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Nisa, Chairun, Ratna Winandi y Netti Tinaprilla. "ANALISIS KELAYAKAN INVESTASI PENGGEMUKAN SAPI POTONG (KASUS: PT CATUR MITRA TARUMA, KABUPATEN BOGOR)". Forum Agribisnis 4, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2014): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.4.1.35-52.
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A gap between national beef consumption and beef production becomes an opportunity for beef cattle fattening business. The purpose of this research is to analyze the feasibility of beef cattle fattening. The research was conducted at the main office of PT Catur Mitra Taruma at South Jakarta and its feedlot stall at Desa Cariu, Kabupaten Bogor. Aqualitative analysis method was used to analyze the non-financial feasibility, that covered market aspects, technical aspects, management and law aspects, and also social, economic, and environmental aspects. The financial feasibility was analyzed quantitatively by investment criteria and switching value analysis. The result shows that beef cattle fattening in PT Catur Mitra Taruma is feasibleand it is more sensitive to the decreasing sales of beef cattle than to the increasing price of feed.
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András Halász y Géza Nagy. "Some methodological aspects of animal behaviour during beef cattle grazing". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 48 (31 de julio de 2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/48/2449.
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Ethology, the research field of animal behaviour, during the past half century developed into an independent science and became more important in recent years as the farming industry has turned toward quality production. Farm animals respond for every environmental factor. Essential to know the answers to avoid unpleasant economic consequences. Based on the shepherds’ experience, this science has merged with modern technology, constantly expanding and searching new methods. According to the literature the article summarizes the observation methods in cattle grazing. This paper introduces the beginnings and shows the future trends. Finally we share personal experiences as the Hungarian Grey cattle grazing behaviour at conditions of Hortobágy, Hungary.
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Rusnan, Husnatati, Ch L. Kaunang y Yohanis L. R. Tulung. "ANALISIS POTENSI DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SAPI POTONG DENGAN POLA INTEGRASI KELAPA–SAPI DI KABUPATEN HALMAHERA SELATAN PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA". ZOOTEC 35, n.º 2 (11 de marzo de 2015): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.35.2.2015.7433.
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POTENTIAL ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT PATTERN OF CATTLE WITH INTEGRATED COCONUT-COW IN SOUTH DISTRICT HALMAHERA NORTH MALUKU PROVINCE. Animal agricultural integration often found in South Halmahera district is the integration using coconut plantation and local beef pattern called coco-beef integration. Expected potential of land area, population of cattle supported by human and natural resources as well as market opportunities could develop coco-beef integration patterns providing the increasing economic impact for farmer welfare. This study aims to analyze the potential and development strategy of beef integration with coconut plantations in South Halmahera district. The research was conducted in South Halmahera district of North Maluku Province since November 2014 to February 2015. The determination of respondents was performed using simple random sampling method. Criteria of respondents involved in this study were household farmers running a coco-beef integration, at least animal maintenance of more than one year and they had sold cattle. The results showed the particular characteristics of household farmers including coconut plantation ownership of 3.2 ha with the average number of animals of 8.7 heads, the average education level of junior high school, the animal breeding experience of 7.9 years and animal maintenance purposes as beef production and animal labor . Management aspects of farm animals were still under the traditional maintenance systems, animals were resistant to disease, and house hold farmer knowledge on animal reproduction was still limited. Aspects of feed resources were positively supporting in the development of beef cattle under integration pattern, especially the nutritional value of forage and land carrying capacities. Livestock productivity aspects had quite well potential and supported facilities, including infrastructures. Therefore, it can be concluded that South Halmahera District has potential in the development of beef cattle farm applying cattle integration patterns in form of coco-beef natural resources supported by potentials of human resources, good government policy, infrastructure availability and market opportunities based on the analysis of the potential of South Halmahera district located in a strategic position as a development area of beef and coconut plantation integration patterns. Keywords: Cattle, Coconut plantation, Integration, South Halmahera regency.
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Kopytets, Nataliia y Volodymyr Voloshyn. "Organizational and economic aspects of functioning of the field of cattle breeding in Ukraine". E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128207015.
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The article conducted with a scientific assessment and substantiated organizational and economic aspects of the functioning of the field of cattle breeding. The field of cattle breeding has been traditionally and remains one of the leading ones for Ukraine. The dynamics of livestock, milk production and beef and veal production were analyzed. It was established that the main producers of products of cattle breeding were the economy of the population, which provide more than 70 % of production volumes. The problematic issues of the functioning of the field of cattle were generalized: a reduction in the number of cattle, reducing its productivity, deterioration of production indices and its efficiency, unsatisfactory level of feed base, breeding and tribal work and technological support, insufficient state support, reduction of the level of consumption of products of cattle breeding. It was substantiated that the further functioning of the industry and its efficiency depends on the policy of the government and the motivational mechanism. The important areas for increasing the efficiency of the field of cattle are the concentration of production, including on the basis of co-operation of manufacturers, improvement of feed base and tribal affairs, modernization of logistical support, investment and innovation activity was argued
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Pohler, Ky G. "372 The timing of pregnancy losses in beef cattle". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 de noviembre de 2020): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.225.
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Abstract Pregnancy loss in beef cattle causes both management and economic challenges to a producer. Recent studies have been conducted to quantify reproductive failures that occur during fertilization, early embryonic development, and late embryonic/early fetal development periods of gestation in beef cattle. Minimizing reproductive inefficiency, specifically embryonic mortality (EM), is vital. Although fertilization rates are reportedly high in beef cattle, significant developmental failure occurs within the first 7 days of gestation. Approximately 28.4% of embryos will not develop past day 7 of gestation with most embryonic losses occurring before day 4. By the conclusion of the first month of gestation, 47.9% of cows submitted to a single insemination at day 0 will not be pregnant. Overall, late embryonic/fetal development between days 32 to 60 and 100 is 5.8% with a range of 3.2 to 42.7%. This talk will highlight some of the work our group is focusing on to determine timing and detection of pregnancy loss during these pivotal periods of pregnancy loss and potential management aspects to mitigate reproductive inefficiency. This was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
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Nääs, Irenilza de Alencar, Carlos Eduardo Bites Romanini, Douglas D'Alessandro Salgado, Karla Andrea Oliveira Lima, Marcos Martinez do Vale, Marcelo Ricardo Labigalini, Silvia Regina Lucas de Souza, Adriana Gomes Menezes y Daniella Jorge de Moura. "Impact of global warming on beef cattle production cost in Brazil". Scientia Agricola 67, n.º 1 (febrero de 2010): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000100001.
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Global warming is affecting agribusiness in its economic aspects. Therefore, the prediction of the evolution of Brazilian beef cattle production cost was made using the IPCC forecast scenario for global warming. The methodology consisted of two steps: (i) the development of a fuzzy model that estimated the grazing land capacity (RP) decrease risk as a function of the changes in the average total rain index, air temperature and increase in extension of the dry season; and (ii) the design of an algorithm for predicting the decrease in production as function of the RPfuzzy model, that results in the impact in beef cattle productivity, and consequent increase in production costs. Historical environmental data from important producing counties in the Cerrado were organized and a set of fuzzy Gaussian functions were developed, and three possible settings (optimistic, medium and pessimistic) were considered. The decrease in beef cattle productivity was estimated using the losses in production due to the increase in air temperature and vulnerability of pasture capacity. The boundary settings for the total increase of production cost scenario used the number of animals per area of grazing land, the adoption of grain supplement and its future scenario; and the result output function pointed to a threshold within a variation from an increase in production cost of 80% (optimistic) to 160% (pessimistic). Under the optimistic scenario the total cost of Brazilian beef cattle production in the Cerrado became near to US$ 2.88 kg-1, while in the pessimistic scenario this cost reached US$ 4.16 kg-1, challenging the international competitiveness of this economic segment.
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Rustandi, Yudi, Ismuladi Ismuladi y Mirna Silfiani. "Evaluasi formulasi dan pembuatan complete feed bahan pakan lokal daun kopi di peternak sapi potong Pasuruan Jawa Timur". AGROMIX 12, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/agx.v12i1.2337.
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This study aims to evaluate the preparation of feed formulations and the manufacture of complete feed fermentation based on local ingredients of coffee leaves. This research has three stages: preparation of complete feed formulations using trial and error methods using Microsoft Excel, trials of making complete feeds, and evaluating complete feed products. Evaluation is carried out on four aspects, namely; The nutritional composition of the complete feed has been fulfilled compared to the SNI for Beef Cattle Feed, which analyzed through a bar chart, the complete feed characteristic organoleptic test for texture, color, aroma, and presence of mushrooms through 24 respondents, palatability test carried out on six beef cattle belonging to farmer group members, and the economic aspect of the manufacturing cost component. The evaluation results show; the formulation and manufacture of complete feeds are by the SNI for Beef Cattle Feed. The characteristics of the compiled complete feeds are solid texture, not thick, not slimy and brittle, yellowish-green with sour aroma, and no fungus found are the characteristics of successful fermentation, preference test that all cows like complete feeds, and the results of the economic evaluation that each kilogram of complete feed costs Rp. 1,629.34, which is lower than the price of rice straw per kilogram.
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Maysonnave, Greicy Sofia, Renius de Oliveira Mello, Fabiano Nunes Vaz, Mozer Manetti de Ávila, Leonir Luiz Pascoal y Ana Clara Trindade Rodrigues. "Physicochemical characterization of by-products from beef cattle slaughter and economic feasibility of commercialization". Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (30 de enero de 2020): e46545. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.46545.
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The aim was to evaluate the proximate food composition, cholesterol content, coloring and economic aspects of the main nutrients present in by-products from the slaughter of cattle. The samples were collected from 14 organs, with four repetitions each, of which we conducted the analyses of moisture, crude protein, mineral matter, cholesterol and fat content. The color was measured through the coordinates L*, a*, b*. The differences between the groups of red and white viscera were evaluated by contrasts analysis. Subsequently, the data were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance, which was complemented by the principal component technique. In the analysis of contrast between red and white viscera, the results showed that the components with the highest content of total fat does not necessarily have the highest content of cholesterol and vice-versa. For minerals, the red viscera presented higher content than white viscera and, in order to analyze the protein composition, there was less variability for red viscera in relation to white viscera. In the color analysis, the values for the color readings indicated uniformity between the external and internal readings, except for the tongue. On mean, the proximate composition values for the offals are similar to the values for beef, especially regarding the red viscera.
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Yolas Pendra, Edy Mawardi and Asmak, Abdullah M. Bamualim, Fuad Madarisa,. "THE CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION INNOVATION USING PALM OIL BY-PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN WEST SUMATRA". International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ijasc.1.1.66-74.2015.
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A study has been conducted on the crop-livestock integration innovation using palm oil by-products technology to support beef cattle production in 2014. The collected data consisted of (i) Socio-economic aspects, (ii) The body weight gain of cattle, and (iii) Palm oil production. These data were taken from Sri Langgeng farmers group (13 respondents) in Dharmasraya district and Tanjung Keramat farmers group (10 respondents) in West Pasaman district. The results of the socio economic aspects showed; the average age of farmers was 39 years old, owned palm oil plantation of 2,2 and, 4,1 ha, and owned of 4.2 and 6.2 head of cattle in Tanjung Keramat and Sri Langgeng respectively. The average monthly income was Rp 1.63 million and about Rp 1.05 million derived from livestock contribution in Tanjung Keramat, and Rp 1.65 million and about Rp 1.71 million derived from livestock contribution in Sri Langgeng. Feeding a supplement of palm oil by-products increased cattle growth by about 0.14 and 0.09 kg/head/day at Sri Langgeng and Tanjung Keramat respectively. In contrast, the animals in a control treatment experienced body weight losses of -0.17 and -0.11 kg/head/day. The application of organic fertilizer from cattle manure, above the inorganic fertilizer, increased the palm oil fruit by 39.4% and 48.4%. The research proved that there is an opportunity to accelerate the adoption process of crop-livestock integration in palm oil plantation areas in West Sumatra.
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Archer, J. A., E. C. Richardson, R. M. Herd y P. F. Arthur. "Potential for selection to improve efficiency of feed use in beef cattle: a review". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, n.º 2 (1999): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98075.
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Evidence for genetic variation in feed efficiency of beef cattle is reviewed in this paper, and ways in which this variation might be used in selection programs to improve beef cattle in Australia are discussed. Efficiency of beef production systems is determined by feed and other inputs of all classes of animals in the production system as well as outputs in terms of slaughter progeny and cull cows. Different indices have been used to express aspects of efficiency on cattle over certain periods of the production cycle. Use of these indices is discussed, and then evidence for genetic variation in both growing animals and mature animals is reviewed. Genetic variation in feed efficiency exists in both growing and mature cattle, although information is lacking to determine whether variation in total production system efficiency exists. The physiological basis for observed variation in feed efficiency is discussed, with differences in requirements for maintenance, body composition, proportions of visceral organs, level of physical activity, and digestion efficiency identified as possible sources of variation. Selection to improve efficiency might be achieved by measuring feed intake of growing animals and utilising genetic correlations that are likely to exist between efficiency of growing animals and mature animals. Measurement of feed intake might occur in central test stations, or methods may be developed to measure feed intake on-farm. Ways of utilising information generated in genetic evaluations are discussed, and it is concluded that estimated breeding values for feed intake after a phenotypic adjustment for growth performance would be most practical, although not theoretically optimal. Such estimated breeding values would best be used in an economic selection index to account for genetic correlations with other traits, including feed intake of the breeding herd, and the economic value of feed in relation to other traits. Future research should be directed towards understanding the genetic relationships between feed intake and other traits in the breeding objective, and to find ways to reduce the cost of measurement of feed intake, including a search for genetic markers.
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Suyatno, Zikril Hidayat, Suharyanto y Wahyu Wibawa. "Integrated livestock and oil palm plantation as sustainable agricultural bioindustry in Bangka Island, Indonesia". E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130605008.
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As an emerging economic sector, agriculture in the Province of Bangka Belitung has less contribution both in terms of production and contribution towards farmer’s income. Therefore, the implementation of sustainable agriculture by integrating crops and livestock is argued to increase the competitiveness of agricultural products and farmer’s income. Based on local resources, one of the sustainable agricultural applications that can be implemented in Bangka Belitung is bio-industrial agriculture by integrating oil palm, citronella, and cattle farming to optimize marginal land. The concept of the bio-industrial agriculture model in this project contained several aspects i.e., environmentally friendly, effective and efficient, competitive, and profitable. The model implemented in the farmer groups increased farmer’s income from oil palm plantations and beef cattle. This was due to an increase in the productivity of Bali cattle with an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.22 kg to 0.56 kg, also an increase in the production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of oil palm. In general, the model of oil palm-cattle integration is suitable for sustainable agricultural development in Bangka Belitung.
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Arvidsson Segerkvist, Katarina, Helena Hansson, Ulf Sonesson y Stefan Gunnarsson. "A Systematic Mapping of Current Literature on Sustainability at Farm-Level in Beef and Lamb Meat Production". Sustainability 13, n.º 5 (25 de febrero de 2021): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052488.
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Beef and lamb meat production is associated with important cultural, economic and environmental impacts in most countries worldwide. However, it is also related with sustainability challenges. To enable cattle and sheep farming to develop in line with sustainability, existing knowledge need to be implemented and identified knowledge gaps filled. The purpose of this article was to systematically map the scientific literature on environmental, economic and social sustainability at farm-level beef and lamb meat production to identify knowledge gaps and to point to important future actions and areas of research. Papers published January 2000–August 2020 with a geographical origin in Europe, Northern America, and Australia-New Zealand were included. The systematic literature search resulted in a total of 1355 hits; however, after removing papers which were considered out of the scope of the study, and duplicate papers, only 22 and 11 papers related to beef and sheep farming, respectively were retained for further analysis. Of these, only 11 in total included all three sustainability dimensions. Several papers only mentioned one or two of the sustainability dimensions or put them in relation to that/those main dimension covered, thus limiting the extent to which possible synergies or tradeoffs between different sustainability aspects actually can be studied. This indicates a need for a more comprehensive approach when studying farm-level sustainability. Future research would benefit from a more holistic approach and include all dimensions of sustainability within the same study. Further, focus should also be on how to measure and assess sustainability aspects in a standardized way.
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Kalkanov, I. y Iv Dinev. "PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RELEVANT GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN NEWBORN AND GROWING CALVES". Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, n.º 4 (2019): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.04.019.
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The emphasis of this literature overview is placed on the etiology, epidemiology, specific gross and microscopic pathological changes of the commonest gastrointestinal diseases in newborn and growing calves in dairy and beef farms. Neonatal diarrhea in calves is a multifactorial disease accompanied with high morbidity and mortality rates. It incurs considerable economic losses for cattle industry worldwide. The gastroenteritis in calves is most commonly of infectious or parasitic etiology and the most frequently involved enteropathogens are Cryptosporidium parvum, bovine rotaviruses (GRA BRV), bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), mucosal disease virus - bovine viral diarrhoea (BVDV) and Escherichia coli K99 (F5). Affected calves are from 24th hours to 30 days of age, and the appearance of the disease is largely dependent on the immunological status of newborn calves, the amount of ingested colostrum, whether dams are vaccinated or not during the dry period, and the conditions of housing of newborns. The specific gross and microscopic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and of some parenchymal organs are essential for the diagnostics and differential diagnostics of reviewed diseases.
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Wang, Li Li y Kang Ni Cai. "Study on the Supply and Demand Balance of Large-Scale Biogas Project Funds Based on System Dynamics". Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (diciembre de 2013): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.466.
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With the application and promotion of large-scale biogas project, economic analysis and evaluation of large-scale biogas project are particularly important. However, the benefits of biogas project embodied in the economic, social, ecological, and many other aspects have dispersion, which leads to production decisions in a gray state and investment in conformity. In this paper, Great Northern Wilderness beef cattle industry in Heilongjiang province is taken as an example for large-scale biogas electricity generation project. The supply and demand of funds in project operation are analyzed quantitatively by using system dynamics theory so as to do study and perform optimal analysis comprehensively on the economics of biogas project, and to explore the effective scheme of improving the proportion of income against cost. This study can provide scientific guidance for evaluating the construction and operation of large and medium-scale biogas project objectively and lay a solid theoretical foundation for the commercial operation in biogas industry.
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Ngxumeshe, Ayanda M., Motshekwe Ratsaka, Bohani Mtileni y Khathutshelo Nephawe. "Sustainable Application of Livestock Water Footprints in Different Beef Production Systems of South Africa". Sustainability 12, n.º 23 (27 de noviembre de 2020): 9921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239921.
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There is an increase in requirement and competition for water, while water resources are decreasing at an accelerating rate. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and therefore has the largest water footprint, which is not yet known. The largest portion is acknowledged to be for producing animal products. Water footprints account for the amounts of water used to produce a commodity for consumption, measured along the commodity life cycle. Water withdrawals from surface and groundwater are accounted for when assessing the water footprint. The three identified major determinants of a water footprint of meat include feed conversion efficiency (FCE), feed composition, and feed origin, with the first two being influenced greatly by the animal production system. In South Africa (SA), the two distinct production systems are the intensive and extensive production systems. Intensifying beef animals improves FCE due to faster growths per kg feed consumed, reduced activity, and therefore reduced water footprint. Beef cattle in the extensive system consume a large component of roughages, while the intensive system has a high concentrate to roughage ratio. This theoretically increases the water footprint in the intensive system. The literature indicates large amounts of volumetric water footprint indicators of boneless beef in SA. Water footprint assessment is critical for enabling consumers to make well-informed and sound decisions when considering changes in their behavior due to the effect this has on social, economic, and environmental wellbeing. This paper aims to postulate the various issues associated with water usage in beef production. These include factors affecting the water footprint of beef production and the effects it has on various aspects of both the environment and social wellbeing. It further explores the various methods to assess the water footprint of a product.
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Beck, Paul, Jeff Robe, David Lalman, Dana Zook, Marty New, Earl Ward y Brian Freking. "Needs and Challenges Cattle Producers Face in Adapting Preconditioning Programs". Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (1 de mayo de 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.008.
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Abstract Identifying the producer’s needs and challenges is the first step to understanding what types of programs will benefit producers the greatest. In the cattle industry, participation in calf preconditioning programs have slowly increased over the last two decades as more sellers and buyers recognize the economic benefits. However, for a seller to receive maximum benefit when marketing their cattle requires planning and an understanding of the components that go into a preconditioning program. Surveys are a practical way to gain useful information to develop programming to educate on developing preconditioning protocols that best fits their operation. Following the 2019 Oklahoma Quality Beef Network (OQBN) VAC45 fall certified sales, a survey was distributed electronically and by postal mail to participating cattle producers. The survey examined a number of aspects associated with preconditioning calves, management practices, operation size, demographics, and obstacles producers face when preconditioning calves. Participation rate was approximately 56% out of the 126 OQBN producers surveyed. Of the respondents, 52% did so electronically. Program ear tags moved to online sales in 2019 and 98% of respondents found ordering online convenient. These results would indicate that the use of technology is an increasing component in the cattle industry by producers and leading the way to the development of more tech related tools. Smaller operations marketing 50 or fewer head (72%) are utilizing preconditioning programs the greatest. Still, the biggest challenge reported by producers preconditioning calves was the expense (59%) associated followed by availability of labor (22%) and facilities (13.5%). Thirty-two percent of respondents indicated 5% or less morbidity rate, and 13% of respondents experienced 10% or less mortality rate. Thirty-three percent of producers estimated 1lb. or less ADG. Developing resources concerning the costliest components of preconditioning may be most crucial and beneficial to the producer to achieve a successful program.
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Charlebois, Sylvain, Maggie McCormick y Mark Juhasz. "Meat consumption and higher prices". British Food Journal 118, n.º 9 (5 de septiembre de 2016): 2251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2016-0121.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate if sudden retail price increases for beef products have affected consumers purchasing behaviors. Little research has been conducted that integrates retail price volatility with subdued food consumption motivations. Prior research about consumers’ meat-purchasing habits and systemic concerns linked to sustainability and animal welfare is limited or de-contextualized. This study also attempts to assess if retail price increases have triggered a change in perception of the meat industry, by looking at specific values related to animal protein production and consumption. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on an inductive, quantitative analysis of primary data obtained from a survey on beef consumption. For convenience and validity, all respondents had to be living in Canada for 12 months, and were at least 18 years old. The choice of country is not trivial. First, access to data were convenient for this study. Second, and most importantly, Canada has supply managed commodities that include poultry and chicken. In effect, Canada produces the amount of chicken it needs. Beef production is vulnerable to market volatility. As a result, demand-focussed market conditions for one often influence conditions for the other. Findings Findings indicate that higher prices have compelled 37.9 percent of the sample to reduce or to stop beef consumption altogether in the last 12 months. Beyond the issue of price, sustainability, food safety and health appear to be significant factors, more so than ethics (animal welfare). Results also show that education can be considered as a determinant for sustainable aspects of beef production when prices increase. Age and gender had no statistical significance on survey results. Some limitations are presented and future research paths are suggested. Research limitations/implications Since the sample in this study was mainly composed of consumers based in Canada, the generalizations of the findings should be approached with some caution. The same research should be conducted with consumers from other parts of the Western world to verify if the results can be generalized. Practical implications This survey help the authors to understand some aspects of beef consumption at retail. Findings of this empirical study have implications for future communications to consumers, in that greater emphasis should be given to the connection consumers have with other nutritional alternatives. Since meat consumption in the Western world is intrinsically linked to culinary traditions, behaviors can be challenging to change. Social implications The economic implications of a rapid adoption of a plant-based diet for the agricultural economy would be significant. However, the reality is that according to many studies of consumer behavior, customers still place a higher value on buying and eating meat than on any other food group. Canada’s relationship with animal proteins has deep cultural roots, particularly during holidays and summertime. Originality/value The present study has given important insights into the determinants of meat consumption reduction, a behavior which could both have long-term economic implications for the cattle and beef industries. This paper provides a deeper insight into some socio-economic factors that contribute to slow erosion of meat consumption reduction, and the effects of higher prices at retail. This is, as far as the authors know, likely the first study of its kind.
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Alcalá Galván, Carlos Hugo, Ramón Héctor Barraza Guardado, Félix Ayala Álvarez y Edgar Omar Rueda Puente. "Uso sustentable de agostaderos y el sistema vaca-cría en el Noroeste de México". Agronomía Mesoamericana 29, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2018): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v29i2.29185.
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Livestock is an economic activity, dedicated to the breeding of animal species to take advantage of them and of its derivative products, as well as of livestock exploitation itself. However, when relating it to the sustainable use of natural resources in Northwest Mexico, there can be seen some situations that need to be addressed. The present study aims to analyze the production and conservation status of natural resources of beef cattle activity in the cow-calf system in Sonora, Mexico. The diagnosis was based on aspects of regionalization of livestock, the specific characteristics and issues of the systems, and the productive status of rangelands. The results showed that, despite the existence of signs of wildlife utilization and the importance of protecting the habitat status for livestock development in the state of Sonora, Mexico, it is important to implement a series of actions in order to increase the sustainable productivity of soil, soil water resources, the recovery of vegetation cover, improvement of livestock management practices, needs of research and technology transfer, as well as institutional linkage and training of professional human resources.
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Catrileo, A. R., P. M. Toro, C. D. Aguilar y R. Vera. "Use of supplements and variation in the stocking rate in cow - calf systems on temperate pastures in Chile: a simulation approach". Animal Production Science 49, n.º 12 (2009): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08113.
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A simulation model was developed to evaluate the productive and economic effect of the variation in feed practices and stocking rate of a cow–calf system in Chile. Winter supplementation at grazing, stocking rate and economic aspects of the system were analysed. The supplementation of straw v. pasture hay at two different stocking rates was evaluated in the temperate pasture zone in La Araucania, Chile. Data were simulated using a decision support tool to help analyse the system. Simulations with the model involved 20 replicates of a factorial combination of two stocking rates (1.0 and 1.4 cows/ha) with differences in the initial weight (‘light’ v. ‘heavy’ with weights of heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows being 340 v. 380, 400 v. 450 and 440 v. 480 kg, respectively), at the same grazing pressure (kg liveweight/ha), two winter supplements (oat straw v. pasture hay) and two levels (6 v. 8 kg straw, and 5.1 v. 6.8 pasture hay). The model was validated with data collected from an experiment conducted with permanent pastures and a beef cattle cow–calf system from 1984 to 1989. The results indicate that there was a significant (P < 0.01) effect of a cow’s weight on the calves at 180 days, and on their reproductive performance, with the heavier cows increasing their calving rate by 20% relative to the lighter group. The stocking rate and the type and amount of supplement, however, did not influence (P > 0.05) the weight of female and male calves at the time of sale. Finally, supplementation with pasture hay, as opposed to oat straw, incurred a larger (P < 0.01) mean cost at an equivalent level of provision of metabolisable energy. Although difficult to analyse under real conditions, the economic and productive benefits of various feed practices and stocking rates were successfully evaluated in the present study using simulation tools.
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Silva, Edvan Costa da, Léo Vieira Leonel, Fabrício De Oliveira Reis, Paulo Henrique Aragão Catunda, Luciana Sabini da Silva y Wagner Menechini. "Silvopastoral system compared to other conventional production systems in the Maranhão State Cerrado". Scientia Agraria Paranaensis 19, n.º 2 (16 de julio de 2020): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18188/sap.v19i2.22215.
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Silvipastoral systems are identified as options for land use due to the high potential they offer to increase the level of income from agronomic, social, economic, and ecological aspects. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental benefits of implementing a silvopastoral system in Cerrado Maranhense, in comparison to other conventional production systems. The same was done in 2013 from February to May on a private property located in São Francisco do Brejão (MA) during the rainy season. The experiment evaluated three types of system: a) silvopastoral, composed of leucaena, grasses, and beef cattle, b) rotational system, and c) extensive system. A randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial scheme with three replications was used. Three pasture management systems (silvopastoral system, rotational system with native regeneration and extensive system) and three evaluation times (08:00 h, 12:00 h, and 16:00 h) were evaluated. After sample collection, dry biomass was determined. In the evaluation of ecophysiological parameters, the photochemical efficiency and estimate of the relative chlorophyll content in brachiaria plants of the three systems were determined. The photochemical efficiency was determined in the grasses of each system, being randomly evaluated three leaves per plant. The silvopastoral system was the one that showed the greatest increase in dry biomass of forage and the best results for the photochemical parameters, standing out as the best system for livestock.
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Wolcott, M. L., D. J. Johnston, S. A. Barwick, N. J. Corbet y H. M. Burrow. "Genetic relationships between steer performance and female reproduction and possible impacts on whole herd productivity in two tropical beef genotypes". Animal Production Science 54, n.º 1 (2014): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13141.
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Steer growth and carcass composition, and female reproductive performance have been identified as key aspects of productivity by breeders of tropically adapted beef cattle in Australia. Research has also demonstrated that traits describing meat quality and feed intake and efficiency are of economic importance to Australia’s beef industry. The present study aimed to determine genetic relationships of traits describing steer growth, feed intake and efficiency, carcass composition and meat quality with female reproductive performance in two genotypes of tropically adapted beef cattle. Female reproduction traits describing outcomes of first (Mating 1) and second (Mating 2) annual matings and lifetime reproduction (averaged over 6 matings) were analysed for 1020 Brahman (BRAH) and 1117 Tropical Composite (TCOMP) females. Steer traits were available for 1007 BRAH and 1210 TCOMP half-sibs of the females evaluated for reproductive performance, and measurements of liveweight and body composition for 1025 BRAH and 1520 TCOMP bull progeny of the same females were included in the analysis. Results demonstrated that selection to increase steer carcass weight and eye muscle area and decrease carcass fat depth would have no significant unfavourable impact on female reproductive performance for both genotypes. Measures of liveweight, eye muscle area and P8 fat depth in young BRAH bulls, however, were only moderately correlated with steer carcass equivalents (rg = 0.28 to 0.55) and results showed that selection on the basis of bull measurements alone may negatively affect female lifetime annual calving rate (rg = –0.44 to –0.75) if both were not included in a multi-trait genetic evaluation and considered when making selection decisions. More favourable (lower) net feed intake in BRAH steers was genetically associated with lower Mating 1 weaning rate (rg = 0.76) and higher days to calving (rg = –0.50), although this did not significantly affect lifetime annual calving or weaning rate (rg = 0.10 and 0.29, respectively). For TCOMP, higher steer carcass P8 fat depth was unfavourably genetically associated with female Mating 2 weaning rate (rg = –0.76), although these relationships were not as strong for weaning rate at Mating 1 or when averaged over the animals lifetime (rg = 0.43 and –0.13, respectively). Lower (more favourable) shear force (a measure of tenderness) also displayed a significant genetic association with higher (less favourable) Mating 1 days to calving in TCOMP and, while standard errors were high, tended to be unfavourably associated with other measures of female reproduction evaluated for the present study. Steer growth, carcass composition, meat quality and residual feed intake and female reproduction could be improved simultaneously if measurements describing both are included in a multi-trait genetic evaluation. Results of the present study also showed that expanding female reproduction traits to include descriptors of first and second mating outcomes, as well as lifetime reproductive performance, would allow a fuller account to be taken of genetic relationships of male traits with female reproduction.
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LAGODIIENKO, Nataliya y Vladyslav LAGODIIENKO. "THE ECONOMIC COMPONENT EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OPENNESS". Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2019): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-4-31.
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Introduction. The article assesses the importance of economic efficiency of agricultural production sustainable development in the conditions of the national economy openness. It is noted that sustainable development as a new form of social dynamics, applies to all spheres of socio-economic life and requires scientific and methodological development of models and mechanisms for its implementation in the practice of management. The least developed aspects of it now remain the problem of assessing the economic component of the agricultural production sustainable development in the conditions of the national economy openness. The purpose of the article is to assess the economic component of sustainable development of agricultural production in the conditions of the national economy openness. Within the achieve-ment of the goal, the following tasks were identified: research into the dynamics of the main indicators of the agricultural production level; estimation of indicators of agricultural enterprises economic activity; research of the self-sufficiency level in Ukraine by the main types of food. Results. It has been researched that in the agricultural sector of agrarian production of Ukraine there are positive changes – yields of all included in the analysis crops tend to increase. However, the indicators of the stability level of such growth (coefficient of variation) show significant differentiation. Despite the low values of the variation coefficients in agricultural productivity (excluding the average daily growth of pigs), the current state of the domestic livestock industry cannot be called satisfactory – because the number of cattle and pigs that are not compensated for the growth of animals continues to decline. As a result, production of milk, beef and pork decreases. In livestock farming, the decrease in production can only be compensated by the increase in poultry meat production. Conclusions. There is an extremely unstable dynamics of agricultural production. In our opinion, the main reason for the sharp fluctuations in production downward was: 1) rapid devaluation of the hryvnia; 2) the loss of traditional markets. The real flow of investment into agriculture demonstrates extremely volatile dynamics. The real dynamics of capital investment in Ukraine’s agriculture, not distorted by inflationary influence, has a low level of stability. Keywords: agricultural production, sustainable development, social infrastructure, rural territories, food security, economic component of sustainable development, production efficiency.
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Yuwono, Dian Maharso, Elly Kurniyati y Puji Lestari. "DAMPAK PENDAMPINGAN TEKNOLOGI OLEH BPTP JAWA TENGAH PADA PEBIBITAN SAPI PO KEBUMEN". SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 13, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v13i2.21028.
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<p>Abstract : One of the strategic programs in Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture is the<br />acceleration on beef self-sufficiency (PSDS). The implementation of PSDS program<br />was based on the consideration that local cattle just able to supply 70% of meat<br />demand, while the lacks were fulfilled from import. In order to support PSDS<br />program, Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Central Java has<br />been doing the assistance through dissemination activities in 2010-2014. One of the<br />focus of AIAT Central Java in PSDS assistance was the improvement of genetic<br />properties and maintanance of PO cattle in Kebumen. The aim of this study was to<br />learn the impact of technology assistance on the development of PO cattle in<br />Kebumen. The study was conducted in Kebumen on September – November 2015. <br />This study used survey methods with the observed aspects comprises the involvement<br />level of member group, the productivity of introduced technology, the increasement on<br />economic level, and the satisfaction level of farmer group toward AIAT Central Java<br />services. The results showed that the technology of cattle selection was applied<br />consistently to obtain qualified beef cattle, while the management aspect that was<br />related to feed, shed, and reproduction could afford an increasein production/<br />productivity. The impacts of technology accompaniment i.e. better health condition of<br />the cattle, better calves quality, the weight of birth raised about 2-3 kg, the body<br />weight increase about 1,5-5 kg/month, and shorten the duration of giving birth (from<br />15-17 months to 11-12 months). Economically, the introduction of sustainable<br />selection technology have been increasing the price of PO Kebumen cattles. The price<br />of male cattles increased 30-50% from previous price.</p><p> </p><p>bstrak : Salah satu program strategis Kementerian Pertanian adalah pendampingan<br />pada Program Percepatan Pencapaian Swasembada Daging Sapi (P2SDS) yang<br />kemudian ditambah dengan ternak kerbau sehingga menjadi PSDS/K. Dasar<br />pelaksanaan program PSDS utamanya adalah kemampuan sapi lokal untuk mensuplai<br />kebutuhan daging hanya 70 %, sedangkan sisanya dipenuhi dari impor. Dalam rangka<br />mendukung PSDS, Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Jawa Tengah telah<br />melakukan pendampingan melalui kegiatan pengkajian/diseminasi sepenjang tahun<br />2010-2014.Salah satu yang menjadi fokus BPTP Jawa Tengah dalam pendampingan<br />PSDS adalah perbaikan mutu genetik dan manajemen pemeliharaan sapi Peranakan<br />Ongole (PO) di Kabupaten Kebumen.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk<br />mengetahui dampak pendampingan teknologi oleh BPTP Jawa Tengah pada<br />pengembangan sapi PO di Kabupaten Kebumen. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan<br />September – Nopember 2015 di Kabupaten Kebumen dengan menggunakan metode<br />survei, adapun aspek yang diteliti mencakup tingkat keterlibatan anggota kelompok<br />ternak, capaian tingkat produktivitas dan ekonomi pada penerapan teknologi,<br />teknologi yang diintroduksikan dan rekayasa kelembagaan yang digunakan oleh<br />kelompok tani/penyuluh pada kegiatan penyuluhan, serta tingkat kepuasan anggota<br />kelompok tani terhadap jasa pelayanan BPTP Jawa Tengah. Hasil survey menunjukkan introduksi seleksi ternak diterapkan secara berkelanjutan untuk<br />mendapatkan bibit ternak sapi potong yang berkualitas, sedangkan aspek manajemen<br />budidaya sapi potong yang menyangkut pakan, perkandangan,dan reproduksi telah<br />memberikan manfaat bagi peningkatan produksi/produktivitas. Pendampingan<br />teknologi berdampak pada kondisi kesehatan induk dan pedet semakin baik, induk<br />mudah birahi, kualitas pedet semakin bagus, meningkatkan bobot lahir pedet sekitar 23<br />kg, meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan sekitar 1,5-5 kg/bulan, memperpendek<br />jarak beranak dari 15 – 17 bulan menjadi 11-12 bulan.Dilihat dari aspek ekonomi,<br />introduksi teknologi seleksi secara berkelanjutan telah meningkatkan harga sapi PO<br />Kebumen. Secara umum harga pasar untuk pejantan unggul pada kategori umur yang<br />sama meningkat 30-50 % dibandingkan dengan harga sebelumnya. <br /><br /><br /></p>
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Kruglyak, O. V. "PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIC PRODUCTION". Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (4 de diciembre de 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.20.
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The experience of function organic farms in Ukraine was analyzed. In the process of substantiating the organization of dairy cattle breeding under the conditions of an organic farm, the key role is played by the successful selection of cattle breed and the solution to the problem of ensuring effective channels for the sale of products in order to achieve profitability. It was established that Simmental and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds showed themselves well in conditions of large-scale eco-production. In the small-scale sector, local breeds of cattle will work best to solve the problem of restoring and preserving the number of animals of local and endangered breeds of cattle. The experience of organizing the production of organic dairy products can be implemented in the experimental base of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine.
The purpose of the article is to investigate the organizational aspects of efficient production of organic products and its prospects in dairy cattle breeding Ukraine.
Materials and methods of research. The research was carried out on the data of the private enterprise "Galex-Agro" (Zhytomyr region), The State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva" of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS (Cherkasy region); Observations of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, State Register of Pedigree Affairs in Animal Husbandry. In the course of research, patent research, content analysis of scientific sources and regulatory documents, structural analysis and synthesis, comparative methods, statistical, economical and mathematical methods were used.
The number of eco-farms is currently insignificant n Ukraine. Eco-friendly milk and beef are produced mainly by small farms, agricultural cooperatives and households. The largest number of domestic producers of organic dairy products is concentrated in the small-scale sector (farmers, households, production cooperatives, etc.). They are characterized by a close location to large cities or the presence of a compact cow population in ecologically clean areas, a closed cycle of production. Owners and managers of these farms are mostly supportive of the environmental lifestyle.
Among the largest "players" of this sector are companies with a closed cycle of production of organic agricultural products. This is a privately owned company “Galex-Agro” (Novograd-Volynskyi and Baranivskyi districts, Zhytomyr region), a Ukrainian-Swiss agrarian enterprise – a private joint-stock company “EthnoProduct” (northeast of Chernihiv region), limited liability company "Staryi Poritsk" (Volyn region).
The analysis of objective factors reducing the economic efficiency of domestic agricultural production, in particular due to the crisis in Ukraine's economic growth (the abolition of fiscal stimulation of the industry, the lack of access to external sources of financing, price disparity on agricultural products and means of production, and climate change, etc.), has necessitated the search for new ways of development of state research farms. So promising direction the scientists of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets and specialists of husbandry see introduction of organic farming system.
The first stage of the transition to eco-management was determined by the receipt of a certificate of growing of cereals with the subsequent registration of the production of organic dairy raw materials for the production of organic food. Creation of a special raw material zone for these needs involves the introduction of modern advanced technology of growing fodder crops (with elements of energy conservation and environmental feasibility) for the production of animal feed in accordance with the requirements of safety and quality.
In the process of substantiating the organization of dairy cattle breeding in the conditions of an organic farm, the key role belongs to the successful selection of the breed. Given the increased demands on cows' health and nutrition, more combined animals will be more productive. They have a rather high level of milk production and differ from specialized breeds with better meat qualities. Dairy cattle to achieve a sufficient level of productivity may more use rude and succulent feed with less concentrated costs. Dairy cattle to achieve a sufficient level of productivity may more use rude and succulent feed with less concentrated costs.
The main breed of the combined trend, which is well-known in the conditions of large-scale eco-production, is the Simmental (kept in privately owned company “Galex-Agro”). In the State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva", as well as in PE "Agroecology ", the pedigree cattle of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds are kept (Table 1). The cows of this breed have a strong constitution, well adapted to contain in modern livestock complexes, machine milking in milking halls, have a high genetic potential of milk production. Average milk yields for one cow of this breed in Ukraine in 2017 amounted to 6236 kg with a fat content of 3.91%, protein – 3.23%. In the leading farms, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed produce about 9–10 thousand kg of milk for 305 days of lactation.
In the conditions of PE" Galex-Agro" and PE "Agroecology", a high level of milk yield has been achieved, while simultaneously maintaining a high level of health and reproduction of animals (the output of calves for 100 cows is approaching 100 goals). Consequently, the Simmental and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds showed themselves well in the conditions of large-scale eco-production, which gives grounds to predict the increase in productivity and reproduction of dairy cattle in State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva" provided that the transition to the production of organic products of dairy cattle on the farm. Planned economic effect is expected at the level of 550 thousand UAH. per year.
For small producers, when choosing a breed, it is more important to focus on the ability of animals to adapt to environmental conditions, so local breeds of cattle are best placed under these conditions. These include Lebedynska, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Brown Carpathian, Ukrainian Gray, Pinzgauer, Red Steppe and others. Animals of these breeds during the natural selection for a long time have improved adaptive ability and resistance to disease. In EU countries, farmers use local breeds of dairy cattle to produce high-quality, environmentally friendly livestock products. The experience of European countries shows that, due to the introduction of organic production in breeding dairy cattle breeding, it is also possible to solve the problem of restoring and preserving the number of animals of local and endangered breeds of cattle.
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Widayati, Trisiwi Wahyu, Budi Santoso, Djonly Woran, Irba Unggul Warsono y John Arnold Palulungan. "Feasibility Study on Beef Cattle Development in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua". Buletin Peternakan 42, n.º 2 (31 de mayo de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v42i2.32731.
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The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the readiness of the development of beef cattle using ranch system in Bintuni District, West Papua through the approach of four local foundations in terms of technical, social and economic. Research respondents were 62 families from four local foundations in Bintuni. Determination of technical feasibility of land used based on carrying capacity for each land. The technical feasibility of raising cattle was observed based on the knowledge of the community. Socio-economic feasibility was investigated based on food security and poverty level of society. Business feasibility was determined according to economic indicators namely B/C ratio, NPV, and IRR. The results showed that the aspect of land provided by the four foundations was feasible with the average carrying capacity based on fresh weight, dry matter and TDN basis were 1.8, 2.0 and 4.5 AU/Ha/year, respectively. About 70,91% of the farmers are free from poverty, and 46.54% are in food security status, which means that cattle raising will not be disturbed by the basic requirement of life but it needs an initial investment to support cattle raising. Based on the technical feasibility of cattle raising as much as 64,39% having no knowledge of breeding, therefore training and livestock education should be done. The business feasibility result shows that cattle raising on a breeding scale of 60 heads were feasible with positive NPV value of IDR 2.536.610,211, IRR of 23.09% and B/C of 1.22. Based on the overall indicators, it was concluded that the development of beef cattle in Bintuni regency was feasible to be done with requisite that improvement on land aspects and community knowledge about raising cattle.
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Abdal, Abdal y Ismail Nurdin. "INDONESIA FOOD SECURITY POLICY ON IMPORT CATTLE AND MEAT AUSTRALIA YEARS 2013-2017". Sosiohumaniora 22, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v22i1.23975.
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Food is an essential human need and its fulfilment is part of human rights guaranteed by the constitution so that it has a strategic place in national development. However, if domestic food sources cannot meet national needs, then food imports can be carried out. Cattle and beef imports are carried out by Indonesia in order to meet Indonesia's food security policy. This study aims to describe and analyze how Indonesia's food safety policy in importing cattle and beef from Australia in 2013-2017. The research method used is a qualitative method with the type of descriptive research that aims to describe in detail and accurately and to deepen the meaning of research related to Indonesia's food security policy in Australian beef and beef imports. Data collection techniques with observation, in-depth interviews, and study documentation. The results show that Indonesia's policy to import Australian cows and beef is a liberal economic model, where the main role of imports is importing entrepreneurs, while the government as an import regulator has an interest in ensuring the fulfilment of three aspects of food security, namely food availability; affordability of food access; and affordability of prices; As for the other causes, Indonesia imports cows and beef from Australia due to political reasons.
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"Sustainability Strategy for Profit Sharing Systems for Beef Cattle Farmers with Institutions in Terms of Economic Aspects". Advances in Environmental Biology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22587/aeb.2018.12.9.2.
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"Animal husbandry: the period 1973—1995". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 310, n.º 1144 (12 de septiembre de 1985): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0116.
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In the last decade the intensification of the pig and poultry industries has continued with increases in production unit size and in efficiency. This has come about as a response to rising costs, competition and reasonable end-product prices. The dairy industry has also expanded output through increasing milk yield per cow, encouraged by favourable market support. However, efficiency of feed conversion to milk production is still not directly selected for in dairy cattle. Developments in beef cattle have been away from intensive systems of production in an effort to reduce capital expenditure and increases in sheep productivity have been largely through increased stocking rates, greater fertilizer use and better grazing systems. In the next decade there are many feasible technological advances awaiting application. The use of computer simulation is likely to assist in predicting quantitative and qualitative body compositional responses to nutrition and in increasing the efficiency of grass utilization, while microprocessor technology will be developed into artificial aids to the stockman. Studies of reproductive physiology will continue to help increase output, especially with pigs and sheep. The building of sophisticated housing is likely to be justified for pigs, poultry, dairy cattle and calves, but not for suckler beef and sheep. There is likely to be greater use of centralized breeding schemes for dairy cattle, beef cattle and sheep. The future application of technology will be limited by a number of socio-economic factors. For example, the use of milk quotas to control surplus production will act as a powerful economic constraint to increased milk production and the growing public concern over animal welfare, pollution and health aspects of animal produce will exert increasing pressure on certain systems of production.
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Helayel, Michel Abdalla, Samara de Paula Lopes, Adriano Tony Ramos, Isabelle Magalhães da Cunha, Luiz Filipe Cabral de Souza Ramos, Iveraldo Dutra, Vivian de Assunção Nogueira Carvalho y Saulo Andrade Caldas. "Epidemiological, clinicopathological, and economic aspects of an outbreak of botulism in beef cattle in the State of Tocantins, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 41 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm101919.
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