Artículos de revistas: "Bananas Bananas Virus diseases of plants"

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Pasberg-Gauhl, C., B. E. Lockhart y S. Duran. "First Outbreak of Banana Streak Badnavirus Infection in Commercial Export Bananas in Costa Rica". Plant Disease 84, n.º 10 (octubre de 2000): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1152c.

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Banana streak badnavirus (BSV) is the most widely occurring virus in banana and plantain (1) but has not been reported to be a significant problem in commercial export bananas. In early 1999, the first severe outbreak of BSV infection in commercial export bananas (Musa AAA cv. Grand Nain) was recorded at Siquirres on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. Disease incidence in the plantation was 60% and symptoms included foliar chlorotic streaks, stunting of plants, splitting and internal necrosis of pseudostems and fruits, cigar leaf necrosis, and bunch emergence through the pseudostem. Diseased plants within a 0.8 ha area were eliminated to prevent possible further spread of the disease. The presence of BSV in diseased plants was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy (1). Cucumber mosaic virus and Banana mild mosaic virus, which also occur in banana and plantain in Latin America (2), were not detected in the plants tested. Other recent accounts of BSV occurrence in commercial banana plantations in South America (our unpublished results) suggest that BSV occurrence in export bananas may be more significant than previously thought. References: (1) F. Gauhl et al. Int. J. Pest Management 45:167, 1991. (2) D. R. Jones, ed. 1999. Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, U.K.

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James, Anthony P., Dawit B. Kidanemariam, Sharon D. Hamill, James L. Dale y Robert M. Harding. "Infectivity of an Infectious Clone of Banana Streak CA Virus in A-Genome Bananas (Musa acuminata ssp.)". Viruses 13, n.º 6 (4 de junio de 2021): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061071.

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We have characterized the complete genome sequence of an Australian isolate of banana streak CA virus (BSCAV). A greater-than-full-length, cloned copy of the virus genome was assembled and agroinoculated into five tissue-cultured plants of nine different Musa acuminata banana accessions. BSCAV was highly infectious in all nine accessions. All five inoculated plants from eight accessions developed symptoms by 28 weeks post-inoculation, while all five plants of M. acuminata AA subsp. zebrina remained symptomless. Symptoms were mild in six accessions but were severe in Khae Phrae (M. acuminata subsp. siamea) and the East African Highland banana accession Igisahira Gisanzwe. This is the first full-length BSCAV genome sequence reported from Australia and the first report of the infectivity of an infectious clone of banana streak virus.

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Su, Hong-Ji, Ting-Hsuan Hung y Meng-Ling Wu. "First Report of Banana Streak Virus Infecting Banana Cultivars (Musa spp.) in Taiwan". Plant Disease 81, n.º 5 (mayo de 1997): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.550a.

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Banana (Musa sapientam L.) is an economically important crop for both export and local consumption in Taiwan. Recently, leaf symptoms characteristic of banana streak disease (1) were found on banana cv. Mysore (AAB group) introduced from Australia in the germ plasm collection of the Taiwan Banana Research Institute. The citrus mealybug (Planococus citri) has been shown to transmit banana streak virus (BSV) but not banana bunchy top virus or cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (2). When mealybugs were fed on leaves of diseased Mysore banana and transferred to healthy banana cv. Cavendish seedlings in a growth chamber, the latter developed fine chlorotic streaks characteristic of symptoms caused by BSV within 1 to 3 months. Some chlorotic streaks became necrotic. BSV was detected in diseased but not healthy leaves of Mysore and Cavendish bananas by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pairs of BSV provided by J. E. Thomas of Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Subsequently, fine chlorotic streaks were observed in leaves of Cavendish banana in several fields in southern Taiwan. Some of these diseased plants developed severe leaf necrosis, causing heart rot of spindle leaves characteristic of symptoms caused by CMV. Presence of BSV in these plants was verified by PCR assay. However, CMV was also detected by double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a monoclonal antibody to CMV, indicating that these plants were simultaneously infected by both viruses. This is the first report of BSV infecting Musa spp. in Taiwan. References: (1) B. E. L. Lockhart. Phytopathology 76:995, 1986. (2) B. E. L. Lockhart. 1995 Food & Fertilizer Technol. Center (ASPAC) Tech. Bull. 143. 11 pp.

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Erawan, Tatang Suharmana, Rahmi Aulia Hidayat y Johan Iskandar. "Etnobotanical Study on Banana in Karangwangi Village, Cianjur District, West Java". Jurnal Biodjati 4, n.º 1 (28 de mayo de 2019): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v4i1.2954.

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Banana has been known as one of fruits that has an important function in the rural areas. Bananas have been traditionally planted by rural farmers in the homegarden, garden and mixed-garden in West Java. However, study on bananas in Karangwangi village,Cianjur has not been carried out. Aim of study was to explore varieties (landraces) of bananas, source of local knowledge on bananas, utilization of ba-nanas and diseases of bananas. Method used in this study was quali-tative with ethnobotanical approach and some techniques, including observation and semi-structure interview were applied in this study. The result of study showed that, it was recorded 13 variations of ba-nana; main source of local knowledge on bananas from the parent and friends; utilization of bananas, including consumption of ripe fruit, made of “sale” and some banana organs, including leaves, “jantung” (male flower), pseudostem, ”bonggol” (base of pseudostem) and roots of bananas were usually used by people. Main diseases of banana was known by local people as “Pireus” (virus). We recommended more intensive study on bananas must be carried on for near future.

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Widyastuti, Dewi y Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat. "PENGARUH WAKTU INFEKSI VIRUS KERDIL PISANG TERHADAP KERENTANAN TIGA KULTIVAR". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 5, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2005): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.1542-49.

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Effects of time of infection of banana bunchy top virus on susceptibility of three banana cultivars. Banana Bunchy Top, caused by Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the most important banana diseases in Indonesia. Approach to reduce disease incidence involves prevention of early infection especially on susceptible cultivars. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three banana cultivars, Ambon Kuning, Tanduk, and Kepok, to different time of infection of BBTV i.e., one week and three week after adaptation period, and one week during adaptation period. Banana plants used in the study were prepared through in vitro propagation (tissue culture) and virus transmission was done using aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa. In addition to observation on symptom expression, inhibition of plant height, and reduction of leaf size, conformation of virus infection was done through indirect ELISA. Virus concentration on different part of the plant, young leaf, stem, and root, tends to decrease over the time due to the ability of BBTV to move from cell to cell before replication takes place. It is evidenced that BBTV was able to infect banana in all growth stages although the younger plant is more susceptible to BBTV. Although concentration of the virus in the tested plant is considered high, symptoms expression of BBTV infection can be differentiated from moderate to very severe. Response of banana plants to infection of BBTV can be grouped into susceptible (Ambon Kuning), moderate tolerant (Tanduk), and tolerant (Kepok).

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Panda, Sujogya Kumar, Ana Hortência Fonsêca Castro, Ramin Saleh Jouneghani, Pieter Leyssen, Johan Neyts, Rony Swennen y Walter Luyten. "Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Plant Parts of Banana (Musa spp.)". Viruses 12, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050549.

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Chikungunya and yellow fever virus cause vector-borne viral diseases in humans. There is currently no specific antiviral drug for either of these diseases. Banana plants are used in traditional medicine for treating viral diseases such as measles and chickenpox. Therefore, we tested selected banana cultivars for their antiviral but also cytotoxic properties. Different parts such as leaf, pseudostem and corm, collected separately and extracted with four different solvents (hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water), were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and yellow fever virus (YFV). Extracts prepared with acetone and ethanol from leaf parts of several cultivars exhibited strong (EC50 around 10 μg/mL) anti-CHIKV activity. Interestingly, none of the banana plant extracts (concentration 1–100 µg/mL) were active against EV71. Activity against YFV was restricted to two cultivars: Namwa Khom–Pseudostem–Ethanol (5.9 ± 5.4), Namwa Khom–Corm–Ethanol (0.79 ± 0.1) and Fougamou–Corm–Acetone (2.5 ± 1.5). In most cases, the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was generally 5- to 10-fold lower than the antiviral activity, suggesting a reasonable therapeutic window.

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Akhsan, Ni’matuljannah, Sofian Sofian y Irwansyah Irwansyah. "Karakteristik Dan Intensitas Penyakit Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) Tanaman Pisang Di Beberapa Kecamatan Di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara". Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian 8, n.º 2 (16 de enero de 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v8i2.790.

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Banana is a fruit commodity that is consumed by many people. Banana dwarf disease is an important disease, because its presence has spread in banana plants in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the characteristics and intensity of BBTV attacks on banana plants with different planting patterns, sanitation and weed control. This research was conducted in 5 districts in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, namely Samboja, Muara Jawa, Loa Janan, Muara Badak, Loa Kulu. The method used is a survey method that is conducting direct observations in the field using modified score assessments based on morphology of diseased plants (Brooks, 1999). The data obtained were processed to determine the intensity of disease per plot with the formula of disease severity (Agrios, 1997). Disease intensity data were compared based on different banana cropping conditions, sanitation and weed control.Based on the survey results it can be concluded that, in banana tree land with a monoculture pattern, in sanitation and with weed control, the intensity of BBTV disease is higher compared to mixed cropping patterns, without sanitation and without weed control. The character of attack is generally in the assessment score 3 with the characteristics: (1) the edge of the leaf is quite severe yellowing, (2) the existence of leaf narrowing or twisting (3) the occurrence of distortion, dwarf and necrosis (4) found more than four infected banana stems in a clump.

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Scandelai, Luís Henrique Mariano, Sarita Leonel y Luciene Michelle Apponi. "Agronomic characteristics of 'Prata-anã' and 'Maçã' bananas micropropagated". Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 28, n.º 1 (abril de 2006): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452006000100041.

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The experiment evaluated the agronomic characteristics of 'Prata-anã' and 'Maçã' banana plants, in the São Manuel region of São Paulo state. In the first crop cycle, the number of days from planting to inflorescence and from inflorescence to harvest; the number of shoots until the appearance of inflorescence and during the harvest period; active leaves number at inflorescence appearance and during the harvest period. Were evaluated yield parameters: like average weight of bunch, hand, rachis and fruit; average fruit number per hand and bunch; average fruit diameter and length. Incidences of plague diseases, as well as their severity were also evaluated. Delineation was totally at random, with 2 treatments, 15 replications and 5 useful plants per experimental plot. Both cultivars were characterized by values of descriptive average statistics and standard deviation, for characteristic interests. Number of days from planting to harvest was similar for both 'Prata-anã' and 'Maçã', 574 and 567 days respectively. Banana plants showed good phytosanitary quality throughout the whole cycle.

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Ghotbi, T. y K. Bananej. "First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Banana from Iran". Plant Disease 89, n.º 8 (agosto de 2005): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0914a.

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Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), Banana streak virus (BSV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (genus Cucumovirus, family Bromoviridae [2]) cause widespread economic losses on banana (Musa sp.) throughout the world and have been reported on banana in different countries including Pakistan along its southeastern border with Iran (1). A survey was conducted from 2004–2005 to identify viruses infecting banana in greenhouses in different growing areas in northern Iran, Mazandaran Province (Sari, Babol, Behshahr, and Ghaemshahr cities). A total of 180 samples from seven banana-growing greenhouses with symptoms of mosaic, chlorosis, stunting, and fruit malformation were collected. All samples were tested for CMV with polyclonal antibodies using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) (CMV strain D subgroup I; gifted by H. Lecoq, INRA, Avignion, France). For sap inoculation onto indicator test plants, selected ELISA-positive leaf samples were ground in chilled 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.15% 2-mercaptoethanol. Chlorotic and necrotic local lesions developed on Chenopodium amaranticolor and Vigna unguiculata (cv. Mashad local) 10 and 12 days postinoculation, respectively. Cucumis sativus and Nicotiana rustica also developed systemic mosaic symptoms (3). All indicator test plants were rechecked for the presence of CMV using DAS-ELISA. On the basis of serological tests and indicator host plants reactions, CMV was identified in 32% of samples including Sari (13.8%), Babol (2.7%), Behshahr (10%) and Ghahemshahr (5%), respectively. Fifty-five samples did not react with CMV antiserum but the presence of symptoms resembling BBTV and BSV (4) emphasizes the need for further investigations to confirm the presence and identities of other viruses. References: (1) J. Bird and F. L. Wellman. Phytopathology 52:286, 1962. (2) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:67, 1999. (3) A. J. Gibbs and B. D. Harrison. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. No.1. CMI/AAB, Surrey, England, 1970. (4) R. C. Ploetz et al., eds. Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1994.

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Drew, R. A., M. K. Smith y D. W. Anderson. "Field evaluation of micropropagated bananas derived from plants containing Banana Bunchy-Top Virus". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 28, n.º 2 (febrero de 1992): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055518.

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Pietersen, G., M. S. Staples, G. G. F. Kasdorf y J. E. Thomas. "First Report of Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus Subgroup 1 in South Africa, from Banana with Infectious Chlorosis". Plant Disease 82, n.º 10 (octubre de 1998): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1171b.

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Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is the etiological agent of infectious chlorosis disease in bananas (Musa spp.). In South Africa, diagnosis of CMV on banana has been based only on symptoms (1). A Grande Naine (Cavendish, AAA) plant with typical infectious chlorosis disease was obtained from Letsitele. Sap from this plant was inoculated to indicator plants. Virus was isolated by two serial local lesion transfers on Chenopodium quinoa and maintained on Nicotiana benthamiana. It was identified as a subgroup I CMV based on its reaction to CMV DTL-, but not CMV ToRS- monoclonal antibodies in double antibody sandwich (DAS)—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The identity was further confirmed by the polyhedral particle morphology under the electron microscope by negatively staining, and decoration in immunoelectron microscopy with antiserum to a local tomato isolate of CMV. Infectious chlorosis disease symptoms were induced by sap inoculation to healthy Grande Naine plants, and the virus detected by ELISA. This is the first confirmed diagnosis of CMV on bananas in South Africa. The isolate was deposited in the PPRI Virus Collection. Reference: (1) B. Q. Manicom. 1993. Pages 102–103 in: Handbook of banana growing in South Africa. J. C. Robinson, ed. Agric. Res. Counc., Inst. Trop. Subtrop.Crops, Nelspruit, South Africa.

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Thomas, JE, MK Smith, AF Kessling y SD Hamill. "Inconsistent transmission of banana bunchy top virus in micropropagated bananas and its implication for germplasm screening". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, n.º 3 (1995): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950663.

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Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was readily transmitted through tissue culture in banana (Musa sp.) cv. Lady finger (AAB) and Cavendish cv. Williams (AAA). Lines derived from infected and healthy field plants had similar in vitro multiplication rates. BBTV-infected in vitro cultures displayed symptoms of stunting, leaf curling, chlorotic and green flecks, and poor root growth. Symptoms became milder with time, and were often difficult to discern in older, rapidly multiplying cultures. A triple antibody sandwich ELISA using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies was very efficient for detecting BBTV in vitro. Symptomless, ELISA-negative plants arose in 10 out of 11 lines derived from BBTV-infected field plants and first appeared after 9 months continuous in vitro culture at a constant 28�C. Meristem tip culture or heat therapy was not used. These plants remained symptomless and ELISA-negative after planting out in the glasshouse (individual plants checked for up to 16 months). The implications of this inconsistent transmission of BBTV for germplasm indexing and exchange are discussed.

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Marwan, Husda, Rainiyati Rainiyati y Sri Mulyati. "Pengaruh Aplikasi Bakteri Endofit Terhadap Perkembangan Penyakit Darah (Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotipe IV) pada Tanaman Pisang". JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 16, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2020): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2020.16.1.95.

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Endophytic bacterium EAL15 and EKK22 isolated from banana plants can suppress the development of blood diseases caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV in banana. This study aims to obtain the best liquid media for multiplying endophytic bacterial isolates EAL15 and EKK22, as well as the effect of the application of endophytic bacteria to the development of blood diseases in banana plants in the field. The liquid media tested were: coconut water waste + peptone, coconut water waste, and peptone. The application of endophytic bacterial suspension on Raja Bulu banana seedlings was done one month before planting, during planting, and 3 months after planting. Inoculum of R. solanacearum was inoculated on roots and banana flowers. Observations were made on the number of endophytic bacterial populations in each liquid media, the severity of blood diseases in plants and the incidence of blood diseases in bananas. The results showed that the liquid media of coconut water waste +peptone was the best medium for multiplying endophytic bacterial isolates. The application of endophytic bacteria influences the severity of blood diseases in banana plants and the incidence of diseases in bananas. The frequency of application of endophytic bacteria has no effect on the development of blood diseases in plants and bananas. Keywords: banana; blood disease; endophytic bacteria ABSTRAK Isolat bakteri endofit EAL15 dan EKK22 yang diisolasi dari tanaman pisang mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit darah yang disebabkan oleh Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotipe IV pada bibit pisang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan media cair terbaikuntuk memperbanyak isolat bakteri endofit EAL15 dan EKK22, serta pengaruh aplikasi bakteri endofit terhadap perkembangan penyakit darah pada tanaman pisang di lapangan. Media cair yang diuji yaitu : limbah air kelapa + pepton, limbah air kelapa, dan pepton. Aplikasi suspensi bakteri endofit pada bibit pisang Raja Bulu dilakukan satu bulan sebelum ditanam, saat tanam, dan 3 bulan setelah tanam. Inokulum R. solanacearumdiinokulasikan pada perakaran dan bunga pisang. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah populasi bakteri endofit dalam masing-masing media cair, keparahan penyakit darah pada tanaman dan kejadian penyakit darah pada buah pisang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media limbah air kelapa + pepton merupakan media terbaik untuk memperbanyak isolat bakteri endofit. Aplikasi bakteri endofit berpengaruh terhadap keparahan penyakit darah pada tanaman pisang dan kejadian penyakit pada buah pisang. Frekuensi aplikasi bakteri endofit tidak berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan penyakit darah pada tanaman dan buah pisang. Kata kunci: Bakteri endofit, penyakit darah, pisang

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Kagezi, Godfrey H., P. Kucel, J. Kobusinge, L. L. Nakibuule, F. Akwatulira y I. Perfecto. "Characterising the Coffee-Banana Agroforestry Systems: an Entry Point for Promoting Coffee and Banana Growing in mid-Northern Uganda". Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 18, n.º 2 (15 de septiembre de 2018): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujas.v18i2.5.

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This study was conducted in the mid-Northern Ugandan districts of Nwoya, Gulu, Lira, Apach and Oyam to characterise the coffee-banana agroforestry systems. Thirty fields with coffee-banana agroforestry systems were selected and the level of field and crop management determined. Additionally, five coffee and banana plants were randomly selected and assessed for pests and diseases. All fields had Robusta coffee type whereas cooking bananas were the dominant clone (45%). Field management was limited. More than 80% of the fields had no bands, trenches or cover-crops. Most of the fields were lowly weeded (46.7%) and mulched (60%). Intercropping was low with 20% having maize or cassava. Similarly, most fields were lowly inter-planted with trees (40%) with only 28 tree/shrub species and dominated by fruit trees; namely oranges (70%), mangoes (63.3%) and pawpaw (56.7%) of the total number of tree species observed in the systems. Generally, 40% of coffee fields had not been de-suckered, pruned or changed cycle. However, at least 35% of the coffee fields were highly pruned and their cycle changed. For bananas, more than 70% of the fields were not de-suckered, propped or their corms removed, but 63% of them had been de-leafed and de-budded at a low to moderate level. Leaf skeletonisers and coffee leaf rust were the most observed pest (77.3%) and disease (15.3%) respectively. Pest damage was limited in bananas, though black Sigatoka was the commonest disease observed (56%). It is concluded that the region has embraced the systems but there is need for farmers to be provided with the right species of coffee, banana and trees.Keywords: Agroforestry-systems, cooking-bananas, Robusta-coffee.

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Villao, Liliana, José Flores y Efrén Santos-Ordóñez. "Genetic transformation of apical meristematic shoots in the banana cultivar ‘Williams’". Bionatura 6, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2021): 1462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.01.4.

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Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are among the most critical socioeconomic crops globally, being a staple food for millions of people in the tropics and an essential component for the export market, including the subtropics. Besides conventional breeding, genetic improvement of bananas and plantains could be performed through genetic engineering and new breeding techniques. Furthermore, plant tissue culture is essential for these technologies, including developing embryogenic cell suspensions and in vitro plants. The transient and stable genetic transformation could be performed from in vitro plants, shortening Musa transgenic lines development compared to genetic transformation while using embryogenic cell suspension. In this study, a genetic transformation protocol was established from banana apical meristems for the ‘Williams’ cultivar (genotype AAA). The protocol was based on the co-cultivation of the explants (whole in vitro plants or bisected meristematic tissues derived from in vitro plants) with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring two binary vectors denominated pLVCIBE1 (cassette: MabHIPP promoter::luc2::Tnos, P35S::hpt::Tnos) and pLVCIBE2 (cassette: P35S::luc2::Tnos, P35S::hpt::Tnos), independently. The stable genetic transformation was obtained by subculturing in vitro banana plants in selection medium (12.5µg/mL of hygromycin) for 8 weeks from bisected meristematic tissue transformation. Genetic transformation was confirmed in vivo with the use of the luciferase reporter gene system. Furthermore, PCR was performed on DNA extracted from leaves of regenerated transgenic in vitro plants after 8 weeks of selection, confirming stable genetic transformation. Therefore, genetic transformation was achieved in the apical meristematic tissue of in vitro banana plants with co-cultivation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

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Irish, Brian M., Ricardo Goenaga, Sirena Montalvo-Katz, Bernardo Chaves-Cordoba y Inge Van den Bergh. "Host Response to Black Leaf Streak and Agronomic Performance of Banana Genotypes in Puerto Rico". HortScience 54, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): 1808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13876-19.

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Bananas are one of the most important fruits, serving as a cash crop and staple food in many regions of the world. In Puerto Rico, bananas are an important agricultural industry, supplying all the fruit needed for local demand. Diseases significantly limit production, and the evaluation and adoption of improved genetic resistance in bananas might provide an avenue for long-term sustainable production. To this end, nine enhanced genotypes from international selection and breeding programs were introduced and evaluated for their response to black leaf streak (BLS) (Pseudocercospora fijiensis Morelet) and for their agronomic performance. Bananas were evaluated as part of a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Tropical Agriculture Research Station (TARS) and Bioversity International’s International Musa Testing Program (IMTP). Improved genotypes were compared with disease-resistant and disease-susceptible reference genotypes across two cropping cycles. Field plants were grown following commercial production practices with no BLS management. Significant differences in disease reactions were observed during both cropping cycles for test and reference genotypes. Under high disease pressure, ‘FHIA-21’, ‘FHLORBAN 916’, and ‘FHLORBAN 920’ test genotypes showed higher numbers of functional leaves and lower disease severity at harvest in both cycles. Short cycling times were also observed for the two FHLORBAN genotypes. Larger bunches with a high number of fruits were produced by the ‘IBP 12’, ‘IBP 5-B’, and ‘IBP 5-61’ selections. Several of the GCTCV test genotypes were extremely susceptible to BLS, did not perform as expected, and appeared to be off-types. Several of the test genotypes performed well, although currently none possessed all needed traits for a commercial banana substitute. Regardless, several test genotypes have agronomic potential because they have been selected for disease resistance to other important pathogens (e.g., fusarium wilt) and therefore have become part of the permanent TARS collection. Future efforts will continue to focus on the IMTP collaboration and introduction of promising banana genotypes for evaluations.

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Ortiz, Rodomiro. "The Potential of AMMI Analysis for Field Assessment of Musa Genotypes to Virus Infection". HortScience 31, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1996): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.829.

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Virus-like symptoms (due to banana streak virus, cucumber mosaic virus, or both) have been observed in plants of Musa hybrids (TMPx) and local landraces included in multilocational trials in sub-Saharan Africa. Virus-like symptom incidence in these multilocational trials was analyzed using the additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. There were significant differences in virus-like symptom incidence among environments, which was highest in the cool, rainy season (14% to 42%) and lowest in the warm, dry season (<10%). Genotypes showed significantly different responses to virus(es), which depended on the environment. There were no plants of AA and AAA bananas showing virus-like symptoms (0% incidence), whereas ABB cooking bananas and a cooking banana hybrid (ABB × AA) seldom showed virus-like symptoms (<2% incidence). The AAB French plantains appeared to have a similar genotypic response to virus(es) (about 10% virus-like symptom incidence) and were regarded as less susceptible than the False Horn plantain `Agbagba', which showed virus-like symptoms in most of the environments (average 21% incidence). Hence, `Agbagba' should be considered a susceptible indicator host because it has a stable susceptible host response to Musa virus(es). Plantain hybrids (AAB × AA) showed virus-like symptoms; however, there were significant differences in genotypic response to the virus(es) among various hybrids (11% to 60%). Epistasis due to transgressive segregation may control the susceptibility of TMPx germplasm to Musa virus(es). The AMMI1 model revealed that an increase in clonal susceptibility resulted in a more unstable response to the virus. Similarly, phenotypic instability was associated with an increase in clonal resistance. Environments with very low (dry season) or very high (rainy season) incidence of virus-like symptoms had unstable virus expression. Scoring virus symptoms in cool environments with low rainfall and low potential evapotranspiration provided an unbiased assessment of genotypic response to Musa virus(es). The AMMI2 model showed that seasonal rather than locational diversity accounted for most of the interaction patterns. This finding may indicate a low level of strain differentiation in the region.

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Grigoras, Ioana, Tatiana Timchenko, Ana Grande-Pérez, Lina Katul, Heinrich-Josef Vetten y Bruno Gronenborn. "High Variability and Rapid Evolution of a Nanovirus". Journal of Virology 84, n.º 18 (30 de junio de 2010): 9105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00607-10.

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ABSTRACT Nanoviruses are multipartite single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) plant viruses that cause important diseases of leguminous crops and banana. Little has been known about the variability and molecular evolution of these viruses. Here we report on the variability of faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV), a nanovirus from Ethiopia. We found mutation frequencies of 7.52 × 10−4 substitutions per nucleotide in a field population of the virus and 5.07 × 10−4 substitutions per nucleotide in a laboratory-maintained population derived thereof. Based on virus propagation for a period of more than 2 years, we determined a nucleotide substitution rate of 1.78 × 10−3 substitutions per nucleotide per year. This high molecular evolution rate places FBNSV, as a representative of the family Nanoviridae, among the fastest-evolving ssDNA viruses infecting plants or vertebrates.

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Bowen, Alison, Ryan Orr, Anna V. McBeath, Anthony Pattison y Paul N. Nelson. "Suppressiveness or conduciveness to Fusarium wilt of bananas differs between key Australian soils". Soil Research 57, n.º 2 (2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18159.

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Soils are known to differ in suppressiveness to soil-borne diseases, but the suppressiveness or otherwise to Fusarium wilt of Australian soils used to grow bananas is unknown. In this work we tested the relative suppressiveness of six key soil types. Banana (Musa (AAB group) ‘Pome’, cultivar ‘Lady Finger’) was grown in pots of the soils inoculated or not with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) ‘Race 1’. Sixteen weeks after inoculation the plants were harvested and disease severity was assessed by measuring discoloration within the rhizome. In the inoculated pots, disease severity was greatest in the alluvial Liverpool and Virgil soils and least in the basaltic origin Tolga soil. No disease was detected in the non-inoculated pots. Soils with the lowest disease severity had the highest root mass, irrespective of inoculation, and the largest (negative) effect of inoculation on root dry mass. Disease severity in inoculated pots was negatively correlated with soil clay content and β-glucosidase activity. The results indicate that the risk of Fusarium wilt negatively impacting banana growth differs between soils of the main Australian banana-growing region.

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Bernardino, Mariana C., Michel Leon C. O. Couto, Maite F. S. Vaslin y Eliana Barreto-Bergter. "Antiviral activity of glucosylceramides isolated from Fusarium oxysporum against Tobacco mosaic virus infection". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 11 (25 de noviembre de 2020): e0242887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242887.

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Natural elicitors derived from pathogenic microorganisms represent an ecologic strategy to achieve resistance in plants against diseases. Glucosylceramides (GlcCer) are classified as neutral glycosphingolipids. GlcCer were isolated and purified from Fusarium oxysporum mycelium. F. oxysporum is a plant pathogenic fungus, abundant in soil and causing severe losses in economically important crops such as corn, tobacco, banana, cotton and passion fruit. In this study we evaluate the capacity of GlcCer in inducing resistance in N. tabacum cv Xanthi plants against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Spraying tobacco plants with GlcCer before virus infection reduced the incidence of necrotic lesions caused by TMV. In addition, plants already infected with the virus showed a reduction in hypersensitive response (HR) lesions after GlcCer treatment, suggesting an antiviral effect of GlcCer. Our investigations showed that GlcCer stimulates the early accumulation of H2O2 and superoxide radicals. In addition, the expression of PR-1 (pathogenesis-related 1, with suggested antifungal action), PR-2 (β-1,3-glucanase), PR-3 (Chitinase), PR-5 (Osmotin), PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), LOX (Lipoxygenase) and POX (Peroxidase) genes was highly induced after treatment of tobacco plants with GlcCer and induction levels remained high throughout a period of 6 to 120 hours. Our experiments demonstrate that GlcCer induces resistance in tobacco plants against infection by TMV.

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Sánchez-Espinosa, Ana Claudia, José Luis Villarruel-Ordaz y Luis David Maldonado Bonilla. "Mycoparasitic antagonism of a Trichoderma harzianum strain isolated from banana plants in Oaxaca, Mexico". Biotecnia 23, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i1.1310.

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Bananas are important crops in developing countries with tropical climate. In Mexico, the banana production has increased, and it must be guaranteed. The Panama disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense threatens the current banana production, for what is necessary to implement methods to protect this crop. Fungi from genus Trichoderma are natural residents of the rhizosphere. This genus comprises mycoparasite species used to control diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, and also benefit plant development. In this report, we present data of the identification and characterization of the novel strain Trichoderma harzianum M110 that displays antagonism and biocontrol potential in laboratory conditions. Exploration of the rhizosphere and the endophytic microbial communities might help to identify microbes adapted to banana plants that can be incorporated in organic biological control formulations that ensure production of Fusarium-free plants and healthy fruits with export quality.

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22

Sahetapy, Betty, Nina Maryana, Syafrida Manuwoto, Kikin H. Mutaqin y Fransina Latumahina. "TEST OF BLOOD DISEASE BACTERIUM (BDB) TRANSMISSION BY POTENTIAL INSECT VECTORS". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 20, n.º 1 (11 de marzo de 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.12071-77.

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Blood disease bacterium (BDB) is one of the important diseases in banana and a major obstacle in developing and increasing banana production in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to prove the ability of the Drosophilidae insect as a vector in transmitting BDB. The research was conducted at the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory and Plant Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. Drosophilidae insects were taken from the field and then reared in laboratory by being fed with ripe bananas to obtain offspring that are free from diseases or pathogens. Imago of the Drosophilidae from rearing was fed by inoculum sources which was infected banana, then inoculated into healthy plants. The plants used were healthy and flowering, heliconia. The results showed that the Drosophilidae insects were able to transmit BDB to heliconia plants that showed symptoms, brownish flower colors and falling flower crowns. Detection of BDB isolated from flower parts and the inside parts of the insects used in transmission test using the PCR method showed positive results.

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23

Dahal, G., J. d'A Hughes, G. Thottappilly y B. E. L. Lockhart. "Effect of Temperature on Symptom Expression and Reliability of Banana Streak Badnavirus Detection in Naturally Infected Plantain and Banana (Musa spp.)". Plant Disease 82, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.1.16.

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The effect of temperature on symptom expression and detection of banana streak badnavirus (BSV) by immunosorbent electronmicroscopy (ISEM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 12 in vitro-propagated plantain hybrids (genome AAB × AA), 3 ABB cooking banana, and 3 AAB plantain landraces was studied. Experiments were done for 2 years under two temperature regimes, 28 to 35°C in a screenhouse and 22°C in a temperature-controlled room. Most BSV-infected plants of plantain hybrids expressed symptoms under both conditions. Symptom expression was enhanced when plants were continuously grown at 22°C, but later became indiscernible when plants were continuously grown at 28 to 35°C. Plants grown at 22°C and showing severe symptoms contained significantly higher virus titer than plants grown at 28 to 35°C. When asymptomatic plants with very low virus titer at 28 to 35°C were transferred back to 22°C, there was a significant increase in both symptom severity and concentration of virus (greater than 3 to 5 times) in leaf tissues after 9 months. In contrast, the concentration of virus and symptom severity decreased in plants after transfer from 22°C to 28 to 35°C. Micropropagated plants of AAB plantain landrace cv. Mimi Abue and ABB cooking bananas (cvs. Bluggoe, Cardaba, and Pelipita) did not express visible symptoms under either temperature regime, but BSV was detected by ISEM in 23% of the plants. After 2 years at 22°C, virus was detected in 64% of the plants, but the concentration of virus remained low. Implications of these results on quarantine screening of in vitro plants and virus diagnosis are discussed.

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Kenyon, Lawrence, Margaret Brown y Patrick Khonje. "First Report of Banana Bunchy Top Virus in Malawi". Plant Disease 81, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1997): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.9.1096a.

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Banana plants of the Cavendish subgroup (Musa AAA, locally known as “Kabuthu”) with classical banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) symptoms were observed to be widespread in Thiwi Valley, Salima Agricultural Development Division, Malawi. The symptoms included marginal yellowing of the younger leaves, dark green, dot-dash streaks along the veins, petioles, and midribs, and shortened internodes. The aphid vector of this virus, Pentalonia nigronervosa, was abundant on bananas in this area (H. Thindwa, personal communication). Young leaf and midrib samples from apparently healthy plants and plants with symptoms were transported to the United Kingdom for testing. In a triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with poly- and monoclonal antibodies specific for BBTV (1), the samples from symptomatic plants gave positive reactions (OD infected ≥ OD healthy + 3SE healthy). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification tests were performed for confirmation with oligonucleotide primers BBT1 and BBT2, which are homologous to conserved regions in BBTV DNA component 1. All ELISA-positive samples produced a PCR amplification product of about 349 bp, whereas the healthy control samples did not. The sizes of the DNA fragments produced following restriction enzyme digest of the PCR product suggest that the Malawi virus falls within the South Pacific group of BBTV isolates (2). The presence of both the virus and its vector has the potential for causing great economic damage to this important banana-growing region, and recommendations have been made to eradicate all plants with symptoms. References: (1) R. G. Dietzgen and J. E. Thomas. Australas. Plant Pathol. 20:161, 1991. (2) M. Karan et al. J. Gen. Virol. 75:3541, 1994.

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Kouadio, K. T., T. A. Agneroh, C. De Clerck, P. Lepoivre y M. H. Jijakli. "First Report of Banana mild mosaic virus Infecting Plantain in Ivory Coast". Plant Disease 97, n.º 5 (mayo de 2013): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1108-pdn.

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Plantain (Musa sp., genomic group AAB) is an important crop for millions of the world's poorest people. In Ivory Coast, it is the second most consumed food and an important source of income for farmers. Between 2010 and 2011, a survey for viruses infecting plantain (AAB) was conducted in 10 major plantain-growing regions located in eastern (Abengourou), middle-western (Bouaflé, Daloa, Issia, Oumé, Sinfra, Zuenoula), central (Yamoussoukro), and southern (Aboisso, Gagnoa) Ivory Coast. Leaf samples showing yellow streaks or mild chlorotic streaks were collected and dried on CaCl2 for storage. A representative sample from each location was selected and tested for the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, genus Cucumovirus), Banana streak virus (BSV, genus Badnavirus), Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV, family Flexiviridae), and Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV, genus Potyvirus). Immunocapture (IC)-PCR was used for the detection of BSV while reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used for the detection of CMV, BanMMV, and BBrMV. The following primers sets were used: BSV cl1 and BSV cl2 (1), CMV 3′ and CMV 5′ (3), BanMMV BanCP1 and BanCP2 (4), BBrMV Bract N2 and Bract NR (2). BanMMV was detected as mixed infections with BSV in the 10 tested samples, one of which also contained CMV. To confirm the identity of the amplification products from the BanMMV primers, one cDNA fragment was directly sequenced in the forward direction (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea). BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the partial coat protein (CP) sequence of the Ivorian isolate shared 80 to 88% nucleotides and 81 to 92% deduced amino acid similarities with BanMMV isolates. In contrast, partial CP sequence of the Ivorian isolate had less than 40% deduced amino acid sequence identity with other Flexiviridae CP sequence. The partial CP sequence of the Ivorian BanMMV isolate was deposited in GenBank under Accession No. JX014304. To further confirm the identification, all the samples were tested by plate trapped antigen (PTA)-ELISA with rabbit polyclonal antiserum specific to BanMMV (obtained from B. E. Lockhart, University of Minnesota, U.S.A.) and anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Belgium/A3687). The 10 samples reacted positive for BanMMV by ELISA. CMV and BSV have been reported in Ivory Coast, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of BanMMV in the country. The detection of BanMMV in association with BSV or CMV in mixed infection in 10 locations which are important plantain growing areas is a first step in the evaluation of the impact of virus diseases on plantain production in this country. References: (1) S. Dallot et al. Arch. Virol. 146:2182, 2001. (2) M.-L. Iskra-Caruana et al. J. Virol. Methods 153:224, 2008. (3) M. Sharman et al. J. Virol. Methods 89:77, 2000. (4) P.-Y. Teycheney et al. J. Gen. Virol. 86:3181, 2005.

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Elsen, Annemie, Ben Goossens, Barbara Belpaire, Annemie Neyens, Paul Speijer y Dirk De Waele. "Recolonisation by nematodes of hot water treated cooking banana planting material in Uganda". Nematology 6, n.º 2 (2004): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541041217997.

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Abstract In East Africa, the cooking bananas (Musa spp., AAA group, subgroup Matoke) are the major food crop. Yields are decreasing due to increasing damage caused by a complex of pests and diseases, including plant-parasitic nematodes. Planting of infected material is the principle means of dispersal for these nematodes. An option to control the nematodes in planting material is hot water treatment but the benefits depend on the rate of recolonisation. Therefore, on-farm trials were carried out at five localities representing Musa production systems in Uganda. Hot water treatment of planting material slowed down build-up of Radpholus similis at least until 30 months after planting. This was not only the case for the treated mother plants but also for the suckers that developed from these mother plants. A similar trend was observed for Helicotylenchus multicinctus. Hot water treatment also slowed down the build-up of Pratylenchus goodeyi but this effect was less pronounced.

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Sabanadzovic, S., A. Henn, N. Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic y A. Lawrence. "First Report on Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Calibrachoa Plants (Calibrachoa × hybrida) in Mississippi". Plant Disease 93, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2009): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-12-1354a.

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Six calibrachoa plants displaying reduced growth, general chlorosis, and blistering on the foliage were purchased from a retail store in Starkville, MS in 2007 and tested for possible virus infections. Transmission electron microscope observations of leaf-dip preparations revealed the presence of rigid rod virions reminiscent of tobamoviruses in all samples. The virus was easily mechanically transmissible and induced systemic mosaic/mottling/necrosis symptoms in inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum cvs. Xanthi and Turkish, N. rustica, N. clevelandii, and N. glutinosa plants as well as in pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Sweet banana). In double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA tests, the virus reacted slightly with antibodies to Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus (Agdia Inc, Elkhart, IN) indicating a serological relationship with these two viruses. Final identification of the virus was done by cloning and sequencing a 450-bp-long portion of the viral genome spanning the carboxy terminus of the viral coat protein and 3′ noncoding region from one of the original sources. Analyses showed that the virus in diseased calibrachoas is an isolate of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and shared 96 to 97% nucleotide identity with sequences of TMGMVCPR-18 (1) (Accession No. AF132908) and several other isolates of this virus available in GenBank. Furthermore, TMGMV was ascertained in all six calibrachoa in reverse transcription-PCR tests using virus-specific primers designed on the generated genomic region. To our knowledge, TMGMV has not been previously reported from calibrachoa plants or from Mississippi in general. In addition, our results stress the importance of the retail industry in the dissemination of viruses on the regional/national scale. Reference: (1) S. Bodaghi et al. J. Gen. Virol. 81:577, 2000.

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Suswati, Suswati, Sumihar Hutapea y Asmah Indrawaty. "Empowerment of Farmer Community Group in Sampali Village Together with Students of Agriculture Faculty Medan Area University in Barangan Banana Plants Development with Tissue Culture Banana Seeds,Suckers and Applications of Mycorrhiza". Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal 2, n.º 2 (4 de abril de 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birex.v2i2.868.

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Sampali Village is an agricultural area that is very suitable for banana planting. Various types of bananas found in the village include Barangan, Kepok, Molen, Raja and banana Nangka . Banana shoots from harvested mother plants are used for development in new areas. Banana seedlings from the suckers appear healthy, but often these suckers die after 1-2 months of planting in new areas. This is because these bananas have been infected with fungal pathogen wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporm f. sp cubense and Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes of blood diseases. Both of these pathogens are the main cause of the low quality of banana seeds. The use of low-quality banana seedlings (sapling sources), high pest and disease attacks are the factors causing the reduced amount of banana planting land which results in low banana production in Sampali Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency. Banana farmer groups in the village of Sampali have never used and planted banana seedlings that were propagated by tissue culture. The objectives of the activity were: 1. Socialization and practice of propagation of banana seedlings from sucker . Mycorrhizal inoculant application when planting seedlings in a polybag. To increase the knowledge of farmer group members and also the students of Agricukture Faculty,Universitas Medan Area the learning of banana propagation techniques is carried out in vitro at the Balai Benih Induk Hortikultura, Gedung Johor Medan . The method used to solve the above problems is the provision of material, the practice of making banana seedlings through the propagation of tillers and a visit to the Balai Benih Induk Hortikultura, Gedung Johor Medan. At the end of the activity, an increase in the knowledge and skills of participants in providing quality banana seeds is the source of banana propagation in the village Sampali

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Fitriyanti, Dewi y Lyswiana Aphrodyanti. "A MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC FOR WILT DISEASES OF BANANA IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA". TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 2, n.º 1 (7 de marzo de 2016): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v2i1.22.

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Among other provinces in Indonesia, South Kalimantan used to be known as one of the most famous local suppliers of bananas, especially for Java and Bali. However, since 2006 the productivity has declined dramatically due to the disruption of plant diseases. The early, fast, accurate and precise detection of the disease is needed in order to control the disease appropriately. One of the most useful, fast and accurate diagnostics that was carried out in this research was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This molecular technique has never been carried out before to detect banana diseases in South Kalimantan. This research aimed to identify the sick banana plants taken from 13 locations in 6 (six) regencies in South Kalimantan Indonesia, representing banana planting areas: Banjarbaru City, Batola, Tanah Laut, Tapin, Hulu Sungai Selatan and Hulu Sungai Tengah regencies. The results showed that the disease of all banana plant samples was positively identified as Blood Diseased Bacteria (BDB). It was established by the electroforesis result after being viewed under UV illumination that the band was at the same position as the positive control (BDB), 317 bp.7 bp.

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Jones, Roger A. C. "Global Plant Virus Disease Pandemics and Epidemics". Plants 10, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020233.

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The world’s staple food crops, and other food crops that optimize human nutrition, suffer from global virus disease pandemics and epidemics that greatly diminish their yields and/or produce quality. This situation is becoming increasingly serious because of the human population’s growing food requirements and increasing difficulties in managing virus diseases effectively arising from global warming. This review provides historical and recent information about virus disease pandemics and major epidemics that originated within different world regions, spread to other continents, and now have very wide distributions. Because they threaten food security, all are cause for considerable concern for humanity. The pandemic disease examples described are six (maize lethal necrosis, rice tungro, sweet potato virus, banana bunchy top, citrus tristeza, plum pox). The major epidemic disease examples described are seven (wheat yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosaic, potato tuber necrotic ringspot, faba bean necrotic yellows, pepino mosaic, tomato brown rugose fruit, and cucumber green mottle mosaic). Most examples involve long-distance virus dispersal, albeit inadvertent, by international trade in seed or planting material. With every example, the factors responsible for its development, geographical distribution and global importance are explained. Finally, an overall explanation is given of how to manage global virus disease pandemics and epidemics effectively.

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Shekhawat, Upendra K. S., Thumballi R. Ganapathi y Ashok B. Hadapad. "Transgenic banana plants expressing small interfering RNAs targeted against viral replication initiation gene display high-level resistance to banana bunchy top virus infection". Journal of General Virology 93, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2012): 1804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.041871-0.

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The banana aphid-transmitted Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is the most destructive viral pathogen of bananas and plantains worldwide. Lack of natural sources of resistance to BBTV has necessitated the exploitation of proven transgenic technologies for obtaining BBTV-resistant banana cultivars. In this study, we have explored the concept of using intron-hairpin-RNA (ihpRNA) transcripts corresponding to viral master replication initiation protein (Rep) to generate BBTV-resistant transgenic banana plants. Two ihpRNA constructs namely ihpRNA-Rep and ihpRNA-ProRep generated using Rep full coding sequence or Rep partial coding sequence together with its 5′ upstream regulatory region, respectively, and castor bean catalase intron were successfully transformed into banana embryogenic cells. ihpRNA-Rep- and ihpRNA-ProRep-derived transgenic banana plants, selected based on preliminary screening for efficient reporter gene expression, were completely resistant to BBTV infection as indicated by the absence of disease symptoms after 6 months of viruliferous aphid inoculation. The resistance to BBTV infection was also evident by the inability to detect cDNAs coding for viral coat protein, movement protein and Rep protein by RT-PCR from inoculated transgenic leaf extracts. Southern analysis of the two groups of transgenics showed that ihpRNA transgene was stably integrated into the banana genome. The detection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) derived from the ihpRNA transgene sequence in transformed BBTV-resistant plants positively established RNA interference as the mechanism underlying the observed resistance to BBTV. Efficient screening of optimal transformants in this vegetatively propagated non-segregating fruit crop ensured that all the transgenic plants assayed were resistant to BBTV infection.

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Mandal, B., S. Mandal, K. B. Pun y A. Varma. "First Report of the Association of a Nanovirus with Foorkey Disease of Large Cardamom in India". Plant Disease 88, n.º 4 (abril de 2004): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.4.428a.

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Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is affected by the serious disease ‘foorkey’, which is of unknown etiology (1). Excessive sprouting and formation of bushy dwarf clumps at the base of mother plants that gradually die, characterize the disease. In surveys in the Sikkim-Darjeeling Hill area during 2002 and 2003, as much as 27% of plants were found to be affected. Electron microscopy of negatively stained, partially purified preparations from field-infected large cardamom plants showed the presence of isometric particles measuring 17 to 20 nm. The causal agent was successfully transmitted by the aphid Micromyzus kalimpongensis Basu, in a persistent manner. Ten randomly selected field samples gave A405 0.1 to 0.23 compared with 0.57 with positive control with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antiserum to an Indian isolate of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). A fragment of approximately 850 bp was amplified from the diseased plants using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers 5′-ATGGCGCGATATGTGGTATGC-3′ and 5′-TCAGCAAGAAAACCAACTTTATTC-3′, designed to amplify the putative Rep gene based on the sequences of DNA1 of BBTV. The PCR product was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. AY 485960) and showed 80 to 82% identity with the corresponding region of DNA1 of BBTV and 47.6 to 48.5% with other recognized nanoviruses. These findings indicate that a nanovirus is associated with ‘foorkey’ disease of large cardamom, which is tentatively named as Cardamom bushy dwarf virus. Reference: (1) P. M. Varma and S. P. Capoor. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 34:56, 1964.

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Koné, D., P. Ji, G. E. Fonsah y A. S. Csinos. "First Report of Black Leaf Spot of Banana Caused by Deightoniella torulosa in Georgia". Plant Disease 92, n.º 10 (octubre de 2008): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-10-1470a.

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Black spots were observed on the leaves of bananas (Musa spp.) grown at the University of Georgia Bamboo Farm and Coastal Gardens in Savannah, GA in November 2007. Symptoms occurred on more than 60 plants, representing 16 of 34 cultivars of bananas investigated. Most lesions were less than 10 mm in diameter and tan to black. However, larger oval lesions more than 20 mm across with black borders and yellow halos also occurred. Lesions were more prevalent on older leaves. On young leaves, lesions first appeared along the leaf margin near the tip of the leaf on one side of the central vein. Lesions expanded to the entire leaf as the disease progressed, but were more prevalent along leaf margins. Thirty-two diseased leaf samples, two from each cultivar, were incubated at 25°C in the dark and conidia were produced on the lesions 2 days after incubation. Pure cultures of the fungus were obtained from five leaf samples by single-spore culturing on potato dextrose agar medium and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics. Conidia on V8 agar are straight or slightly curved, obpyriform to obclavate, and olive to brown with 3 to 13 septa. Conidiophores are brown and swollen at the apex. The fungus was identified as Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) Ellis on the basis of morphological characteristics described previously (1,2). Pathogenicity studies to fulfill Koch's postulates were conducted on banana cvs. Dwarf Namwah and Dwarf Nino under greenhouse conditions (25 to 27°C). Six plants of each cultivar were used in one experiment and the experiment was repeated one more time. Banana leaves were inoculated by spraying with a suspension of conidia from a pure culture. Symptoms developed as small black lesions on the leaves of both cultivars within 1 week of inoculation. As the disease progressed, some of the small lesions expanded to form larger oval lesions. Symptoms were identical to those on the field samples and were identified as the black spot disease as described on abaca and banana (2). The fungus was reisolated from symptomatic leaves and the identity was confirmed. No symptoms were observed on noninoculated control plants. The black spot disease has been reported in Florida attacking banana and plantain (3). To our knowledge, this is the first description of the presence of the disease on field-grown banana in Georgia. In recent years, increasing efforts have been made in Georgia in the search of banana cultivars suitable of commercial production in the coastal and southern areas of the state. Black spot of banana is an important disease and its occurrence deserves consideration in evaluating banana cultivars and developing disease management approaches for banana production in Georgia. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Mycol. Pap. No. 66. CAB International Mycological Institute, Wallingford, UK, 1957. (2) R. H. Stover. Banana, Plantain and Abaca Diseases. Commonw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, Surrey, UK, 1972. (3) C. Wehlburg et al. Bull. 11. Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Div. Plant Ind., 1975.

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Pasberg-Gauhl, C., B. E. L. Lockhart, F. Castro-Mendivil Dibos y J. C. Rojas Llanque. "Banana streak virus Identified for the First Time in Peru in Cavendish Banana (Musa AAA)". Plant Disease 91, n.º 7 (julio de 2007): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-7-0906b.

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In October of 2005, a field survey was done in the province of Piura in northern Peru to determine the cause of a disease known locally as “mosaico” that was affecting organic Cavendish banana (Musa AAA) grown for the export market. Disease symptoms consisted of pronounced chlorotic and necrotic lesions on leaves of affected plants. Twenty-four farms were visited, and at each location, 10 randomly selected plants at flowering stage were evaluated for disease incidence and severity. Plants showing virus-like symptoms were observed in 18 of the 24 locations (75%). Fifty-two banana leaf samples, 27 from plants showing virus-like symptoms and 25 from asymptomatic plants, were tested for the presence of Banana streak virus (BSV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV) by immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) using partially purified leaf tissue extracts (2).The same extracts were also tested by immunocapture PCR (IC-PCR) for presence of BSV and specific BSV isolates (BSV-OL, BSV-GF, BSV-IM, and BSV-CAV) using badnavirus-specific degenerate primers and BSV isolate-specific primers, respectively (1). Seventeen of 27 leaf samples showing virus-like symptoms (63%) tested positive for BSV by ISEM and IC-PCR using badnavirus, but not isolate-specific, primers. The symptoms on the 10 samples that tested negative were not typical of BSV infection. One asymptomatic leaf sample (4%) also tested positive for BSV. To validate the PCR results, the nucleotide sequence of the amplicon from a plant showing the most prevalent foliar symptom type was determined. This sequence (GenBank Accession No. DQ674317) had ≤86% homology to the corresponding ORF III polyprotein region of BSV and other badnaviruses. Neither CMV nor BanMMV was detected in any of the 52 samples tested. From these results, it was concluded that “mosaico” disease of organic Cavendish bananas in northern Peru is associated frequently with BSV infection and that there is a high incidence of BSV infection in this area. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BSV occurrence in Peru. It was both surprising and interesting that neither BSV-OL nor BSV-GF, the two BSV isolates found most commonly in banana (Musa AAA) and plantain (Musa AAB) in South and Central America (B. E. L. Lockhart, unpublished), was detected in Cavendish banana in northern Peru. Failure to detect BSV-OL and BSV-GF suggests that field infection may be due to vertical transmission by clonal propagation rather than to horizontal transmission from local plantain and that control of “mosaico” disease could therefore be achieved by use of virus-free planting material. References: (1) A. D. W. Geering et al. Phytopathology 90:921, 2000. (2) B. E. L. Lockhart et al. Phytopathology 82:921, 1992.

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Jekayinoluwa, Tripathi, Obiero, Muge, Dale y Tripathi. "Developing Plantain for Resistance to Banana Aphids by RNA Interference". Proceedings 36, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036054.

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Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the world’s invasive species. Banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa) is found in all banana producing areas and it is the insect pest known to transmit BBTV causing banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) and can cause a significant yield loss of up to 100% in severe cases. Controlling the spread of BBTD has been very challenging since there is no known endogenous gene in the Musa germplasm that could confer resistance to BBTV. Excessive dependence on insecticides for disease control is detrimental to the environment and off-target-organisms. The objective of this study was to use RNA interference (RNAi) targeting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene in banana aphid to develop resistance against aphids in farmer preferred plantain cultivars. This could help sustain smallholder farmers in areas where BBTD is an epidemic. To achieve this, plantain cultivars were initiated using plant tissue culture techniques and rapidly multiplied using Temporary Immersion Bioreactor. This was followed by generation of embryogenic cell suspension (ECS), Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of banana and plantain ECS using a RNAi plasmid construct and molecular characterization of putative transgenic lines. Agro-infected ECS of banana and plantain cultivars were regenerated on selective medium and produced several transgenic lines. Molecular characterization confirmed the presence of transgene in about 80% transgenic lines. Preliminary glasshouse screening of transgenic lines showed reduction in population of banana aphids in comparison to control non-transgenic plants. This is the first report on using RNAi targeting AChE gene for developing transgenic plantain that are resistant to banana aphids.

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Reichel, H., A. K. Martínez, J. A. Arroyave, R. Sedano, F. J. Morales, O. Duterme, J. Kummert y P. Lepoivre. "First Report of Banana mild mosaic virus Isolated from Plantains (Musa AAB) in Colombia". Plant Disease 87, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2003): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1150c.

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Plantains (Musa AAB) are important sources of food and income for millions of people in Colombia and other developing countries. Colombia is the largest producer of plantains (2) and the third largest exporter of bananas in the world. In 2001, plants of ‘Dominico-Hartón’ plantain showing mild chlorotic streak symptoms were observed in northwestern Colombia. Electron microscopy of symptomatic tissue extracts revealed the presence of filamentous virus-like particles approximately 800 nm long. Immunocapture reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to test for the presence of Banana mild mosaic virus (BanMMV) as described by J. E. Thomas (unpublished, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia) and Sharman et al. (3). For polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the upstream primer No. 193 (5′-CAC TTA GGT TTG TGT GAT GT-3′) (designed in this study by using the computer Program DNAMAN Version 4.13) and the downstream primer Poty1 (5′-GGA TCC CGG GTT TTT TTT TTT TTT TTT V-3′) (1,3; J. E. Thomas, unpublished, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia) were used. Amplification products of the expected size (approximately 900 bp) were obtained and sequenced after cloning in a pCR2.1 plasmid vector. Analyses of nucleic acid sequences using the international sequence databases and the BLAST program yielded nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities of 80 to 83% and 90 to 92%, respectively, with an Australian isolate of BanMMV (GenBank Accession No. AF314662). The coat protein (CP) gene of the Colombian BanMMV isolate consists of 717 nucleotides. When the CP of the Colombian BanMMV isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AY319331, AY319332, and AY319333) was compared with the CP of the Australian isolate, a highly variable region was observed in the N-terminus region. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BanMMV isolated from plantains in Colombia and the presence of molecular variability in the CP of BanMMV isolates. BanMMV has been found in Colombia associated with Banana streak virus and Cucumber mosaic virus in plantain. References: (1) A. Gibbs and A. Mackenzie. J. Virol.Methods 63:9, 1997 (2) N. S. Price. Infomusa 8(2):26, 1999. (3) M. Sharman et al. J. Virol. Methods 89:75, 2000.

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Ghidan, Alaa Yousef, Fatima Yousef Ghethan, Mohammad Alghanmi, Casimeer C. Sangeetha, Ernest David, Malik Saleh Hadadin y Mohammad Yasin Mohammad. "Global impact and clinical management of severe respiratory syndrome coronovirus-2 (COVID-19)". Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 5 (31 de octubre de 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2020.v5.342.

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Coronaviruses are enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales and broadly distributed in humans and other mammals. The recommendations for the management of COVID-19 are mentioned in a lot of Updated Literature such as in The "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for the Infectious Diseases. These recommendations are considered as expert's opinions, which may be modified according to newly produced literature data. In addition, Chloroquine and its derivative, hydroxychloroquine, have a long history as safe and inexpensive drugs for use in malaria-endemic regions and as daily treatments for autoimmune diseases, with the most common side effect being eye damage after long-term use (Kapoor and Kapoor 2020). Although previous studies have revealed that chloroquine has therapeutic activity against viruses, including human corona virus OC43 in animal models and SARS-CoV in cell culture studies. we proposed that from natural Medicine the polyphenol compounds in olive leaf extracts were responsible for the stimulation of probiotic Microbes growth and metabolism and that olive leaf extracts ingested in human diet might have the same effect on desirable components of the intestinal microflora, Herbal medicines, plant products, and phototherapeutic have been widely used all over the world since ancient times. Such as Orange, garlic, Bananas, and lemon have an effect on increasing the immune system. On the other hand; Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a piece of evidence to treat the harmful responses arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are microbial agents which could be potentially used as an alternative to anti-viral to treat human infectious disease, especially influenza; there is a novel treatment by using magnetite nanoparticles as nanomedicine drug for Covid- 19.

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García-Bastidas, F., N. Ordóñez, J. Konkol, M. Al-Qasim, Z. Naser, M. Abdelwali, N. Salem, C. Waalwijk, R. C. Ploetz y G. H. J. Kema. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Associated with Panama Disease of Banana outside Southeast Asia". Plant Disease 98, n.º 5 (mayo de 2014): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-0954-pdn.

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Fusarium wilt or Panama disease of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is among the most destructive plant diseases (3). Race 1 ravaged ‘Gros Michel’-based export trades until the cultivar was replaced by resistant Cavendish cultivars. However, a new variant of Foc, tropical race 4 (TR4), was identified in Southeast Asia in 1992 and has spread throughout the region (3). Cavendish clones, which are most important in subsistence and export production, are among the wide range of cultivars that are affected, and there is a huge concern that TR4 will further disseminate in Africa since its presence was announced in November 2013 and move into Latin America, thereby threatening other vital banana-growing regions. In Jordan, Cavendish bananas are produced on 1,000 to 1,500 ha in the Jordan Valley (32°N, 35.5°E). In 2006, symptoms of Fusarium wilt were observed and sampled for the isolation of Foc. On half-strength PDA amended with 100-ppm streptomycin sulfate, pale salmon-colored colonies with floccose mycelia developed consistently from surface-disinfested xylem. Single microconidia from these colonies were transferred to half-strength PDA, and conidia and mycelia from these monospore colonies were stored at –80°C in 15% glycerol. On banana leaf agar (Co60-irradiated leaf tissue on water agar), isolates resembled F. oxysporum phenotypically by producing infrequent three- to five-celled macroconidia, copious, usually aseptate microconida on monophialides, and terminal and intercalary chlamydospores after 2 weeks (2). With nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants and testers for different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), each of seven examined monospore isolates were placed in VCG 01213, which contains only strains of TR4 (3). Total DNA was extracted from six isolates and PCR analyses, which confirmed their identity as TR4 (1). Subsequently, one of the isolates (JV11) was analyzed for pathogenicity. Inoculum production and inoculation were according to (1) by dipping (30 min) root-wounded 10-week-old plants of the Cavendish cv. Grand Naine in 2 liters of spore suspension (1.0 × 106 spores/ml). Inoculated plants were then placed in sand in 3-liter pots under 28°C, 70% relative humidity, and a 16/8-h light/darkness photoperiod. Sets of three plants were each treated with either JV11 or two TR4 controls (isolate II-5 and a strain isolated from an affected Cavendish plant in Mindanao, Philippines, both of which were diagnosed as TR4 by PCR and pathogenicity analyses). Control sets were either treated with race 1 originating from Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil (1), or water. After 2 weeks, plants inoculated with JV11 and TR4 controls produced typical symptoms of Fusarium wilt. After 4 weeks, tissue was collected from all plants and plated on Komada's medium. TR4 was directly confirmed by PCR (1), either directly from symptomatic plants (JV11 and TR4 controls), or from isolates that were recovered from these plants. Nothing was re-isolated from race 1 inoculated plants and water controls, which remained asymptomatic. This is the first report of TR4 affecting Cavendish outside Southeast Asia, is its northernmost outbreak, and represents a dangerous expansion of this destructive race. Currently, 80% of the Jordan Valley production area is affected by Fusarium wilt, and 20 to 80% of the plants are affected in different farms. References: (1) M. A. Dita et al. Plant Pathol. 59:348, 2010. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Lab Manual. Blackwell, Ames, 2006. (3) R. C. Ploetz. Phytopathology 96:653, 2006.

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Hilman, Yusdar, Suciantini Suciantini y Rini Rosliani. "ADAPTASI TANAMAN HORTIKULTURA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIMPADA LAHAN KERING Adaptation of Horticultural Crops to Climate Change in the Upland". Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 38, n.º 1 (27 de junio de 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v38n1.2019.p55-64.

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Horticultural products (fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops) which have high competitiveness and added value, require supporting appropriate cultivation technology. The objective of this paper was to sort out adaptive technologies that can be implemented for horticultural cultivation, especially on dry land, to minimize yield loss due to climate changes. Horticultural crops in dry lands faced various problems. Characteristics of horticultural crops, among others were easily damage, bulky, sensitive to water stress and the incidence of pests and diseases. Another issue that has begun to happen in the field is the occurrence of extreme climate change, especially El Nino or La Nina that caused crop failures, damage to agricultural land resources, increased in frequency, extent, and intensity of drought, increased moisture, increased in the susceptibility to pests and the disease. Thus the integrated efforts that are needed in strengthening the capability of dry land to face climate change are by the application of adaptative technology, drafting disaster mitigation concepts, observing climate change, policy analysis related to the application of adaptive technology on climate change. The discussed Horticulture Commodities are focused on economically profitable crops, including: vegetables (potatoes, shallots, chili), fruits (bananas, citrus and melons) and ornamental crops (chrysanthemums, orchids, Polycias and Gerbera) scattered in two zoning zones where namely (i) lowland (0-600 meters above sea level); (ii) highlands (> 600 meters above sea level) and (iii) in both elevations of the site which have wet climates and dry climates. Attempsto be made to promote horticultural crops include performing water-efficient irrigation (drip irrigation), mulching, the use of shading on certain crops, proper fertilization, the use of organic fertilizer, planting system and planting distance, and tolerant varieties. Some adaptative technologies that can be adopted for horticultural crops include (1) developing watersaving irrigation technologies (drip and sprinkler irrigation on shallots), (2) applying healthy crop cultivation (good quality seeds, variety tolerant to disease and sub-optimal environment for tomatoes, red or hot chilli shallots and bananas), (3) using environmentally friendly chemical control (concept of threshold control in red or hot chilli), (4) protecting yield and quality of harvest (the use of silver black mulch on shallots and melons, and the use of shade for ornamental plants on dry land).Keywords: Horticulture, climate change, upland, adaptation technology AbstrakSistem produksi hortikultura (buah buahan, sayuran, dan tanaman hias) yang berdaya saing tinggi dan bernilai tambah memerlukan dukungan teknologi. Tulisan ini merangkum teknologi adaptasi komoditas hortikultura pada lahan kering dalam upaya meminimalisasi tingkat kehilangan hasil akibat perubahan iklim. Usaha tani tanaman hortikultura pada lahan kering dihadapkan pada berbagai masalah, di antaranya tanaman mudah dan cepat rusak, sensitif terhadap cekaman lingkungan, dan rentan terhadap hama dan penyakit. Masalah lain yang berdampak negatif terhadap sistem produksi komoditas hortikultura ialah perubahan iklim ekstrem, terutama el-nino dan la-nina. Perubahan iklim tidak hanya menyebabkan kegagalan panen, tetapi juga merusak sumber daya lahan pertanian, meningkatkan luas areal dan intensitas tanaman yang mengalami kekeringan, meningkatkan kelembaban, dan perkembangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Oleh karena itu diperlukan integrasi pengelolaan lahan dan aplikasi teknologi adaptif perubahan iklim, penyusunan konsep mitigasi bencana, observasi perubahan iklim, dan analisis kebijakan yang terkait dengan aplikasi teknologi adaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Pembahasan difokuskan pada tanaman yang secara ekonomi menguntungkan, antara lain kentang, bawang merah, cabai untuk komoditas sayuran; pisang, jeruk, dan melon untuk komoditas buah-buahan; dan krisan, anggrek, polycias dan gerbera untuk tanaman hias. Komoditas hortikultura tersebut tersebar di dua zonasi ketinggian tempat, yakni dataran rendah (0–600 m dpl) dan dataran tinggi (> 600 m dpl). Beberapa teknologi adaptasi yang dapat diadopsi di antaranya (1) irigasi hemat air (irigasi tetes dan irigasi curah pada bawang merah), (2) budi daya tanaman sehat (benih bermutu, varietas toleran penyakit dan lingkungan suboptimal untuk komoditas kentang, cabai, bawang merah, dan pisang, (3) pengendalian hama dan penyakit ramah lingkungan (konsep ambang pengendalian pada cabai, jeruk), dan (4) perlindungan hasil dan peningkatan kualitas hasil panen (penggunaan mulsa plastik hitam perak pada tanaman bawang merah dan melon, serta penggunaan naungan pada tanaman hias anggrek dan krisan). Kata kunci: hortikultura, perubahan iklim, lahan kering, teknologi adaptasi

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Reichel, Helena, Leonardo Mariño, Jean Kummert, Silvio Belalcázar y Javier Narváez. "Caracterización del Gen de la Proteína de Dos Aislamientos del Virus del Mosaico del Pepino (CMV), Obtenidos de Plátano y Banano (Musa spp)". Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 1, n.º 1 (31 de octubre de 1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol1_num1_art:145.

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El presente estudio se adelantó dentro de un proyecto de investigación para obtención de plantas resistentes al virus del mosaico del pepino (CMV), mediante la transformación y expresión del gen de la proteína de la cápside de CMV en plantas transgénicas de variedades comerciales de plátano y banano (Musa spp). Se trata de una estrategia reciente que ha sido utilizada con éxito en varios cultivos comerciales. El CMV fue detectado serológicamente (DAS-EUSA) en hojas de plátano cv. Dominico Hartón y de banano cv. Gros Michel que presentaban síntomas de mosaico. El virus se purificó parcialmente a partir de hojas infectadas de Nicotiana tabacum y con la ayuda del microscopio electrónico de transmisión, se identificaron partículas isométricas de aproximadamente 30 nm dc diámetro. El peso molecular de la proteína de la cápside en geles desnaturalizados de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) fué de 28 kDa. El patrón electroforético del RNA viral de doble cadena (dcRNA) fué similar para los dos aislamientos de CMV obtenidos de plátano y banano. Utilizando la dcRNA como patrón, se sintetizó cADN por transcripción reversa y, a partir de éste, se amplificaron por PCR los genes de la proteína de Ia cápside (GPC) de ambos aislamientos. Los productos de la amplificación de aproximadamente 890 pares de bases (pb), que contenían el GPC, se donaron en el plásmido vector Bluescript KS (+/-). El análisis de restricción con endonucleasas y la secuenciación del GPC de ambos aislamientos, indicó que éstos pertenecen al subgrupo I (tipificado por el aislamiento DTL). El análisis de la secuencia nucleotídica y de aminoácidos de ambos genes, indicó una homología del 99% y un alto grado de conservación con otros miembros del subgrupo I de CMV. El GPC se está donando en plásmidos vectores para su transformación en variedades comerciales de plátano y banano en Colombia. Characterization of the Coat Protein Gene of two Cucumber MosaicVirus (CMC) Isolates from Plantain and Banana (Musa spp)The final objective of this study is to genetically engineer cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance in edible Musa spp.in Colombia, by means of expressing the CMV coat protein gene in transgenic plants. This strategy has been successfully employed in other crops. CMV was serologically detected in leaves of commercially grown bananas (cv. Gros Michel) and plantains (cv. Dominico-Harton) showing mosaic symptoms. CMV was partially purified from infected tissue of Nicotiana tabacum. Transmission electron microscopy examination showed the presence of viral isometric particles of approximately 30 nm in diameter. The molecular weight of the coat protein subunit was approximately 28 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Analysis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) indicated that the isolations present in both varieties had similar dsRNA profiles, characteristic of CMV. cDNA was reverse transcribed using viral dsRNA as the template, and the coat protein genes (CPG) of the two CMV isolates were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified products of approximately 890 bp, containing the CPG, were cloned into the plasmid vector Bluescript KS (+/-). Based on the pattern obtained from the digestion of the amplified CP genes with Msp 1 and DNA sequencing data, the two CMV isolates were classified into the serotype subgroup I (typified by isolate DTL). Computer analysis of DNA sequences of the CP genes derived from both CMV isolates showed a 99% homology between them at the nucleotide and amino acid level as well as a high level of conservation with other members of the CMV subgroup I. The CPG of CMV are now being cloned into plant transformation vectors for their genetic engineering into banana and plantain commercial cultivars.

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Tanuja, N., A. Ramanathan, S. Varanavasiappan, E. Kokila Devi, L. Arul, D. Sudhakar, S. Vanitha, K. Soorianathasundaram y K. K. Kumar. "Real Time PCR Based Quantification of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) Titre in Banana cv. Grand Naine (Musa acuminata)". Advances in Research, 25 de diciembre de 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2019/v20i430163.

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Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) is one of the most severe viral diseases affecting major banana growing belts in India. Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is transmitted by a black banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa L Coquerel) in a persistent manner. BBTV virions are limited to the phloem tissue of banana resulting in low titre in banana. A reliable method to quantify the BBTV in the banana will be useful for monitoring the insect vector mediated BBTV transmission in banana, an essential requirement for characterizing the transgenic banana transformed for BBTV resistance. A protocol for real time PCR based absolute quantification of BBTV is reported in the present study. The partial BBTV coat protein gene (459 bp) was isolated, cloned into a plasmid vector and used to construct a standard curve using an SYBR green-based assay with known copies of BBTV coat protein gene. Using the standard curve, BBTV viral load was estimated in BBTV infected symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples of banana cultivar Grand Naine through SYBR green-based quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The study demonstrated that a higher viral tire was associated with BBTV disease symptoms appearance, whereas the low titre resulted in asymptomatic plants.

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Ruth Feti Rahayuniati, Sedyo Hartono, Susamto Somowiyarjo, Siti Subandiyah y JOHN E. THOMAS. "Characterization of banana bunchy top virus on Sumatra (Indonesia) wild banana". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 22, n.º 3 (13 de febrero de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220321.

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Abstract. Rahayuniati RF, Hartono S, Somowiyarjo S, Subandiyah S, Thomas JE. 2021. Characterization of banana bunchy top virus on Sumatra (Indonesia) wild banana. Biodiversitas 22: 1243-1249. Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) has been a major constrain on banana production worldwide. This virus infection is mostly found in banana cultivation. The study aimed to characterize the BBTV on Sumatra wild bananas. The survey to collect seeds and typical symptomatic samples had been done in 2017 and 2019 in West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Bengkulu. The transmission test of the virus was conducted by using the viruliferous vector on four wild banana species, while the identity of BBTV confirmed by nucleotide sequences analysis using primer pairs of DNA R and DNA S. Musa acuminata subsp. sumatrana (AA) have been found naturally infected by BBTV. The transmission confirmed on M. acuminata subsp. longipetiolata, M. acuminata subsp. malacensis, M. acuminata subsp. halabanensis and Musa sp. with typical bunchy top symptoms. The incidence on test plants were 40%, 80% 20%, 20% and 20%, respectively. The virus infection on Sumatra wild bananas prolonged the incubation periods in comparison to cv Mas. BBTV of M. acuminata subsp. sumatrana is similar to the BBTV MK940788 and MN073184 from Sumatra. This is the first report of BBTV on Sumatra wild banana. The result can be used as a reference to study the resistance of the banana against BBTV.

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Rocha, Anelita de Jesus, Mileide dos Santos Ferreira, Leandro de Souza Rocha, Saulo A. S. Oliveira, Edson Perito Amorim, Eduardo S. G. Mizubuti y Fernando Haddad. "Interaction between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Radopholus similis can lead to changes in the resistance of banana cultivars to Fusarium wilt". European Journal of Plant Pathology, 3 de agosto de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02081-y.

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Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causes Panama disease or Fusarium wilt of bananas. The association between soil-inhabiting fungi and nematodes can increase the severity of symptoms and suppress the resistance of plants to diseases. In this study, the interaction between Foc race 1 and Radopholus similis, a burrowing nematode that parasitizes banana plants, was analyzed using one moderately susceptible cultivar and seven resistant cultivars of banana. Two Foc isolates that differed in virulence were tested. The analyses of symptoms and stained fungal structures in the roots demonstrated that R. similis interacting with Foc in different inoculation sequences caused changes in symptom severity and the resistance pattern to Foc isolate 0801 (race 1) in cultivars ‘Terra Maranhão’, ‘BRS Pacovan Ken’, ‘BRS Vitória’, and ‘BRS Platina’. The data generated in this study have relevant implications for banana breeding programs in the classification of cultivars for durable resistance to Fusarium wilt and for understanding pathogen interactions during occurrence of the disease.

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Tripathi, Leena, Valentine Otang Ntui, Jaindra Nath Tripathi y P. Lava Kumar. "Application of CRISPR/Cas for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Diseases of Banana". Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (27 de enero de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.609784.

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Viral diseases are significant biotic constraints for banana (Musa spp.) production as they affect the yield and limit the international movement of germplasm. Among all the viruses known to infect banana, the banana bunchy top virus and banana streak viruses are widespread and economically damaging. The use of virus-resistant bananas is the most cost-effective option to minimize the negative impacts of viral-diseases on banana production. CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing is emerging as the most powerful tool for developing virus-resistant crop varieties in several crops, including the banana. The availability of a vigorous genetic transformation and regeneration system and a well-annotated whole-genome sequence of banana makes it a compelling candidate for genome editing. A robust CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of the banana has recently been established, which can be applied in developing disease-resistant varieties. Recently, the CRISPR system was exploited to detect target gene sequences using Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 enzymes, thereby unveiling the use of this technology for virus diagnosis. This article presents a synopsis of recent advancements and perspectives on the application of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing for diagnosing and developing resistance against banana viruses and challenges in genome-editing of banana.

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Damodaran, Thukkaram, Shailendra Rajan, Manoharan Muthukumar, Ram Gopal, Kavita Yadav, Sandeep Kumar, Israr Ahmad, Nidhi Kumari, Vinay K. Mishra y Sunil K. Jha. "Biological Management of Banana Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Using Antagonistic Fungal Isolate CSR-T-3 (Trichoderma reesei)". Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (16 de diciembre de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.595845.

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Fusarium wilt in bananas is one of the most devastating diseases that poses a serious threat to the banana industry globally. With no effective control measures available to date, biological control has been explored to restrict the spread and manage the outbreak. We studied the effective biological control potential of different Trichoderma spp. in the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Expression of the defense related genes and metabolites in banana plants inoculated with Foc TR4 and treated with effective Trichoderma sp interactions were also studied. The in vitro growth inhibition of Foc TR4 by Trichoderma reesei isolate CSR-T-3 was 85.19% indicating a higher antagonistic potential than other Trichoderma isolates used in the study. Further, in in vivo assays, the banana plants treated with the isolate CSR-T-3 T. reesei had a significant reduction in the disease severity index (0.75) and also had increased phenological indices with respect to Foc TR4 treated plants. Enhanced activity of defense enzymes, such as β-1, 3-glucanase, peroxidase, chitinase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase with higher phenol contents were found in the Trichoderma isolate CSR-T-3 treated banana plants challenge-inoculated with Foc TR4. Fusarium toxins, such as fusaristatin A, fusarin C, chlamydosporal, and beauveric acid were identified by LC-MS in Foc TR4-infected banana plants while high intensity production of antifungal compounds, such as ß-caryophyllene, catechin-o-gallate, soyasapogenol rhamnosyl glucoronide, peptaibols, fenigycin, iturin C19, anthocyanin, and gallocatechin-o-gallate were detected in T. reesei isolate CSR-T-3 treated plants previously inoculated with Foc TR4. Gene expression analysis indicated the upregulation of TrCBH1/TrCBH2, TrXYL1, TrEGL1, TrTMK1, TrTGA1, and TrVEL1 genes in CSR-T-3 treatment. LC-MS and gene expression analysis could ascertain the upregulation of genes involved in mycoparasitism and the signal transduction pathway leading to secondary metabolite production under CSR-T-3 treatment. The plants in the field study showed a reduced disease severity index (1.14) with high phenological growth and yield indices when treated with T. reesei isolate CSR-T-3 formulation. We report here an effective biocontrol-based management technological transformation from lab to the field for successful control of Fusarium wilt disease caused by Foc TR4 in bananas.

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Damodaran, Thukkaram, Shailendra Rajan, Manoharan Muthukumar, Ram Gopal, Kavita Yadav, Sandeep Kumar, Israr Ahmad, Nidhi Kumari, Vinay K. Mishra y Sunil K. Jha. "Biological Management of Banana Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Using Antagonistic Fungal Isolate CSR-T-3 (Trichoderma reesei)". Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (16 de diciembre de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.595845.

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Fusarium wilt in bananas is one of the most devastating diseases that poses a serious threat to the banana industry globally. With no effective control measures available to date, biological control has been explored to restrict the spread and manage the outbreak. We studied the effective biological control potential of different Trichoderma spp. in the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Expression of the defense related genes and metabolites in banana plants inoculated with Foc TR4 and treated with effective Trichoderma sp interactions were also studied. The in vitro growth inhibition of Foc TR4 by Trichoderma reesei isolate CSR-T-3 was 85.19% indicating a higher antagonistic potential than other Trichoderma isolates used in the study. Further, in in vivo assays, the banana plants treated with the isolate CSR-T-3 T. reesei had a significant reduction in the disease severity index (0.75) and also had increased phenological indices with respect to Foc TR4 treated plants. Enhanced activity of defense enzymes, such as β-1, 3-glucanase, peroxidase, chitinase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase with higher phenol contents were found in the Trichoderma isolate CSR-T-3 treated banana plants challenge-inoculated with Foc TR4. Fusarium toxins, such as fusaristatin A, fusarin C, chlamydosporal, and beauveric acid were identified by LC-MS in Foc TR4-infected banana plants while high intensity production of antifungal compounds, such as ß-caryophyllene, catechin-o-gallate, soyasapogenol rhamnosyl glucoronide, peptaibols, fenigycin, iturin C19, anthocyanin, and gallocatechin-o-gallate were detected in T. reesei isolate CSR-T-3 treated plants previously inoculated with Foc TR4. Gene expression analysis indicated the upregulation of TrCBH1/TrCBH2, TrXYL1, TrEGL1, TrTMK1, TrTGA1, and TrVEL1 genes in CSR-T-3 treatment. LC-MS and gene expression analysis could ascertain the upregulation of genes involved in mycoparasitism and the signal transduction pathway leading to secondary metabolite production under CSR-T-3 treatment. The plants in the field study showed a reduced disease severity index (1.14) with high phenological growth and yield indices when treated with T. reesei isolate CSR-T-3 formulation. We report here an effective biocontrol-based management technological transformation from lab to the field for successful control of Fusarium wilt disease caused by Foc TR4 in bananas.

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47

Tanuja, N., A. Ramanathan, S. Vanitha, K. Soorianathasundaram y K. K. Kumar. "Differential Biochemical Response among Banana (Musa spp.) Genotypes against Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV)". Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 24 de diciembre de 2019, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2019/v38i630416.

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Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the major viruses causing high yield loss in bananas. The study was carried out to gain a better understanding of the host and virus interaction and to explore the adaptive mechanism and biochemical responses in banana cultivars viz., Rasthali and Grand Naine against the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). In the leaf samples of BBTV infected Rasthali and Grand Naine, estimated the total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, phenols and enzyme activities such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The virus infected samples of both cultivars showed a significant increase in the defense enzymes over the healthy sample. Higher total phenols in healthy Rasthali plants which further significantly increased after BBTV infection was observed in comparison to Grand Naine. In contrast to Grand Naine, Rasthali showed higher polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity contributing to increased polyphenol content. Higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in virus infected Rasthali was observed in comparison to Grand Naine. The increased amount of total phenols, polyphenols and SOD activity in Rasthali might have contributed to less susceptibility to bunchy top virus. However, total protein and chlorophyll content were reduced after BBTV infection in both the banana cultivars.

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48

Zhang, Wenping, Xinghui Fan, Jiayi Li, Tian Ye, Sandhya Mishra, Lianhui Zhang y Shaohua Chen. "Exploration of the Quorum-Quenching Mechanism in Pseudomonas nitroreducens W-7 and Its Potential to Attenuate the Virulence of Dickeya zeae EC1". Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (3 de agosto de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.694161.

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Quorum quenching (QQ) is a novel, promising strategy that opens up a new perspective for controlling quorum-sensing (QS)-mediated bacterial pathogens. QQ is performed by interfering with population-sensing systems, such as by the inhibition of signal synthesis, catalysis of degrading enzymes, and modification of signals. In many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, a class of chemically conserved signaling molecules named N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) have been widely studied. AHLs are involved in the modulation of virulence factors in various bacterial pathogens including Dickeya zeae. Dickeya zeae is the causal agent of plant-rot disease of bananas, rice, maize, potatoes, etc., causing enormous economic losses of crops. In this study, a highly efficient AHL-degrading bacterial strain W-7 was isolated from activated-sludge samples and identified as Pseudomonas nitroreducens. Strain W-7 revealed a superior ability to degrade N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and completely degraded 0.2 mmol/L of OdDHL within 48 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified N-cyclohexyl-propanamide as the main intermediate metabolite during AHL biodegradation. A metabolic pathway for AHL in strain W-7 was proposed based on the chemical structure of AHL and intermediate products. In addition to the degradation of OdDHL, this strain was also found to be capable of degrading a wide range of AHLs including N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OHHL), N-(3-oxooctanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (OOHL), and N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (HHL). Moreover, the application of strain W-7 as a biocontrol agent could substantially attenuate the soft rot caused by D. zeae EC1 to suppress tissue maceration in various host plants. Similarly, the application of crude enzymes of strain W-7 significantly reduced the disease incidence and severity in host plants. These original findings unveil the biochemical aspects of a highly efficient AHL-degrading bacterial isolate and provide useful agents that exhibit great potential for the control of infectious diseases caused by AHL-dependent bacterial pathogens.

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Mondo, Elisabetta, Riccardo Rinnovati, Alessandro Spadari, Federica Giacometti, Andrea Serraino, Federica Savini y Silvia Piva. "First isolation of Klebsiella variicola from a horse pleural effusion". BMC Veterinary Research 17, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02776-2.

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Abstract Background Respiratory diseases are the second most common cause of illnesses in horses, their etiology can be viral, bacterial, immune-mediated, or mechanical (Racklyeft and Love DN, Aust Vet J 78:549–59, 2000; Austin et al., J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:325–328, 1995; Arroyo et al., J Vet Intern Med 31:894–900, 2017). Klebsiella variicola is a Gram-negative bacterium that was initially identified as an endophyte in soil and plants such as bananas, rice, sugar cane and maize but recent studies have identified this microorganism as an emerging pathogen in humans (Rodríguez-Medina et al., Emerg Microbes Infect 8:973–988, 2019; Fontana et al., J Clin Microbiol 57:e00825–18, 2019; Rosenblueth et al., Syst Appl Microbiol 27:27–35, 2004). This paper describes, for the first time to our knowledge, the isolation of K. variicola from pleural effusion in a male adult horse. Case presentation 17-years Italian Saddle Horse with respiratory distress and fever was admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna. At home, the patient had undergone antibiotic therapy without clinical improvement. Vital signs on admission revealed an increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, pyrexia and weight loss. The animal was submitted for collateral examination including thoracic radiology and ultrasound and thoracoscopy that showed bilateral pleural effusion associated with multifocal pulmonary atelectasis. During the thoracoscopic examination, that confirmed the presence of a seropurulent pleural effusion, a sample of pleural fluid was collected and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) that allowed the identification of K. variicola. The isolate was sensitive to amikacin, cefazolin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;the horse was treated with Oxytetracycline and amikacin. Despite a general health improvement of the subject, the pleural effusion did not resolve after treatment. Conclusions This paper describes, for the first time, the isolation of K. variicola in a horse with respiratory disease. The misidentification between K. variicola and K. pneumoniae has caused unawareness about significant aspects of this bacterial species. In fact, even though in animals the role of this bacterium is not clear, in humans it has been recognized as an emerging pathogen. The use of new methods for bacterial identification will probably lead to the isolation of a greater number of strains which will have to be studied to acquire knowledge that will be useful to clarify the clinical importance and relevance of K. variicola also in animals.

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