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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Bathythermograph"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 2 de marzo de 2023

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1

Spilhaus, Athelstan F. "A bathythermograph." Journal of Marine Research 79, no. 3 (2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224021834670531.

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2

Alappattu, Denny P., and Qing Wang. "Correction of Depth Bias in Upper-Ocean Temperature and Salinity Profiling Measurements from Airborne Expendable Probes." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 2 (2015): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00114.1.

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AbstractDuring the Dynamics of Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) Experiment in 2011, airborne expendable conductivity–temperature–depth (AXCTD) probes and airborne expendable bathythermographs (AXBTs) were deployed using NOAA’s WP-3D Orion aircraft over the southern tropical Indian Ocean. From initial analysis of the AXCTD data, about 95% of profiles exhibit double mixed layer structures. The presence of a mixed layer from some of these profiles were erroneous and were introduced because of the AXCTD processing software not being able to correctly identify the starting point of the probe desc

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3

Liu, Jie, Li Bin Du, Hai Jing He, and Zhuo Lei. "Attitude Stability Analysis of Expendable BathyThermograph." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1535.

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In this paper, the hydrodynamic properties of expendable bathy thermograph (XBT) is analyzed and got the changes of lift coefficient and drag coefficient with the attack angles change. We research the pressure field profile outside of XBT with different attack angles and analyze the reasons which can affect the stability of XBT. The research can provide reference for further optimization of the probe structure and stability test of XBT.

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4

Roemmich, Dean, and Bruce Cornuelle. "Digitization and calibration of the expendable bathythermograph." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 34, no. 2 (1987): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90088-4.

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5

Horton, C., J. Kerling, G. Athey, J. Schmitz, and M. Clifford. "Airborne expendable bathythermograph surveys of the eastern Mediterranean." Journal of Geophysical Research 99, no. C5 (1994): 9891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jc00058.

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6

Lv, Wenlong, Yongjie Wang, and Fang Li. "3D Numerical Simulation of Expendable Bathythermograph Probe Dropping." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 744 (February 10, 2020): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/744/1/012037.

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7

Brink, Kenneth H. "Editor's Commentary: Classic Articles - A bathythermograph by Athelstan F. Spilhaus." Journal of Marine Research 79, no. 3 (2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224021834670540.

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8

Bagnell, Aaron, and Timothy DeVries. "Correcting Biases in Historical Bathythermograph Data Using Artificial Neural Networks." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 10 (2020): 1781–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0103.1.

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AbstractHistorical estimates of ocean heat content (OHC) are important for understanding the climate sensitivity of the Earth system and for tracking changes in Earth’s energy balance over time. Prior to 2004, these estimates rely primarily on temperature measurements from mechanical and expendable bathythermograph (BT) instruments that were deployed on large scales by naval vessels and ships of opportunity. These BT temperature measurements are subject to well-documented biases, but even the best calibration methods still exhibit residual biases when compared with high-quality temperature dat

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9

Giese, Benjamin S., Gennady A. Chepurin, James A. Carton, Tim P. Boyer, and Howard F. Seidel. "Impact of Bathythermograph Temperature Bias Models on an Ocean Reanalysis." Journal of Climate 24, no. 1 (2011): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3534.1.

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Abstract Historical bathythermograph datasets are known to be biased, and there have been several efforts to model this bias. Three different correction models of temperature bias in the historical bathythermograph dataset are compared here: the steady model of Hanawa et al. and the time-dependent models of Levitus et al. and Wijffels et al. The impact of these different models is examined in the context of global analysis experiments using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation system. The results show that the two time-dependent bias models significantly reduce warm bias in global heat content,

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10

Shin, Sang-Sik, Hwan Hwi Cho, and Seung Soo Park. "An Improvement of Expendable Bathythermograph Measurement Mechanism for Anti-Submarine Warfare." Journal of the Korean society for quality management 42, no. 3 (2014): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7469/jksqm.2014.42.3.301.

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11

Cheng, Lijing, Jiang Zhu, Franco Reseghetti, and Qingping Liu. "A New Method to Estimate the Systematical Biases of Expendable Bathythermograph." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 2 (2011): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecho759.1.

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Abstract A new technique to estimate three major biases of XBT probes (improper fall rate, start-up transient, and pure temperature error) has been developed. Different from the well-known and standard “temperature error free” differential method, the new method analyses temperature profiles instead of vertical gradient temperature profiles. Consequently, it seems to be more noise resistant because it uses the integral property over the entire vertical profile instead of gradients. Its validity and robustness have been checked in two ways. In the first case, the new integral technique and the

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12

Wang, Liping, Chester Koblinsky, Stephan Howden, and Norden Huang. "Interannual variability in the South China Sea from expendable bathythermograph data." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104, no. C10 (1999): 23509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900199.

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13

Lyman, John M., and Gregory C. Johnson. "Estimating Global Ocean Heat Content Changes in the Upper 1800 m since 1950 and the Influence of Climatology Choice*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 5 (2014): 1945–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00752.1.

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Abstract Ocean heat content anomalies are analyzed from 1950 to 2011 in five distinct depth layers (0–100, 100–300, 300–700, 700–900, and 900–1800 m). These layers correspond to historic increases in common maximum sampling depths of ocean temperature measurements with time, as different instruments—mechanical bathythermograph (MBT), shallow expendable bathythermograph (XBT), deep XBT, early sometimes shallower Argo profiling floats, and recent Argo floats capable of worldwide sampling to 2000 m—have come into widespread use. This vertical separation of maps allows computation of annual ocean

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14

Chu, Peter C., Chenwu Fan, Carlos J. Lozano, and Jeffrey L. Kerling. "An airborne expendable bathythermograph survey of the South China Sea, May 1995." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 103, no. C10 (1998): 21637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jc02096.

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15

Picaut, Joël, and Rolande Tournier. "Monitoring the 1979-1985 equatorial Pacific current transports with expendable bathythermograph data." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, S01 (1991): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jc02066.

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16

Goes, Marlos, Elizabeth Babcock, Francis Bringas, Peter Ortner, and Gustavo Goni. "The Impact of Improved Thermistor Calibration on the Expendable Bathythermograph Profile Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 9 (2017): 1947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0024.1.

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AbstractExpendable bathythermograph (XBT) data provide one of the longest available records of upper-ocean temperature. However, temperature and depth biases in XBT data adversely affect estimates of long-term trends of ocean heat content and, to a lesser extent, estimates of volume and heat transport in the ocean. Several corrections have been proposed to overcome historical biases in XBT data, which rely on constantly monitoring these biases. This paper provides an analysis of data collected during three recent hydrographic cruises that utilized different types of probes, and examines method

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17

Cheng, Lijing, Jiang Zhu, Rebecca Cowley, Tim Boyer, and Susan Wijffels. "Time, Probe Type, and Temperature Variable Bias Corrections to Historical Expendable Bathythermograph Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 8 (2014): 1793–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00197.1.

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Abstract Systematic biases in historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data are examined using two datasets: 4151 XBT–CTD side-by-side pairs from 1967 to 2011 and 218 653 global-scale XBT–CTD pairs (within one month and 1°) extracted from the World Ocean Database 2009 (WOD09) from 1966 to 2010. Using the side-by-side dataset, it was found that both the pure thermal bias and the XBT fall rate (from which the depth of observation is calculated) increase with water temperature. Correlations between the terminal velocity A and deceleration B terms of the fall-rate equation (FRE) and between A

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18

Palmer, Matthew D., Tim Boyer, Rebecca Cowley, et al. "An Algorithm for Classifying Unknown Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) Instruments Based on Existing Metadata." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 3 (2018): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0129.1.

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AbstractTime-varying biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) instruments have emerged as a key uncertainty in estimates of historical ocean heat content variability and change. One of the challenges in the development of XBT bias corrections is the lack of metadata in ocean profile databases. Approximately 50% of XBT profiles in the World Ocean database (WOD) have no information about manufacturer or probe type. Building on previous research efforts, this paper presents a deterministic algorithm for assigning missing XBT manufacturer and probe type for individual temperature profiles based

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19

Kizu, Shoichi, Hiroyuki Yoritaka, and Kimio Hanawa. "A New Fall-Rate Equation for T-5 Expendable Bathythermograph (XBT) by TSK." Journal of Oceanography 61, no. 1 (2005): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0024-4.

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20

Carnes, Michael R., Jim L. Mitchell, and P. Webb de Witt. "Synthetic temperature profiles derived from Geosat altimetry: Comparison with air-dropped expendable bathythermograph profiles." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, no. C10 (1990): 17979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc095ic10p17979.

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21

Hamilton, LJ. "Statistical features of the Oceanographic area off south-western Australia, obtained from Bathythermograph data." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860421.

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A statistical analysis has been made of 26 years of bathythermograph (BT) data to 1980 for the south-west Australian area bounded by 30-35�s. and 110-115�E., a region influenced by the Leeuwin Current. The data indicate that a surface mixed layer exists all year round, with average depth 55 m and standard deviation 37 m. All but 2% of BT casts show a mixed-layer depth (MLD) less than 150 m. MLD are deepest in mid-year, particularly from July to September. Sea surface temperatures (SST) are significantly related to temperature values down to 200 m depth, especially in mid-year, for both eastern

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22

Guangyuan, Chen, Lei Zhuo, and He Haijing. "Development of an automatic pulling mechanism of probe plug in marine eXpendable BathyThermograph launching system." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 21 (December 13, 2018): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2018.20341.

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23

Wijffels, Susan E., Josh Willis, Catia M. Domingues, et al. "Changing Expendable Bathythermograph Fall Rates and Their Impact on Estimates of Thermosteric Sea Level Rise." Journal of Climate 21, no. 21 (2008): 5657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2290.1.

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Abstract A time-varying warm bias in the global XBT data archive is demonstrated to be largely due to changes in the fall rate of XBT probes likely associated with small manufacturing changes at the factory. Deep-reaching XBTs have a different fall rate history than shallow XBTs. Fall rates were fastest in the early 1970s, reached a minimum between 1975 and 1985, reached another maximum in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and have been declining since. Field XBT/CTD intercomparisons and a pseudoprofile technique based on satellite altimetry largely confirm this time history. A global correction

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24

Cowley, Rebecca, Susan Wijffels, Lijing Cheng, Tim Boyer, and Shoichi Kizu. "Biases in Expendable Bathythermograph Data: A New View Based on Historical Side-by-Side Comparisons." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 6 (2013): 1195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00127.1.

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Abstract Because they make up 56% of ocean temperature profile data between 1967 and 2001, quantifying the biases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data is fundamental to understanding the evolution of the planetary energy and sea level budgets over recent decades. The nature and time history of these biases remain in dispute and dominate differences in analyses of the history of ocean warming. A database of over 4100 side-by-side deployments of XBTs and conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) data has been assembled, and this unique resource is used to characterize and separate out the pure t

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25

Kizu, Shoichi, Shin-Ichi Ito, and Tomowo Watanabe. "Inter-manufacturer Difference and Temperature Dependency of the Fall-Rate of T-5 Expendable Bathythermograph." Journal of Oceanography 61, no. 5 (2005): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0008-z.

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26

Reseghetti, F., M. Borghini, and G. M. R. Manzella. "Factors affecting the quality of XBT data – results of analyses on profiles from the Western Mediterranean Sea." Ocean Science 3, no. 1 (2007): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-3-59-2007.

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Abstract. EXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) temperature profiles collected in the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System – Toward Environmental Prediction (MFS-TEP) project have been compared with CTD measurements. New procedures for the quality control of recorded values have been developed and checked. Some sources of possible uncertainties and errors, such as the response time of the apparatus (XBT probe, thermistor and readout chain), or the influence of initial conditions are also analysed. To deal with the high homogeneity of Mediterranean waters, a new technique to compute th

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27

Leahy, Thomas P., Francesc Pons Llopis, Matthew D. Palmer, and Niall H. Robinson. "Using Neural Networks to Correct Historical Climate Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 10 (2018): 2053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0012.1.

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AbstractBiases in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) instruments have emerged as a leading uncertainty in reconstructions of historical ocean heat content change and therefore climate change. Corrections for these biases depend on the type of XBT used; however, this is unspecified for 52% of the historical XBT profiles in the World Ocean Database. Here, we use profiles of known XBT type to train a neural network that can classify probe type based on three covariates: profile date, maximum recorded depth, and country of origin. Whereas previous studies have shown an average classification skill

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28

Marple, Gary, and David Walker. "Low-cost assimilation for sound speed fields in the PCA framework." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (2022): A201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016029.

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Forecast ocean sound speed fields are often inaccurate and need to be reconciled with observation data. Conventional data-assimilation methods used for this are generally quite computationally intensive. A compressed representation of the forecast sound speed fields can be obtained using principal component analysis (PCA), where the forecast fields are represented by a linear combination fo PCA modes. We develop a low-cost assimilation approach that updates the PCA compressed representation of the background forecast field, based on observation data.The approach uses Bayes‘ rule to obtain the

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29

Molinari, Robert L. "Information from low-density expendable bathythermograph transects: North Atlantic mean temperature structure and quasi-decadal variability." Progress in Oceanography 88, no. 1-4 (2011): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.12.013.

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30

Carton, James A., Benjamin S. Giese, Xianhe Cao, and Laury Miller. "Impact of altimeter, thermistor, and expendable bathythermograph data on retrospective analyses of the tropical Pacific Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 101, no. C6 (1996): 14147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jc00631.

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31

Smith, Neville R., and Gary Meyers. "An evaluation of expendable bathythermograph and Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array data for monitoring tropical ocean variability." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 101, no. C12 (1996): 28489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jc02595.

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32

Li, Shuhan, Qisheng Zhang, Xiao Zhao, Shenghui Liu, Zhenzhong Yuan, and Xinyue Zhang. "Dynamic data transmission technology for expendable current profiler based on low-voltage differential signaling." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (2017): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-263-2017.

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Abstract. A dynamic data transmission technology for expendable current profilers (XCPs) is proposed in this paper. Two parallel varnished wires are employed as the data transmission medium. By testing the transmission properties of the varnished wires, a baseband transmission system is studied and designed. Modified low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is adopted as the physical layer for data transmission. The data transmission protocol is modified and optimized in accordance with the RS-232 protocol, and the Manchester code is superimposed. According to the results of indoor and marine

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33

Willis, Josh K., John M. Lyman, Gregory C. Johnson, and John Gilson. "In Situ Data Biases and Recent Ocean Heat Content Variability*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 4 (2009): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecho608.1.

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Abstract Two significant instrument biases have been identified in the in situ profile data used to estimate globally integrated upper-ocean heat content. A large cold bias was discovered in a small fraction of Argo floats along with a smaller but more prevalent warm bias in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data. These biases appear to have caused the bulk of the upper-ocean cooling signal reported by Lyman et al. between 2003 and 2005. These systematic data errors are significantly larger than sampling errors in recent years and are the dominant sources of error in recent estimates of global

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34

Forsyth, Jacob Samuel Tse, Magdalena Andres, and Glen G. Gawarkiewicz. "Recent accelerated warming of the continental shelf off New Jersey: Observations from the CMVOleander expendable bathythermograph line." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120, no. 3 (2015): 2370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010516.

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35

Yasunaka, Sayaka, Masayoshi Ishii, Masahide Kimoto, Takashi Mochizuki, and Hideo Shiogama. "Influence of XBT Temperature Bias on Decadal Climate Prediction with a Coupled Climate Model." Journal of Climate 24, no. 20 (2011): 5303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4230.1.

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Abstract The influence of the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) depth bias correction on decadal climate prediction is presented by using a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model called the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3 (MIROC3). The global mean subsurface ocean temperatures that were simulated by the model with the prescribed anthropogenic and natural forcing are consistent with bias-corrected observations from the mid-1960s onward, but not with uncorrected observations. The latter is reflected by biases in subsurface ocean temperatures, particularly along ther

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36

Bennett, Andrew F. "Inverse methods for assessing ship-of-opportunity networks and estimating circulation and winds from tropical expendable bathythermograph data." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, no. C9 (1990): 16111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc095ic09p16111.

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37

Mitchell, Jim L., Jan M. Dastugue, William J. Teague, and Zachariah R. Hallock. "The estimation of geoid profiles in the northwest Atlantic from simultaneous satellite altimetry and airborne expendable bathythermograph sections." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, no. C10 (1990): 17965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc095ic10p17965.

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38

McCarthy, Mary Cait, Lynne D. Talley, and Dean Roemmich. "Seasonal to interannual variability from expendable bathythermograph and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in the South Pacific subtropical gyre." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 105, no. C8 (2000): 19535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jc900056.

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39

Liu, Qin‐Yan, Ming Feng, Dongxiao Wang, and Susan Wijffels. "Interannual variability of the I ndonesian T hroughflow transport: A revisit based on 30 year expendable bathythermograph data." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120, no. 12 (2015): 8270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011351.

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40

VARGAS-YANEZ, M., E. MALLARD, M. RIXEN, P. ZUNINO, M. C. GARCIA-MARTINEZ, and F. MOYA. "The effect of interpolation methods in temperature and salinity trends in the Western Mediterranean." Mediterranean Marine Science 13, no. 1 (2012): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.28.

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Temperature and salinity data in the historical record are scarce and unevenly distributed in space and time and the estimation of linear trends is sensitive to different factors. In the case of the Western Mediterranean, previous works have studied the sensitivity of these trends to the use of bathythermograph data, the averaging methods or the way in which gaps in time series are dealt with. In this work, a new factor is analysed: the effect of data interpolation. Temperature and salinity time series are generated averaging existing data over certain geographical areas and also by means of i

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41

McPhaden, Michael J., Antonio J. Busalacchi, Joël Picaut, and Gary Raymond. "A model study of potential sampling errors due to data scatter around expendable bathythermograph transects in the tropical Pacific." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, no. C7 (1988): 8119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc093ic07p08119.

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42

Park, Sunghyea, and Peter C. Chu. "Characteristics of thermal finestructure in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea from airborne expendable bathythermograph measurements." Journal of Oceanography 64, no. 6 (2008): 859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-008-0071-8.

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43

Jayne, Steven R., W. Brechner Owens, Pelle E. Robbins, Alexander K. Ekholm, Neil M. Bogue, and Elizabeth R. Sanabia. "The Air-Launched Autonomous Micro Observer." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39, no. 4 (2022): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0046.1.

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Abstract The Air-Launched Autonomous Micro Observer (ALAMO) is a versatile profiling float that can be launched from an aircraft to make temperature and salinity observations of the upper ocean for over a year with high temporal sampling. Similar in dimensions and weight to an airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT), but with the same capability as Argo profiling floats, ALAMOs can be deployed from an A-sized (sonobuoy) launch tube, the stern ramp of a cargo plane, or the door of a small aircraft. Unlike an AXBT, however, the ALAMO float directly measures pressure, can incorporate addition

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44

Hamilton, LJ. "Mesoscale variability in volume transport in the Tasman and Coral Seas." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960497.

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Mesoscale variability of volume transports for the upper 450 m of the south-west Pacific is examined with repeat expendable bathythermograph temperature cross-sections, using a level of no motion of 1300 m. Salinity and dynamic heights are synthesized. The 136 sections are clustered about seven particular routes between Australia, Fiji and New Zealand. Peak values of net transports across one- degree latitude or longitude bins along routes are found to be an effective method of defining spatial variability, reflecting current features quite strongly. Higher local transports are indicated along

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45

BUDILLON, G., and S. R. RINTOUL. "Fronts and upper ocean thermal variability south of New Zealand." Antarctic Science 15, no. 1 (2003): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001135.

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The structure and variability of Southern Ocean fronts south of New Zealand are described based on fifteen summer expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections obtained between 1994 and 2001. The temperature variability north of 60°S is dominated by meanders and meridional shifts of the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF), which often bifurcates to form northern and southern branches. The northern branch follows the southern edge of the Campbell Plateau, while the southern branch is found over the abyssal plain of the south-west Pacific Basin. The northern and southern branches of the SAF can be separated

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46

Sraj, Ihab, Mohamed Iskandarani, Ashwanth Srinivasan, et al. "Bayesian Inference of Drag Parameters Using AXBT Data from Typhoon Fanapi." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 7 (2013): 2347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00228.1.

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Abstract The authors introduce a three-parameter characterization of the wind speed dependence of the drag coefficient and apply a Bayesian formalism to infer values for these parameters from airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) temperature data obtained during Typhoon Fanapi. One parameter is a multiplicative factor that amplifies or attenuates the drag coefficient for all wind speeds, the second is the maximum wind speed at which drag coefficient saturation occurs, and the third is the drag coefficient's rate of change with increasing wind speed after saturation. Bayesian inference pr

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47

Horton, C. W., David L. Porter, P. W. deWitt, and W. E. Rankin. "Airborne expendable bathythermograph survey of the Kuroshio Extension and comparison with simultaneous altimeter measurements during the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. C5 (1992): 7447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jc00418.

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48

Abraham, John P., Rebecca Cowley, and Lijing Cheng. "Quantification of the Effect of Water Temperature on the Fall Rate of Expendable Bathythermographs." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 6 (2016): 1271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0216.1.

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AbstractA very large portion of the historical information on ocean temperatures has been measured using expendable bathythermograph (XBT) devices. For decades, these devices provided the majority of global information. It is, therefore, important to quantify their accuracy and identify biases in this important historical dataset. Here, calculations are made of the influence of water temperature on the rate of descent of the XBT devices into the ocean waters. In colder regions, the larger viscosity of the water is expected to cause a greater drag force on the device, which would slow the desce

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49

Tang-dong, Qu, and Gary Meyers. "A method to estimate dynamic height and geostrophic transport relative to deeper levels from 400m expendable bathythermograph in the Indonesian throughflow." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 13, no. 2 (1995): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02846814.

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50

Loranger, Scott, Brendan J. DeCourcy, Ying-Tsong Lin, and Andone C. Lavery. "High resolution mapping of sound speed and density with broadband echo sounders." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (2022): A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015428.

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Advances in acoustic propagation and physical oceanographic modeling necessitate improved spatiotemporal resolution of water column properties (temperature, salinity, sound speed, and density) to inform and validate models. Shipboard profiling provides adequate vertical resolution, but high-resolution horizontal sampling is expensive and time consuming. Stationary arrays generate critical long-term data sets and high vertical resolution, however, there is a trade-off between dense horizontal sampling and total spatial coverage. Towed systems provide dense coverage horizontally but lack vertica

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