Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Bacha bazi"

This study analyzes the Bacha Bazi phenomenon in Afghanistan through the lens of international law, exploring its potential classification as a crime against humanity. It examines the physical, psychological, and sexual harm inflicted on underage boys and highlights the Taliban’s involvement. It assesses the harm inflicted on underage boys and the Taliban’s involvement while also reviewing Afghanistan’s revised penal code and its implementation challenges. The study suggests utilizing the Responsibility to Protect framework to address the issue, emphasizing collective action and cooperation between Afghanistan and the international community to combat Bacha Bazi and protect children’s rights.

This paper discusses the meaning of ‘respect’ in complex conflicts and aims to be a contribution to thinking about ethics in war along with the Just War tradition. The point of departure is the increased focus on soldiers as moral decision-makers in war, illustrated by the introduction of core values in the Norwegian Armed Forces. ‘Respect’ is one of these core values. However, it is not clear how we should understand ‘respect’ in this kind of context. I use a case where a group of Norwegian soldiers in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) sought the cooperation of a group of mujahedeen to solve the military mission of establishing security. As confidence between the parties grew, the soldiers became horrified witnesses to a practice of bacha bazi, where a young boy is dressed up for entertainment and sexually abused. My discussion of different perspectives of ‘respect’ in this specific context shows the importance of acknowledging the multitude of moral stakes in a moral decision-process instead of closing the eyes for a moral problem.

These This article discusses two of Khaled Hosseini’s notable novels, namely The Kite Runner (2003) and A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007). These novels describes the story where Afghanistan is affected by the negative impacts of the long-running confilicts and the other social problems. The purpose of this article is to discuss the negative impacts of the cultural ban and the violation of human rights on the characters’ psychological condition. By applying the qualitative method and the psychoanalysis theory, this article would explain how the case of cultural ban and human rights violation affected the characters in the novels. The writer would also use several additional references to strengthen the evidences in this article. The findings of this article are related to the characters’ stresses in dealing with their respective problems in each novel. In The Kite Runner, the discussion focuses on the Hazara characters named Hassan and Sohrab, with the latter being the most-discussed one. Both are the victims of Taliban atrocities where Hassan was killed by the officials, and his son Sohrab was captured and forced to be a bacha bazi (dancing boy) by Assef, the antagonist of the novel , which reflected the negative impact of violations towards his psychological development. The next result is found in the second novel titled A Thousand Splendid Suns, which focuses on the story of Mariam. In the plot, Mariam is shown to be oppressed by both his temperamental husband Rasheed and the strict regulations of Taliban, which also at least prevented her to gain her rights and triggered her stress.

Artikel ini mengkaji tentang usaha untuk mengontekstualisasikan teori-teori pasca kolonial ke dalam fenomena Bali kontemporer. Meskipun Bali tidak lagi berada di dalam era penjajahan, namun warisan kebudayaan mental masih dapat disaksikan di dalam praktik kebudayaan, yang kemudian dikomodifikasi untuk kepentingan industri pariwisata. Pada titik ini, kajian pasca kolonial yang dirintis oleh Gayatri Spivak, Edward Said hingga Homi Babha bisa dipakai sebagai pisau bedah untuk melihat sejauh mana jejak superioritas penjajah terhadap inferioritas terjajah pada konteks Bali kontemporer. Di dalam struktur masyarakat Bali kontemporer yang terbentuk aibat persinggungan dengan globalisasi yakni kelas menegah, turut mengadopsi perspektif eksotis kolonialistik untuk meromantisir kebudayaan Bali demi kepentingan ekonomi-politik neo-liberal yang difasilitasi oleh pariwisata budaya.

ABSTRACT This research focuses on bibliometric analysis related to trends in literacy research in the elderly. Elderly literacy has received quite a lot of attention in various research fields. This is because elderly people often have difficulty adapting to the rapid development of science. This research aims to determine the performance of published articles on elderly literacy research topics, and science mapping to find out areas of literacy that are often research topics. This research used 138 articles and proceedings indexed by Scopus as the research population. The bibliometric analysis utilized keywords derived from the abstracts and titles of the articles collected. The research results showed that of the 138 publications, there were 17 areas of literacy, which were the main topics in the research Of the 17 literacy fields, health literacy is the literacy field that has the highest frequency, to be precise, 73 articles. Bibliometric analysis of literacy in the elderly shows the popularity of a topic so that researchers can use it to determine research topics based on existing trends. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis bibliometrik terkait tren penelitian literasi pada lansia. Literasi lansia mendapatkan cukup banyak perhatian di berbagai bidang penelitian. Hal tersebut, karena lansia kerap mengalami kesulian dalam beradaptasi dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang pesat ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja dari publikasi artikel topik penelitian literasi lansia, serta pemetaan pengetahuan guna mengetahui bidang-bidang literasi yang kerap menjadi topik penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan 138 artikel dan prosiding yang terindeks oleh Scopus sebagai populasi dari penelitian. Analisis bibliometrik yang dilakukan memanfaatkan kata kunci yang berasal dari abstrak dan judul artikel yang terkumpul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 138 publikasi, terdapat 17 bidang literasi yang menjadi topik utama dalam penelitian. Dari 17 bidang literasi tersebut, literasi kesehatan merupakan bidang literasi yang memiliki frekuensi tertinggi, yaitu 73 artikel. Analisis bibliometrik literasi pada lansia menunjukkan kepopuleran suatu topik sehingga dapat digunakan bagi para peneliti untuk menentukan topik penelitian berdasarkan tren yang ada.

ABSTRACT Disasters caused by high levels of fire disasters are still a problem for the country. This problem also often occurs in information centers that are vulnerable to the impact of fire disasters. Fires that occur are one of the factors that can cause damage to library collections, facilities and buildings. The damage that occurs will also have an impact on users' access to searching for information, so that users will experience obstacles in searching for information. The many impacts that occur can be minimized with disaster literacy possessed by librarians. The existence of disaster literacy is one way to increase the preparedness of librarians in facing fire disasters, so this research wants to test whether there is an influence of disaster literacy on librarians' preparedness in facing fire disasters in Surabaya and how much influence disaster literacy has on librarians' preparedness in facing fire disasters in Surabaya. Surabaya. The approach in this research is to use explanatory quantitative research using data from all librarians in Surabaya who were used as respondents. The findings in this study show that there is an influence of disaster literacy (X) on the preparedness of librarians (Y) in facing fire disasters, meanwhile disaster literacy (X) has an influence of 41.2% on the preparedness of librarians (Y) and the rest is influenced by other factors not tested in this study. ABSTRAK Bencana yang diakibatkan oleh tingginya bencana kebakaran masih menjadi suatu permasalahan bagi negara. Permasalahan ini juga sering kali terjadi di pusat informasi yang memiliki kerentanan dampak dari adanya bencana kebakaran. Kebakaran yang terjadi merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebakan kerusakan-kerusakan pada koleksi, fasilitas dan bangunan perpustakaan. Kerusakan yang terjadi juga akan berdampak pada akses pemustaka dalam mencari informasi, sehingga pemustaka akan mengalami penghambatan dalam mencari informasi. Banyaknya dampak yang terjadi dapat diminimalisir dengan literasi bencana yang dimiliki oleh para pustakawan. Keberadaan literasi bencana menjadi salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan pustakawan dalam menghadapi bencana kebakaran, sehingga penelitian ini ingin menguji apakah terdapat pengaruh dari literasi bencana terhadap kesiapsiagaan pustakawan dalam menghadapi bencana kebakaran di Surabaya dan seberapa besar pengaruh literasi bencana terhadap kesiapsiagaan pustakawan dalam menghadapi bencana kebakaran di Surabaya. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif eksplanatif dengan menggunakan data dari seluruh pustakawan di Surabaya yang dijadikan sebagai responden. Hasil temuan pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh literasi bencana (X) terhadap kesiapsiagaan pustakawan (Y) dalam menghadapi bencana kebakaran, sementara itu literasi bencana (X) memiliki pengaruh sebesar 41,2 % terhadap terhadap Kesiapsiagaan Pustakawan (Y) dan sisanya dipengaruh oleh faktor lain yang tidak diuji pada penelitian ini.

The film “Childhood Friend episode 2” is a film telling the story about the love of a couple who had to run aground because of the differences in social caste between the two families. The reason for choosing the film " Childhood Friend episode 2" is because in the film it displays elements of Bajawa (East Nusa Tenggara) culture. The purpose of this research is to find out the meaning of Bajawa cultural symbols contained in the scenes in the film. This study uses a qualitative research method using the method of semiotic analysis of the meaning triangle of Charles Sanders Pierce. Based on the results of this study, there is the meaning of the Bajawa cultural symbol like a traditional house Ngadhu, Bagha, traditional clothes like Boku, Kasa sese and the Bajawa traditional marriage system. For readers to be able to understand and tolerate each other with friends from different cultures so that there are no misunderstandings and miscommunications so that conflicts do not occur.Film “Sahabat Kecil episode 2” merupakan film yang bercerita tentang cinta sepasang kekasih yang harus kandas karena perbedaan kasta sosial antara kedua keluarga. Alasan memilih film “Sahabat Kecil episode 2” karena dalam film tersebut menampilkan unsur kebudayaan Bajawa (Nusa Tenggara Timur). Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui makna simbol-simbol budaya Bajawa yang terdapat dalam scene-scene dalam film tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis semiotika segitiga makna Charles Sanders Pierce. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, terdapat makna simbol budaya Bajawa seperti rumah adat Ngadhu, Bagha, pakaian adat seperti Boku, kasa sesedan sistem perkawinan adat Bajawa. Bagi para pembaca agar mampu memahami dan saling bertoleransi dengan teman yang berbeda budaya agar tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman dan miskomunikasi sehingga tidak terjadinya konflik.

An attempt was taken to transform Aman-fallow-Boro cropping pattern into Aman-rapeseed and mustard-Boro for three years beginning from Rabi 2011-12. Two components viz. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (BAU) and Bittohin Chashi Somaj Kallayan Sangstha (BCSKS) executed the programme under the leadership of BAU. Three upazillas viz. Mymensingh Sadar, Muktagacha & Haluaghat of Mymensingh district were under BAU component. Whereas, the upazillas Bagha of Rajshahi, Ishwardi of Pabna and Lalpur of Natore districts were under BCSKS component. A total of 1200 farmers (300+400+500 for 1st, 2nd & 3rd years) were taken into consideration to grow rapeseed and mustard in between Aman & Boro. Each of the farmers were provided with 1kg rapeseed and mustard seeds, necessary fertilizers, insecticide, fungicide & irrigation costs. Five rapeseed and mustard varieties namely BARI sarisha 14 & 15, BINA sarisha 4 & 7 and Unnata Tori 7 were used. Before rapeseed and mustard cultivation, all the farmers grew Aman rice &Boro rice after harvesting it. Among the five rapeseed and mustard varieties BARI sarisha 14 & 15, BINA sarisha 4 and Unnata Tori 7 were found to be suitable for the cropping pattern Aman-rapeseed and mustard-Boro. These varieties matured between 76.9 to 84.1 days. Per hectare seed yield of the varieties ranged from 1266.5 kg (Unnata Tori 7) to 1822.0 kg (BARI sarisha 14) with an average of 1544.6 kg. On an average per hectare cost of production, gross income & gross return from rapeseed and mustard were tk. 27770, 78180 and 50471, respectively. On an average, over three years gross income and gross return obtained from Aman and Boro rice were tk. 52,273 &22237 and tk. 71,138 & 30,935 per hectare, respectively. Thus, an additional income of tk. 50471 obtained by the farmers for growing rapeseed and mustard in between Aman & Boro over that of Aman & Boro only, and cropping intensity of the farmers raised into 300%.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 1-6, June 2015

This article serves to present a different perspective about Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes), that sustainable BUMDes needs touches of structural and religious values that adhere to communities. The strength of BUMDes is not on the regulation from the village authority. Further, the core values of religious beliefs and community structure renovate the implanted BUMDes knowledge to a referral guideline to behave amidst the communities. A qualitative research approach was applied in the form of a descriptive case study, located in Kutuh Village, Badung Regency, North Bali. The research indicated that the powerfulness of Tri Hita Karana signified beliefs and ancestral values as cultural and symbolic capitals concerning environment, community, and divinity. In this context, three sorts of lands as resources were developed by agents, especially traditional leaders and their apparatus. They were able to restructure customary laws concerning activities. Furthermore, the agents and structure were also able to regulate the conducts of the indigenous people as the roots of mind-shaping for the local people. This was the reason why beliefs could attach to the structure of thought of the indigenous people so that any activities in BUMDa (Bagha Utsaha Manunggal Desa Adat/Traditional Village Integrated Business Entity) can be collectively habituated as routines.

To observe the growth and yield attributes of cabbage under different spacing and nitrogen fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted with cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) variety “BARI Badha kopi-2 (Agradut)”. The experiment was carried out at the research field of the Department of Crop Science and Technology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi during the period from November, 2021 to March, 2022. The experiment consisted of three spacing i.e. 50cmX30cm, 50cmX40cm and 50cmX50cm as well as three levels of nitrogen fertilizers viz. 50kg/ha, 100kg/ha and 150kg/ha. The results revealed that different treatments significantly affected the growth and yield attributes of cabbage. The combination of wider spacing (50cmX50cm) combination with highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (150kg/ha) produced the maximum plant height, no. of leaves per plant, largest leaf length, largest leaf breadth, head diameter, head thickness, individual head weight and yield whereas50cmX30cm spacing and lowest level of nitrogen fertilizer (50kg/ha)required maximum days required for head maturity. On the other hand, all the studied parameters except days required for head maturity found to be lowest in the treatment combination of 50cmX30cm spacing with lower level of nitrogen fertilizer (50kg/ha).The study concluded that cabbage need to be cultivated at 50cmX50cmspacing and 150kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer is to be applied for getting the targeted yield as well as desired return from cabbage cultivation in “High Ganges River Floodplain zones” of Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine macroeconomic factors such as economic growth, inflation, money supply, unemployment rate, and world oil prices as moderating variables on the growth of corporate Islamic bonds (sukuk) in Indonesia. The method of analysis in this research was quantitative causality with an analytical approach. The analysis technique used was a moderation regression model. The sample in this study was the growth of corporate Islamic bonds (sukuk) for the last ten years, from 2013 to 2022, in monthly data. The results showed that the growth of Sukuk was partially affected by the variables of inflation, money supply, and unemployment. However, the GDP variable does not affect the growth of Sukuk. The moderating variable of world oil prices can moderate the variables of GDP, money supply, and unemployment rate on the growth of Sukuk, but does not moderate the variable of inflation on the growth of Sukuk. The results of this study can be used as an academic reference and information for issuers and potential investors in making investment decisions from macroeconomic factors that have been studied such as inflation, money supply, unemployment rate, and world oil prices. Keywords: Gross Domestic Product, Macroeconomics, Unemployment Rate, Corporate Sukuk ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor makroekonomi seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi, uang beredar, tingkat pengangguran, dan harga minyak dunia sebagai variabel moderasi pada pertumbuhan obligasi syariah (sukuk) korporasi di Indonesia. Metode analisis pada penelitian ini ialah kuantitatif kausalitas dengan pendekatan analitik. Teknik analisis yang dipakai menggunakan model regresi moderasi. Sampel penelitian ini ialah pertumbuhan obligasi syariah (sukuk) korporasi sepuluh tahun terakhir, dari tahun 2013 sampai dengan 2022 dalam data bulanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan secara parsial variabel inflasi, uang beredar, dan tingkat pengangguran mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sukuk, namun berbeda dengan variabel GDP tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sukuk. Variabel moderasi harga minyak dunia mampu memoderasi variabel GDP, uang beredar, dan tingkat pengangguran pada pertumbuhan sukuk, namun tidak memoderasi variabel inflasi pada pertumbuhan sukuk. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dipakai sebagai refrensi akdemisi, dan informasi bagi perusahaan penerbit serta para calon investor dalam menentukan keputusan investasi dari faktor makroekonomi yang telah diteliti seperti inflasi, uang beredar, tingkat pengangguran, dan harga minyak dunia. Kata kunci: Gross Domestic Product, Makro Ekonomi, Tingkat Pengangguran, Sukuk Korporasi REFERENCES Abdalloh, I. (2019). Pasar modal syariah. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Ahmed, H., Hassan, M. K., & Rayfield, B. (2018). When and why firms issue sukuk? Managerial Finance, 44(6), 774–786. doi:10.1108/MF-06-2017-0207 Ardiansyah, I. H., & Lubis, D. (2017). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan sukuk korporasi di Indonesia. Al-Muzara’ah, 5(1), 51–68. doi:10.29244/jam.5.1.51-68 Bendickson, J., Muldoon, J., Liguori, E., & Davis, P. E. (2016). Agency theory: The times, they are a-changin’. Management Decision, 54(1), 174–193. doi:10.1108/MD-02-2015-0058 Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. doi:10.2307/258191 Fahmi, I. (2015). Manajemen investasi edisi 2. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Ghozali, I. (2013). Analisis multivariate lanjutan dengan program IBM SPSS 21. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Halim, Z.A, How, J., & Verhoeven, P. (2017). Agency costs and corporate sukuk issuance. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 42, 83–95. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2016.05.014 Klein, P.-O., & Weill, L. (2016). Why do companies issue sukuk? Review of Financial Economics, 31(1), 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.rfe.2016.05.003 Masitoh, E., & Fajri, R. N. (2020). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan sukuk korporasi di Indonesia. FINANSIA: Jurnal Akuntansi dan Perbankan Syariah, 3(1), 75–84. doi:10.32332/finansia.v3i1.1831 Mohamed, H. H., Masih, M., & Bacha, O. I. (2015). Why do issuers issue Sukuk or conventional bond? Evidence from Malaysian listed firms using partial adjustment models. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 34, 233–252. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2015.02.004 Mulyadi, S., Apriliza, I., & Suryanto, A. (2022). Kontribusi variabel makroekonomi terhadap sukuk perusahaan di Indonesia periode 2011-2021. Jurnal Ekonomika dan Bisnis Islam, 5(3), 15–28. doi:10.26740/jekobi.v5n3.p15-28 Munir, A., & Rosyidah, N. (2021). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan sukuk korporasi di Indonesia tahun 2016-2020. Proceeding of International Conference on Education Management and Sharia Economics, 2(1), 486–494. Sidoarjo: 13 Desember 2021 Nagano, M. (2017). Sukuk issuance and information asymmetry: Why do firms issue sukuk? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 42, 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2016.12.005 Nasrifah, M. (2019). Sukuk (obligasi Syariah) dalam perspektif keuangan Islam. Asy-Syari’ah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 5(2), 165–179. doi:10.55210/assyariah.v5i2.120 Pramidiyanti, H., & Indrawati, L. R. (2019). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan Sukuk korporasi di Indonesia tahun 2002-2018. DINAMIC: Directory Journal of Economic, 1(4), 418–432. doi:10.31002/dinamic.v1i4.804 Sholiha, I., & Hanifah, N. (2021). Eksistensi obligasi Syariah (Sukuk) korporasi di Indonesia pada masa pandemi. Istidlal: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), 143–151. doi: 10.35316/istidlal.v5i2.346 Suganda, T. R. (2018). Teori dan pembahasan reaksi pasar modal Indonesia. Malang: Seribu Bintang. Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Ulum, I. (2017). Intellectual capital: Model pengukuran, framework pengungkapan& kinerja organisasi. Malang: UMMPress. Wahyudi, M. A., & Shofawati, A. (2019). Pengaruh faktor makroekonomi terhadap total nilai emisi sukuk korporasi di Indonesia (periode Januari 2013-Desember 2017). Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 6(3), 461–476. doi:10.20473/vol6iss20193pp461-476 Zusryn, A. S., Al Hashfi, R. U., & Nasution, A. H. (2019). Pengaruh sistem perbankan, makroekonomi, dinamika pasar keuangan terhadap perkembangan sukuk korporasi. JEBA (Journal of Economics and Business Aseanomics), 4(2), 109–125. doi:10.33476/j.e.b.a.v4i2.1244

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the short-term and long-term relationship between the Islamic capital markets of 5 selected countries in the Covid-19 era. This study used a quantitative approach using weekly secondary data from January 2020 to December 2022. The data analysis model used Vector Auto Regression (VAR) analysis. The results of this study show that in the short term, variants in the capital market will change due to shocks in other ASEAN Islamic capital markets, but short-term deviations in the Islamic capital market will adjust in the long term. meanwhile, in the long run, Islamic capital markets in ASEAN countries that were tested, have integrated despite the occurrence of a health crisis that also has an impact on the financial crisis. This provides an opportunity for investors to mitigate risks and increase profit margins, especially in Islamic stock exchanges in ASEAN countries. On the other hand, this research allows investors to reformulate a more diversified portfolio after the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Integration, Islamic Capital Market, ASEAN, Covid 19 ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang antara pasar modal syariah 5 negara terpilih di era Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder mingguan januari 2020 sampai dengan desember 2022. Model analisis data menggunakan analisis Vector Auto Regression (VAR). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek, varian di pasar modal akan berubah karena guncangan di pasar modal syariah ASEAN lainnya, namun penyimpangan jangka pendek di pasar modal syariah akan menyesuaikan dalam jangka panjang. sementara dalam jangka panjang, pasar modal syariah di negara-negara ASEAN yang teruji, memiliki integrasi meskipun terjadi krisis kesehatan yang juga berdampak pada krisis keuangan. Hal ini memberikan suatu kesempatan bagi para investor untuk memitigasi risiko dan memperbesar margin keuntungan terutama di bursa saham syariah negara ASEAN. Disisi lain, dengan adanya penelitian ini memungkinkan membantu para investor untuk merumuskan kembali portofolio yang lebih terdiversifikasi setelah terjadinya pandemi covid-19. Kata Kunci: Integrasi, Pasar Modal Syariah, ASEAN, Covid 19 REFERENCES Abd. Majid, M. S. (2018). Who Co-Moves The Islamic Stock Market of Indonesia -The US, The UK, or Japan? Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, 10(2), 267–284. doi:10.15408/aiq.v10i2.7288 Abdul Karim, B., & Abdul-Rahman, A. (2020). Market integration in asean-5: Evidence of Islamic and conventional stock markets. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 21(1), 186–198. doi:10.17512/pjms.2020.21.1.14 Abdulkarim, F. M., Akinlaso, M. I., Hamid, B. A., & Ali, H. S. (2020). The nexus between oil price and Islamic stock markets in Africa: A wavelet and Multivariate-GARCH approach. Borsa Istanbul Review, 20(2), 108–120. doi:10.1016/j.bir.2019.11.001 Ahmed, F. (2021). Assessment of Capital Market Efficiency in COVID-19. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(3), 42–46. doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.839 Awwal, M. A. F. (2021). The corona pandemic on sharia capital market in Indonesia. Iqtishoduna, 10(2), 95–104. doi:10.36835/iqtishoduna.v10i2.864 Aziz, A., Rachmat, N., Abu, A., Adnan, Y., Islam, M. H., Islam, U., Hasan, Z., & Indonesia, G. (2020). Does integration superpower stock market for index of sharia stock in Indonesia. International Journal of Management Science and Business Research, 9(10), 170–177. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4990752 Bekaert, G., Harvey, C. R., & Ng, A. (2005). Market integtation and cintagration. The Journal of Business, 78(1), 39-70. doi:10.1086/426519 Cahyaningrum, A., & Robiyanto, R. (2021). Pengujian integrasi pasar modal di Kawasan Asia sebelum dan selama pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Akuntansi Keuangan Dan Bisnis, 14(2), 211–220. doi:10.35143/jakb.v14i2.4673 Chen, M. P., Lee, C. C., Lin, Y. H., & Chen, W. Y. (2018). Did the S.A.R.S. epidemic weaken the integration of Asian stock markets? Evidence from smooth time-varying cointegration analysis. Economic Research, 31(1), 908–926. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2018.1456354 Chen, N. F., Roll, R., & Ross, S. A. (1986). Economic Forces and the Stock Market. Journal of Bussiness, 59(3), 383–403. Climent, F., & Meneu, V. (2003). Has 1997 Asian crisis increased information flows between international markets. International Review of Economics & Finance, 12(1), 111–143. doi:10.1016/s1059-0560(02)00140-5 Dantes, R. (2019). Wawasan pasar modal syariah. Ponorogo: Wade Group. Elmizan, G. H., Rahmawati, V., & Talim, A. (2022). Understanding and interest in sharia capital market investment of PTKIN and PTKIS Students. Indonesisan Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics, 5(2), 441–458. doi:10.31538/iijse.v5i2.2165 Erdo, S., Gedikli, A., & Ismail, E. (2020). Volatility spillover effects between Islamic stock markets and exchange rates : Evidence from three emerging countries. Borsa Istanbul Review, 20(4), 322-333. doi:10.1016/j.bir.2020.04.003 Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383–417. doi:10.2307/2325486 Fathoni, H., & Sakinah, G. (2021). Peran pasar modal syariah dalam laju pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Khazanah Multidisiplin, 2(1), 33–44. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Gunawan, D., & Cahyadi, W. (2019). Integrasi pasar saham Indonesia dengan Pasar Saham Asia. Jurnal PasarModal Dan Bisnis, 1(2), 145–154. doi:10.37194/jpmb.v1i2.27 Handini, S., & Astawinetu, E. D. (2020). Teori portofolio dan pasar modal Indonesia. Surabaya: Scopindo Media Pustaka. Hartati, N. (2021). Investasi saham syariah di bursa efek Indonesia dalam perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah. J-HES (Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah), 5(1), 33–48. doi:10.26618/j-hes.v5i01.4819. Karim, B. A., & Karim, Z. A. (2012). Integration of ASEAN-5 stock markets: A revisit. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 8(2), 21–41. Khan, K., Zhao, H., Zhang, H., Yang, H., Shah, M. H., & Jahanger, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on stock markets: An empirical analysis of world major stock indices. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 7(7), 463–474. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.463 Laopodis, N. T. (2020). Understanding investments (2nd Edition). London: Routledge. Liu, H., Manzoor, A., Wang, C., Zhang, L., & Manzoor, Z. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak and affected countries stock markets response. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 1–19. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082800 Majid, M. S. A., Meera, A. K. M., & Omar, M. A. (2008). Interdependence of asean-5 stock markets from the US and Japan. Global Economic Review, 37(2), 201–225. doi:10.1080/12265080802021201 Malik, A. D. (2017). Analisa faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi minat masyarakat berinvestasi di pasar modal syariah melalui Bursa Galeri Investasi Uisi. JEBIS: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 3(1), 61-84. doi:10.20473/jebis.v3i1.4693 Mustapha, M. I., Bacha, O. I., & Masih, M. (2017). Dynamics of islamic stock market returns and exchange rate movements in the ASEAN Countries in a regime-switching environment : Implications for the islamic investors and risk hedgers. Munich Personal RePEc Archive: University Library of Munich, 82218. Noptriyani, I., Ahmadsyah, I., & Aufa, S. (2016). Faktor-Faktor yang menjadi penghambat bagi mahasiswa dalam memiliki investasi (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry). Global Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 2(1), 82–109. doi:10.22373/jihbiz.v2i1.8580 Nurlina., Abubakar, A., & Khalid, R. (2022). Investasi perspektif Al-Qur’an (Studi menggunakan metode Maudhu’i). E-QIEN: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 11(1), 997–1004. doi:10.34308/eqien.v11i1.832 Oceania, F. G., & Ardiansyah, M. (2023). Dampak shock pada indeks saham syariah global dan indeks saham syariah Regional Asean terhadap perubahan harga saham pada Jakarta Islamic Index Periode 2020-2022 2(03). (Thesis Magister, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kali Jaga) https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/55880/ Pajar, R. C., & Pustikaningsih, A. (2017). Pengaruh Motivasi Investasi Dan Pengetahuan Investasi Terhadap Minat Investasi Di Pasar Modal Pada Mahasiswa Fe Uny. Profita: Kajian Ilmu Akuntansi, 5(1), 1–16. Pardal, P., Dias, R., Suler, P., Teixeira, N., & Krulicky, T. (2020). Integration in Central European capital markets in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Equlibrium: Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(4), 627-650. doi:10.24136/eq.2020.027 Peristiwo, H. (2016). Analisis minat investor di kota Serang terhadap investasi syariah pada pasar modal syariah. Jurnal Ekonomi Keuangan dan Bisnis Islam, 7(1), 37–52. doi:10.32678/ijei.v7i1.7 Prasetyo, T. A. (2022). Analisis indeks harga saham syariah internasional dan variabel makro ekonomi terhadap Jakarta Islamic Index. At Tawazun, 10(01), 41–53. Qizam, I., Ardiansyah, M., & Qoyum, A. (2020). Integration of Islamic capital market in ASEAN-5 countries: Preliminary evidence for broader benefits from the post-global financial crisis. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(4), 811–825. doi:10.1108/JIABR-08-2019-0149 Rabbani, I. A., & Saputra, I. (2022). Financial literacy dan overconfidence dalam keputusan investasi. Journal of International Management, 1(1),1–18. Romadhon, M. R., & Ardiansyah, M. (2022). Analisis Pasar Modal Syariah 5 Negara ASEAN di Era Pandemi. E-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi Universitas Jember, 9(1), 36–41. doi:10.19184/ejeba.v9i1.30412 Saiti, B. (2015). Cointegration of Islamic stock indices: Evidence from five ASEAN countries. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 6(7), 1392–1405. Sims, C. A. (1972). Money, income, causality. The American Economic Review, 62(4), 540–552. Siregar, P. A., Sari, S., & Batubara, M. (2022). Perspektif perkembangan dan tantangan pasar modal di Indonesia. Economic Reviews Journal, 2(1), 923–926. Sn, A., & Rahayu, S. E. (2022). Pengaruh indeks saham syariah Jepang (Djijp) dan inseks saham syariah Malaysia (Djmy25d) terhadap indeks saham syariah Indonesia (Issi). Point: Jurnal Ekonomi & Manajemen, 4(1), 53–66. Storey, I., & Choong, W. (2022). Russia’s invasion of ukraine : Southeast Asian responses and why the conflict matters to the region. ISEAS Yusof IShak Institute, 24, 1–13. Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sulistiana, I., Hidayati, & Sumar. (2017). Model vector auto regression (Var) and vector error correction model (Vecm) approach for inflation relations analysis, gross regional domestic product (Gdp), world tin price, Bi rate and Rupiah exchange rate. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 17–32. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1147673 Suteja, J., & Gunardi, A. (2016). Manajemen investasi dan portofolio (Edisi Kesatu). Bandung: PT Refika Aditama. Tiwang, R. A., Karamoy, H., & Maramis, J. (2020). Analisis integrasi pasar modal Indonesia dengan pasar modal global (Nyse, Sse, Lse, dan Pse). JMBI UNSRAT: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Bisnis dan Inovasi Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 7(3), 657–684. doi:10.35794/jmbi.v7i3.31442 Walewangko, E., Saerang, I. S., & Maramis, J. B. (2018). Analisi integrasi saham bursa efek Indonesia dan beberapa bursa efek Negara ASEAN periode Januari 2016 - Juni 2018. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 6(4), 3923–3932. doi:10.35794/emba.v6i4.21917 Waworundeng, J. H., & Rate, P. Van. (2018). Analisis hubungan pasar modal ASEAN dengan pasar modal Indonesia di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 6(1), 271–280. doi:10.35794/emba.v6i1.19049 Widarjono, A. (2018). Ekonometrika: Pengantar dan aplikasinya disertai Panduan Eviews (5th Edition). Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN.

Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner is a powerful narrative on ‘Bacha Bazi’, “same-sex pedophilia restricted to adult men and adolescent boys” (Powell, 2018, p.1), prevalent in Afghanistan. When marginalisation of Afghan women became the nucleus of major studies , especially during the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, Hosseini unveiled in The Kite Runner, the gruesome Afghan culture of ‘Bacha Bazi’ that disintegrates a boy’s social and sexual identity. ‘Bacha Bazi’ is not consensual rather coercion hence is equivalent to rape and reflects the grotesque violation of Afghan male children’s human rights. While the world viewed Afghanistan as a land of incessant wars, tribal conflicts, violence and female exploitation, Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner provided a startling insight into ‘Bacha Bazi’ and its implications on Afghan boys. The novel reveals the socio-culture domain of Afghanistan and ethnic rivalry playing an instrumental role in the existence of Bacha Bazi. In the light of the above discussions, the present paper examines the deleterious effects of Bacha Bazi on Afghan male children. It elucidates the psychological trauma of adolescent Afghan boys that evolves out of the sexual abuse and new androgynous identity imposed on them.

PurposeLimited evidence exists on bacha bazi, Afghanistan's steadily revived practice involving transgenerational same-sex relationships, despite its frequent association with violence towards young males, known as bacha bereesh. This paper aims to fill this critical gap.Design/methodology/approachThe author conducted an integrative literature review using qualitative and quantitative secondary data. An ecological framework for violence was applied to the findings.FindingsThe findings offer a comprehensive overview of bacha bazi in its modern form, including the unique health needs, sexual practices, and gender identities and orientations of bacha bereesh. The author reveals how Afghan masculine identities and male-male sexual activity occur in relation to power structures and notions of honor. Numerous risk factors increasing bacha bereesh vulnerability for violence and socio-legal barriers constraining access to crucial services are also discussed.Research limitations/implicationsAfghanistan's shame-based culture limits accurate data collection by obscuring the practice and stigmatizing bacha bereesh who serve in feminized roles.Practical implicationsThe research highlights the inadequacies of applying Western gender-binary frameworks to bacha bazi. It contributes to our understanding of sexuality, gender, masculinity, and male-directed sexual violence within Afghan culture. These insights will help us better address the health needs of this underserved population.Originality/valueThe lack of evidence addressing these topics highlights our paper's originality, while the literature firmly linking violence to poor physical and psychological health outcomes emphasizes the importance of its contribution.

Abstract This article critically examines the pluralistic legal environment of Afghanistan, security sector reform processes engaged in by the international community, and the dismissal of the practice of bacha bazi as a cultural issue, which combined to allow the sexual abuse and exploitation of young boys to continue with impunity. The article calls for the United Nations and the international community to show strong, ethical, and transparent leadership on child protection within future mission mandates as a practical implementation of the secondary duty under the responsibility to protect (R2P).

Analysis of the food menu offered periodically to tourists, it is hoped that the manager of the pork satay restaurant will be able to get optimal profits that can be used for business development in the future. Based on the background of the problem, the purpose of this study is to determine the process of making the types of pork satay offered by restaurant managers, and as a marketing strategy for pork satay menus in increasing food sales in the Baha tourist village area, Badung Regency, Bali. This research formulates a marketing strategy which is then elaborated with various marketing programs. Data were collected using observation, interviews, literature study, and then by using the marketing mix) namely 1) Products such as sweet pork satay, spicy pork satay; 2) Price where each menu has its price; 3) Place, namely by using direct distribution; 4) Promotion such as the installation of restaurant name signs, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. Then the analysis is carried out using the engineering menu. The technique of determining the informants using purposive sampling. This research will find out the menu offered by restaurant managers in the Baha tourist village area, Badung Regency, Bali, there are 4 menus (53.77%) of pork satay classified as a star, meaning that it is popular and profitable, 2 menus (46.23%) are classified as a plow horse, meaning popular but less profitable. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be suggested that restaurant managers in the Baha Tourism Village area should further improve the quality of food and beverages to get maximum profit.