Libros sobre el tema "Auxiliary selection"

Chapter 3 extends the investigation of verb placement to other Romance varieties, in order to expand the macro- and micro-typologies identified in Chapter 2. It starts with a description of the placement of the present indicative verb across a selection of varieties of French, Romanian, Spanish, Catalan, European Portuguese, and Brazilian Portuguese. Following the methodology of Chapter 2, the remainder of the discussion is devoted to the description of cases of microvariation attested across the varieties above, which emerge once a selection of structural and interpretative distinctions are considered, such as lexical and auxiliary verbs, ‘have’ and ‘be’ auxiliaries, finite and non-finite verbs (cf. participle and infinitive), as well as a selection of modally, temporally, and aspectually marked forms (e.g. subjunctive, conditional, past, future, imperfect).

Chapter 2 investigates the differing patterns of verb placement attested across a selection of varieties of the Italian peninsula. After a description of the placement of the present indicative verb in the northern, central, and southern regional varieties of Italian, as well as in a selection of northern, central, upper southern, extreme southern, and Sardinian dialects, a macro-typology of verb placement in the Italian peninsula is drawn. The rest of the chapter is devoted to the description of the microvariation attested across the above varieties which emerges once different verb typologies are considered, such as lexical and auxiliary verbs, ‘have’ and ‘be’ auxiliaries, finite and non-finite verbs (cf. participle and infinitive), as well as a selection of modally, temporally, and aspectually marked forms (e.g. subjunctive, conditional, past, future, imperfect).

Design and Analysis of Time Series Experiments develops a comprehensive set of models and methods for drawing causal inferences from time series. Example analyses of social, behavioral, and biomedical time series illustrate a general strategy for building AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) impact models. The classic Box-Jenkins-Tiao model-building strategy is supplemented with recent auxiliary tests for transformation, differencing, and model selection. The validity of causal inferences is approached from two complementary directions. The four-validity system of Cook and Campbell relies on ruling out discrete threats to statistical conclusion, internal, construct, and external validity. The Rubin system causal model relies on the identification of counterfactual time series. The two approaches to causal validity are shown to be complementary and are illustrated with a construction of a synthetic control time series. Example analyses make optimal use of graphical illustrations. Mathematical methods used in the example analyses are explicated in technical appendices, including expectation algebra, sequences and series, maximum likelihood, Box-Cox transformation analyses and probability.

Interrupted Time Series Analysis develops a comprehensive set of models and methods for drawing causal inferences from time series. Example analyses of social, behavioural, and biomedical time series illustrate a general strategy for building AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) impact models. The classic Box-Jenkins-Tiao model-building strategy is supplemented with recent auxiliary tests for transformation, differencing and model selection. New developments, including Bayesian hypothesis testing and synthetic control group designs are described and their prospects for widespread adoption are discussed. Example analyses make optimal use of graphical illustrations. Mathematical methods used in the example analyses are explicated assuming only exposure to an introductory statistics course. Design and Analysis of Time Series Experiments (DATSE) and other appropriate authorities are cited for formal proofs. Forty completed example analyses are used to demonstrate the implications of model properties. The example analyses are suitable for use as problem sets for classrooms, workshops, and short-courses.

This chapter deals with the practical aspects of designing, building and operating calorimeters. These aspects concern the structure of the detector (longitudinal and lateral segmentation, projective towers, hermeticity of 4π‎ devices), the readout of calorimeters based on detection of either light or charge signals, the operation in a magnetic field or at high luminosity, and the effects of radiation damage and how to deal with these. Also discussed are procedures for handling the signals, and using these to create triggers that may be used to select events of interest. Auxiliary equipment that may make such triggers more selective (preshower detectors, shower max detectors, etc.) is described as well.

La Antología Didáctica de Temas Selectos de Filosofía II del Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades de la UNAM es un trabajo colectivo de docentes de la materia para facilitar y guiar la reflexión de los alumnos sobre diversos temas y problemas de Filosofía política. Participan en esta antología las y los profesores Dante Evaristo Bello Martínez, que además de colaborador es coordinador, María Gabriela Camacho Ledesma, Víctor Carlos Hurtado Estrada, Ana Claudia Orozco, Viviana Paéz Ochoa y Mario Santiago Galindo. Se incluyen textos de Platón, Aristóteles, Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, Norberto Bobbio, Enrique Dussel, Fernando Savater, Macpherson, Leopoldo Zea y también textos originales conformados para esta antología. Las lecturas vienen acompañadas de su respectiva ficha técnica y sinopsis, además de ejercicios auxiliares didácticos de diversos formatos.

O vírus da dengue (DENV), o vírus da Zika (ZIKV) e o vírus da chikungunya (CHIKV) são espécies que apresentam relevância clínica para a saúde pública. Porém, ainda não existe um tratamento específico ou vacina disponível para esses arbovírus. Nesse contexto, é fundamental encontrar novos alvos terapêuticos que possam auxiliar estratégias e tratamentos mais eficientes. A metodologia de codon usage tem demonstrado bons resultados para encontrar alvos para terapias que visam inibidores de tradução. Este estudo buscou analisar o uso de códons e o equilíbrio entre a abundância relativa dos RNAs transportadores (tRNAs) para encontrar alvos terapêuticos que irão estimular novas alternativas de tratamento para infecções causadas pelos DENV, ZIKV e CHIKV. Para tanto, foi replicada uma estratégia computacional, assumindo uma terapia hipotética de inibição seletiva de tRNA (Selective Transport RNA Inhibition Therapy - STRIT), onde foi estabelecido um índice de potencial terapêutico (T-score) para encontrar potenciais espécies de tRNA que poderiam ser inibidas seletivamente para atenuar a replicação viral na célula hospedeira. Foram identificados os cinco códons com maior frequência relativa vírus/hospedeiro (mais relevantes para o vírus) nas seis espécies de arbovírus, notando que todos terminam com purinas A ou G. Os códons GGA (Glicina), AGA (Arginina) e ATA (Isoleucina) são relevantes em todos os flavivirus (ZIKV, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4), mas não no alphavirus CHIKV, onde os códons ACG (Treonina) e CCG (Prolina) são os mais relevantes. Posteriormente, selecionando os cinco códons com maiores T-score nas seis espécies virais (30 códons em total) encontramos apenas 11 códons diferentes, todos terminados com A ou G. Agrupados segundo o nucleotídeo na primeira posição do códon estes 11 códons são: (AGA, ACA, ATA, ACG), (GGA, GCA, GTA, GCG), (CTA, CCG) e (TGG). No agrupamento, notamos outro fato intrigante: que 10 dos 11 códons mais bem ranqueados por T-score, terminam com GA, CA, TA ou CG. Nosso método identificou as espécies de tRNA (através da identificação do códon cognato com maior T-score), cuja inibição funcional por qualquer método específico a anticódon, poderia ter potenciais efeitos terapêuticos em células infectadas pelo vírus da Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya causando a inibição da tradução das proteínas do vírus sem ter um efeito deletério na sobrevivência das células hospedeiras durante o período da infeção. A predominância absoluta dos nucleotídeos A e G na terceira posição dos 11 códons com maior T-score, que por sua vez indica uma preferência dos arbovírus por 11 espécies de tRNA com C ou T na primeira posição do anticódon, abre um novo espaço de pesquisa na interação vírus-hospedeiro.