on Atlantic coasts". Lichenologist 51, n.º 3 (mayo de 2019): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282919000070.

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AbstractThe new lichen species Lecidea phaeophysata is described from rocks close to the coast in Italy, Portugal, France and Ireland. Distinguishing features include Porpidia-type asci and simple paraphyses that are fuscous brown pigmented in their upper section. Its systematic position is discussed but is unclear as molecular data are lacking (all collections are c. 20 years old). Therefore, we chose to describe the species in a broadly-circumscribed Lecidea rather than erecting a new monotypic genus. A key to saxicolous lecideoid lichens present on Atlantic coasts in Europe is also provided.

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O'Brien, L., J. M. Dudley y F. Dias. "Extreme wave events in Ireland: 14 680 BP–2012". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, n.º 3 (11 de marzo de 2013): 625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-625-2013.

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Abstract. The island of Ireland is battered by waves from all sides, most ferociously on the west coast as the first port of call for waves travelling across the Atlantic Ocean. However, when discussing ocean events relevant to the nation of Ireland, one must actually consider its significantly larger designated continental shelf, which is one of the largest seabed territories in Europe. With this expanded definition, it is not surprising that Ireland has been subject to many oceanic events which could be designated as "extreme"; in this paper we present what we believe to be the first catalogue of such events, dating as far back as the turn of the last ice age.

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Nagy, Hazem, Kieran Lyons, Glenn Nolan, Marcel Cure y Tomasz Dabrowski. "A Regional Operational Model for the North East Atlantic: Model Configuration and Validation". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090673.

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An operational model for an area of the northeast Atlantic that encompasses all of Ireland’s territorial waters has been developed. The model is an implementation of the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) and uses operationally available atmospheric and boundary forcing, and a global tide solution for tidal forcing. River forcing is provided by climatological daily discharge rates for 29 rivers across Ireland, west Britain, and west France. It is run in an operational framework to produce 7-day hindcasts once a week, and daily 3-day forecasts which are published in a number of formats. We evaluated the model skill by comparing with measured data and calculating statistics such as mean error, root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient. The observations consist of satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST), total surface velocity fields from satellite, water level time series from around the Irish coast, and temperature and salinity data from Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) and Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) profiles. The validation period is from 1 January 2016 until 31 December 2019. The correlation coefficient between the model and satellite SST is 0.97 and recorded in March and April 2018. The model error is about 5% of the total M2 amplitude in the Celtic Sea recorded at Dunmore East tide gauge station. The maximum RMSE between the model and the CTD temperature profiles is 0.8 °C while it is 0.17 PSU for salinity. The model correctly defines the shelf water masses around Ireland. In 2019 the Irish Coastal Current (ICC) was very strong and well defined along most of the western Irish coast. The model results have well reproduced the ICC front for the whole simulation period.

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MCCARTHY, ALISON M., SARAH GERKEN, DAVID MCGRATH y GRACE P. MCCORMACK. "Monopseudocuma a new genus from the North East Atlantic and redescription of Pseudocuma gilsoni Bacescu, 1950 (Cumacea: Pseudocumatidae)". Zootaxa 1203, n.º 1 (15 de mayo de 2006): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1203.1.2.

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The validity of Pseudocuma gilsoni B|cescu 1950 has been questioned in the past. The recent discovery of material in Irish waters, and in the North Sea, confirms the presence of the species in the North East Atlantic and provides the opportunity to present a full redescription. A new genus, Monopseudocuma, is erected to accommodate the species. A neotype is designated from the West coast of Ireland.

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Rees, E. Ivor S. "The saga of a pink bindweed (Calystegia) from Arthog, Meirioneth (v.c.48) with additional evidence". British & Irish Botany 1, n.º 4 (14 de diciembre de 2019): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33928/bib.2019.01.342.

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For over five decades the identity of a pink-flowered bindweed (Calystegia) with a broadly rounded leaf sinus from the coast of West Wales has been subject to debate. Initially it was thought to have American origins, but it was subsequently treated as C. sepium subsp. spectabilis, a taxon thought to have genetic links to the Far East. Additional finds of other plants on western coasts of Britain and Ireland, and their similarities to a North American subspecies of C. sepium also having a broadly rounded leaf sinus now supports the original suggestion of inheritance from a trans-Atlantic drifted migrant.

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Kilgallen, Niamh M., Alan A. Myers y David McGrath. "The genus Sophrosyne (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) in the North Atlantic, with a confirmation of the status of S. robertsoni". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, n.º 5 (octubre de 2007): 1243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407056445.

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Sophrosyne robertsoni was recorded from the west coast of Ireland. This is the first record of the species from outside Scottish waters. Previous authors have commented on the similarity of this species to Sophrosyne hispana and suggested that they may be conspecific. Here both species are re-described and their status determined.

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Stokesbury, Michael J. W., Ronan Cosgrove, Andre Boustany, Daragh Browne, Steven L. H. Teo, Ronald K. O’Dor y Barbara A. Block. "Results of satellite tagging of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, off the coast of Ireland". Hydrobiologia 582, n.º 1 (mayo de 2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0552-y.

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13

Andersen, Liselotte y Morton Tange Olsen. "Distribution and population structure of North Atlantic harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)". NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2669.

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A review of the known geographical distribution and current knowledge on the genetic population structure of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the North Atlantic is presented. Based on a synthesis of the results fromfive different studies of neutral geneticmarkers (mtDNAand nuclear microsatellites, mainly) twelve genetically distinct populations were identified in the North Atlantic: USA/Canada, Iceland, west coast of Norway, Ireland-Scotland, English east coast, Channel area, Wadden Sea, Limfjord, Skagerrak, Kattegat, West Baltic, and East Baltic. Most of the studies addressed the population structure at the regional level, while only a few addressed the structuring at a local level, i.e. within countries. Due to the limited number of studies conducted, the identified population units were considered preliminary andmore detailed, local studieswould probably reveal structuring on a finer scale. The choice of genetic markers, their properties, resolution in time and applicability in population structure studies is shortly discussed and compared to ecological methods used to delineate populations.

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Gallagher, Sarah, Emily Gleeson, Roxana Tiron, Ray McGrath y Frédéric Dias. "Twenty-first century wave climate projections for Ireland and surface winds in the North Atlantic Ocean". Advances in Science and Research 13 (26 de abril de 2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-75-2016.

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Abstract. Ireland has a highly energetic wave and wind climate, and is therefore uniquely placed in terms of its ocean renewable energy resource. The socio-economic importance of the marine resource to Ireland makes it critical to quantify how the wave and wind climate may change in the future due to global climate change. Projected changes in winds, ocean waves and the frequency and severity of extreme weather events should be carefully assessed for long-term marine and coastal planning. We derived an ensemble of future wave climate projections for Ireland using the EC-Earth global climate model and the WAVEWATCH III® wave model, by comparing the future 30-year period 2070–2099 to the period 1980–2009 for the RCP4.5 and the RCP8.5 forcing scenarios. This dataset is currently the highest resolution wave projection dataset available for Ireland. The EC-Earth ensemble predicts decreases in mean (up to 2 % for RCP4.5 and up to 3.5 % for RCP8.5) 10 m wind speeds over the North Atlantic Ocean (5–75° N, 0–80° W) by the end of the century, which will consequently affect swell generation for the Irish wave climate. The WAVEWATCH III® model predicts an overall decrease in annual and seasonal mean significant wave heights around Ireland, with the largest decreases in summer (up to 15 %) and winter (up to 10 %) for RCP8.5. Projected decreases in mean significant wave heights for spring and autumn were found to be small for both forcing scenarios (less than 5 %), with no significant decrease found for RCP4.5 off the west coast in those seasons.

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15

Ward, N. "Loran-C System Trials". Journal of Navigation 44, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1991): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010122.

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In 1987 a special meeting of IALA held at Trinity House in London expressed a common purpose to enhance and expand existing Loran-C coverage in North-West Europe and the North Atlantic. After two years of negotiation, agreement was finally reached in January of this year to proceed with the project. The countries involved are Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom, with cooperation from the United States and Denmark. They will re-equip six existing United States Coast Guard stations and use two French stations together with four new transmitters to provide four chains, covering the whole of NW Europe and most of the North Atlantic.

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Horton, Thomas W., Barbara A. Block, Rachel Davies, Lucy A. Hawkes, Duncan Jones, Hannah Jones, Keith Leeves et al. "Evidence of increased occurrence of Atlantic bluefin tuna in territorial waters of the United Kingdom and Ireland". ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, n.º 5 (17 de abril de 2021): 1672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab039.

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Abstract Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT, Thunnus thynnus; Linneaus, 1758) is an ecologically important apex-predator with high commercial value. They were once common off the coast of the United Kingdom (UK), before disappearing in the 1960s. In regions lacking commercial fisheries for ABT, such as the UK and Ireland, spatial data can be scarce. In these cases, sightings and bycatch databases can offset information shortfalls. Here, we document the reappearance of ABT into territorial waters of the UK from 2014 onwards, and increased occurrence off Ireland. We analyse a novel, multi-source dataset comprising occurrence data (2008–2019; 989 sightings and 114 tonnes of bycatch) compiled from a range of sources (scientific surveys, ecotours and fisheries). We show an increasing trend in effort-corrected ABT occurrence in (i) the pelagic ecosystem survey in the western English Channel and Celtic Sea (PELTIC), (ii) an ecotour operator, and (iii) the Irish albacore fishery in on-shelf and off-shelf waters. Sightings of ABT by the PELTIC correlated with modelled abundance estimates of ABT and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. These data demonstrate that sightings of ABT have increased off the UK and Ireland since 2014, following the same increasing trend (2010 onwards) as the eastern ABT population.

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Gallagher, D., E. J. McGee y P. I. Mitchell. "A Recent History of 14C, 137Cs, 210Pb, and 241Am Accumulation at Two Irish Peat Bog Sites: an East Versus West Coast Comparison". Radiocarbon 43, n.º 2B (2001): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041175.

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Data on radiocarbon (14C), 137Cs, 210Pb, and 241Am levels in an ombrotrophic peat sequence from a montane site on the east coast of Ireland are compared with data from a similar sequence at an Atlantic peatland site on the west coast. The 14C profiles from the west and east coasts show a broadly similar pattern. Levels increase from 100 pMC or less in the deepest horizons examined, to peak values at the west and east coast sites of 117 ± 0.6 pMC and 132 ± 0.7 pMC, respectively (corresponding to maximal fallout from nuclear weapons testing around 1964), thereafter diminishing to levels of 110–113 pMC near the surface. Significantly, peak levels at the east coast site are considerably higher than corresponding levels at the west coast site, though both are lower than reported peak values for continental regions. The possibility of significant 14C enrichment at the east coast site due to past discharges from nuclear installations in the UK seems unlikely. The 210Pbex inventory at the east coast site (6500 Bq m−2) is significantly higher than at the west coast (5300 Bq m−2) and is consistent with the difference in rainfall at the two sites. Finally, 137Cs and 241Am inventories at the east coast site also exceed those at the west coast site by similar proportions (east:west ratio of approximately 1:1.2).

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Costelloe, J., M. Costelloe y N. Roche. "Variation in sea lice infestation on Atlantic salmon smolts in Killary Harbour, West Coast of Ireland". Aquaculture International 3, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1995): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00121626.

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Jackson, D., F. Kane, P. O'Donohoe, T. Mc Dermott, S. Kelly, A. Drumm y J. Newell. "Sea lice levels on wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., returning to the coast of Ireland". Journal of Fish Diseases 36, n.º 3 (9 de enero de 2013): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12059.

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20

Ryan, Conor, Pádraig Whooley, Simon D. Berrow, Colin Barnes, Nick Massett, Wouter J. Strietman, Fredrik Broms, Peter T. Stevick, Thomas W. Fernald y Christian Schmidt. "A longitudinal study of humpback whales in Irish waters". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, n.º 4 (9 de enero de 2015): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414002033.

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Knowledge on the ecology of humpback whales in the eastern North Atlantic is lacking by comparison with most other ocean basins. Humpback whales were historically over-exploited in the region and are still found in low relative abundances. This, coupled with their large range makes them difficult to study. With the aim of informing more effective conservation measures in Ireland, the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group began recording sightings and images suitable for photo-identification of humpback whales from Irish waters in 1999. Validated records submitted by members of the public and data from dedicated surveys were analysed to form a longitudinal study of individually recognizable humpback whales. The distribution, relative abundance and seasonality of humpback whale sighting records are presented, revealing discrete important areas for humpback whales in Irish coastal waters. An annual easterly movement of humpback whales along the southern coast of Ireland is documented, mirroring that of their preferred prey: herring and sprat. Photo-identification images were compared with others collected throughout the North Atlantic (N = 8016), resulting in matches of two individuals between Ireland and Iceland, Norway and the Netherlands but no matches to known breeding grounds (Cape Verde and West Indies). This study demonstrates that combining public records with dedicated survey data is an effective approach to studying low-density, threatened migratory species over temporal and spatial scales that are relevant to conservation and management.

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Dawson, Wendy A. "Changes in Western mackerel (Scomber scombrus) spawning stock composition during the spawning season". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66, n.º 2 (mayo de 1986): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400043009.

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INTRODUCTIONTwo groups of mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) are recognised by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (I.C.E.S.) for stock assessment purposes in the north-east Atlantic. The North Sea ‘stock’, which overwinters along the edge of the Norwegian Trench and spawns off the south coast of Norway, in the Skagerrak, Kattegat and the central North Sea (Hamre, 1980), and the Western ‘stock’, which overwinters and spawns along the edge of the continental shelf from the west of Ireland to the Bay of Biscay (Lockwood, Nichols & Dawson, 1981).

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Copley, L., T. D. Tierney, F. Kane, O. Naughton, S. Kennedy, P. O'Donohoe, D. Jackson y D. McGrath. "Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, levels on salmon returning to the west coast of Ireland, 2003". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, n.º 1 (febrero de 2005): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405010878h.

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Mobile lice levels of two species of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, were examined on two samples of Atlantic salmon from the west coast of Ireland. The samples examined were taken two weeks apart from salmon caught by drift net in June 2003 at two different locations off the west coast of Ireland, one in the north-west and one in the west. Both samples of salmon caught were comparable in terms of numbers of total lice counted. No significant differences in male, female and ovigerous L. salmonis levels between the two samples were recorded, however, a significant difference was recorded between juvenile L. salmonis levels. Morphometric comparisons of male and ovigerous L. salmonis examined for each of the two salmon samples examined revealed some differences. There was a significant difference in male L. salmonis in terms of cephalothorax length between the samples. In the females significant differences were found between cephalothorax length, overall total length and egg length. Significant positive correlations within samples were also observed, between total female body length and both total egg number and egg string length in one of the samples examined.

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COLLOCA, FRANCESCO, DANILO SCANNELLA, MICHELE LUCA GERACI, FABIO FALSONE, GIUSTO BATISTA, SERGIO VITALE, MANFREDI DI LORENZO y GIOACCHINO ΒΟΝΟ. "British sharks in Sicily: records of long distance migration of tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus) from North-eastern Atlantic to Mediterranean Sea." Mediterranean Marine Science 20, n.º 2 (5 de junio de 2019): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.18121.

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The study reports information about the recapture of two tagged adult females of tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus 1758), in the central Mediterranean Sea (south coasts of Sicily) in 2014 and 2017. The two females were tagged in North-East Atlantic, respectively in Scotland in 2009 and Ireland in 2015. The Scottish specimen was a 175 cm female increasing of about 10 kg in body weight and 37 cm in total length during its 1967 days at liberty (5.39 years). The Irish one, was a pregnant female of an estimated age of 15-17 year which spent 248 days at liberty increasing 14 cm during this period. The growth rate of the two specimens was therefore between 6.8 and 7.8 cm year-1, faster than the annual increments of adults suggested in previous studies. Previous tope recapture records in the Mediterranean Sea were limited to the Alboran Sea, coast of Valencia and the Algerian coasts. The two tope females recaptured in the Strait of Sicily provided the first evidence of long distance entrance of NE Atlantic tope in the Mediterranean Sea. The well known occurrence of mature females and juveniles in this area of the Mediterranean suggest the hypothesis of a migration of adults female from their feeding grounds in north eastern Atlantic to lower latitudes up to the Mediterranean Sea for parturition.

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Lordan, Colm, Martin A. Collins, Linda N. Key y Eoin D. Browne. "The biology of the ommastrephid squid, Todarodes sagittatus, in the north-east Atlantic". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, n.º 2 (abril de 2001): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003770.

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Todarodes sagittatus (N=1131) were opportunistically sampled from commercial and research trawling in Irish and Scottish waters between 1993 and 1998. The results suggest that the species is common in deep waters (>200 m) to the west of Ireland and Scotland, particularly in late summer and autumn. The size of squid caught was related to depth, with larger squid caught deeper, and is indicative of an ontogenetic, bathymetric migration. Females were more common (sex ratio 1·00:0·46), and attained a larger maximum size (520 mm mantle length (ML)) than males (426 mm ML). Mature females (360–520 mm ML) were caught in deep water (>500 m), between March and November, with a large catch of mature females taken off the west coast of Ireland in August 1996. Mature males (300–426 mm) were found from August to November. Potential fecundity was estimated to range from 205,000–523,500 eggs female−1. Putative daily increments in statoliths indicated a life cycle of slightly over a year, with rapid growth of approximately 1·8 mm d−1 during subadult and adult life. Fish were the most important prey of T. sagittatus and 17 fish prey taxa were identified, of which pelagic species were the most important.

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Fermer, Jan, Sarah C. Culloty, Thomas C. Kelly y Ruth M. O'Riordan. "Parasitological survey of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (Bivalvia) on the south coast of Ireland". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, n.º 4 (9 de diciembre de 2010): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001839.

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The edible cockle Cerastoderma edule is one of the most common soft sediment bivalves in Europe and of commercial relevance in some areas of its range. Information on the parasite fauna of cockles is available from several North Sea and Atlantic shore locations. However, little is known from the British Isles in this context. This study provides an inventory of the macroparasites of C. edule sampled from fourteen localities along the south coast of Ireland. Altogether, we identified ten taxa of macroparasites belonging to three major groups. The majority of them were digenean trematodes using cockles as second intermediate host. Infection rates and levels were comparatively low, with the exception of the gymnophallid Meiogymnophallus minutus, which was found to be prevalent at all sampling sites and often very abundant. Whilst parasite species composition in Irish cockles was similar to the one found in conspecifics from northern Europe, it showed distinct differences from the macroparasite fauna reported from C. edule collected in southern Europe and northern Africa.

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Real, E., K. Law, H. Schlager, A. Roiger, H. Huntrieser, J. Methven, M. Cain et al. "Lagrangian analysis of low level anthropogenic plume processing across the North Atlantic". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, n.º 2 (17 de abril de 2008): 7509–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-7509-2008.

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Abstract. The photochemical evolution of an anthropogenic plume from the New-York/Boston region during its transport at low altitudes over the North Atlantic to the European west coast has been studied using a Lagrangian framework. This plume, originally strongly polluted, was sampled by research aircraft just off the North American east coast on 3 successive days, and 3 days downwind off the west coast of Ireland where another aircraft re-sampled a weakly polluted plume. Changes in trace gas concentrations during transport were reproduced using a photochemical trajectory model including deposition and mixing effects. Chemical and wet deposition processing dominated the evolution of all pollutants in the plume. The mean net O3 production was evaluated to be -5 ppbv/day leading to low values of O3 by the time the plume reached Europe. Wet deposition of nitric acid was responsible for an 80% reduction in this O3 production. If the plume had not encountered precipitation, it would have reached the Europe with O3 levels up to 80-90 ppbv, and CO levels between 120 and 140 ppbv. Photochemical destruction also played a more important role than mixing in the evolution of plume CO due to high levels of both O3 and water vapour showing that CO cannot always be used as a tracer for polluted air masses, especially for plumes transported at low altitudes. The results also show that, in this case, an important increase in the O3/CO slope can be attributed to chemical destruction of CO and not to photochemical O3 production as is often assumed.

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Real, E., K. S. Law, H. Schlager, A. Roiger, H. Huntrieser, J. Methven, M. Cain et al. "Lagrangian analysis of low altitude anthropogenic plume processing across the North Atlantic". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, n.º 24 (23 de diciembre de 2008): 7737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7737-2008.

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Abstract. The photochemical evolution of an anthropogenic plume from the New-York/Boston region during its transport at low altitudes over the North Atlantic to the European west coast has been studied using a Lagrangian framework. This plume, originally strongly polluted, was sampled by research aircraft just off the North American east coast on 3 successive days, and then 3 days downwind off the west coast of Ireland where another aircraft re-sampled a weakly polluted plume. Changes in trace gas concentrations during transport are reproduced using a photochemical trajectory model including deposition and mixing effects. Chemical and wet deposition processing dominated the evolution of all pollutants in the plume. The mean net photochemical O3 production is estimated to be −5 ppbv/day leading to low O3 by the time the plume reached Europe. Model runs with no wet deposition of HNO3 predicted much lower average net destruction of −1 ppbv/day O3, arising from increased levels of NOx via photolysis of HNO3. This indicates that wet deposition of HNO3 is indirectly responsible for 80% of the net destruction of ozone during plume transport. If the plume had not encountered precipitation, it would have reached Europe with O3 concentrations of up to 80 to 90 ppbv and CO between 120 and 140 ppbv. Photochemical destruction also played a more important role than mixing in the evolution of plume CO due to high levels of O3 and water vapour showing that CO cannot always be used as a tracer for polluted air masses, especially in plumes transported at low altitudes. The results also show that, in this case, an increase in O3/CO slopes can be attributed to photochemical destruction of CO and not to photochemical O3 production as is often assumed.

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Gosling, Elizabeth, Sandra Doherty y Nicola Howley. "Genetic characterization of hybrid mussel (Mytilus) populations on Irish coasts". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, n.º 2 (marzo de 2008): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000957.

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The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, and the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, occur widely over much of northern Europe, and wherever they are sympatric they hybridize. The hybrid zone is large, ranging from western France to the north of Scotland, and is spatially complex, containing a mixture of pure, hybrid and introgressed individuals. Results from an Irish study in 1981, using partially diagnostic allozyme markers, indicated that mussels on the Irish Sea coast were solely M. edulis, but on Atlantic wave-exposed shores, and to a much lesser extent on wave-protected shores, mussels comprised an interbreeding mixture of M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis. In this study mussels were analysed from 20 locations on Irish coasts, using the Me15/16 nuclear DNA marker. The results showed a high frequency of M. galloprovincialis (0.378 ± 0.198) and hybrid (0.429 ± 0.175) genotypes, and correspondingly low frequencies of the M. edulis genotype (0.194 ± 0.107) at both exposed and sheltered locations on Atlantic coasts, indicating no apparent advantage for the M. edulis genotype at wave-protected sites. Mytilus galloprovincialis was virtually absent from the Irish Sea. Mussels in this area may be a self-recruiting population of M. edulis due to thermal front development at the northern and southern entrances to the Irish Sea in late spring, thereby preventing an influx of spring-spawned Mytilus larvae. The apparent change in the genetic composition of mussels on Atlantic coasts since the early 1980s could be related to climate change, or to aquaculture practice in Ireland whereby mussels from exposed shores are used to seed ropes in wave-protected bays and estuaries.

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29

Almodóvar, Ana, Graciela G. Nicola, Daniel Ayllón, Clive N. Trueman, Ian Davidson, Richard Kennedy y Benigno Elvira. "Stable isotopes suggest the location of marine feeding grounds of South European Atlantic salmon in Greenland". ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2020): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz258.

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Abstract Historical data on the oceanic distribution and migration routes of southernmost Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations from Europe are almost non-existent, as no rigorous tagging initiatives have been conducted. Here, we used stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) of historic scale collections to identify the potential marine feeding areas of the largest salmon population in the Iberian Peninsula. Data were compared with published datasets from Northern Ireland, Wales, south England, and northeast UK coast, which correspond to series between 15- and 33-year long within the time period from 1958 to 2009. Temporal covariation in sea surface temperature, primary productivity, and δ13C values suggests that feeding areas of Iberian salmon are located around Greenland, both in the Labrador and the Irminger seas. Furthermore, δ13C values of Atlantic salmon from Canadian rivers reported in the literature are similar to those found in individuals from Spanish rivers. Our results suggest that Iberian salmon follow a westerly migration route towards Greenland instead of following the easterly branch of the North Atlantic current into the Norwegian Sea. Characterization of feeding patterns and migration routes might help to understand the causes of ongoing population decline and establish targeted conservation programmes for threatened Iberian salmon.

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30

Cooney, Gabriel. "The Role of Stone in Island Societies in Neolithic Atlantic Europe: Creating Places and Cultural Landscapes". ARCTIC 69, n.º 5 (6 de septiembre de 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4666.

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The focus of the paper is an engagement with the significance of the exploitation of stone sources to make objects, particularly stone axe heads on islands in northwest Europe during the Neolithic period (4000 – 2500 BC). Case studies of Lambay Island in the Irish Sea, Rathlin Island off the northeast coast of Ireland, and the Shetland Islands explore the use of these three stone sources through the archaeological record, examining the biographies of objects (from quarries, through use, to discard or deposition) and applying a range of approaches to understanding material culture. What emerges is an understanding of the central role these three lithic sources played in how people engaged with and created their island places and landscapes. Through their daily engagement with different stone sources (including the ones focused on here) at a range of scales, people created and sustained social relationships and conventions. Hence it is argued that stone artefacts from local sources played a special role in shaping identities on the three islands.

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31

Scott, Heidi E. M., Julian Aherne y Chris D. Metcalfe. "Fate and Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Upland Irish Headwater Lake Catchments". Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/828343.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a concern due to their carcinogenicity and propensity for transboundary atmospheric transport. Ireland is located on the western periphery of Europe and assumed to receive clean Atlantic air. As such, it has been used as an atmospheric reference for comparison to other regions. Nonetheless, few studies have evaluated concentrations of PAHs within the Irish environment. In the current study, PAHs were measured at five upland (500–800 masl) headwater lake catchments in coastal regions around Ireland, remote from industrial point source emissions. Semipermeable membrane devices were deployed in lakes for a 6-month period in July 2009, and topsoils were sampled from each catchment during October 2010. The concentrations of PAHs were low at most study sites with respect to other temperate regions. Homologue groups partitioned between lake and soil compartments based on their molecular weight were: “lighter” substances, such as Phenanthrene and Fluorene, were found in higher proportions in lakes, whereas “heavier” compounds, such as Chrysene and Benz[a]anthracene, were more prominent in soils. Concentrations of PAHs were highest at the east coast sites, potentially due to contributions from historical transboundary and regional combustion sources.

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32

Zwerschke, Nadescha, Judith Kochmann, Elizabeth C. Ashton, Tasman P. Crowe, Dai Roberts y Nessa E. O'Connor. "Co-occurrence of nativeOstrea edulisand non-nativeCrassostrea gigasrevealed by monitoring of intertidal oyster populations". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, n.º 8 (23 de agosto de 2017): 2029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001448.

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Coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to alien invasions. Regular, standardized, targeted monitoring of coastal areas helps to detect the arrival of non-native species early, identify sites most vulnerable to invasion, and assess potential for further spread. This study quantified the spread and changes in distribution of non-native oyster,Crassostrea gigas, populations around the coast of Ireland. In total 37 sites were surveyed, in areas which either currently or previously harboured cultivatedC. gigas, for the presence and abundance of ‘wild’C. gigas. Wild populations were identified at 20 sites and at four additional sitesC. gigaswas observed as recently discarded from aquaculture activity. Five of the invaded sites were identified as being highly suitable for a population expansion based on their current population status. Importantly, we also identified individuals ofC. gigasand native European oysters,Ostrea edulis, co-occurring within the same shore at five sites. This is the first record to our knowledge of such co-occurrence within Europe. This evidence of co-existing oyster species raises concerns regarding the potential impact ofC. gigason recoveringO. edulispopulations. In Ireland, however,C. gigasdoes not typically spread extensively from introduction points, and although self-containing populations exist, they are currently sustained at a much lower density than those observed in other regions such as the Wadden Sea or French Atlantic coasts. We suggest, therefore, that to protect native oyster populations,C. gigasshould be eradicated where co-occurring withO. edulisand recommend continuous monitoring of invaded sites.

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Maraldi, C., J. Chanut, B. Levier, G. Reffray, N. Ayoub, P. De Mey, F. Lyard et al. "NEMO on the shelf: assessment of the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland configuration". Ocean Science Discussions 9, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2012): 499–583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-499-2012.

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Abstract. A high resolution simulation covering the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland (IBI) region is set-up over July 2007–February 2009. The NEMO model is used with a 1/36° horizontal resolution on 50 z-levels in the vertical. It is forced by the astronomical potential and atmospheric forcing fields which consist of 3-hourly ECMWF analyses. Initial hydrographic conditions are derived from an Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea analyse at 1/12° from Mercator Ocean (PSY2V3 model). At the open boundaries, IBI is forced with PSY2V3 temperature and salinity fields. It is also forced with tidal currents and elevations and inverse barometer elevations. In this study we evaluate the realism of the simulation through comparisons with an extensive observational dataset including climatology, temperature and salinity profiles, satellite SST data, sea surface buoys, tide gauges, altimeter data and HF radar data. A specific interest is given to the procedure used for the validation. General aspects of the simulation and its quality are analysed and particular attention is given to the validation of high frequency processes including the diurnal cycle, barotropic and internal tides, and surges. Finally, we focus on specific aspects of the circulation on the European sea shelves and give a qualitative assessment by studying tidal fronts, and specially the Ushant front, and the winter extension of the Iberian Poleward Current along the Northern Spanish coast during winter 2007–2008.

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34

Swaby, Silja E., Geoffrey W. Potts y Alwyne Wheeler. "The first record of the short-beaked garfish Belone svetovidovi (Belonidae) in british waters". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, n.º 2 (mayo de 1992): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400037875.

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The capture of the short-beaked garfish,Belone svetovidovi Collette & Parin 1970, off the Cornish coast is of particular interest in that it represents an easterly extension to the known range of this species in the eastern North Atlantic, and the first record in British waters.In August 1990 seven garfish were angled, on mackerel bait, in Mount's Bay, Cornwall. The captor, Mr A.C. Cass, believing the garfish to be different from the common garfish,Belone belone (L.), sent the largest one to the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association for identification. The specimen was provisionally identified as the short-beaked garfish B. svetovidovi and later verified by one of us (A.W.). The other six specimens were not available for examination.Garfish, sometimes called needlefishes, have elongated bodies. Both upper and lower jaws are long and beak-like, with sharp teeth. They are epipelagic, feeding near the surface and are often observed leaping and skittering over the surface of the water. Only two species are recorded in the genus Belone in the north-eastern Atlantic.Belone belone (including subspecies) is commonly found off the European Atlantic coast as far north as Trondheim, Norway. It is also found in the North Sea, the southern Baltic seas, the Mediterranean and Black Sea where it is commercially exploited (Collette & Parin, 1986).Belone svetovidovi has only recently been distinguished from B. belone, and consequently its abundance and distribution are less well known. It was first identified in northern European waters by Dorman (1984,1987) from southern Ireland.

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35

Keogh, Sinead M., Edward J. McGee y Donal Gallagher. "Spatial and Temporal Impacts of 14C Releases from the Sellafield Nuclear Complex On the Irish Coastline". Radiocarbon 46, n.º 2 (2004): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003592x.

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The Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant is estimated to be the largest single source of global anthropogenic radiocarbon discharge. This study addresses the impact of these releases on the Irish coastal marine environment. Spatial trends in the 14C content of seaweed (Fucus spp.) were assessed by collecting and analyzing samples from well-distributed locations around the Irish coastline. Temporal trends were studied by comparing 14C concentrations in present-day samples with levels found in archive material collected at the same locations during research campaigns conducted in the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. The impact of 14C discharged from Sellafield was found to be most apparent in seaweeds from the northeastern Irish coast. This indicates that the pattern of residual currents and, in particular, the south to north transfer of water known to predominate in the Irish Sea, largely controls the spatial distribution of 14C releases. Maximum 14C discharge levels to the marine environment from Sellafield (between 12 and 13 TBq yr-1) were mirrored by peak concentrations found in seaweed from the mid-1990s and in present-day samples (highest recorded value of 130.4 pMC). Concentrations of 14C in seaweed from the west coast of Ireland correspond closely with values measured for seaweeds from the Atlantic coast of northwest Spain and do not appear to be significantly affected by Sellafield discharges.

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36

O’Connell, Michael y Karen Molloy. "Mid- and late-Holocene environmental change in western Ireland: New evidence from coastal peats and fossil timbers with particular reference to relative sea-level change". Holocene 27, n.º 12 (1 de junio de 2017): 1825–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617708447.

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The results of radiocarbon dating and dendrochronological investigations of timbers (mainly pine and oak) preserved in coastal peats on the Atlantic coast of mid-western Ireland are reported. These are complemented by the results of pollen analytical investigations, including a detailed pollen profile from Lough Atalia, a brackish lake located within present-day Galway city and immediately to the east of the medieval town. The results from the fossil timber investigations show that pine stumps exposed on coastal intertidal peats in mid-western Ireland date mainly to ca. 3000 BC, that is, they are coeval with the so-called ‘pine flushes’ on blanket bog in western Ireland. Many of the oak timbers are considerably older while an oak on peat in Turlin Bay, near Silverstrand, persisted until ca. 2100 BC. This fossil timber record, taken in conjunction with the pollen records, suggests conditions very different to those pertaining at present, including absence of direct marine influence because of relative sea levels (RSLs) that were probably at least 2 m, and possibly up to 4 m, lower than at present. Mid-Holocene conditions were less stormy, and lower precipitation and/or higher evapotranspiration facilitated tree colonisation of peat surfaces. Intertidal peat layers at Salthill show that present-day RSL began to be approached at ca. AD 500. This agrees with the evidence from An Loch Mór, Inis Oírr, which indicates that salinity in this brackish lake began to increase noticeably at/immediately prior to ca. AD 1000. A notable feature of the pollen record from L. Atalia is a yew ( Taxus)-dominated woodland phase of ca. 600 years duration centred on 2550 BC. A major and widespread expansion of yew at about this time is a distinctive feature of mid-Holocene woodlands in western Ireland.

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37

MYERS, ALAN A. y JAMES K. LOWRY. "A revision of the genus Orchestia Leach, 1814 with the reinstatement of O. inaequalipes (K.H. Barnard, 1951), the designation of a neotype for Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas, 1776) and the description of three new species (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae: Talitrinae)". Zootaxa 4808, n.º 2 (2 de julio de 2020): 201–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4808.2.1.

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The amphipod genus Orchestia is revised. It now includes 10 species of which three are new: O. forchuensis sp. nov. from north-eastern North America and Iceland., O. perezi sp. nov. from Chile and O. tabladoi sp. nov. from Argentina. Orchestia inaequalipes (K.H. Barnard 1951) is reinstated. The type species of the genus, O. gammarellus is redescribed based on material from Fountainstown, Ireland and a neotype is established to stabilize the species. The species was originally described from a garden in Leiden, far from the sea. Its true identity is unknown and no type material exists. Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas, 1776) is shown to be a sibling species group with members in both hemispheres of the temperate Atlantic as well along the Pacific coast of South America. A hypothesis for the establishment of the current distribution of Orchestia species is presented that extends back to the Cretaceous.

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38

O'Neill G.* y J. Whelan. "The occurrence of Corynosoma strumosum in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, caught off the Atlantic coast of Ireland". Journal of Helminthology 76, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2002): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh10.1076/2002117.

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39

Vaishya, Aditya, S. G. Jennings y Colin O'Dowd. "Seasonal Variation of the Aerosol Light Scattering Coefficient in Marine Air of the Northeast Atlantic". Advances in Meteorology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/170490.

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Aerosol light scattering measurements were carried out using a TSI 3563 Nephelometer at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, on the west coast of Ireland from year 2001–2010. A strong seasonal trend in the aerosol light scattering coefficient at 550 nm (), for clean marine air masses, is observed with a high value, [average (geometric mean)] of 35.3 Mm−1(29.5 Mm−1), in January and a low value of 13.7 Mm−1(10.2 Mm−1), in July. This near threefold increase in the value during the winter season is because of the large contribution of wind-speed generated sea-salt particles in the marine boundary layer. A high positive correlation coefficient of 0.82 was found between the percentage occurrence of relatively large Ångström exponent (Å) values (>1.2) and the percentage occurrence of lower values (5–15 Mm−1) in the summer season. and wind-speed have a high positive correlation coefficient of 0.88 whereas Å and wind-speed have a negative correlation coefficient of −0.89. Å values during the summer months indicate the dominance of sub-m particles thus indicating the contribution of non-sea-salt sulphate and organics towards the as these species show an enhanced concentration during the summer months.

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40

Child, A. R. "Biochemical polymorphism in bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in the waters around the British Isles". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, n.º 2 (mayo de 1992): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400037759.

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The bass Dicentrarchus labrax is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Morocco (30°N) to southern Norway (60°N) and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Whitehead et al., 1986). Throughout its range the bass is an important commercial species and in the waters around the British Isles it is exploited both by commercial fishermen and by sport anglers.Since the early 1970s the recorded landings of bass have increased considerably (Pickett & Pawson, 1991). The increased exploitation and the conflict of interest between sport fishermen and commercial bass fishermen have been the subject of a multitude of articles in the fishing press calling for greater stock management. Detailed knowledge of the stock structure was required to provide advice on the management of the UK bass fishery (Pawson & Pickett, 1987).Prior to 1980, tagging studies were conducted off the southern coast of Ireland (Kennedy & Fitzmaurice, 1972), the south-west of England (Holden & Williams, 1974) and in the Irish Sea (Kelley, 1979).

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41

Steiner, Lisa, Luca Lamoni, Marta Acosta Plata, Silje-Kristin Jensen, Erland Lettevall y Jonathan Gordon. "A link between male sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, of the Azores and Norway". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, n.º 8 (5 de julio de 2012): 1751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000793.

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Little is known about the movements of male sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, in the North Atlantic. Recoveries of traditional harpoons and tags during commercial whaling indicated movements from Nova Scotia to Spain and from the Azores to Iceland and Spain. We compared collections of photo-identification images from different areas using the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sperm Whale Catalogue and the Eurphlukes Phlex/Match programs. The largest collections of identified males (number of individuals, start and end date for data collection shown in parentheses) are for the Azores (297, 1987–2008), Andenes (375, 1988–1996 and 2008), Tromsø (84, 2005–2008). There were six matches between Andenes and Tromsø (~25 nm), with three of these re-sighted in multiple years and three photo-identification matches from the Azores to Norway (~2400 nm). In all cases individuals first photographed in the Azores (in 1993, 1999 and 2003) were matched to images collected later in Tromsø (in 2007 and 2008). In 1997 a photo-identification image from Andenes matched a male stranded on the west coast of Ireland. No matches were made to images in smaller collections from Iceland, Nova Scotia, Greenland, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean. These findings show the value of data collected from whale watching vessels and the importance of collaboration between groups to allow investigation on an ocean basin scale. It is hoped that with the coordinated collection of more images from around the Atlantic, further insight might be gained into the movements of these widely ranging animals.

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42

Madden, Kyle, Elaine Ramsey, Sharon Loane y Joan Condell. "Trailgazers: A Scoping Study of Footfall Sensors to Aid Tourist Trail Management in Ireland and Other Atlantic Areas of Europe". Sensors 21, n.º 6 (13 de marzo de 2021): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062038.

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This paper examines the current state of the art of commercially available outdoor footfall sensor technologies and defines individually tailored solutions for the walking trails involved in an ongoing research project. Effective implementation of footfall sensors can facilitate quantitative analysis of user patterns, inform maintenance schedules and assist in achieving management objectives, such as identifying future user trends like cyclo-tourism. This paper is informed by primary research conducted for the EU funded project TrailGazersBid (hereafter referred to as TrailGazers), led by Donegal County Council, and has Sligo County Council and Causeway Coast and Glens Council (NI) among the 10 project partners. The project involves three trails in Ireland and five other trails from Europe for comparison. It incorporates the footfall capture and management experiences of trail management within the EU Atlantic area and desk-based research on current footfall technologies and data capture strategies. We have examined 6 individual types of sensor and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. We provide key learnings and insights that can help to inform trail managers on sensor options, along with a decision-making tool based on the key factors of the power source and mounting method. The research findings can also be applied to other outdoor footfall monitoring scenarios.

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43

Reddin, David G., Lars Petter Hansen, Vegar Bakkestuen, Ian Russell, Jonathan White, E. C. E. (Ted) Potter, J. Brian Dempson et al. "Distribution and biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at Greenland based on the analysis of historical tag recoveries". ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, n.º 9 (13 de junio de 2012): 1589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss087.

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Abstract Reddin, D. G., Hansen, L. P., Bakkestuen, V., Russell, I., White, J., Potter, E. C. E., Dempson, J. B., Sheehan, T. F., Ó Maoiléidigh, N., Smith, G. W., Isaksson, A., Jacobsen, J. A., Fowler, M., Mork, K. A., and Amiro, P. 2012. Distribution and biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at Greenland based on the analysis of historical tag recoveries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1589–1597. In this study, we examined 5481 records of tag recoveries at Greenland from a new tagging database held by ICES that contains information on salmon tagged in Canada, France, Faroes, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Spain, the UK (Northern Ireland, Scotland, England, and Wales), and the United States from the early 1960s to the present. For 4806 of the tag recoveries, latitude and longitude information were available, describing, to varying degrees of accuracy, the location of recovery of tagged fish. Release and recovery dates were variable, but no significant differences over time were noted. The information derived from tag recoveries was used to describe the distribution and growth of salmon of different origins. The proportion of recoveries from East Greenland suggested that potential multi-sea-winter salmon from northern Europe have a more easterly distribution than those from southern Europe. The location of recovery of salmon of North American origin differed from that of European salmon along the west coast of Greenland. Tag recoveries by country were not uniformly distributed across the respective NAFO Divisions. Tags from salmon originating in Canada and the United States were more commonly recovered in northern locations than tags from European-origin salmon. Analysis of rates of tag recovery suggested similar rates before and after the introduction of the NASCO Tag Return Incentive Scheme. The straight-line migration speed of both North American and European salmon changed very little over the time-series, but was ∼40% greater for North American salmon (0.43 m s−1) than for European salmon (0.29–0.32 m s−1).

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Marques, Afonso. "A Note on the Diet Synaphobranchus Kaupi (Pisces: Synaphobranchidae) from the Porcupine Seabight, North-East Atlantic". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1998): 1385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540004460x.

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The diet of Synaphobranchus kaupi from the Porcupine Seabight is described. A sample of 110 eel stomachs containing food, were analysed and the general size–depth trend among eels with food in their stomachs. Larger individuals are found in deeper waters. Fish are the main prey for larger eels and crustaceans are preferred by smaller individuals.Synaphobranchus kaupi Johnson, 1862 is a slope dwelling eel, abundant in the north-east Atlantic Ocean from 230 to 2420 m deep on the continental slope (Haedrich & Merrett, 1988). It is the most abundant species on the slopes of the Porcupine Seabight, off south-west Ireland (Merrett et al, 1991; Priede et al., 1994) and was classified as a benthopelagic predator of the fourth level, predator of predators (Saldanha, 1991).The diet of S. kaupi has been described from the slope off the middle Atlantic coast of the USA (Sedberry & Musick, 1978), from the Portuguese slope and in the Bay of Biscay (Saldanha, 1991), from the west African slope (Merrett & Marshall, 1981; Merrett & Domanski, 1985) and from the Rockall Trough (Gordon & Mauchline, 1996).Our specimens were captured during a joint IOS/SAMS survey (Merret et al., 1991). From a total catch of 8792 S. kaupi, captured between 1979 and 1983 in the Porcupine Seabight, ranging from 470 to 2230 m deep, fish stomachs were removed aboard ship and 110 with food were kept in 5% formalin for further analysis.

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45

Gleeson, Emily, Sarah Gallagher, Colm Clancy y Frédéric Dias. "NAO and extreme ocean states in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean". Advances in Science and Research 14 (10 de febrero de 2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-23-2017.

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Abstract. Large scale atmospheric oscillations are known to have an influence on waves in the North Atlantic. In quantifying how the wave and wind climate of this region may change towards the end of the century due to climate change, it is useful to investigate the influence of large scale oscillations using indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO: fluctuations in the difference between the Icelandic low pressure system and the Azore high pressure system). In this study a statistical analysis of the station-based NAO index was carried out using an ensemble of EC-Earth global climate simulations, where EC-Earth is a European-developed atmosphere ocean sea-ice coupled climate model. The NAO index was compared to observations and to projected changes in the index by the end of the century under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 forcing scenarios. In addition, an ensemble of EC-Earth driven WAVEWATCH III wave model projections over the North Atlantic was analysed to determine the correlations between the NAO and significant wave height (Hs) and the NAO and extreme ocean states. For the most part, no statistically significant differences were found between the distributions of observed and modelled station-based NAO or in projected distributions of the NAO. Means and extremes of Hs are projected to decrease on average by the end of this century. The 95th percentile of Hs is strongly positively correlated to the NAO. Projections of Hs extremes are location dependent and in fact, under the influence of positive NAO the 20-year return levels of Hs were found to be amplified in some regions. However, it is important to note that the projected decreases in the 95th percentile of Hs off the west coast of Ireland are not statistically significant in one of the RCP4.5 and one of the RCP8.5 simulations (me41, me83) which indicates that there is still uncertainty in the projections of higher percentiles.

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Fiedler, V., F. Arnold, H. Schlager y L. Pirjola. "Chinese SO<sub>2</sub> pollution over Europe – Part 2: Simulation of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei formation". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2009): 2763–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-2763-2009.

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Abstract. We report on sulfur dioxide (SO2) induced formation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei in an SO2 rich aged (9 days) pollution plume of Chinese origin, which we have detected at 5–7 km altitude during a research aircraft mission over the East Atlantic off the West coast of Ireland. Building on our measurements of SO2 and other trace gases along with plume trajectory simulations, we have performed model simulations of SO2 induced formation of gaseous sulfuric acid (GSA, H2SO4) followed by GSA induced formation and growth of aerosol particles. We find that efficient photochemical SO2 conversion to GSA took place in the plume followed by efficient formation and growth of H2SO4-H2O aerosol particles. Most particles reached sufficiently large sizes to act as cloud condensation nuclei whenever water vapor supersaturation exceeded 0.1–0.2%. As a consequence, smaller but more numerous cloud droplets are formed, which tend to increase the cloud albedo and to decrease the rainout efficiency. The detected plume represents an interesting example of the environmental impact of long range transport of fossil fuel combustion generated SO2.

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47

Mcgrath, D. y A. A. Myers. "The Drift Amphipod Hyale Grimaldii in Irish and British Waters". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 69, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1989): 913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400032240.

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Lincoln (1979) listed four species of Hyale Rathke from British and Irish waters. A fifth species Hyale grimaldii Chevreux has recently been collected from among goose barnacles, Lepas anatifera L., attached to drift timber washed ashore on a rocky beach in Co. Galway, west coast of Ireland. This record was referred to previously in an abstract by McGrath (1984) but no details of the occurrence or material collected was given. An earlier unconfirmed record of H. grimaldii from Scotland is listed among the Reid collection by Sanderson (1973). H. grimaldii was originally described by Chevreux (1891) from two males found among algae attached to drift timber at sea in the Atlantic, north east of the Azores. Subsequently, the species has been recorded on a number of occasions in the Mediterranean (Chevreux & de Guerne, 1893; Cecchini, 1928; Ruffo, 1946; Berner, 1976) and from the Azores, on a coconut cast ashore (Mateus & Afonso, 1974). All records of the species are from objects floating at sea or washed ashore.

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48

Rodríguez-Pena, E., P. Verísimo, O. Tully, L. Fernández y A. Martínez-Lage. "Differences in prevalence of multiple paternity in the spiny spider crab Maja brachydactyla in two localities that differ in female fecundity, fishing intensity, and management measures". ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, n.º 5 (29 de abril de 2021): 1697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab060.

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Abstract Many marine species are under high fishing pressure, which can cause alterations in their mating systems and the structure of their populations. The spiny spider crab Maja brachydactyla is a commercial decapod on the east Atlantic coast. In Galicia, the most exploited region in Spain, the landing of ovigerous females is prohibited, favouring exploitation focused on males. The removal of males, especially the largest ones, may lead to sperm limitation and a reduction in the average size over generations. In these cases, polyandry can work as a mechanism to protect females against sperm limitation and to increase genetic diversity and effective population size. This study analyses the multiple paternity in M. brachydactyla in two localities that differ in female fecundity, fishing intensity, and management measures. Our results showed multiple paternity in this species for the first time, with a moderate bias between sires. However, the frequency of multiple paternity was almost seven times higher in the intensely exploited Golfo Ártabro (NW Spain; 69%) than in Carna (W Ireland; 10%), where exploitation levels and female fecundity are lower.

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49

McGovern, Barry, Ross M. Culloch, Michael O'Connell y Simon Berrow. "Temporal and spatial trends in stranding records of cetaceans on the Irish coast, 2002–2014". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, n.º 5 (8 de diciembre de 2016): 977–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001594.

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Using Irish strandings data collected between 2002 and 2014, seasonal and annual trends in the number of strandings for all strandings identified to species level (N = 1480), and for the five most frequently reported species: common dolphin (25.7% of records), harbour porpoise (22.2%), long-finned pilot whale (8.8%), striped dolphin (6.9%) and bottlenose dolphin (6.9%) were investigated. With the exception of bottlenose dolphins, there was a significant linear increase in the number of strandings across years for all species and for all strandings collectively, that were identified to species-level. Only common dolphins demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of records relative to all other strandings, which may be indicative of a real rise in the number of strandings of this species. Common dolphins and harbour porpoises showed a similar significant difference in monthly strandings, with more strandings occurring during the earlier months of the year. Significant differences in the gender of stranded animals were found in common, striped, bottlenose and Atlantic white-sided dolphins and sperm and pygmy sperm whales. Live and mass stranding events were primarily comprised of pelagic species. Most strandings occurred on the south and west coasts, with two hotspots for live and mass strandings identified. The patterns and trends identified are discussed in relation to the caveats in interpreting strandings data. Specifically to Ireland, the findings highlight the urgent need to build on the current volunteer reporting network and augment this comprehensive dataset with post-mortem examinations to better understand the cause of the trends identified. The importance of strandings data in informing conservation and management guidelines of these species’ is discussed.

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50

de Haan, Siebren, Gert-Jan Marseille, Paul de Valk y John de Vries. "Impact of ASCAT Scatterometer Wind Observations on the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) within an Operational Context". Weather and Forecasting 28, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2013): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00056.1.

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Abstract Denial experiments, also denoted observing system experiments (OSEs), are used to determine the impact of an observing system on the forecast quality of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. When the impact is neutral or positive, new observations from this observing system may be admitted to an operational forecasting system based on that NWP model. A drawback of the method applied in most denial experiments is that it neglects the operational time constraint on the delivery of observations. In a 10-week twin experiment with the operational High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) at KNMI, the impact of additional ocean surface wind observations from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the forecast quality of the model has been verified under operational conditions. In the experiment, the operational model was used as reference, parallel to an augmented system in which the ASCAT winds were assimilated actively. Objective verification of the forecast with independent wind observations from moored buoys and ASCAT winds revealed a slight improvement in forecast skill as measured by a decrease in observation-minus-forecast standard deviation in the wind components for the short range (up to 24 h). A subjective analysis in a case study showed a realistic deepening of a low pressure system over the North Atlantic near the coast of Ireland through the assimilation of scatterometer data that were verified with radiosonde observations over Ireland. Based on these results, the decision was made to include ASCAT in operations at the next upgrade of the forecasting system.

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