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1
McDowall, M. M., D. J. M. Hall, D. A. Johnson, J. Bowyer y P. Spicer. "Kikuyu and annual pasture: a characterisation of a productive and sustainable beef production system on the South Coast of Western Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, n.º 8 (2003): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02230.
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Production parameters and water use of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and annual-based pastures were monitored for a beef weaner production system from 1998 to 2000 in a paddock-scale demonstration on the south-east coast of Western Australia. A paired paddock (40–105 ha) comparison was carried out between a kikuyu-based pasture (DSKikuyu) and temperate annual pasture (DSAnnual), with comparative measurements covering pasture production, composition and quality, and soil water deficits and drainage. The stocking rates for the paddocks were determined by the pasture productivity and cow P8 fat depth in the 'lactation phase' (April–December), and by sward management and soil stability imperatives in the 'dry cow phase' (January–March). Cow liveweight and P8 fat depth and calf liveweight were compared during the 'lactation phase'. Kikuyu and annual pasture had similar carrying capacities through the 'lactation phase'. Kikuyu pasture carried more animals than annual pasture through the 'dry cow phase' (late summer and autumn) in all years. During late autumn, cattle were destocked from the annual pasture to reduce the risk of wind erosion and 'crash grazed' on the kikuyu pasture so as to reduce competition between kikuyu and regenerating annual grass and legume species. The comparative quality and productivity of the kikuyu pasture in the lactation phase (winter and spring) was positively correlated with the level of winter legume present. When a similar level of winter legume was measured in the kikuyu pasture relative to the annual pasture (in 1998), the pasture quality, cow liveweight and condition and calf weaning weights were all comparable between the 2 pasture types. When a low legume component was recorded in the kikuyu pasture, the pasture quality and cow liveweight and condition were poorer than the annual pasture. The kikuyu pasture growing on deep sandy soil developed a larger (mean 37 mm) soil water deficit than the annual pasture over the measurement period, and in particular from November to March. When integrated over a farm where kikuyu covers 40% of the total area, as was the case in this experiment, the resulting deep drainage was calculated to be just over half that of an equivalent whole farm of annual pasture. Over the 3 years of monitoring, the combined system of annual and kikuyu pasture was calculated to have an annual gross margin 19% higher than the annual pasture alone. The major source of difference was no requirement for supplementary feed in the kikuyu–annual pasture system. This difference was limited however, by lighter post-weaning sale weights of cull cows from the kikuyu pasture in 'poor legume' years. There was no difference of calf weaning weights between treatments.There is considerable opportunity to improve on this gross margin, through achieving a consistent strong presence of legume in the kikuyu pasture through winter and spring.
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Evans, TR y JB Hacker. "An evaluation of the production potential of six tropical grasses under grazing. 2. Assessment of quality using variable stocking rates". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, n.º 1 (1992): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920029.
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The potential quality of the 6 pasture grasses Setaria sphacelata var. sericea cvv. Nandi, Kazungula and Narok and var. splendida, Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii (pangola grass), and Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Whittet (kikuyu grass) was assessed in terms of liveweight gain of beef cattle, using a leader and follower grazing system. Pasture management was designed to provide adequate quantities of young leaf to the leaders throughout the year. This was achieved by rotational grazing and weekly adjustment of the number of followers, depending on quantity of feed available. Annual liveweight gain of the leaders (kg/steer.year) ranged from 135 (kikuyu grass) to 159 (cv. Narok) (540-636 kg/ha.year). Differences between grasses on an annual basis and over summer were not statistically significant (P = 0.12), although significant differences in liveweight gain of leaders - - - were obtained during the winter. This was associated with differences between grasses in growth at lower temperatures, and in frost tolerance. Liveweight gain of the follower group was markedly higher for pangola grass and var. splendida (272 kg/ha.year) than for the other varieties (77-140 kg/ha.year). This difference was associated with differences in number of grazing days and in the superior liveweight gain per head of followers grazing pangola grass and splendida. Liveweight gain of leaders per annum was comparable for years 1 and 2 but fell dramatically from February to August in year 3. This was associated with high rainfall, reduced solar radiation, and a decrease in in vitro digestibility of plucked leaf of all setaria varieties but not of pangola or kikuyu grasses. The relatively low liveweight gains obtained in year 3 were not associated with any overall mineral or protein deficiency.
3
Dobos, R. C., K. Sinclair, G. N. Hinch y W. J. Fulkerson. "Frequency distribution of sward height of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures intensively grazed by dairy cows". Animal Production Science 49, n.º 7 (2009): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08263.
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Swards that are grazed continuously by cattle can become heterogeneous in structure, such that frequencies of height measurements have a skewed distribution. This structure has been best described by the double-normal, gamma and Weibull distributions rather than by the more common single-normal distribution. Limited analysis of the frequency distribution of sward height under dairy cattle grazing management is available. The current paper reports the frequency distribution of sward height under intensive dairy cow grazing of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) in a subtropical environment. Frequencies of sward height were collected during an experiment designed to investigate the effects of compressed sward height and grazing duration on grazing behaviour of dairy cows. There were two compressed sward heights (10 and 13 cm; Earle and McGowan 1979) and five grazing durations (1, 2, 4, 8 and 15 h). The frequency of height measurements taken were then fitted to four distributions – single-normal, log-normal, gamma and Weibull – to determine if treatments influenced the structure of the sward as grazing duration progressed. The frequency of sward height measurement was best described by the log-normal distribution. However, no one distribution described the frequency of height measurements consistently as grazing duration progressed, as determined by Akaike information criteria. The present analysis did not provide unequivocal evidence for either bimodal or unimodal distributions describing the height measurements for 10- and 13-cm compressed sward height treatments as grazing duration progressed.
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Bourke, CA. "A review of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) poisoning in cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal 85, n.º 7 (julio de 2007): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00168.x.
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Fulkerson, William J., Nathan R. Jennings, Mark Callow, Karen J. Harper, Percy T. W. Wong y Peter M. Martin. "Selection for resistance to fungal diseases and other desirable traits in kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus)". Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 9, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(9)60-69.
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While kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus) is an important grass for dairy and beef production in the subtropical region of Australia and the world, the most common cultivar, Whittet, is seriously affected by the fungal diseases, kikuyu yellows (Verrucalvus flavofaciens) and black spot (Bipolaris spp.). Thus resistance to these diseases is a priority in selecting a better kikuyu cultivar, along with higher herbage quality and yield and better winter growth. A study was conducted to identify suitable candidates from kikuyu ecotypes collected along the east coast of Australia plus lines obtained by subjecting Whittet to a mutagenic agent. Initial glasshouse studies identified 19 lines that were resistant to the KY1A strain of kikuyu yellows and 4 of these, with forage quality and yield superior to Whittet, were further evaluated in the field at 2 sites using Whittet as the control. At Site 1, line 12A demonstrated a much higher level of resistance to kikuyu yellows than Whittet, with 85% of plants resisting infection compared with only 15% of Whittet plants. At Site 2, the numbers of 12A and Whittet plants infected were similar. Further tests, using kikuyu yellows inoculum collected from 11 sites along the east coast of Australia, found that only 15% of 12A plants became infected compared with 61% of Whittet plants. Thus, kikuyu line 12A was resistant to most, but not all, strains of the kikuyu yellows pathogen. Annual yield of 12A (19,008 kg DM/ha) was 24% higher than that of Whittet and 12% higher than Acacia, but the difference was significant only for Whittet. During summer, 12A produced 10,212 kg DM/ha (24% higher than Whittet), was more active in early spring, had slightly higher dry organic matter digestibility (66.7 vs. 64.0%) and was resistant to black spot infection.
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García, S. C., M. R. Islam, C. E. F. Clark y P. M. Martin. "Kikuyu-based pasture for dairy production: a review". Crop and Pasture Science 65, n.º 8 (2014): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13414.
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The amount of pasture grown and converted to animal product is closely linked with the profitability of pasture-based systems. Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) is the predominant C4 grass in coastal Australian beef and dairy systems. These kikuyu-based production systems face several key challenges to achieving high levels of productivity. In this review, we bring together the literature to highlight the opportunities for closing the gap between current and potential utilisation and for increasing dairy production from kikuyu-based pastures. More specifically, we highlight the significant gains that can be made on kikuyu-based commercial farms based on a conceptual model to show where the main losses originate, namely input and grazing management. The physical limitations associated with kikuyu for dairy systems are also presented, such as the relatively higher content of cell wall and lower content of water-soluble carbohydrates, together with nutrient imbalances relative to other grass species. Together, these limitations clearly indicate the need of supplying cows with supplements (particularly grain-based concentrates) to achieve moderate to high milk yield per cow. To achieve this without compromising pasture utilisation, dairy producers farming on kikuyu-based pastures need to use relatively greater stocking rates to generate enough demand of feed that can be used to align rate of pasture intake with rate of pasture growth, creating enough deficit of feed per cow to justify the addition of supplementary feed without impinging on pasture utilisation. The variability that exists between cows in kikuyu dry matter and neutral detergent fibre intake is also highlighted in this review, opening up new avenues of research that may allow significant productivity gains for kikuyu-based dairy farming in the future.
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WONG, P. T. W., I. J. ROTH y A. R. B. JACKSON. "Kikuyu poisoning of cattle in New South Wales and its relationship to pasture fungi on kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum)". Australian Veterinary Journal 64, n.º 8 (agosto de 1987): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09688.x.
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Jacob, R. H., V. S. M. Surridge, D. T. Beatty, G. E. Gardner y R. D. Warner. "Grain feeding increases core body temperature of beef cattle". Animal Production Science 54, n.º 4 (2014): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13463.
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The core body temperature and post slaughter loin temperatures of steers fed on grass pasture was compared with those of steers fed a grain-based feedlot diet. The feeding treatments were grass for 300 days (Grass), grass for 150 days then feedlot for 150 days (Short Feedlot) and feedlot for 300 days (Long Feedlot). Temperature telemeters were inserted under the peritoneum of the steers and temperature measured at intervals of 1 h for the 300 days, and then at intervals of 1 min for the 48-h period before slaughter. The pH and temperature decline post mortem was also measured. The carcasses of the feedlot steers were heavier and fatter than those from the Grass-fed steers. The core body temperature of the steers from the feedlot treatments was 0.3–0.4°C higher than for the Grass treatment at the time of slaughter. The loin temperature was higher in the feedlot treatments than the Grass treatment at all times measured post mortem as was the temperature at pH 6. Feedlotting can increase the likelihood of ‘high rigor temperature’ conditions of high temperature and low pH occurring in beef carcasses, due to an increase in core body temperature before slaughter, a decrease in the rate of cooling and an increase in the rate of pH decline post mortem. These effects are possibly due to a combination of a direct effect of feed type on body temperature as well as indirect effects on bodyweight and condition score.
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Steen, R. W. J. "High forage diets for beef Cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (marzo de 1989): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010266.
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The use of high-forage systems for beef production is a particularly diverse subject area encompassing the role of both grazed and conserved forage and a wide range of production systems. These include systems such as 12-16 month silage-cereal beef, 16-18 month grass-cereal beef and 22-24 month grass beef for dairy-bred cattle, hill and lowland systems of suckled calf production and systems for finishing store cattle. Consequently, within the constraints of this paper it will be possible to examine only some of the most recent developments in the use of forage for beef production.Digestibility is the most important factor influencing the value of conserved forage for beef production. From a review of eight comparisons in which silage has been offered as the sole feed, silage dry matter (DM) intake, live-weight gain and carcass gain were increased by 17 g/kg, 45 g/day and 33 g/day respectively per 10 g/kg increase in digestibility. In a further nine comparisons involving silages supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 200 to 370 g/kg total DM intake, silage DM intake, live-weight gain and carcass gain were increased by 14 g/kg, 37 g/day and 28 g/day respectively per 10 g/kg increase in digestibility.
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Bowen, M. K., F. Chudleigh, S. Buck y K. Hopkins. "Productivity and profitability of forage options for beef production in the subtropics of northern Australia". Animal Production Science 58, n.º 2 (2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16180.
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This study measured forage biomass production, diet quality, cattle liveweight gain, and economic performance of six forage types at 21 sites across 12 commercial beef cattle properties in the Fitzroy River catchment of Queensland during 2011–2014 (28 annual datasets in total). The forages were annual forage crops (oats (Avena sativa), sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and lablab (Lablab purpureus)), sown perennial legume-grass pastures (leucaena-grass (Leucaena leucocephala spp. glabrata + perennial, tropical grass (C4) species) and butterfly pea-grass (Clitoria ternatea + perennial, C4, grass species)), and perennial, C4, grass pastures. The sown forages resulted in 1.2–2.6 times the annual cattle liveweight gain per ha than perennial grass pastures. Annual cattle liveweight gain per ha, forage establishment and management costs, and cattle price margin (sale price less purchase price, $/kg liveweight) all influenced gross margin, however, none was an overriding factor. The average gross margins ($/ha.annum) calculated using contractor rates, ranked from highest to lowest, were: leucaena-grass pastures, 181; butterfly pea-grass pastures, 140; oats, 102; perennial grass, 96; sorghum, 24; and lablab, 18. It was concluded that the tendency towards greater average gross margins for perennial legume-grass pastures than for annual forage crops or perennial grass pastures was the result of the combined effects of lower average forage costs and high cattle productivity.
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Lavery, N. P. y R. W. J. Steen. "A comparison of performance and carcass composition of beef cattle finished on grass or concentrate diets". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032578.
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It is now well established that finishing diets for beef cattle containing a high proportion of grass silage produce lower growth rates and a greater proportion of fat in the gain than high-concentrate diets offered at the same energy input. However, a major proportion of beef cattle in the British Isles are finished off grass and there is little information on the carcass composition of grass-finished cattle relative to those finished on high-concentrate diets. Two comparative slaughter experiments involving both steers and heifers have been carried out to compare grazed grass and concentrate diets in terms of performance and carcass composition at equal levels of performance.
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Binder, Ellen M., Dennis J. Blodgett, John F. Currin, David Caudell, Jerry H. Cherney y Tanya LeRoith. "Phalaris Arundinacea (Reed Canarygrass) Grass Staggers in Beef Cattle". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 22, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2010): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200529.
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Sitienei, Isaac, Jeffrey Gillespie, Robert W. Harrison y Guillermo Scaglia. "Estimating Preference Heterogeneity for Grass-fed Beef Cattle Traits". Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 49, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2019): 492–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.14.
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This paper examines grass-fed beef producer preferences for cattle traits using data from a mail survey of 384 U.S. grass-fed beef producers. Conjoint analysis and Likert scale questions were used to determine preferences. Generally, results indicated that producers preferred easy-to-handle, heavy, black, and relatively lower-priced feeders raised from their own cows. The Kernel density figures for source, color, and temperament confirm the mixed logit standard deviation estimates that suggest heterogeneity in producer preferences.
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Browne, E. M., M. J. Bryant, D. E. Beever y A. V. Fisher. "Intake, growth rate and carcass quality of beef cattle fed forage mixtures of grass silage and maize silage". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000739.
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Replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diets of finishing beef cattle can improve DM intake and performance even when starch content of the maize silage is low (McCabe, O'Mara and Caffery, 1995). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the response of beef cattle fed diets containing different proportions of maize silage and grass silage with the same level of concentrate supplementation.
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Trevaskis, L. M., W. J. Fulkerson y J. M. Gooden. "Provision of certain carbohydrate-based supplements to pasture-fed sheep, as well as time of harvesting of the pasture, influences pH, ammonia concentration and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, n.º 1 (2001): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00063.
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A series of experiments was conducted to test the hypothesis that ‘synchronising’ the availability of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) in the rumen of sheep, either by the feeding of carbohydrate-based supplements in relation to pasture intake or by provision of pasture with a higher ratio of these 2 nutrients, would benefit microbial protein synthesis (MPS). The response variables were rumen pH and ammonia (NH3), and urine allantoin was measured as an indicator of MPS. The animals used were adult castrate male sheep fitted with a rumen cannula. In experiment 1, rumen NH3 and pH were found to be at a maximum and minimum, respectively, 1–2 h after feeding kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass and 3–4 h after feeding biennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) with rumen N degradability (at 18 h in sacco) being 55 and 75%, respectively. In experiment 2, the infusion of sucrose at 4 h post-ingestion of ryegrass pasture (the anticipated time of peak rumen NH3 concentration) lowered peak NH3 concentration by 40 mg/dL (from 187 to 147 mg/dL) and raised urine allantoin excretion from 6.0 to 9.0 mmol/sheep.day compared with infusion of sucrose at –1, +1 or +7 h. When sucrose was infused, 1 h after being fed kikuyu (synchronous) at the expected time of peak rumen NH3 concentration, the NH3 peak (from 152 to 110 mg/dL) and rumen pH were reduced and urinary allantoin excretion raised (from 6.6 to 7.6 mmol/sheep.day) compared with sheep given sucrose 7 h after ingestion of kikuyu grass (asynchronous). In experiment 3, the feeding of fine-rolled barley grain at, or 2 h before, feeding kikuyu grass, to ‘synchronise’ the availability of rumen-fermentable carbohydrates (RFC) in the grain with the availability of N released from the grass, substantially reduced rumen NH3 and pH, and increased urine allantoin levels (from 10.1 to 11.8 mmol/sheep.day) compared with feeding barley at 4 or 6 h before feeding grass. In experiment 4, sheep were fed kikuyu or ryegrass cut in the early morning (AM) or late afternoon (PM), with the nutrient content varying only in water-soluble carbohydrates (64 v. 114 g/kg DM for ryegrass and 41 v. 80 g/kg DM for kikuyu, respectively) and percentage of dry matter. Sheep fed PM-ryegrass had a significantly lower rumen pH compared with sheep fed AM-ryegrass but there was no difference in rumen NH3 concentrations. Urinary allantoin secretion was substantially higher in the PM group than the AM group (8.7 v. 3.9 mmol/sheep.day). When sheep were fed PM-kikuyu the pH fell to lower values than for the AM-kikuyu (6.4 v. 6.8) and there was again no effect on rumen NH3 levels. Urine allantoin levels were higher (P = 0.006) (6.2 v. 5.6 mmol/ sheep.day) in PM-fed sheep. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that there are benefits in synchronising the availability of RFC with N in the rumen on MPS but this is not always associated with significant changes in rumen pH and NH3. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the situation in which synchronisation of RFC and N may potentially benefit dairy cattle.
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Pereira, Mariana, Maria Da Graça Morais, Patrick Bezerra Fernandes, Valéria Ana Corvalã Dos Santos, Sarah Glatzle y Roberto Giolo De Almeida. "Beef cattle production on Piatã grass pastures in silvopastoral systems". Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 9, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(9)1-12.
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Tropical beef cattle production involving animals grazing in a shaded and biologically diverse environment, surrounded by high-quality edible biomass, is achievable through silvopastoral systems (SPSs). However, it is necessary to assess the effects of the presence of trees on forage and animal performance over time. In the Brazilian Cerrado, we evaluated the effects of 2 densities of eucalyptus trees in 2 SPSs (8 years of age - SPS22: 227 trees/ha; SPS14: 357 trees/ha) on forage morphology, production and nutritive value of Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã grass plus performance of Nellore heifers, compared with a grass-only pasture, over a year from 2015 to 2016. On the one hand, SPSs improved (P<0.001) forage nutritive value as reflected in higher crude protein and digestibility and lower neutral and acid detergent fiber concentrations compared with a grass-only pasture. On the other hand, the grass-only pasture had higher (P<0.001) herbage mass and accumulation rate than the SPSs. Forage growth and animal production decreased with higher tree density. Increasing competition from trees with age could be a serious issue limiting pasture and animal production and should be monitored. The suitability of eucalyptus trees for planting in SPSs may be questionable after the 8th year of establishment and further studies are warranted.
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Hubbell, D. S., K. F. Harrison, A. L. Goetsch, D. L. Galloway Sr., L. A. Forster Jr., F. Li, C. P. West, Z. B. Johnson, A. Patil y W. Sun. "Liveweight gain by beef calves grazing cool-season annual grass in the spring and supplemented with grass hays". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 1992): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-055.
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Supplementing beef calves grazing cool-season annual grass with warm- or cool-season grass hay (0.4% liveweight), differing in cell wall content, depressed weight gain more by heifers than steers. Adding supplemental corn (0.8% liveweight) to hay only improved gain by heifers, though gain was not greater than controls for either gender. Key words: Cattle, beef, supplements, pasture, corn, hay
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Rowlinson, P., S. P. Marsh y W. Taylor. "Moist wheat distillers grains for grass silage fed beef cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029159.
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Brewery and distillery co-products such as Brewers Grains and Draff have long been recognised as effective forage replacers within cattle rations. Recently the value of these feeds as concentrate replacers has been demonstrated (Hyslop and Roberts 1990, Forbes and Johnson 1990) with 4kg of concentrates being typically replaced by 16kg of Brewers Grains or Draff within dairy cow rations.Moist wheat distillers grains (Supergrains) contain higher levels of dry matter, energy and protein compared to Brewers Grains or Draff. At the single distillery producing the co-product, the main raw material used is wheat with a small quantity of malting barley to assist in the enzyme conversion of starch. The cereals and yeast used in the process pass through the entire fermentation and distillation process with the material left after the spirit has been distilled off being concentrated by centrifugation to form Supergrains with a dry matter (g/kg), metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM) and crude protent content (g/kg DM) of 260, 14.0 and 320 respectively..The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrates with Supergrains with bulls fed ad libitum grass silage.
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Steen, R. W. J. "A comparison of supplements to grass silage for beef cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029329.
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Silage forms the basal diet during the winter months for the vast majority of beef cattle in the British Isles. There is currently a wide range of feedstuffs available as supplements to grass silage for beef cattle, many of these being by-products of the production of food for human consumption. The relative value of alternative feedstuffs as supplements to grass silage is dependent on the nature of the associative effects between each of the feedstuffs and the silage portion of the ration. Two experiments have been carried out to evaluate a range of by-product feedstuffs including maize gluten feed, citrus pulp, dark maize distillers grains and maize germ meal as supplements to grass silage and to compare their feeding values with those of barley and soyabean meal. As feeds such as maize gluten feed and citrus pulp have low tabulated metabolisable energy contents, the effects of adding protected fat to a low energy by-product feed to increase the energy content of the supplement was also examined.
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Sitienei, Isaac, Jeffrey Gillespie, Robert W. Harrison y Guillermo Scaglia. "Estimating Preference Heterogeneity for Grass-fed Beef Cattle Traits – Addendum". Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48, n.º 3 (7 de octubre de 2019): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.23.
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Hayek, Matthew N. y Rachael D. Garrett. "Nationwide shift to grass-fed beef requires larger cattle population". Environmental Research Letters 13, n.º 8 (25 de julio de 2018): 084005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aad401.
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Kennedy, P. y L. E. R. Dawson. "Comparison of the performance of finishing beef cattle offered grass silage and legume / cereal wholecrop silage either alone or in combination with grass silage". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (abril de 2009): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029161.
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In Northern Ireland grass silage is the basal forage for beef cattle during the winter feeding period. Increasingly however, other ensiled forages are being considered due to their potentially lower cost and perceived conservation and nutritional attributes. Wholecrop cereals such as wheat have been shown to improve dry matter (DM) intake but not animal performance (Keady et al, 2007). With increasing volatility in world markets creating major fluctuations in protein prices, interest has increased in home grown protein sources. High protein legumes with low input costs, such as lupins have given reasonable animal performance when offered as a monoculture. However, limited scientific research has been undertaken on the role of legumes in combination with a cereal as a bi-crop for finishing beef cattle. Consequently the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of legume/cereal wholecrop offered either alone or in combination with grass silage on the performance of beef cattle.
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Steen, R. W. J., F. J. Gordon, C. S. Mayne, R. E. Agnew, D. J. Kilpatrick, E. F. Unsworth, R. J. Barnes, M. G. Porter y C. J. Pippard. "Prediction of silage intake by cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (marzo de 1995): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600027896.
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Efficient production of high quality milk and beef is dependent on dairy cows and beef cattle receiving the correct intake of nutrients. However the intake of grass silage is very variable and consequently an effective method for predicting the voluntary intake of silage is essential if animals are to be allocated the correct amount of concentrates to provide the optimum input of nutrients. Two changeover design experiments have been carried out with the aim of providing an effective method for predicting silage intake by cattle.
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Kennedy, P., L. Dawson, B. W. Moss y A. Fearon. "Meat quality of beef cattle offered grass silage and legume / cereal wholecrop silage either alone or in combination with grass silage". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (abril de 2009): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200028891.
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With increasing consumer awareness of meat quality and the relationship between dietary fat and the incidence of diseases, such as coronary heart disease, research has been undertaken to manipulate fatty acid (FA) profiles in beef. Diet has been shown to influence FA composition of meat (Scollan et al, 2006). For example meat from finishing cattle offered red clover (legume) silage in comparison to grass silage had significantly increased polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations and a decreased n-6:n-3 ratio (3.28:2.30). The aim of this experiment was to assess the effect of offering lupins/triticale, vetch/barley and grass silage to continental beef finishing cattle on instrumental meat quality and FA composition.
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Keady, T. W. J. y D. J. Kilpatrick. "Prediction of carcass weight from live weight in beef animals". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010905.
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Beef production is the most important farm enterprise on Northern Ireland farms, accounting for 32.5% of Gross Agricultural Output. In beef production the end saleable product is carcass rather than live weight. When undertaking nutrition studies with beef cattle, it is essential to evaluate effects on carcass characteristics, as improvement in live weight may not transfer to improvements in carcass weight and characteristics due to change in gut fill effects. Undertaking carcass assessments in beef production studies increases experimental costs. To determine carcass gains it is essential to slaughter a representative batch of cattle pre-experimentally in order to develop a relationship between initial live weight and initial carcass weight. Slaughtering store cattle further adds to the costs of beef experimentation. The present study was undertaken to develop a relationship between live weight and carcass weight of beef cattle offered grass silage-based diets to facilitate the determination of initial carcass weight of store beef cattle at the point of initiation of nutritional studies.
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Keady, T. W. J. y D. J. Kilpatrick. "The effects of grain storage and processing method and level of feeding on the performance of finishing beef cattle offered two contrasting grass silages". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009169.
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Traditionally cereals have been dried or treated with propionic acid and processed prior to feeding to finishing beef cattle. However this process is labour intensive, particularly as it involves rolling or milling the grain prior to feeding. Currently labour is an expensive and scarce resource on many beef units. Recently new techniques have been developed for storing and feeding grain to beef cattle which reduce the need to process grain immediately prior to feeding. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of grain storage and processing method, and grain feed level on performance of beef cattle offered two contrasting feed value grass silages.
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Moloney, A. P., E. G. O’Riordan, O. Schmidt y F. J. Monahan. "The fatty acid profile and stable isotope ratios of C and N of muscle from cattle that grazed grass or grass/clover pastures before slaughter and their discriminatory potential". Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 57, n.º 1 (9 de noviembre de 2018): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2018-0009.
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Abstract Consumption of grazed pasture compared to concentrates results in higher concentrations, in beef muscle, of fatty acids considered to be beneficial to human health. Little information is available on the influence of the type of grazed forage. Our objectives were to determine 1) the effect of inclusion of white clover in a grazing sward on the fatty acid profile of beef muscle and 2) the potential of the fatty acid profile and stable isotope ratios of C and N to discriminate between beef from cattle that grazed grass-only or grass/clover swards before slaughter. A total of 28 spring-born Charolais steers grazed from March until slaughter in October, either on a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) sward that received approximately 220 kg N/ha or a perennial ryegrass–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) sward that received 50 kg N/ha. The longissimus muscle from cattle finished on grass/clover had a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of C18:2 and C18:3 but a lower (P < 0.05) proportion of conjugated linoleic acid and δ15N value than animals finished on the grass-only sward. Discriminant analysis using the fatty acid data showed that, after cross-validation, 80.7% of grass/clover and 86.1% of grass-only muscle samples were correctly classified. Discriminant analysis using the stable isotope data showed that, after cross-validation, 95.7% of grass/clover and 86.5% of grass-only muscle samples were correctly classified. Inclusion of white clover in pasture is likely to have little effect on healthiness of meat for consumers. However, changes in fatty acids and stable isotopes can be used to distinguish between grass/clover-fed and grass-only-fed beef.
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Coyle, S., C. Fitzsimons, D. A. Kenny, A. K. Kelly y M. McGee. "1481 Repeatability of feed efficiency in beef cattle offered grass silage and zero-grazed grass". Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (1 de octubre de 2016): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-1481.
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Rajab, Rajab y Mochammad S. Soltief. "PENGEMBANGAN SAPI POTONG DI KABUPATEN RAJA AMPAT BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK WILAYAH DAN TERNAK". JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 1, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2017): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2017.1.3.160.
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As beef cattle, Bali cattle which rearing by the breeder in Raja Ampat regency most in the traditional extensive system. There are many factors to support beef cattle development in this region such as widely land condition with grass forage and feed concentrate as feed for cattle. The objectives of this study were to identification and analysis beef cattle development in Raja Ampat regency base on region and breed potential. Using survey method by interview to 218 of respondent and field observation were done in Sakabu, Kalobo and Waijan Village which tended as the center of beef cattle breeding. The result showed that beef cattle development reach out for 17,792.55 UT, but in productivity factor, Bali cattle in Raja Ampat was small in body weight. To increase beef cattle production and population can be done by reduced beef productive selling and by using an integrated farming system. Based on the potential of territory, the capability of beef cattle development in Raja Ampat regency can reach 17,792,55 ST, so from that number, the research location is potential to be directed to be the beef cattle development area. However, when viewed from the aspect of productivity, beef cattle are maintained have a lower body weight than other regions, indicating a decrease in performance and genetic quality. Reduction in the number of livestock sales in the population and the application of crop-livestock integration systems can be the solution.
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Lowman, B. G., C. E. Hinks, C. Swift, D. R. Neilson y E. A. Hunter. "Factors affect the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing grazed cattle within a 20 month beef system". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (marzo de 1988): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016974.
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The increasing sales of beef through retail supermarket outlets has been reflected in specification buying by wholesalers being more apparent. The objective of supermarket buyers is to obtain continuity of supplies throughout the year and this trend is likely to increase. Faced with these requirements producers of grass finished cattle (representing 40 per cent of beef supplies) have little objective information on which to plan their production systems. The limited scientific data available tends to be short-term with little, if any, information available on eventual carcass and eating quality.A long-term project has therefore been initiated at Edinburgh to examine the effects of production variables on the performance and carcass characteristics of grass-finished cattle within a 20 month beef system. One aspect of this work has centred its attention on providing information on the rates of change (with time) of carcass characteristics, during the grazing season, in relation to breed, sex and variation in grass availability.
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Rowntree, Jason, Sara Bronkema, Raghav Jain, Jeannine Schweihofer, Chad Bitler y Jenifer Fenton. "PSV-30 A nutritional survey of commercially available grass-finished beef". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (diciembre de 2019): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.681.
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Abstract Consumer interest in the source of their food, its environmental footprint, and the impact of diet on health has supported the growth of the grass-finished beef (GFB) industry. Studies have concluded that GFB has distinct nutritional differences from conventionally-finished beef. As the GFB industry continues to expand, it is vital to continue to explore the nutritional complexities and variation in the product. To achieve this, a survey of grass-finishing production systems throughout the United States was conducted, and beef finished on the participating farms was analyzed for its nutritional composition, including fatty acid (FA), mineral and fat-soluble vitamin contents. Samples were analyzed from 12 producers and annual production capacity of farms ranged from 25 to 5,000 cattle, with a mean age of cattle at harvest of 26.8 ± 2.30 mo. An array of finishing diets included grazing exclusively in perennial pasture, incorporating annual forage crops, and feeding a variety of harvested forages with supplementation of non-starch feed byproducts. Beef muscle tissue FA content was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mean ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) FA in samples varied significantly by producer, ranging from 1.80 to 28.3 (P < 0.0001), with an overall sample set median of 4.10. A selection of minerals including iron, magnesium, and potassium were analyzed by ICP emission spectroscopy and mineral content significantly differed by producer for all minerals (P < 0.001). Mean α-tocopherol and β-carotene content was 610.6 μg/100 g beef and 32.2 μg/100 g, respectively. The amount of these antioxidants also varied between producers (P < 0.0001), but tended to be greater in beef finished solely on fresh forages. This survey indicates that commercially available GFB can vary in nutritional composition due to the diverse practices used to grass-finish cattle.
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Warner, R. D., F. R. Dunshea, D. Gutzke, J. Lau y G. Kearney. "Factors influencing the incidence of high rigor temperature in beef carcasses in Australia". Animal Production Science 54, n.º 4 (2014): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13455.
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Beef carcasses undergoing rapid pH fall while the loin muscle temperature is still high are described as heat-shortened, heat-toughened or ‘high rigor temperature’ carcasses, with subsequent negative effects on quality traits. The aim of the study was to quantify the occurrence of high rigor temperature in beef carcasses across Australia and to identify the causative factors. Data was collected over 4–5 days at each of seven beef processing plants from 1512 beef carcasses. The beef carcasses were from both grass- and grain-fed cattle ranging in days on grain feeding from 0 (grass-fed) to 350 days and the category of cattle ranged from veal to ox and cow. Data collected on the day of slaughter included the duration of electrical inputs at the immobiliser, electrical stimulation and hide puller, longissimus muscle pH and temperature decline, hot carcass weight and P8 fat depth. At grading, ultimate pH, eye muscle area, wetness of the loin surface and colour score were also collected. The temperature at pH 6 was calculated and if it was >35°C, the carcass was defined as ‘high rigor temperature’. Modelling of the data was conducted using GLMM and REML. The occurrence of high rigor temperature across all seven beef processing plants was 74.6% ranging from 56 to 94% between beef processing plants. Increasing days in the feedlot and heavier carcass weights were highly correlated and both caused an increase in the predicted temperature at pH 6 and in the % high rigor temperature (P < 0.05 for both). Longer duration of electrical inputs at the hide puller, fatter grass-fed cattle and fatter male (castrate) carcasses had a higher temperature at pH 6 and higher % high rigor temperature. Modelling showed that if the time to reach pH 6 in the longissimus muscle was 65 v. 105 min, the % high rigor temperature carcasses reduced from 98 to 19% in grain-fed cattle and 93 to 7% in grass-fed cattle. Higher plasma insulin levels at slaughter were associated with a higher temperature at pH 6 (rigor temperature) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, in order to reduce the incidence of high rigor temperature in grain-fed beef carcasses, methods for identifying high rigor temperature carcasses will be required and while some management strategies can be implemented now, others require further research.
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Dawson, L. E. R., R. W. J. Steen y C. P. Ferris. "The effect of stage of grass maturity at harvesting and restricting fermentation on the intake of grass silage by beef cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032566.
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In recent years there has been an improvement in the genetic potential of dairy cattle through intensive breeding programs and of beef cattle through a shift from native beef breeds to Continental breeds. These potential improvements can only be realised if increased intakes can be achieved. If conserved forages are to meet these higher nutrient requirements then the intake of conserved forages should be maximised. Two potential methods by which silage intake can be increased are by increasing silage digestibility through more frequent harvesting of grass (Gordon, 1989) or by restricting fermentation of the resulting silage (Doherty and Mayne, 1996). The objective of the current study was to examine the relative effects of digestibility and restricting fermentation on the intake of silage with the aim of establishing the optimum approach to achieving higher nutrient intakes from ensiled forages.
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Whiteman, PC, NR Halim, BW Norton y JW Hales. "Beef production from three tropical grasses in south-eastern Queensland". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, n.º 3 (1985): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850481.
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A grazing trial with beef cattle was conducted on three grasses, Paspalum plicatulum cv. Rodd's Bay, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk (signal grass) and Panicum maximum cv. Hamil, in the first year. P. maximum was replaced by Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) in the second and third years. There were three stocking rates (3.0, 3.75, and 5.0 steers/ha), plots were fertilized with 300 kg N/ha, in two replicates. Animal liveweight gain was low; maximum values were 650 kg/ha for pangola grass, 640 kg/ha for signal grass and 400 kg/ha for P. plicatulum. Liveweight gain was only poorly correlated with rainfall, because low winter temperatures retarded pasture growth. Correlations between liveweight gain and individual green leaf percentage in each species were high, particularly for P. plicatulum, which had only 2% green leaf in winter. Weight loss on plicatulum was therefore high in winter, and overall performance poor, even though this species had the highest percentage of green leaf in summer. Signal grass showed a higher tolerance to grazing at 5.0 steers/ ha than the other grasses. Over most of the year, except in winter when only small amounts of green leaves were available, plicatulum had the lowest phosphorus percentage, sometimes below the 0.12% suggested as the critical dietary phosphorus percentage for cattle. Over all grasses, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were linearly related (r = 0.98). From this experiment, P. plicatulum was shown to be a poor grass for beef production and, for this grass and the other two species at this site, beef production using 300 N kg/ha could not be financially viable.
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Aregheore, E. M., T. A. Steglar y J. W. Ng'ambi. "Nutrient characterisation and in vitro digestibility of grass and legume/browse species - based diets for beef cattle in Vanuatu". South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 24, n.º 1 (2006): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp06003.
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Some grasses, Buffalo (Panicum Coloratum), Guinea (Panicum maximum), Setaria (Setaria sphacelata), Embu (Panicum maxum), Elephant (Pennisetum Purpureum), Koronivia (Brachiaria humidicola), and Signal (Brachiaria decumben); and legumes/browses Gliricidia sepium, Glycine wightii, Green desmodium and Leucaena leucocephala grazed by beef cattle in Vanuatu were characterized for crude protein (CP), fibre fractions, macro and micro minerals (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc) and energy. Also in vitro digestibility study was carried out to predict the utilization of available nutrients. Data obtained were discussed in light of whether available nutrients would satisfy requirements of grazing beef cattle of different age and physiological function. The CP of grass and legume/browse species ranged from 7.9-17.8% and 10.5-23.9% respectively. L. leucocephala has a higher CP while Green leaf desmodium had the lowest CP content. DM and NDF were higher (P<0.05) in the grasses while CP was higher in the legume/browse species. Organic matter (OM) within and between the grass and legume/browse species varied. Mean concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the grass species was 5.7 g/kg DM and 2.6 g/kg DM, respectively and this resulted in an average Ca:P ratio of 2.2:1 for the grasses while the legume /browse species had Ca:P ratio of 5.3:1. Ca was low while K was high in the grasses compared to the legume/browse species. Among the microminerals Cu was critically low in both the grass and legume/browse species. In vitro DMD, OMD and CPD between and within the grass and legume/browse species were not significantly different (P>0.05) from each other, however NDFD and ADFD were higher (P<0.05) in the grasses than in the legumes/browses. In conclusion, the results of these analyses and the in vitro digestibility study have provided information on nutrients that are adequate and/or inadequate in the grass and legume/browse species components grazed to sustain beef cattle production in Vanuatu. The very low concentration of Cu in both the grass and legume/browse species therefore demonstrates the need to supplement grazing beef cattle with mineral lick blocks to overcome its deficiency.
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Moloney, A. P., D. McGilloway, M. T. Mooney, M. Vidal y D. J. Troy. "Influence of grass silage fermentation and concentrate composition on the appearance and sensory characteristics of bovine M. longissimus dorsi". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013600.
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Satisfying consumer preferences is an important element in ensuring the sustainability of the beef industry. An array of feed ingredients are available to beef producers but the effects of pre-slaughter ration composition on determinants of consumers’ decisions to purchase beef, such as appearance and sensory characteristics, are unclear. Previous research has shown that the diet of cattle can influence fat colour, but that concentrates per se had little effect on sensory attributes of beef when compared with a grass silage or grass-based ration (French et al., 2000). The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of silage fermentation and concentrate composition on the appearance and eating quality characteristics of beef.
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Peiris, H., R. Elliott, JW Hales y BW Norton. "Alternative management strategies for maximising productivity in beef cattle in the subtropics". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, n.º 3 (1995): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950317.
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Two concurrent factorial experiments investigated the relative merits of the following management options to maximise liveweight gains in finishing cattle: breed [Hereford (Bos taurus) v. Belmont Red (B. taurus x B. indicus)]; implantation with zeranol; feed energy source (sorghum grain, molasses + urea, tropical grass pastures); feed protein source (sunflower meal, Leucaena leucocephala, tropical pasture legumes). These combinations of treatments were delivered by using nil, intermittent, or continuous grazing systems. Sixty steers of initial liveweight (� s.e) 321 � 3.6 kg were held on their respective treatments for 77 or 98 days, by which time all except those on pasture without supplement had attained at least 400 kg liveweight. Steers were slaughtered in a commercial abattoir and carcass characteristics recorded. Zeranol-implanted cattle grew faster than untreated (0.84 v. 0.66 kg/day), and there was a trend (P = 0.14) for Belmont Red cattle to grow faster than Herefords (0.83 v. 0.67 kg/day). In all systems, cattle given ad libitum sorghum grain grew significantly (P<0.05) better than those given molasses + urea (1.54-0.65 v. 0.72-0.45 kg/day). The poor performance of molasses-fed cattle was associated with low voluntary feed consumptions. The highest rates of gain (1.54 kg/day) were for penned cattle on a sorghum grain + sunflower ration. The provision of either supplement promoted better gains than that found for unsupplemented steers grazing tropical grass-legume pastures (-0.29 to +0.26 kg/day). However, cattle continuously grazing (10 steers/ha) leucaena-grass pastures and those given sunflower meal had significantly (P<0.05) higher rates of gain (0.82 and 0.91 kg/day, respectively) than cattle given molasses supplements or grazing alone. Cattle given sorghum had higher carcass weights and fat contents than those fed molasses or with grazing alone, although only those in the feedlot had acceptable fat cover at slaughter. There was no significant effect of treatments on the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat.
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Chapple, D. G., H. F. Grundy, K. P. A. Wheeler y S. P. Marsh. "The effect of feeding a dried yeast culture on the performance of beef cattle finishing on a grass silage based ration". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032876.
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There is increasing consumer resistance to feeding antibiotic performance enhancers to beef cattle which has created interest in the use of yeast cultures as an alternative. Yeast cultures such as Diamond V ‘XP’ (Rumenco) are produced by growing selected yeast strains (on a semi-solid medium under stressed conditions) which are then dried. Yeast cultures are now used in a considerable number of North American beef feed lots. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of feeding ‘XP’ Yeast to finishing beef cattle on a typical UK grass silage-based diet.
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Addisu, Solomon. "Survey on beef cattle production system in Saylem Woreda, south west Ethiopia". Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i1.46484.
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In Ethiopia livestock production is an integral part of the Ethiopian agricultural system. Beef cattle production plays an important role in the economies and livelihoods of farmers and pastoralists. Saylem Woreda is one of the remote setting in Ethiopia were information about beef production system is not well studied. Hence, this study was conducted to assess beef cattle production system; marketing and avalable feed resources utilized by beef cattle producers and the factors affecing beef cattle production of the study area through questionaire survey in Saylem woreda, south west Ethiopia. A total of 80 households were interviewed about 78.8% (X2=26.45; p=0.000) of respondents practiced beef cattle production was statistically significant. 93.8% (X2=61.25; p=0.002) of the respondents use only grazing of field grass for beef cattle production. Beef cattle marketing in the study area function at primary markets 78.8% (X2=2.645; p=0.963) of respondents had access to market information before sale was not statistically significant. Most of the respondents 81.2% (X2=19.00; p=0.003) determined factors for price of beef cattle were color, age, weight and agreement of sellers and buyers was statistically significant. The main constraints complained by the respondents in the study area 96.2% had lack of road (transportation) to get market access; 92.5% had prevalence of beef cattle disease in the area and 31.8% had shortage of feed and water and lack of genetically improved beef for fattening. Beef cattle production and marketing systems in Saylem woreda have many levels of formal and informal traders. Therefore, administrative bodies concerned these issues should give priority to find solution for these problems facing beef cattle producing farmers in the study area.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2020, 6(1): 99-106
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Chapple, D. G., H. F. Grundy, K. P. A. Wheeler y S. P. Marsh. "The effect of supplementing grass silage with molasses and/or a mineralised fishmeal on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (marzo de 1996): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030907.
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In forage-based intensive beef production systems supplementary feedingstuffs are generally required to optimise live-weight gain and to ensure adequate finish. Information on the feeding of molasses alone or molasses in conjunction with supplementary protein, in grass silage-based beef cattle diets is limited.To evaluate the effect of replacing barley with molasses and/or mineralised fishmeal when fed with ad libitum grass silage to finishing beef cattle.Daily supplements of 2.0 kg of rolled barley + 50 g minerals (B), 0.5 kg mineralised fishmeal (F), 2.0 kg cane molasses + 0.5 kg mineralised fishmeal (MF) or 2.5 kg cane molasses + 50 g minerals (M).
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van der Linden, A., G. W. J. van de Ven, S. J. Oosting, M. K. van Ittersum y I. J. M. de Boer. "Exploring grass-based beef production under climate change by integration of grass and cattle growth models". Advances in Animal Biosciences 7, n.º 3 (28 de octubre de 2016): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470016000200.
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O’Neill, B. J., M. J. Drennan y P. J. Caffrey. "Effects of extending the grazing season in beef production systems". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004981.
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The cost of grazed grass is less than half that of grass silage (O’Kiely, 1994) and incomes from beef production are low and largely dependent on EU support schemes. Thus the income from beef production could be incresed by reducing feed costs through increasing the proportion of grazed grass in the diet and optimising the use of the various support schemes. The objective of this two-year study was to examine the effects on the performance of yearling cattle of turnout to pasture three weeks earlier than normal. This was examined within two suckler beef production systems. One was a standard system similar to that outlined by Drennan (1993) and the second was compatible with the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS).
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Ouellet, D. R., J. R. Seoane, H. Lapierre, P. Flipot y J. F. Bernier. "Net energy value of timothy and bromegrass silages for beef cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1998): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-023.
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Metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for maintenance and net energy for growth of grass silages were evaluated by the comparative slaughter technique using a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design. Sixty medium frame beef steers (259 ± 29 kg BW) were divided in groups of five and fed during 3 months either Timothy (T) or Bromegrass (B) harvested at stem elongation (S) of the first cut or at boot stage of the aftermath (A). Forages were fed at one of three levels of intake: ad libitum (FF), 80% of FF, or 65% of FF. Silages averaged 26.9% DM, 16.0% CP and 37.7% ADF. Regression of logarithm of heat production (HE) against ME intake were similar for all silages (log HE = 0.00046*ME + 2.4923; r2 = 0.89). From this equation, fasting HE of 311 kJ kg−0.75 d−1, ME for maintenance of 559 kJ kg−0.75 d−1 and efficiency of utilization of energy for maintenance of 56% were determined. Regression of ME intake against retained energy (RE) were similar for all silages. Efficiency of ME utilization for growth was 33% using the regression of ME over RE with a ME requirement for maintenance fixed at 559 kJ kg−0.75 d−1. Net energy for maintenance and growth were similar for all silages, averaging 6.17 and 3.70 MJ kg−1, respectively. The use of a prediction equation based on ADF of forages underestimated ME values of silages by approximately 25%. Moreover, NRC (1984) equations that estimate NE from experimentally estimated ME values tended to overestimate the net energy of our grass silages. Key words: Net energy, grass silages, timothy, bromegrass, beef cattle
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Kennedy, P. M. y E. Charmley. "Methane yields from Brahman cattle fed tropical grasses and legumes". Animal Production Science 52, n.º 4 (2012): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11103.
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In the national greenhouse inventory, methane emissions from the Australian tropical beef herd are derived from cattle fed two diets. In the experiments reported here, methane production was measured by open-circuit gas exchange from 13 Brahman cattle offered 22 diets from combinations of five tropical grass species and five legumes, with a minimum of three steers per diet. All diets were offered daily ad libitum, with the exception of three legume diets fed without grass and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) mixed with grass, which were offered at 15 g dry matter per kg liveweight. Diets were fed as long-chopped dried hay, with the exception of leucaena, which was harvested and fed within 2 days. For the data from cattle fed diets of grass and grass mixed with legumes, methane production could be predicted as 19.6 g/kg forage dry matter intake (residual standard deviation 12.3). Observed methane yields were not predictable from a stoichiometry, which used volatile fatty acid proportions in rumen fluid. Mean methane emission rates across all diets were equivalent to 8.6–13.4% of digestible energy intake, and 5.0–7.2% of gross energy intake. The latter values are comparable to IPCC (2006) recommendations (5.5–7.5%) for large ruminants fed low-quality crop residues and by-products. Methane yields per unit of ingested dry matter or digested organic matter were variable across diets but were related to digestibility and contents of fibre and protein. These results constitute a significant downward revision of the methane emissions attributable to the northern Australian beef herd grazing tropical pastures.
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Norman, Mitchell M., Nicolas Bland, Bradley M. Boyd, Brianna Conroy, Chris Calkins, Andrea K. Watson y Galen E. Erickson. "250 Evaluation of Green Grass as a feed ingredient in beef finishing rations and impact on cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profiles in meat". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.240.
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Abstract A finishing study used 240 crossbred steers (initial BW=340 ±24 kg) to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profiles of beef from finishing steers. Four inclusions (0, 10, 20, 30 % DM basis) of Green Grass displaced dry rolled corn in the finishing diet. Green Grass is a blend of herbs and plants imported from Korea that are high in omega-3 fatty acids with 13.9 % fat,32.0 % CP, and 27.0 % Acid detergent fiber. The remaining diet consisted of 15 % WDGS, 20 % corn silage, and 6 % liquid supplement (DM basis). There were no differences in final BW, gain or carcass traits (P³0.14). Cattle were harvested over three slaughter days and were fed for 190, 199, or 203 days. Dry matter intake linearly increased (P = 0.04)as Green Grass inclusion increased in the diet. A linear response (P£0.01) to feeding Green Grass was observed for G:F, with steers fed Green Grass having lower feed efficiency than control cattle. The G:F of cattle fed Green Grass was 5.4, 3.4, and 6.8 % lower in G:F as inclusion increased suggesting Green Grass has 68.6 % the energy of corn it replaced. Steers fed 30 % Green Grass had a lower marbling score. Linear increases in alpha linolenic acid, trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids (P£0.01) were observed in steak samples from steers fed increasing inclusion of Green Grass. Including up to 30 % inclusion of Green Grass on a DM basis in finishing diets decreased G:F; however, it appeared to have no other effects on performance or carcass characteristics. Feeding Green Grass linearly improved omega-3 fatty acid concentration in beef.
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Klopatek, Sarah C., Toni Duarte, Crystal Yang y James W. Oltjen. "68 Assessing the Performance of Multiple Grass-fed Beef Production Systems in California". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 de noviembre de 2020): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.085.
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Abstract With demand for grass-fed beef continuing to increase, there is an immediate need to determine animal performance and product quality from varying grass-fed systems. Therefore, using a whole systems approach, we investigated the performance and carcass quality of multiple grass-fed beef systems in California. The treatments included: 1) steers stocked on pasture, then feedyard finished for 140 days (CON); 2) steers grass-fed for 20 months (20GF); 3) steers grass-fed for 20 months with a 45-day grain finish (GR45); and 4) steers grass-fed for 25 months (25GF). The data were analyzed using a mixed model procedure in R. Final body weight (FBW) varied significantly between treatments (P < 0.05) with the CON cattle finishing at 626 kg and GF20 finishing with the lowest FBW of 478 kg. There were no significant differences in FBW between GF45 and GF25 treatments (P > 0.05), with FBW equaling 551 kg and 570 kg, respectively. Dressing percentage (DP) differed significantly between all treatments (P < 0.05), with CON DP at 61.8%, followed by GR45 at 57.5%, GF25 at 53.4%, and GF20 at 50.3%. Marbling scores and quality grades were significantly higher for CON compared to all other treatments (P < 0.05), with a marbling score of 421; 14% of CON animals graded select and 85% graded choice or upper choice. Cattle in the GR20 had the lowest marbling score of 285 (P < 0.05); 59% of the GR20 cattle graded select and 41% graded standard. There was no difference in marbling when comparing the GF25 and GR45 (P > 0.5). In addition, carcasses graded similarly between the two treatments with GF25 grading 13% standard 82% select, and 6% choice, GR45 graded 85% select and 15% choice. The findings from this study indicate that varying CA grass-fed beef production systems results in significant differences in both animal performance and meat quality.
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Kirby, P. S., N. A. Watson, D. G. Rennie y T. O. Jones. "Timing of fish meal supplementation for finishing beef cattle offered grass silage". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzo de 1986): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016196.
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Results from three previous experiments with finishing cattle on an 18-month beef system indicate that the major increases in daily live-weight gain (DLG) occur within the first 50 to 60 days of supplementation with fish meal. Hence, it may be possible to remove fish meal from the diet after the initial two months of the finishing winter without any subsequent effect on animal performance.For the last nine weeks at grass the experimental cattle were given 1.4-kg/head/day dried sugar beet pulp nuts. On housing this allowance was increased to 3.0 kg and the 48 British Friesian steers were offered grass silage ad libitum (round bale silage for one week and precision-chopped clamp silage thereafter). The 3.0-kg dried sugar beet pulp was given for five days and after a 10-day changeover period the nuts were replaced by 15-kg potatoes. Cattle were offered the basal diet of precision-chopped silage and potatoes for 12 days before starting the experiment.Steers were implanted with 300-mg trenbolone acetate (Finaplix, Hoechst UK Ltd, Milton Keynes) and 36-mg zeranol (Ralgro, Crown Chemical Company Ltd, Lamberhurst) 20 days before randomisation.
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Amorim, P. L., D. M. Fonseca, M. E. R. Santos, R. M. Pimentel, J. P. P. Rodrigues, F. H. M. Chizzotti y C. G. Vitor. "Beef cattle performance on signal grass pastures deferred and fertilized with nitrogen". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, n.º 4 (agosto de 2019): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10205.
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ABSTRACT The effect of four nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 and 120kg N ha-1), applied before deferment on the beef cattle production and structural variables on Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) were assessed from January to October 2012 and from January to September 2013. A randomized block design with three replicates was adopted, in an arrangement of repeated measures in time (grazing period). An interaction effect between nitrogen level and grazing period was observed on extended-plant height and herbage mass. As the nitrogen levels were increased, extended-plant height, herbage mass, total herbage allowance, and efficiency of conversion of fertilizer into herbage were increased. Throughout the grazing period, pasture height, extended-plant height, percentage of leaves, herbage and morphological components allowance, and percentages of leaves and stems in the herbage apparently selected by the animal decreased. Nitrogen levels had no effect on average daily gain or gain per area in the first year. A fixed deferment period with increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization on signal grass pastures does not influence the average daily gain per animal, reduces the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and negatively changes the structural characteristics of the pasture.
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Pinchak, W. E., L. W. Greene y R. K. Heitschmidt. "Mineral Dynamics in Beef Cattle Diets from a Southern Mixed-Grass Prairie". Journal of Range Management 42, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1989): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899556.
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De Oliveira, A. P., D. R. Casagrande, L. M. A. Bertipaglia, R. P. Barbero, T. T. Berchielli, A. C. Ruggieri y R. A. Reis. "Supplementation for beef cattle on Marandu grass pastures with different herbage allowances". Animal Production Science 56, n.º 1 (2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14636.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of beef heifers on Stapf. cv. Marandu grass pastures that were managed at three herbage allowances under continuous grazing with a variable stocking rate and were provided with mineral mix supplement or supplements with energy and protein. Seventy-two test heifers and 48 put-and-take heifers were used in a randomised design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement [three herbage allowances (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kg of green dry matter/kg of bodyweight, and two supplementation levels (mineral mix or 0.3% bodyweight of a mineral–protein–energy supplement)], with two replicates per treatment (paddocks), to maintain the pre-established forage allowance. No significant difference was observed in the gain per hectare as a function of the herbage allowance, but 2.5 kg green dry matter/kg bodyweight provided the greatest average daily gain of bodyweight (0.605 kg/animal/day). The energy/protein supplementation provided the greatest average daily gain compared with animals fed only the mineral mix. The supplements in the diet of beef heifers fed at 0.3% of bodyweight increased bodyweight gains without compromising the gain per hectare at different herbage allowances.