Tesis sobre el tema "BIM - Building Information Modeling"

"Nowadays, many companies in the Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) industry are using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in achieving a faster, sustainable and more economic project. Among the new developed concepts and BIM applications, two of the concepts most frequently used with the support of BIM technology in the planning, organization and scheduling of projects are 4D and 5D in which a 3D model is tied to its time execution (4D) at any point in time and its corresponding cost (5D). However, most of these applications concentrate on modeling the building but it does not include a corresponding modeling of the site in which the building is located. To date, there are few studies and systematic implementation of the site and the building integrated into one BIM model. This site-building integrated model can also be conceptualized as ¡°6D BIM¡± model. The benefit of integrating the site and building together into one model is that the building is no longer treated in isolation of its surround site but incorporates extremely helpful short-term and long-term information for the owner, designer, and builder regarding site topography, landscaping, access roads, ground conditions and the location of site utilities. Major existing research and technology issues that are preventing this site-building integration deal with functionality and interoperability of the BIM software, different orientation and coordination of building model and site model. The objectives of this thesis are to explore current organizational and technological issues preventing this integration, to investigate a feasible method to create a site-linked BIM model, and to discuss the benefits and limitations of bringing BIM concept to the site conditions. The research has been conducted by an extensive review on the literature related to the topic of interest published primarily by AEC. A review on current applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has also been included because of the wider context provided by this technology to the specific topic of this research. Related BIM software developed by three different vendors ¡ªhas been discussed and compared to determine the level of feasibility and operational features of technological support necessary to implement the site-linked BIM model. A case study based on the design and construction of the WPI Recreational & Sports Center, currently under construction, was developed to explore and understand the details that are involved in creating a new site model and to link it with the existing 3D building model. What has been learned from the analysis of this case study is presented, discussed and analyzed in terms of benefits and limitations. Recommendations for future extensions from both the research aspect and the technology support aspect finally presented. These include the creation of 3D BIM Campus Map, which is one site model with several building models placed on it to facilitate future planning of new building and/or maintenance and operation of the current buildings and campus infrastructure.   "

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Conservação e Restauro apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
As metodologias associadas ao software BIM (Building Information Modeling) representam nos dias de hoje um dos sistemas integrados mais utilizado para a construção de novos edifícios. Ao usar BIM no desenvolvimento de projetos, a colaboração entre os diferentes intervenientes num projeto de arquitetura, engenharia e construção, melhora de um modo muito significativo. Esta tecnologia também pode ser aplicada para intervenções em edifícios existentes. Na presente tese pretende-se melhorar os processos de registo, documentação e gestão da informação, recorrendo a ferramentas BIM para estabelecer um conjunto de diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho, para modelar de forma eficiente as estruturas existentes a partir de nuvens de pontos, complementados com outros métodos apropriados. Há vários desafios que impedem a adoção do software BIM para o planeamento de intervenções em edifícios existentes. Volk et al. (2014) indica que os principais obstáculos de adoção BIM são o esforço de modelação/conversão dos elementos do edifício captados em objetos BIM, a dificuldade em actualizar informação em BIM e as dificuldades em lidar com as incertezas associadas a dados, objetos e relações que ocorrem em edifícios existentes. A partir desta análise, foram desenvolvidas algumas diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho BIM para modelação de edifícios existentes. As propostas indicadas para as diretrizes BIM em edifícios existentes, incluem tolerâncias e standards para modelar elementos de edifícios existentes. Tal metodologia permite que as partes interessadas tenham um entendimento e um acordo sobre o que é suposto ser modelado. Na presente tese, foi investigado um conjunto de tópicos de pesquisa que foram formuladas e colocadas, enquadrando os diferentes obstáculos e direcionando o foco de pesquisa segundo quatro vectores fundamentais: 1. Os diferentes tipos de dados de um edifício que podem ser adquiridos a partir de nuvens de pontos; 2. Os diferentes tipos de análise de edifícios; 3. A utilização de standards e BIM para edifícios existentes; 4. Fluxos de trabalho BIM para edifícios existentes e diretrizes para ateliers de arquitectura. A partir da pesquisa efetuada, pode-se concluir que é há necessidade de uma melhor utilização da informação na tomada de decisão no âmbito de um projeto de intervenção arquitetónica. Diferentes tipos de dados, não apenas geométricos, são necessários como base para a análise dos edifícios. Os dados não geométricos podem referir-se a características físicas do tecido construído, tais como materiais, aparência e condição. Além disso, o desempenho ambiental, estrutural e mecânico de um edifício, bem como valores culturais, históricos e arquitetónicos, essenciais para a compreensão do seu estado atual. Estas informações são fundamentais para uma análise mais profunda que permita a compreensão das ações de intervenção que são necessárias no edifício. Através de tecnologias Fotogrametria (ADP) e Laser Scanning (TLS), pode ser gerada informação precisa e actual. O produto final da ADP e TLS são nuvens de pontos, que podem ser usadas de forma complementar. A combinação destas técnicas com o levantamento tradicional Robotic Total Station (RTS) fornece uma base de dados exata que, juntamente com outras informações existentes, permitem o planeamento adequado da intervenção. Os problemas de utilização de BIM para intervenção em edifícios existentes referem-se principalmente à análise e criação de geometria do edifício, o que geralmente é uma etapa prévia para a conexão de informação não-geométrica de edifícios. Por esta razão, a presente tese centra-se principalmente na busca de diretrizes para diminuir a dificuldade em criar os elementos necessários para o BIMs. Para tratar dados incertos e pouco claros ou informações semânticas não visíveis, pode-se complementar os dados originais com informação adicional. Os fluxos de trabalho apresentados na presente tese focam-se principalmente na falta de informação visível. No caso de projetos de remodelação, a informação não visível pode ser adquirida de forma limitada através de levantamentos ADP ou TLS após a demolição de alguns elementos e/ou camadas de parede. Tal metodologia permite um melhor entendimento das camadas de materiais não visíveis dos elementos do edifício, quando a intervenção é uma demolição parcial. Este processo é útil apenas se uma parte do material do elemento é removida e não pode ser aplicada a elementos não intervencionados. O tratamento da informação em falta pode ser feito através da integração de diferentes tipos de dados com diferentes origens. Devem ser implementados os fluxos de trabalho para a integração da informação. Diferentes fluxos de trabalho podem criar informação em falta, usada como complemento ou como base para a tomada de decisão quando não há dados disponíveis. Relativamente à adição de dados em falta através da geração de nuvem de pontos, os casos de estudo destacam a importância de planear o levantamento, fazendo com que todas as partes compreendam as necessidades associadas ao projeto. Além da precisão, o nível de tolerância de interpretação e modelação, requeridos pelo projeto, também devem ser acordados e entendidos. Nem todas as ferramentas e métodos de pesquisa são adequados para todos os edifícios. A escala, os materiais e a acessibilidade do edifício desempenham um papel importante no planeamento do levantamento. Para lidar com o elevado esforço de modelação, é necessário entender os fluxos de trabalho necessários para analisar a geometria dos elementos do edifício. Os BIMs construídos são normalmente gerados manualmente através de desenhos CAD e/ou nuvens de pontos. Estes são usados como base geométrica a partir da qual a informação é extraída. A informação utilizada para planear a intervenção do edifício deve ser verificada, confirmando se é uma representação do estado actual do edifício. As técnicas de levantamento 3D para capturar a condição atual do edifício devem ser integradas no fluxo de trabalho BIM, construído para capturar os dados do edifício sobre os quais serão feitas as decisões de intervenção. O resultado destas técnicas deve ser integrado com diferentes tipos de dados para fornecer uma base mais precisa e completa. O atelier de arquitetura deve estar habilitado com competências técnicas adequadas para saber o que pedir e o que utilizar da forma mais adequada. Os requisitos de modelação devem concentrar-se principalmente no conteúdo deste processo, ou seja, o que modelar, como desenvolver os elementos no modelo, quais as informações que o modelo deve conter e como deve ocorrer a troca de informações no modelo. O levantamento das nuvens de pontos deve ser efectuado após ter sido estipulado o objetivo do projeto, standards, tolerâncias e tipo de conteúdo na modelação. As tolerâncias e normas de modelação são diferentes entre empresas e países. Independentemente destas diferenças, os documentos standard têm como objetivo produzir e receber informação num formato de dados consistente e em fluxos de trabalho de troca eficiente entre os diferentes intervenientes do projeto. O pensamento crítico do fluxo de trabalho de modelação e a comunicação e acordo entre todas os intervenientes são os principais objetivos das diretrizes apresentadas nesta tese. O estabelecimento e o acordo de tolerâncias de modelação e o nível de desenvolvimento e detalhes presentes nas BIMs, entre as diferentes partes envolvidas no projeto, são mais importantes do que as definições existentes atualmente e que são utilizadas pela indústria da AEC. As ferramentas automáticas ou semi-automáticas para extração da forma geométrica, eliminação ou redução de tarefas repetitivas durante o desenvolvimento de BIMs e a análise de condições de ambiente ou de cenários, são também um processo de diminuição do esforço de modelação. Uma das razões que justifica a necessidade de standards é a estrutura e a melhoria da colaboração, não só para os intervenientes fora da empresa, mas também dentro dos ateliers de arquitetura. Os dados e standards de fluxo de trabalho são difíceis de implementar diariamente de forma eficiente, resultando muitas vezes em dados e fluxos de trabalho confusos. Quando tal situação ocorre, a qualidade dos resultados do projeto reduz-se e pode ficar comprometida. As normas aplicadas aos BIMs construídos, exatamente como as normas aplicadas aos BIMs para edifícios novos, contribuem para a criação de informação credível e útil. Para atualizar um BIMs durante o ciclo de vida de um edifício,é necessário adquirir a informação sobre o estado actual do edifício. A monitorização de dados pode ser composta por fotografias, PCM, dados de sensores, ou dados resultantes da comparação de PCM e BIMs e podem representar uma maneira de atualizar BIMs existentes. Isto permite adicionar continuamente informações, documentando a evolução e a história da construção e possibilita avaliar possíveis intervenções de prevenção para a sua valorização. BIM não é geralmente usado para documentar edifícios existentes ou intervenções em edifícios existentes. No presente trabalho propõe-se melhorar tal situação usando standards e/ou diretrizes BIM e apresentar uma visão inicial e geral dos componentes que devem ser incluídos em tais standards e/ou linhas de orientação.
ABSTRACT: Building information modeling (BIM) is most often used for the construction of new buildings. By using BIM in such projects, collaboration among stakeholders in an architecture, engineering and construction project is improved. This scenario might also be targeted for interventions in existing buildings. This thesis intends to enhance processes of recording, documenting and managing information by establishing a set of workflow guidelines to efficiently model existing structures with BIM tools from point cloud data, complemented with any other appropriate methods. There are several challenges hampering BIM software adoption for planning interventions in existing buildings. Volk et al. (2014) outlines that the as-built BIM adoption main obstacles are: the required modeling/conversion effort from captured building data into semantic BIM objects; the difficulty in maintaining information in a BIM; and the difficulties in handling uncertain data, objects, and relations occurring in existing buildings. From this analysis, it was developped a case for devising BIM workflow guidelines for modeling existing buildings. The proposed content for BIM guidelines includes tolerances and standards for modeling existing building elements. This allows stakeholders to have a common understanding and agreement of what is supposed to be modeled and exchanged.In this thesis, the authors investigate a set of research questions that were formed and posed, framing obstacles and directing the research focus in four parts: 1. the different kind of building data acquired; 2. the different kind of building data analysis processes; 3. the use of standards and as-built BIM and; 4. as-built BIM workflows and guidelines for architectural offices. From this research, the authors can conclude that there is a need for better use of documentation in which architectural intervention project decisions are made. Different kind of data, not just geometric, is needed as a basis for the analysis of the current building state. Non-geometric information can refer to physical characteristics of the built fabric, such as materials, appearance and condition. Furthermore environmental, structural and mechanical building performance, as well as cultural, historical and architectural values, style and age are vital to the understanding of the current state of the building. These information is necessary for further analysis allowing the understanding of the necessary actions to intervene. Accurate and up to date information information can be generated through ADP and TLS surveys. The final product of ADP and TLS are the point clouds, which can be used to complement each other. The combination of these techniques with traditional RTS survey provide an accurate and up to date base that, along with other existing information, allow the planning of building interventions. As-built BIM adoption problems refer mainly to the analysis and generation of building geometry, which usually is a previous step to the link of non-geometric building information. For this reason the present thesis focus mainly in finding guidelines to decrease the difficulty in generating the as-built-BIMs elements. To handle uncertain data and unclear or hidden semantic information, one can complement the original data with additional missing information. The workflows in the present thesis address mainly the missing visible information. In the case of refurbishment projects the hidden information can be acquired to some extend with ADP or TLS surveys after demolition of some elements and wall layers. This allows a better understanding of the non visible materials layers of a building element whenever it is a partial demolition. This process is only useful if a part of the element material is removed, it can not be applied to the non intervened elements. The handling of visible missing data, objects and relations can be done by integrating different kind of data from different kind of sources. Workflows to connect them in a more integrated way should be implemented. Different workflows can create additional missing information, used to complement or as a base for decision making when no data is available. Relating to adding missing data through point cloud data generation the study cases outlined the importance of planning the survey, with all parts understanding what the project needs are. In addition to accuracy, the level of interpretation and modelling tolerances, required by the project, must also be agreed and understood. Not all survey tools and methods are suitable for all buildings: the scale, materials and accessibility of building play a major role in the survey planning. To handle the high modeling/conversion effort one has to understand the current workflows to analyse building geometry. As-built BIMs are majorly manually generated through CAD drawings and/or PCM data. These are used as a geometric basis input from where information is extracted. The information used to plan the building intervention should be checked, confirming it is a representation of the as-is state of the building. The 3D surveys techniques to capture the as-is state of the building should be integrated in the as-built BIM workflow to capture the building data in which intervention decisions are made. The output of these techniques should be integrated with different kind of data to provide the most accurate and complete basis. The architectural company should have technical skills to know what to ask for and to use it appropriately. Modeling requirements should focus primarily on the content of this process: what to model, how to develop the elements in the model, what information should the model contain, and how should information in the model be exchanged. The point clouds survey should be done after stipulating the project goal, standards, tolerances and modeling content. Tolerances and modeling guidelines change across companies and countries. Regardless of these differences the standards documents have the purpose of producing and receiving information in a consistent data format, in efficient exchange workflows between project stakeholders. The critical thinking of the modeling workflow and, the communication and agreement between all parts involved in the project, is the prime product of this thesis guidelines. The establishment and agreement of modeling tolerances and the level of development and detail present in the BIMs, between the different parts involved on the project, is more important than which of the existing definitions currently in use by the AEC industry is chosen. Automated or semi-automated tools for elements shape extraction, elimination or reduction of repetitive tasks during the BIMs development and, analysis of environment or scenario conditions are also a way of decreasing the modeling effort. One of the reasons why standards are needed is the structure and improvement of the collaboration not only with outside parts but also inside architectural offices. Data and workflow standards are very hard to implement daily, in a practical way, resulting in confusing data and workflows. These reduce the quality of communication and project outputs. As-built BIM standards, exactly like BIM standards, contribute to the creation of reliable and useful information. To update a BIMs during the building life-cycle, one needs to acquire the as-is building state information. Monitoring data, whether consisted by photos, PCM, sensor data, or data resulting from the comparison of PCM and BIMs can be a way of updating existing BIMs. It allows adding continuously information, documenting the building evolution and story, and evaluating possible prevention interventions for its enhancement. BIM environments are not often used to document existing buildings or interventions in existing buildings. The authors propose to improve the situation by using BIM standards and/or guidelines, and the authors give an initial overview of components that should be included in such a standard and/or guideline.
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Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the latest development in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. This development can be used for planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of any facility. The majority of the users of BIM technology are architects. Although its benefits had been highlighted and underlined especially in comparison with older developments such us Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools, its implementation is considered still in an early stage due to low adoption from architects. Right now in Sweden and more specifically in the Stockholm area, the construction sector is booming due to the increased demand for housing.  Thus, there is an increased demand for more houses in a shorter time. BIM is a technology that can enhance the society in terms of design and construction with regard to the building environment. This can be achieved by avoiding human errors, decreasing project costs, increasing the productivity and quality, and reducing the project delivery time. Moreover, BIM can assist the management team in maintaining and operating different facilities. The focus of this research is on the barriers to adopting BIM technology in architectural companies. Furthermore, the attempt will be to investigate the individual, organizational and technical aspects that affect BIM adoption.  This study will implement a qualitative research method by in-depth interviewing four professionals in the area of architectural design. This investigation will be driven by the main research question, which is: What are the barriers to adopting Building Information Modeling (BIM) in architectural companies?

The  construction  industry  is  a  costly  business  such  in  respect  of  capital  for  most construction defects which then require rework, tear down and rebuild again. This study is  meaningful  awareness  of  tools  that  can  reduce  this  best  through  communication  and information sharing between the parties.  The  construction  industry  is  known  as  temporary  projects  organizations,  where  the construction  project  consists  of  several  actors  who  have  to  communicate  and  share information  between  them  to  avoid  mistakes  later  in  the  build  time.  These  actors  are bounded together thus for the duration of the project, then broken when the project has reached its end. The challenge here is for these actors to apply a tool that can help and simplify communications, information sharing, and perhaps the most important aspect is to  create  a  routine  for  the  association  and  the  shattering  of  these  actors.  To  implement such  behavior  using  a  tool  such  as  BIM  in  the  industry  whose  size  perhaps  is indescribable may be a very hard task.  BIM (Building Information Model) could be seen as the solution to this problem because it  acts  as  a  portal  where  the  actors  involved  must  sign  in  and  communicate,  share information, and eventually create a behavior, a routine for this association and division of  the  actors  following  the  end  of  the  project.  The  technology  could  help  the  involved from  the  beginning  of  the  project,  already  in  the  model  stage,  break  down  and  prevent any construction barriers when the building has been placed in the works.  In the current situation used paper models, 2D models and three-dimensional models, 3D, where  the  last  one  is  a  part  of  the  BIM.  BIM  makes  it  also  possible  to  implement  4D, price  calculation  for  the  construction  from  beginning  to  end  and  5D  ie  construction details such as what kind of wood the door is made of, what kind of concrete it is, and even the amount of cable for the construction for example.  BIM  is  seen  as  a  information  technology  used  primarily  in  construction,  where  to encounter  several  obstacles  during  the  implementation  and  use  of  such  technology  is expensive  to  implement  in  a  small  operation,  but  it  creates  many  drivers,  many  agents that  have  implemented  BIM,  which  ultimately  pays  according  to  those  who  can  afford and in the current situation using it

This thesis treats Building Information Modeling, BIM, in the production stage. Briefly described BIM is virtual model of a building object where all information about the object is gathered. All the involved operators in the construction project have access to the model and can gather or share information about the project. There are several ways to apply BIM in the production stage. This thesis primarily deals with visualization of the object, preparation and planning, the ability to take amounts from the model and coordination and clash control. The basic issue was highlighted by Byggdialog AB. The company has a vision about how they want to use BIM in all the different stages in a building project. Byggdialog want their partnering entrepreneurs to develop their BIM usage in the production stage in order to fulfill this vision. Goodtech is one of Byggdialogs partnering entrepreneurs and is the company that has been studied during this thesis. The goal with this thesis was to develop proposals as to how the BIM usage in the production stage can improve. The purpose was to make the partnering entrepreneurs understand why it is important and helpful to use BIM. The intention was also that other partnering entrepreneurs should be able to use this thesis while working with BIM in the production stage. The methods to collect information have been visits to construction sites, literature search, and interviews. The interviewees represented different operators that can affect the usage of BIM in the production stage. This thesis resulted in concrete proposals as to how the partnering entrepreneur can improve their BIM usage. Proposals as to how Byggdialog can ensure that their entrepreneurs are using BIM correct have also been developed. Today the partnering entrepreneur uses BIM to visualize the building object. As a suggestion the entrepreneur should also use the BIM model while preparing and planning their work and in order to calculate material amounts . It’s important that the entrepreneur understand how the model can be used and what kind of information it contains in order to enable these applications. It’s also important that the design phase is carefully executed. Proposals as to how this can be achieved is to educate the staff in BIM and how it should be used, that the partnering entrepreneur participates in the coordination meetings and that the partnering entrepreneur place greater demands on their electrical consultant. In order for Byggdialog to ensure that their partnering entrepreneurs are using BIM correct they should offer them education about BIM and how it works, make the BIMmodel more user-friendly and place demands on how they want BIM to be used in the project specifications.
Detta examensarbete handlar om byggnadsinformationsmodellering, BIM, i produktionen. Kort förklarat är BIM en virtuell modell av ett byggobjekt, där all information som rör byggnaden samlas. Alla aktörer i ett byggprojekt har tillgång till denna modell och kan, genom denna, samla in eller dela ut information som rör objektet. Det finns olika tillämpningar av BIM i produktionen, denna studie behandlar främst visualisering, arbetsberedning och planering, mängdavtagning och samordning och kollisionskontroller. Grundproblematiken lyftes fram med hjälp av uppdragsgivaren Byggdialog AB. Företaget har en vision om hur BIM ska användas i byggprocessens olika skeden. Byggdialog upplever att deras partneringentreprenörer, PE, bör utveckla sin BIManvändning i produktionen för att denna vision ska kunna uppfyllas. Goodtech är en av Byggdialogs partneringentreprenörer och är det företag som studerats i detta examensarbete. Målet med arbetet var att, med utgångspunkt från teorier samt Byggdialogs vision, ge förslag till hur partneringentreprenören kan utveckla BIM-användningen i produktionen. Syftet var att få partneringentreprenören att förstå nyttan med att använda BIM i produktionsskedet. Avsikten har också varit att andra partneringentreprenörer ska ha nytta av denna studie vid användning av BIM i produktionen. De metoder som användes var studiebesök, litteraturstudie och intervjustudie. Intervjuobjekten representerade olika yrkeskategorier som alla kan påverka användningen av BIM i produktionen. Detta examensarbete resulterade i konkreta förslag till hur partneringentreprenören kan förbättra BIM användningen. Även förslag till hur Byggdialog kan säkerställa att deras PE använder BIM korrekt togs fram. Idag använder partneringentreprenören BIM främst för att visualisera byggobjektet. Förslagsvis bör de även använda BIM vid arbetsberedning/planering av arbetet. Partneringentreprenören har också förutsättningar för mängdavtagning ur modellen. För att möjliggöra dessa tillämpningar är det viktigt att partneringentreprenören förstår hur 3D - modellen kan användas, samt vilken information som finns i den. Det är även viktigt att modellen är noggrant projekterad. Förslag till hur detta kan uppnås är genom att partneringentreprenören utbildar sig inom BIM och hur det används, att de deltar i BIM-samordningsmötena samt att de ställer högre krav på sin elprojektör. Byggdialog kan säkerställa att deras PE använder BIM korrekt genom att erbjuda utbildningstillfällen, anpassa BIM-modellen efter användaren och ställa krav i förfrågningsunderlaget.

Dalla raffigurazione artistica fino alla modellazione digitale, passando per il disegno tecnico, la rappresentazione del progetto d’architettura ha conosciuto nel tempo evoluzioni significative che solo di recente hanno raggiunto l’apice nell’utilizzo di modelli cognitivi in grado di collezionare ed organizzare il patrimonio di informazioni che gravitano attorno all’intero processo edilizio. L’impiego sempre più diffuso dello strumento informatico, insieme al coordinamento delle specializzazioni nelle molte discipline coinvolte nel progetto, ha favorito negli ultimi anni l’adozione del Building Information Modeling un processo che permette di rivoluzionare il mondo delle costruzioni, coprendo molteplici aspetti del ciclo di vita per un manufatto edilizio. Questa Tesi intende presentare in maniera specifica le tappe che hanno consentito il formarsi del BIM. La migliore capacità di gestione, un linguaggio comune tra i progettisti, un’ottimizzazione di risorse e costi, unito ad un controllo convincente ed accurato delle fasi di lavoro, sono alcune delle potenzialità non ancora completamente espresse dal Building Information Modeling che è destinato a divenire una consapevolezza strategica nel bagaglio culturale del professionista contemporaneo.

Integrated building design necessitates the Architecture-Engineering-Construction-Owner-Operator (AECOO) Industry’s participants to collaborate efficiently with each other through the different phases of a building. Nevertheless, to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of a building, the emphasis is on the early design phases, since if accurate energy calculations and strategies are developed in an early design stage, the sustainable footprint of the building will be significantly reduced. That said, Building Information Modelling (BIM) promotes collaboration among the stakeholders by allowing them to design and store and access the data related to a project into one building information model. Furthermore, this model can be used for energy analysis through Building Energy Modelling (BEM) tools in the early design stages of the project, and through the whole life-cycle. For this, BIM and BEM tools must be able to communicate and exchange information with one another, seamlessly. This means that these tools should be interoperable. However, currently, there are some issues in the BIM to BEM exchange process, which obliges the user to check for the interoperability issues and fix them manually. Therefore, as a result of these interoperability issues, the BIM to BEM process in not automated, and creating an accurate BIM-based BEM is quite time-consuming, laborious and prone to human-made errors. Hence, this thesis aims to systematically investigate the interoperability issues and the state of automated data exchange between BIM and BEM tools, based on the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) exchange data schema. For this, Revit and IDA-ICE are used as BIM, and BEM tools, respectively. The outcome is the presentation of a set of interoperability issues that were found based on the investigation of 19 case studies, with some suggestions for Revit and IDA-ICE developers and future researchers in the end.

Just nu pågår stora förändringar i byggbranschen. Kostnaderna för att bygga är idag för stora och branschen letar efter nya metoder för att effektivisera byggandet och minska kostnaderna. Genom att använda sig av den relativt nya Building Information Modeling-tekniken (BIM) öppnar sig flera nya dörrar för vad som är möjligt.BIM är kort sagt en digital modell där all information för hur ett byggprojekts utformning, konstruktion, utrustning och förvaltning ska hanteras. En gemensam modell skapas som arkitekten, byggnadskonstruktörer, vvs-konstruktörer, el-konstruktörer och förvaltare har tillgång till. Ändringar som görs i modellen blir direkt synliga för de andra parterna.Den gemensamma modellen ligger lagrad på en gemensam server för att underlätta kommunikationen.I produktionen har man mycket att vinna av BIM. Först och främst upptäcks många brister och planeringsfel innan de ens kommer ut i produktionen där det blir betydligt dyrare att rätta till. Dessutom följer vid användadet av BIM också en del verktyg som kan användas för planering i produktionen. Två av dessa är kollisionskontroll och 4D-simulering, där tidplanen kopplas samman med ritningen för att simulera fortskridandet av ett byggprojekt.Dessa två verktyg kommer som en biprodukt när BIM nyttjas i ett byggnadsprojekt. I denna rapport presenteras dessa verktyg och vilka fördelar dessa ger i produktionenSyftet med examensarbetet har varit att få en fördjupad kunskap av vad BIM är, både i teorin och praktiskt. Men också att hitta fördelar som Skanska kan nyttja som en följd av användandet av BIM.

The purpose of this study is to facilitate sustainable building by the use of BIM. The goal is to determine which aspects of sustainable building, which can be analyzed mainly with BIM tools, but also other aids. The study is based on literature studies and interviews. The literature review examines aspects important for sustainable building by studying environmental certification systems applicable in Sweden, as well as the BIM tools available on the market to analyze these aspects. The literature also includes the concepts of BIM and sustainability in order to provide a clearer view of its meaning. The interviews have brought the study's overall understanding of the industry and guidance on the subject. The results are presented in a table, where the aspects relevant to sustainable building are listed. It can also be read which aspect the certification systems raise. Overall, the study shows 132 aspects distributed across seven areas: Site, Water and Wastewater, Energy and Pollution, Materials and Waste, Indoor and Wellbeing, City Design and finally Implementation and Management. The table also suggests BIM tools and other aids, which can be used in the analysis of a specific aspect. The study shows a slight majority of the aspects, 55 percent, are possible to analyze with BIM tools. The Site is the area with most aspects, which can be analyzed with BIM tools, 95 percent. And Materials and Waste resulted in least aspects with only ten percent. Overall, the study examined 35 different BIM tools. The aspects that require other means of analysis often generates important information about the project, from a sustainability point of view, and in many cases the information can be integrated in the BIM model manually. In the end, the project gets a packed BIM model with useful information, which follows the project all the way into management and later demolition and recycling. The study shows that sustainable building demands a holistic approach where several aspects should be considered in order to achieve sustainability. To analyze the aspects of sustainability requires that relevant and accurate information about the project be collected. Various proposals can be drawn and compared to generate the most sustainable option. A tool for this is BIM. BIM is defined partly as a method of work, building information modeling, but also as a virtual model, building information model. BIM facilitates the coordination of information gathering, both as a working method and a technical tool. This will contribute BIM to achieve the purpose sustainable building.
Syftet med den här studien är att underlätta hållbart byggande genom användandet av BIM. Målet är att utreda vilka aspekter inom hållbart byggande som kan analyseras med fokus på i huvudsak BIM-verktyg, men också andra hjälpmedel. Studien bygger på litteraturstudier och intervjuer. I litteraturstudien undersöks aspekter som är betydelsefulla vid hållbart byggande genom att studera miljöcertifieringssystem som är tillämpningsbara i Sverige, samt vilka BIM-verktyg som finns att tillgå på marknaden för att analysera dessa aspekter. Litteraturstudien innefattar även begrepp rörande BIM och hållbarhet för att ge en klarare bild av dess innebörd. Intervjuerna har tillfört studien övergripande förståelse för branschen och vägledning i ämnet. Resultatet redovisas i en tabell, där de aspekter som är relevanta för hållbart byggande är listade. I tabellen går det även att utläsa vilka aspekter certifieringssystemen tar upp. Totalt visar studien på 132 aspekter fördelade inom sju delområden; Platsen, Vatten och Avlopp, Energi och Föroreningar, Material och Avfall, Inomhusklimat och Välmående, Stadens Gestaltning samt Genomförande och Förvaltning. I tabellen redovisas dessutom förslag på BIM-verktyg samt andra hjälpmedel som används vid analys av en specifik aspekt. Studien visar att en knapp majoritet av aspekterna, 55 procent, är möjliga att analysera med BIM-verktyg. Platsen är det delområde som visar flest aspekter som går att analysera med BIM-verktyg, 95 procent. Material och avfall resulterade i minst aspekter med endast tio procent. Sammantaget har studien undersökt 35 stycken olika BIM-verktyg. De aspekter som kräver andra hjälpmedel för analys genererar ofta information viktig för projektet ur hållbarhetssynpunkt, och går i många fall att integrera i BIM-modellen manuellt. Sammantaget medför det att projektet får en fullmatad BIM-modell med användbar information som följer projektet ända in i förvaltning och sedermera rivning och återvinning. Studien visar att hållbart byggande handlar om att ha en helhetssyn där flertalet aspekter ska beaktas för att uppnå hållbarhet. Det räcker således inte att bara se till exempelvis energihushållning för att anse att ett projekt är hållbart. För att analysera aspekter rörande hållbarhet krävs att relevant och riktig information om projektet insamlas. Då kan olika förslag utarbetas och jämföras för att ta fram det mest hållbara alternativet. Ett redskap för detta är BIM. BIM är definierat dels som en arbetsmetod, byggnadsinformationsmodellering, men också som en virtuell modell, byggnadsinformationsmodell. BIM underlättar samordningen av den insamlande informationen, både som arbetsmetod och som tekniskt verktyg. På så vis bidrar BIM till att uppnå syftet hållbart byggande.

Facility management (FM) is a profession that deals with diverse types of information and requires multiple specific types of knowledge and skills. The technology of facility information management develops slowly, compared to the fast-changing building and construction technologies. With its popularity in facility design and construction, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is promising to reform the information and communication needs of facility managers. Yet there are still a lot of untapped potentials in using BIM during a facility's post-construction phases. The purpose of this study is to develop insights on the possible ways to improve facility information management with BIM from the real world examples and from literature. To start with, two case studies are conducted to get a better understanding of the current practice of facility information management. One is on the dynamic flow of information from the owner's perspective. The other is on the delivery of facility information to the owner from the contractor's perspective. The two case studies provide a close and holistic look at the real world of FM, which facilitates the interpretation of literature in the next stage. A comprehensive literature overview is conducted on the application of BIM in FM. The overview covers the benefits and obstacles of BIM application, various types of FM information, and technologies that enable more functions to manage FM information.
Master of Science
After the completion of building construction, the contractors will turn over the building to the owner for his occupancy and use, also called facility management (FM). Along with the building, the information related to the building is also handed over to the owner to support their operation and maintenance of the building, like the manuals that go with a product. This facility information encompasses multiple disciplines regarding the building. The management of this building information is difficult without the support of information technology. Building information modeling (BIM) is a promising technology for information management that intuitively links information to 3D objects. It is already popularly adopted in design and construction, but its continued support for building owners on information management is still at the exploratory stage. The purpose of this study is to develop insights on the possible ways to improve facility information management with BIM to support owners as they operate and maintain the building. To start with, two case studies are conducted to get a better understanding of the current practice of facility information management. One is on the dynamic flow of information from the owner’s perspective. The other is on the delivery of facility information to the owner from the contractor’s perspective. The two case studies provide a close and holistic look at the real world of FM, which facilitates the interpretation of literature in the next stage. A comprehensive literature overview is conducted on the application of BIM in FM. The overview covers the benefits and obstacles of BIM application, various types of FM information, and technologies that enable more functions to manage FM information.

Building Information Modeling“BIM" is becoming a better known established collaboration process in the construction industry. Owners are increasingly requiring BIM services from construction managers, architects and engineering firms. Many construction firms are now investing in“BIM" technologies during bidding, preconstruction, construction and post construction. The goal of this project is to understand the uses and benefits of BIM for construction managers and examine BIM based scheduling. There are two objectives to this project. First is to identify the current uses of BIM in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction / Facility Management industry to better understand how the BIM-based“build to design" and“design to build" concepts can be used by construction managers under the Construction Management at Risk project delivery system. Second, a focus is placed on analyzing 3D and 4D BIM as well as BIM based scheduling. The research was conducted through literature review, case studies, and interviews. First, the research identified the uses of Building Information Modeling for preconstruction, construction and post construction phases. Then, the project examined the uses and benefits of BIM in the construction of a research facility. Subsequently, a prototype 4D Building Information Model was created and studied. Furthermore, the BIM-based schedule was integrated to the 4D model. Finally, the project concluded with an analysis on the use, advantages and setbacks of BIM and its tools.

This thesis explores the benefits of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) during the programming and conceptual design phase of a project. The research was based on a case study undertaken dealing with the decisions and assumptions made during the design phases of the Center for Science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. The project team used a traditional approach to project plan development. The finding of this study was that the project process would have greatly benefited utilizing BIM tools and a collaborative team approach in the programming and conceptual design phase. Because decisions made early in the project have enormous implications to aesthetics and cost, the increase in analysis of design options afforded by the use of BIM tools would have minimized inaccurate, incomplete and unreliable information, and allowed the design team to work in a more efficient, collaborative manner transmitting through all phases of the project.

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.

Building design can have a major impact on sustainability through material efficiency and construction waste minimisation (CWM). The construction industry consumes over 420 million tonnes of material resources every year and generates 120 million tonnes of waste containing approximately 13 million tonnes of unused materials. The current and on-going field of CWM research is focused on separate project stages with an overwhelming endeavour to manage on-site waste. Although design stages are vital to achieve progress towards CWM, currently, there are insufficient tools for CWM. In recent years, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been adopted to improve sustainable building design, such as energy efficiency and carbon reduction. Very little has been achieved in this field of research to evaluate the use of BIM to aid CWM during design. However, recent literature emphasises a need to carry out further research in this context. This research aims to investigate the use of BIM as a platform to help with CWM during design stages by developing and validating a BIM-aided CWM (BaW) Framework. A mixed research method, known as triangulation, was adopted as the research design method. Research data was collected through a set of data collection methods, i.e. selfadministered postal questionnaire (N=100 distributed, n=50 completed), and semistructured follow-up interviews (n=11) with architects from the top 100 UK architectural companies. Descriptive statistics and constant comparative methods were used for data analysis. The BaW Framework was developed based on the findings of literature review, questionnaire survey and interviews. The BaW Framework validation process included a validation questionnaire (N=6) and validation interviews (N=6) with architects. Key research findings revealed that: BIM has the potential to aid CWM during design; Concept and Design Development stages have major potential in helping waste reduction through BIM; BIM-enhanced practices (i.e. clash detection, detailing, visualisation and simulation, and improved communication and collaboration) have impacts on waste reduction; BIM has the most potential to address waste causes (e.g. ineffective coordination and communication, and design changes); and the BaW Framework has the potential to enable improvements towards waste minimisation throughout all design stages. Participating architects recommended that the adoption of the BaW Framework could enrich both CWM and BIM practices, and most importantly, would enhance waste reduction performance in design. The content should be suitable for project stakeholders, architects in particular, when dealing with construction waste and BIM during design.

Die Digitalisierung im Bauwesen steht unter der großen Überschrift Building Information Modeling (BIM). Ziel ist es, Software-Unterstützung für den gesamten Lebenszyklus eines Bauwerks zu schaffen, beginnend bei der Planung über die Bauausführung bis hin zu Bewirtschaftung und Rückbau. Im Ergebnis sollen alle Prozesse effektiver und effizienter gestaltet werden, um die Produktivität der Bauwirtschaft signifikant zu erhöhen. Hierbei sind die verschiedenen Software-Lösungen so ausgelegt, dass ein übergreifendes virtuelles Gesamtmodell entsteht, welches die Gebäudefunktion zum Planungszeitpunkt simuliert und zu optimieren erlaubt, die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit fördert und die Kommunikation zwischen allen Beteiligten erleichtert. Die vielleicht wichtigste und am deutlichsten sichtbare Rolle spielt dabei, neben der Standardisierung der Datenformate, die Umstellung von 2D- auf 3D-Geometriemodelle. In dieser Arbeit wird beschrieben, welche Herausforderungen und Chancen bezüglich BIM für die Planung von Bahn-Bauwerken bestehen. Der spezifische Fokus liegt auf der Anwendung von 3D-CAD- und 3D-Laserscan-Modellen der zu erstellenden Anlagen.

Purposefully-designed buildings are complex by nature, because they are host to a variety of human activities that require them to perform adequately and be well suited to their intended functions. Building ‘performance’ has been an area of major research interest, so that efficient buildings are constructed that operate effectively to support the functional purposes for which they are being used. It is a complex concept that has been difficult to measure and incorporate into building design. Many methods and approaches have been developed to assess ‘performance’ for the purpose of addressing the gap between predicted – and actual – performance. However, it is acknowledged that these methods/approaches lack accuracy, are time consuming and do not provide a holistic view of the complex procedures and processes involved during the design and physical construction of the building. Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides a new way of integrating information technology within the construction industry. Its capability as a digital platform has supported managing, sharing and exchanging interdisciplinary information between multi-disciplinary stakeholders. BIM has supported some aspects of assessing building ‘performance’ by emphasising energy consumption, sustainable design and building behaviour. BIM technology excels in situations that have quantitative-based aspects, which often are derived from those involved in the building delivery process. However, the design of successful buildings-in-use, through concepts like building performance, requires incorporating information from multiple perspectives, which requires going beyond the consideration of the characteristics that are quantitative. This investigation aimed to explore how BIM can enhance the delivery of better construction performance for buildings. A case-study research method was used in this research where data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis, and feedback reports from the building delivery team, facility management team and building occupants. The research journey was developed through three case studies where one case study influenced the direction of the next case study. Initial findings showed that ‘space’ as one of the building aspects was used as a reference concept for building performance because it provided a way for situating different meanings of building performance by different stakeholders. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the findings for each case study. The key finding from the case studies showed that there is a gap between data and experience. ‘Systems thinking’ analysis was used to investigate this gap, as it concerns the complexity, the handling of information modelling and supports addressing ‘softer’ human aspects. It showed that the reason for the gap between data and experience is that different stakeholders see the parts and the whole differently. Soft systems analysis was then used to explore this gap, as it provides a holistic approach to the situation being investigated. The use of this approach allowed the opportunity to understand the problems and possible conflicts within a particular situation. Wilson’s approach of ‘soft systems’ was also used, as it goes beyond conceptual models to information categories, which can support bridging the gap between data and experience. An overview of the problem, emphasising its complexity through proposed themes is presented. The delivery of building performance requires richer representation that acknowledges the significance of different parts in a construction project and how they influence stakeholders. Using the information requirements identified through soft systems analysis, a ‘space strategy model’ was proposed, which suggests that space designs in BIM should, in Zuboff’s concept, be informated in order to identify the significance of different parts of a the build and build design, and support richer cognition of emergent characteristics that influence different experiences within a building project.

Building Information Modeling, abbreviated BIM, is a process of information sharing which enhances communication and which helps in visualizing complex problems in the building industry. BIM has not been used in a larger extent in the production phase of civil works. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate driving forces behind the use of BIM and the resistors against it and to investigate in what ways BIM could be used in the production phase. The theoretical framework is based on one licentiate thesis, two degree projects, three research papers and three books. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used. The interviews were made with a calculator, a supervisor and a CAD planner from Skanska, a constructor and project manager from ELU, a Project Information Officer from Tyréns and a VDC coordinator and VDC business developer from Veidekke who all have been working with BIM. This was to get a good representation from different actors and people with different professional roles. The study shows that the driving forces behind a use of BIM are that it enhances collaboration and communication between the actors, it makes it easier to visualize the project and the scope, and it provides a higher degree of accuracy of coordination’s. BIM also makes the work more effective and results in fewer errors. Above all, BIM give a possibility for a shorter production phase, shorter total project duration and a lower total cost. The study also shows that the resistors against the use of BIM are employee’s negative attitude against administrative work, that it is hard to measure profitability of using BIM, the uncertainty of who has the legal ownership of the data, and who has the responsibility of the accuracy of it. 3 That the implementation cost and the design phase are more expensive is also a resistor against a use of BIM. BIM could be used in visualization with 3D models in collision controls and co-reviews in meetings, work preparations and at site. A workplace outline could also be printed from the 3D model to be placed on the site for visualization. 4D scheduling and 4D animations could be used for visualization in meetings, work preparations and at site. The study showed that quantity takeoff and cost estimation with 5D is only reconciled in the meetings in the production phase and that the programs for it are not needed in this phase. RFID tags could be used at site for logistics and tracking materials, and field verifications could be used to verify that a work task is executed according to exact coordination’s in the 3D model. Furthermore tablet computers could be used for bringing the technique of BIM to the site which enables a better understanding of complex work tasks for the workers. A BIM coordinator who understands the process of working with BIM and who could work as a bridge between the users and the technical development team is important in a successful implementation. The study also shows that the focus of BIM should lie on how to make use of the technique. The examples of how BIM could be used in the production phase of civil works have to be useful and meet the needs and demands of the users. The processes of using 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers should therefore be studied thoroughly to find how the technique could be applicable at site, in meetings and work preparations and how it could enhance the daily activities and work tasks. If the demands are met it will be accepted by both the user and the organization. Further research should therefore lie on how 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers could be useful in the production phase. These BIM techniques should then be tested on a real project to investigate how the processes could be useful at site, in meetings and in work preparations. Further research should also be made on how countries like Norway, Finland and USA have made use of BIM in the production of civil works.

Building Information Modeling has provided many benefits to the architectural, engineering, construction and facilities management communities. Many studies have been done to validate the asserted benefits, including benefits to the field of estimating. The studies on estimating are currently limited to the realm of conceptual estimates, and have only treated detailed estimates in the abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine how BIM was being used by companies in a hard bid, or detailed estimate scenario. The research team used the Deseret Towers housing project at Brigham Young University as the basis for the research. A building information model (BIM) was provided to all bidders on the project, and at the conclusion of the bidding process a survey was used to determine how the contractors used the model in their bidding processes. The findings determined that a few of the contractors did use the model for quantity takeoff, and one actually used the quantities as the basis for the submitted bid. Additionally, the survey attempted to determine the prevailing attitudes of the estimators toward BIM as a tool in estimating, and their opinions of the future of BIM in estimating.

Over the past several decades, increasing awareness of sustainable building has led to the development and maturity of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method used to assess the environmental impacts and resources through buildings’ life cycle. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent process based on 3D model that enables architecture, engineering and construction designers to collaborate. Because of its advantages and the collaborative alternative, the integrations of BIM and LCA have been studied and developed in many ways. However, none of the integrating approaches have been widely used due to interoperability issues and accuracy problems. Detailed information of LCA and BIM are introduced in this thesis, and then innovated integration of BIM and LCA are proposed. This is done with the direct access to the LCA data in XML format from EPD database by using Dynamo that is a plug-in Revit application, LCA can be conducted within the BIM environment. The results of life cycle impact calculation can be instantly presented in diagram, and users can visualize the results by color coding different materials in BIM model. Future research could focus on how to widely use the integrating method in real project and connect this approach into environmental certification system in order to demonstrate the environmental performance of buildings and projects in a standardized manner.

Construction productivity lags behind most industries. In general, the process of construction is carried out in several smaller processes. For the overall construction process to be successful, continuity between these smaller processes must be achieved. This has been the persistent goal of construction productivity improvement for decades now. Waste is generated between the continuing activities by the unpredicted release of work and the arrival of resources. However, in recent decades the construction industry has a great need to improve its productivity, quality and incorporate new technologies to the industry due to increased foreign competition. In the late 1980s, researchers started looking at solving this problem in a more general and structured way based on the philosophy and ideology of lean production. In lean, adopting waste identification/reduction, or meeting the client's needs with minimal resources addresses the performance improvement. With recent developments in the construction industry, introduction of building information modeling (BIM) has had a significant influence on leaner construction. They are both complementary in several important ways. Various studies conducted exhibit that BIM is very crucial in reducing the project cost, site conflicts, project duration, error reduction, better and faster design development, and so on. This brings the question; can BIM be used as a tool for leaner construction? The objective of this thesis is to determine how BIM is helping achieve a leaner construction. More and more companies are adopting BIM as an acceptable waste reduction tool. A comprehensive study of lean theory and BIM was conducted, underscoring ways for BIM to help achieve leaner construction. The research was broadly conducted in three different parts. In the first part, a synthesis is drawn from a literature study to show that BIM helps reduce waste, helps in implementing lean techniques, and achieves lean principles. The second part focuses on the data acquired from a construction company to show that BIM helps reduce project cost, duration and conflicts. The third and the last part focused on getting the perspective view of different professionals in the construction industry on BIM by conducting focus interviews. A comprehensive conclusion was derived based on the findings from the three methods adopted.

There has been an increase in adoption of building information modeling (BIM) by commercial contractors over the past few years but there is not a clear indication of current application or the frequency of each use. This research was undertaken to determine the frequency and best practices of using BIM in commercial construction. Leading commercial contracting firms were contacted and employees were selected to complete a telephone survey that was designed to determine how they are using BIM. It was found that BIM is being used with more frequency on projects, with plans to continue to implement it even further on all projects that allow for its use. Most companies are incorporating trade contractors in their coordination meetings but are taking the lead to ensure a high standard is maintained. Trade contractors are given responsibility to resolve smaller clashes while bringing the larger problems to the clash detection meetings. The model quality being received is increasing as well the frequency of models being received from the design team; however, there is a lack of consensus as to the level of development requirement to ensure the model can be used for facilities management. Commercial contractors are adopting building information modeling for a variety of reasons. These include client requirements, innovative technology strategies, and fear of being left behind. Overall its use improves processes within their companies. The general agreement is that BIM is having a positive impact on profitability, schedules and sales. BIM further improves the efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness. The best practices undertaken by commercial contractors include using BIM as a sales and marketing tool, utilizing subcontractors knowledge and allowing them to resolve minor clashes, having combination of BIM teams and BIM experts and investing in training employees and further development of BIM uses.

Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi vuole proporsi come un’analisi critica ed economica di ciò che il Building Information Modeling (BIM) rappresenta. La tesi si articola in una prima introduzione sul panorama attuale, identificando il problema che costituisce la sfida ingegneristica: l’ottimizzazione dei processi tecnici e realizzativi dell’industria delle costruzioni, migliorandone l’interoperabilità. Di seguito, dopo un’attenta valutazione della letteratura disponibile, si desumeranno quanti più dati validi per dare compiutezza alle analisi che verranno svolte dopo, in merito agli aspetti tecnici, pratici, e ai risvolti economici annessi. Si è scelto come oggetto di studio un esperimento di collaborazione con l’Università di Ferrara. Per dimostrare le potenzialità del BIM, si è voluto riproporre in ambito accademico un’anteprima della realtà professionale, affinché la simulazione possa essere quanto più fedele alle problematiche discusse. Il lavoro svolto ha previsto la creazione del modello architettonico e strutturale del Co-Housing San Rocco, un complesso di edifici di nuova realizzazione proposto nella tesi di Bulletti. Il compito di ogni tesista è ben definito: Bulletti Simone, studente di Architettura dell’Università di Ferrara, ha trattato gli aspetti architettonici del progetto. L’autore della presente tesi ha invece sviluppato il modello strutturale, svolgendo in seguito un’analisi dei vantaggi economici e gestionali che questa metodologia ha offerto.

The scope of this project is to study the effectiveness of building information modelling (BIM) in performing life cycle assessment in a building. For the purposes of the study will be used “Revit” which is a BIM software and Tally which is an LCA tool integrated in Revit. The project is divided in six chapters. The first chapter consists of a theoretical introduction into building information modelling and its connection to life cycle assessment. The second chapter describes the characteristics of building information modelling (BIM). In addition, a comparison has been made with the traditional architectural, engineering and construction business model and the benefits to shift into BIM. In the third chapter it will be a review of the most well-known and available BIM software in the market. In chapter four life cycle assessment (LCA) will be described in general and later on specifically for the purpose of the case study that will be used in the following chapter. Moreover, the tools that are available to perform an LCA will be reviewed. Chapter five will present the case study that consists of a model in a BIM software (Revit) and the LCA performed by Tally, an LCA tool integrated into Revit. In the last chapter will be a discussion of the results that were obtained, the limitation and the possible future improvement in performing life cycle assessment (LCA) in a BIM model.

The construction industry is responsible for approximately $1 trillion in work annually. A large percentage of this work is tied to the renovation of older structures. Due to increases in sustainable initiatives and the growing lack of green field development sites, the renovation of older buildings is becoming an even more substantial portion of construction work. Old, or urban based, college and university campuses require renovation of their buildings to sustain an efficient and comfortable campus. Renovations on a college or university campus are often the effect of a change in space requirements, and the planning of the space in a building is a major driver for renovations. The renovation of an older structure on a college or university campus has many inherent issues associated with it. Included among these is the likelihood of unknown existing conditions, constantly evolving needs of the campus, cost implications of minor changes, and scheduling and phasing conflicts. Improvements in technology have the potential to increase the efficiency of the renovation and space planning process. One particular technology that could be of particular benefit is Building Information Modeling (BIM), a technology based collaborative process utilizing 3-Dimensional visualization software as its tool. It was the objective of this research project to explore the benefits of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the delivery of renovation projects as well as its possible utilization in space utilization management. This study attempted to identify opportunities for BIM to improve upon the process that universities and institutions, in particular, currently use for their renovations and space utilization management. This research project collected information from the WPI facilities management department specifically and from surveys of other institutions to better understand the current issues associated with renovations and space planning and to attempt to validate the use of BIM as a viable solution. A case study was performed on a building on the WPI campus, Salisbury Laboratories as part of this research study. The case study utilized 3-Dimensional Building Information Model to validate the possible use of the platform to streamline the delivery of renovation projects as well as its ability to benefit space planning process. The study was able to identify several benefits of utilizing BIM in the delivery of renovation projects, including increased efficiency in the design phase and generation of conceptual estimates and phasing plans for the owner. The principal benefit found by the study in the utilization of BIM was the ability for spatial visualizations and the ease of modifying the design in a consistent and efficient fashion. There were several observed barriers to the utilization of BIM in this regard, namely the lack of knowledge of the software and the cost of implementing and updating the system.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2015.
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Atualmente, o uso de sistemas computacionais inteligentes voltados para a prática integrada, desde a fase de concepção até a execução e manutenção de um projeto de arquitetura, torna-se um grande diferencial no ambiente organizacional. Dessa forma, a tecnologia BIM (Building Information Modeling), que significa Modelagem de Informação da Construção, é um conjunto de informações geradas e mantidas no decorrer de todo o ciclo de vida de uma edificação. Esta pesquisa apresenta como objetivo a análise das contribuições da utilização de sistemas BIM, mais precisamente das ferramentas Revit e Navisworks, além do uso do software Ms Project, voltados para o melhor planejamento de obras da construção civil. O software Revit será usado para realizar a modelagem 3D do projeto escolhido e com os quantitativos de materiais gerados pelo programa vai ser realizado o levantamento de custos das principais atividades da obra em estudo. No Ms Project deverá ser criada a Estrutura Analítica do Projeto (EAP). E em seguida, os dados obtidos pelos programas serão incorporados no sistema Navisworks, com o intuito de gerar o planejamento 4D (os elementos gráficos da edificação podem ser atrelados ao cronograma da obra) e 5D (agrega-se a dimensão custo ao modelo tridimensional) da edificação. É de fundamental importância incorporar novas tecnologias no processo de construção, assim como os sistemas BIM, capazes de contribuir significativamente para a redução de custos e para a melhoria da qualidade e produtividade dos empreendimentos e do setor de construção civil como um todo. Deste modo, com esse estudo será possível avaliar a importante contribuição dos sistemas BIM em relação ao planejamento das obras.
Currently, the use of smart computer systems focused on integrated practice, from the design phase to the implementation and maintenance of an architectural project, become a great difference in the organizational environment. Thus, BIM (Building Information Modeling), is a set of information generated and maintained during the entire life cycle of a building. This research aims to analyze the impacts of BIM systems, such as Revit and Navisworks, and MS Project software, to building planning. The Revit BIM software will be used to perform 3D modeling of the chosen project and with the quantitative materials generated by the program we performed a study of costs of the main activities of the project under study. In Ms Project will be created to Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Then, the data obtained by the programs will be incorporated into Navisworks system, in order to generate the 4D planning (graphic elements of the building can be linked to the work schedule) and 5D (adds the dimension cost three-dimensional model) the building. It is vital to incorporate new technologies in the construction process, as well as the BIM systems capable of contributing significantly to reducing costs and improving the quality and productivity of enterprises and the construction industry as a whole. Thus, with this study will evaluate the important contribution of BIM systems in relation to the planning of the constructions.

La seguente tesi si propone di indagare le potenzialità della metodologia Building Information Modeling (BIM) nell’ambito del progetto delle infrastrutture stradali, analizzando i cambiamenti significativi che sta introducendo e confrontandola con i metodi di progettazione tradizionale. Dopo una descrizione su cosa è il BIM e quali sono le sue caratteristiche, ci si sofferma sui concetti chiave di interoperabilità, scambio dati e livelli di sviluppo. La gestione di progetti a vasta scala, come possono essere quelli legati al territorio e alle infrastrutture in modalità BIM, infatti, non sono di facile gestione. Si deve tener conto di opere che si estendono per diversi chilometri, in maniera georeferenziata e comprendenti anche rilievi territoriali. Secondo questo criterio si utilizza un unico modello virtuale capace di racchiudere in se molte delle possibili informazioni inerenti ai diversi aspetti del progetto. I vari dati possono essere utilizzati per migliorare la cooperazione tra tutti i soggetti coinvolti. Per valutare le potenzialità del BIM nel progetto di un’infrastruttura stradale è stato preso in considerazione un caso di studio reale, ossia il progetto di riqualifica della S.P. 46 Rho-Monza. È stata sviluppata la progettazione stradale relativa allo studio planoaltimetrico di due delle viabilità complanari di progetto, integrata con la progettazione del sistema di smaltimento delle acque di piattaforma. Allo stesso tempo, sono stati realizzati i collegamenti con la viabilità originale, attraverso la modellazione di tre intersezioni a raso a rotatoria e di una delle viabilità interferite con la rete stradale locale. Il confronto con il progetto secondo le modalità tradizionali ha consentito di comprendere la concreta ed effettiva potenzialità che la nuova metodologia di progettazione basata sul Building Information Modeling può apportare nel settore dell’ingegneria e delle costruzioni.

As Building Information Modeling (BIM) applications become more sophisticated and used within other knowledge domains, the limitations of existing data exchange and sharing methods become apparent. The integration of BIM and Geographic Information System (GIS) can offer substantial benefits to manage the planning process during the design and construction stages. Currently, building (and geospatial) data are shared between BIM software tools through a common data format, such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). Because of the diversity and complexity of domain knowledge across BIM and GIS systems, however, these syntactic approaches are not capable of overcoming semantic heterogeneity. This study uses semantic web technology to ensure the highest level of interoperability between existing BIM and GIS tools. The proposed approach is composed of three main steps; ontology construction, semantic integration through interoperable data formats and standards, and query of heterogeneous information sources. Because no application ontology is available to encompass all IFC classes with different attributes, we first develop an IFC-compliant ontology describing the hierarchy structure of BIM objects. Then, we can translate the building's elements and GIS data into semantic web standard formats. Once the information has been gathered from different sources and transformed into an appropriate semantic web format, the SPARQL query language is used in the last step to retrieve this information from a dataset. The completeness of the methodology is validated through a case study and two use case examples.

Lean construction, adapted from manufacturing, is focused on reducing waste, customer satisfaction and continuous improvement. However, its Last Planner System (LPS) lacks the automation needed to manage complex projects. On the other hand, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is capable of developing models that are compliant with LPS planning levels and faster visualization of errors. Prefabrication encourages just in time delivery while benefitting from BIM model capabilities. The objective of the study is to establish a framework to integrate Last Planner system with BIM and Prefabrication. Literature study and survey inferences were used to identify the potential to integrate. The framework aims to develop smooth workflows and an up-to-date LPS, boosting lean environment. It could be significant to the users of both BIM and prefabrication by having the potential to manage and coordinate progressive BIM models and less variable workflows for prefabrication.

Reducing and managing the environmental impacts of building structures has become a priority of building stakeholders and within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) community; although, conflicting approaches and methods to combat the issues are present. For example, green building standards are widespread throughout the world; however each one has its own characteristics and consequently its own specific requirements. While all have proven to be effective rating systems and have similar requirements, the distinguishing characteristic that separates them is their treatment of performance and prescriptive metrics. The feature they all severely lack or currently limit is the inclusion of strict engineering evaluation through energy simulations; hence, the reason why they fail to offer procedural steps to meet performance metrics. How can design professionals design energy efficient buildings with such constraints? Fortunately, advances in technology have allowed design professionals access to content found in Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, extracting pertinent information for specific use in energy analysis is problematic because BIM software currently available is filled with interoperability issues when placed in external software for energy analysis and energy analysis software itself is created with many assumptions that affect the tabulated energy results. This research investigates current building rating systems, determines how current professionals meet energy requirements, and prove that it is possible to create an add-on feature to Autodesk Revit that will allow design professionals to extract the needed information to meet energy goals with actual prescribed methods of mechanical systems selection and evaluation.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are at the core of construction projects. LCA is one of the key elements of sustainability in the construction projects and an improved LCA process can be achieved through the adoption of BIM. Exploring the characteristics of a BIM-based LCA process from the different perspectives of interoperability and identifying the effects of adopting regionally different EPD databases are significant.  The LCA add-in tools, One Click LCA and Tally, have been selected to identify the differences in the LCA results caused by adopting regionally different Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) databases. To observe the differences in the LCA results, the LCA processes were run through the LCA add-in tools. The input data, the system boundaries and the LCA scope were kept the same for the LCA processes. The LCA results were produced through the integrated LCA add-in tools. The GWP values in manufacturing module, produced by One Click LCA, were embedded into the Solibri model of Akademiska Sjukhuset project. Value level of interoperability in the BIM-based LCA processes was detected and analyzed according to the interaction types that were obtained between the LCA add-in tools and the BIM software. Obstacles in increasing the value level of interoperability to a higher level in today’s BIM-based LCA processes were also focused. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of the BIM-based LCA processes were identified. At last, the differences between BIM-based LCA and traditional LCA process were identified along with future possibilities. It was observed that adopting regionally different EPD databases has significant effects on the LCA results. The semantic detail level of the BIM model and the data extraction quality came to the forefront in identifying the benefits and drawbacks. The interaction types in the studied BIM-based LCA processes were identified as “Collaboration” interaction type. Accordingly, the value level of interoperability in both BIM-based LCA processes was obtained as the high level of value innovation along with efficiency and differentiation. Moreover, the convenience of use, time and resource efficiency and improved accuracy obtained through the BIM-based LCA processes were concluded as some of the major differences from the traditional LCA processes.
BIM (Building Information Modelling) och LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) ligger i kärnan av byggprojekt. LCA är ett nyckelverktyg för hållbarhetsarbete i byggbranschen och en förbättrad LCA-process kan uppnås i och med att tillämpa BIM-verktyg. BIM bjuder på många nyttor däremot detta arbete fokuserar på nyttan som BIM kan ge till LCA-processen. Därmed är forskning på grunden till Bim-baserad LCA-process och datas integrations- och konverteringsförmågan ytterst viktiga för detta arbete. LCA-verktyg One Click LCA och Tally och dess tillägg till CAD-mjukvaror har utvalts för att jämföra resultat vars indata är baserat på olika EPD-databaser (Environmental Product Declaration). För att iaktta skillnader i LCA-resultat, har LCA-processen gjorts med dessa LCA-verkytg. Indata, systemgränser och LCA-definitionsområde var samma för båda LCA-processer. LCA-resultat producerat av båda LCA-verktyg har jämförts utifrån klimatavtrycksperspektiv (Global Warming Potential) för materialframtagandesskede. One Click LCAs GWP-värden har importerats i en Solibri-modell för projektet. Slutligen har LCA-resultat av en Bim-baserad process jämförts med resultat av en klassisk LCA process. Påverkan av geografiskt anpassade EPD-databaser är avgörande för LCA-resultat. Materialframtagandesskede har störst miljöpåverkan i förhållande till andra livsskede. Semantisk detaljnivå av Solibri-modellen är avgörande för identifiering av för- och nackdelar av datas integrations- och konverteringsförmågan. Datainteraktionstyper studerade i BIM-baserade LCA-processer klassas som kollaborativ interaktionstyp. Integrations- och konverteringsförmåga av både BIM-baserade LCA-processer utvärderades på en hög nivå gällande förbättrade resultat, effektivitet och resultatkännslighet. Utöver dessa har BIM-baserade LCA-processer en förbättrad användbarhet och är mer tid- och resurseffektiva, vilka är huvudskillnader från en LCA-process utfört på klassiskt sätt.

Master of Science
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Kimberly W. Kramer
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is altering the way that the construction industry is developing design documents by involving all members of the design team as well as the general contractor early in the design process. The members are encouraged to offer advice on the design and constructability on the project. However, not only is the design process changing, but the liability and responsibility of each team member is changing as well. The alteration in responsibility can severely impact structural engineers because of the level of responsibility already associated with their role in the design process. This report looks at the concerns industry leaders and legal professionals have with how BIM is altering the liability landscape, such as standard contracts, software interoperability, data misuse, intellectual property, loss of data, the legal status of the model, the standard of care, and design delegation. In addition to the liability concerns, this report examines the steps that industry leaders have taken to prevent any unnecessary additional liability from affecting structural engineers.

Nya möjligheter inom kommunikation och samarbete är en stor drivkraft gällande utvecklingen av digitala verktyg inom byggbranschen. I dagens byggprojekt har byggherrens projektledare en kritisk roll för att projekt ska genomföras framgångsrikt, och inom denna roll är kommunikation och samarbete två centrala delar. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur projektledarens roll på beställarsidan kan effektiviseras med stöd av det digitala verktyget BIM. Fokus har legat på att undersöka hur kommunikation och samarbete mellan projektledaren och andra aktörer inom branschen kan främjas med hjälp av BIM. Detta gjordes genom att besvara följande tre frågeställningar. Hur ser rollen ut för projektledare som representerar en byggherre i dagsläget? Vilka möjligheter medför BIM till en projektledarens arbete och hur påverkar detta kommunikationen och samarbetet med de övriga aktörerna? Vilka hinder och utmaningar finns kring implementeringen av BIM i projektledarens dagliga arbete? Följande examensarbete har genomförts i samarbete med AB Stångåstaden. Semistrukturerade intervjuer kring projektledarens roll har genomförts med projektledare från Stångåstaden och NCC. Ytterligare intervjuer kring BIM har genomförts med olika respondenter med särskild erfarenhet inom BIM. Intervjustudien har kombinerats med en litteraturstudie och deltagande observationer av projektledarrollen på AB Stångåstaden. Resultatet från det genomförda examensarbetet visade att projektledarrollen på beställarsidan är en bred roll med många olika arbetsuppgifter där ledarskap, kommunikation och samarbete står i centrum. Detta visade sig tydligt i intervjustudien och de deltagande observationerna där respondenterna påpekade att deras roll innebär att samordna hela byggprocessen, från tidigt skede till slutförande av projekt, för att säkerställa att byggherren får det som har beställts.  Det genomförda examensarbetet presenterade tre möjligheter med BIM kopplat till kommunikation och samarbete för en projektledare. Den första möjligheten som intervjustudien presenterade var att BIM fungerar som ett bra analysverktyg inom ett projektteam. Projektledarna betonade vikten av att samtliga projektmedlemmar ska kunna relatera till den verkliga byggnaden redan i planeringsskedet för att teamet tillsammans ska kunna ta viktiga beslut längs byggprocessen. Enligt de BIM erfarna möjliggör BIM för just detta med hjälp av 3D visualiseringar och renderingar. Den andra möjligheten som resultatet från intervjustudien presenterade var att BIM möjliggör för en integrerad, strukturerad och effektivare informationshanteringsprocess. Enligt de BIM erfarna sker detta med hjälp av en BIM kravspecifikation vars syfte är att styra upp ett projekt så att informationsflödet blir så effektivt som möjligt. BIM möjliggör dessutom för en integrerad arbetsmiljö med en gemensam informationskälla, som innebär att samtliga projektmedlemmar söker sig till samma ställe för information. Enligt båda respondentgrupperna främjar detta kommunikationen och samarbetet inom projektteamet då projektledaren säkerställer att samtliga parter arbetar med det senaste underlaget, och därmed undviker vanliga missförstånd och tvister som är kopplat till informationshanteringen i ett projekt. Enligt resultatet från intervjuerna var både projektledarnas och de BIM erfarnas uppfattning, genom tidigare erfarenheter, att de två ovannämnda möjligheterna inom kommunikation och samarbete vidare resulterar i en tredje möjlighet i form av ökad kvalitet i de byggnader som projektledaren levererar till byggherren. Trots de potentiella möjligheter som studien presenterade gällande BIM, visade även det genomförda examensarbete att det existerar två stora hinder och utmaningar med implementeringen av BIM. Det första hindret var kopplat till den tekniska aspekten av BIM, främst problematiken kring programvaror och delad information mellan de olika programvarorna. Det andra hindret var kopplat till individernas personliga inställning, främst byggbranschens konservativa inställning och motvilja att förändra ens arbetssätt.
New opportunities within communication and collaboration is a big incentive regarding the development of digital tools in the construction industry. The project manager plays a crucial part in today’s construction projects in order to successfully deliver projects, and communication and collaboration is at the heart of this role. The purpose of this master thesis has been to investigate how the role of the project manager can be streamlined and supported with BIM. The focus of the study has been to investigate how communication and collaboration between the project manager and other participants can be supported with BIM. This has been done by answering the following three question formulations. How does the role of a project manager which represents an owner look like? Which opportunities does BIM provide to a project manager’s work and how does this affect the communication and collaborations with other participants? Which obstacles and challenges exists regarding the implementation of BIM in a project manager’s work?  The following master thesis has been conducted in collaboration with AB Stångåstaden. Semi-structured interviews regarding the role of the project manager were conducted with project managers which represented Stångåstaden and NCC. Additional interviews regarding BIM were conducted with interviewees with experience within BIM. The interview study was combined with a literature study and observations of the project manager role on AB Stångåstaden. The observations and the results from the interview study with the project managers revealed that the role of a project manager which represents an owner is a very broad role where leadership, communication and collaboration is at the heart of the role. This was presented clearly by the interviewed project managers which stated that their role means to coordinate the construction process, from early stages to completion of the projects, in order to ensure that the owner gets what has been ordered. The study presented three opportunities with BIM linked to communication and collaboration for a project manager. The first opportunity which the interview study presented was that BIM is a good tool of analysis within a project team. The project managers emphasized the importance of the project team’s ability to relate to the actual building in the planning stages for the team to make important decisions along the construction process. According to the BIM experts BIM allows for just this with 3D visualizations and renderings. The second opportunity which the interviews presented was that BIM enables an integrated, structured and efficient process of information. According to the BIM experts this is done with a BIM requirement specification which purpose is to streamline the flow of information in a project. In addition, BIM allows for an integrated working environment with a single point of information, which means that all project members get their information from the same place. According to both respondent groups this promotes the communication and collaboration within a project team because the project manager ensures that all participants are working with the latest material, and therefor avoids common misunderstandings and disputes. According to the results from the interviews, both the project managers and the BIM expert’s perception, were that the two above-mentioned possibilities withing communication and collaboration leads to a third opportunity, which is improvements in quality in the buildings that the project manager delivers to the owner. Despite the potential opportunities which the study presented regarding BIM, this master thesis also showed that there exists two big obstacles and challenges with the implementation of BIM. The first challenge was linked to the technical aspect of BIM, mainly the problems surrounding software and shared information between the different software’s. The second challenge was linked to the individual’s personal attitude, mainly the conservative attitude of the construction industry.

The motive of the diploma thesis is the redesign of the original project documentation of an block of flats into an information model for administration and maintenance. The first part deals with modeling the building according to the drawing part of the documentation in the Autodesk Revit. The second is about the outputs of the information model and its use in building management. It also includes an evaluation of the effectiveness of redesign in relation to the detail of the model and its link to the original drawing documentation.

Building Information Modeling, or BIM, is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility that serves as a shared resource for information for decision-making throughout the project lifecycle (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2007). The masonry construction industry currently suffers from the lack of BIM integration. Where other industries and trades have increased productivity by implementing standards for software-enhanced workflows, masonry construction has failed to adopt information tools and processes. New information technology and process modeling tools have grown in popularity and their use is helping to understand and improve construction processes. The Systems Modeling Language, or SysML, is one of the process modeling tools we can use to model and analyze the various processes and workflows. In this research, a case study methodology was applied to analyze the masonry construction industry to understand the current state of masonry construction processes and workflows. This thesis reviews these concepts and the applied case studies which are necessary to move forward with the implementation of BIM for masonry.

Syftet med den här studien är att förbättra informationsflödet från projektering och produktion in i förvaltningen. Detta för att väcka ett intresse hos förvaltare och för att visa att det finns pengar att spara genom att ta hand om informationen från projekteringen och produktionen. Tidigare studier inom området BIM visar att stor fokus läggs på projektering och produktion men det är ett väldigt litet fokus på förvaltningen när man talar om BIM. Målet är att konkret kunna visa vad informationen är värd och att visa vilken information förvaltare använder och var den finns i byggprocessens skeden före förvaltningen. Rapporten bygger på en litteraturstudie, intervjuer och beräkningar. Förvaltare har blivit tillfrågade vilken information de använder i förvaltningen och sedan har projektör och entreprenör blivit tillfrågad ifall denna information finns att tillgå i projekteringen och produktionen. Värderingen av informationen har sedan gått till på två sätt. Det ena sättet är att bedöma kostnaden av att uppdatera information mot kostnaden att ta fram information på nytt. Det andra sättet är att med hjälp av nyckeltal (kronor per kvadratmeter) och den lista med typ av information som förvaltare använder, som sammanställts från intervjuerna, ta reda på vad information är värd. Det första sättet att värdera visar att det kostar lika mycket att hålla relationsritningar (A) uppdaterade i som minst 18år och i som mest 50år som att ta fram informationen helt på nytt. Nästan samma gäller för BIM-modell med avseende på relationsritningar (A). Fast där är kostnaden för framtagning på nytt lika stor som att hålla den uppdaterad i som minst 22år och i som mest 58år. Det andra sättet att värdera visar att mindre än 25% av den information man kan finna i projekteringen och eller i produktionen är värd cirka 10% av projekteringskostnaden.
The purpose of this study is to improve the flow of information from the design and construction phase into the facility management. This in order to make the facility managers see the advantages with BIM and to show that there is money to be saved by retrieving the information from the design and the construction phase. Earlier studies show that there actually has been quite little research done within BIM in the facility management and that the main focus has been at the design and the construction phase. The aim with the study is to specify the value of the information and to show which information facility managers use and where it can be retrieved from within the earlier phases of the construction process. The report is based on a literature study, interviews and calculations. A number of facility managers have been asked which types of information they use and designers and entrepreneurs have then been asked if these types of information can be found in the design and the construction phase. The information has been valued in two different ways. In one way the information was valued by comparing the cost between updating existing information or recreate the same type of information. The other way of valuing the information was to find out the worth of information by using key figures (SEK per square meter) and the list of information that facility managers use, which was made up from the interviews. The first way of valuing shows that the cost of producing as built drawings (A) in the facility management cost as much as keeping the same type of information updated for at least 18years and as most 50years. Almost the same goes for a BIM-model. Only there the difference is that the cost of producing a BIM-model focused on as built drawings (A) in the facility management cost as much as keeping the same type of information updated for at least 22years and as most 58years. The other way that the information was valued shows that less than 25% of the information that can be found in the design and/or construction phase is worth circa 10% of the projecting fee.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has entered the construction industry and has permeated the commercial sector. Research is continually performed to expand the capabilities and applications within the industry. However, research has historically been mostly limited to the commercial sector and has seen little expansion to other sectors of the industry including the residential sector. The potential cause for this may be the limited number of industry professionals who utilize the software to the benefit of their companies. The focus of this study was specifically the custom home building sector of residential construction in the United States because of the unique and potentially complex nature of each project. The study was performed using a Delphi Panel, which utilizes a panel of experts to reach a consensus on a given subject. In this study, the goal was to reach a consensus on the most common uses challenges and benefits of BIM within the residential sector. In the first questionnaires, the experts were asked to identify, with a series of demographic questions including the number of employees in their company, the number of homes they build each year, and the average sale price of each home. Each expert's responses to the demographic questions were cross-referenced with the responses concerning uses, benefits, and challenges to provide other industry members wishing to implement with relatable demographic references to compare with their own company demographics. The experts then identified how they used BIM, what benefits they had seen, and any challenges they faced. The uses, benefits, and challenges identified in this questionnaire were ranked in the following questionnaire to identify the most common uses, greatest benefits, and greatest challenges.The top uses identified by this expert panel were design and visualization, the creation of construction documents, and quantity take-offs. The most common benefits identified by this panel were client visualization, plan accuracy, improved client communication, and ease of plan revisions. The most common challenges identified by this panel were high software costs, the steep learning curve when training employees, and the time-consuming nature of creating and maintain models correctly.

The quality of healthcare environments has been linked to patient safety, patient and staff stress, clinical output, and patient outcome. As part of maintaining the physical environment within the healthcare settings facility managers need to ensure that complex systems are working properly. Facility management tasks need to be completed with minimal interference with clinical services. This is often difficult to do because facility information is often stored in multiple systems and may be inadequate and incomplete. Communication and exchange of information throughout the lifecycle and throughout the operational phase of the building is fragmented. Relevant information and effective facility information management are important for efficient operation and maintenance of the facility. It is even more important when systems are being constantly upgraded and renovated due to new technologies and for the need for facility managers to do more work with fewer resources. This research is examining the link between facility management and clinical activities, especially in terms of information exchange and management. A framework is proposed to help facility managers more efficiently manage healthcare facility information. Case analysis was completed on facility related patient safety events to determine the types of information needed and exchanged through the eventâ s response by facility personnel. The information was then organized into a product model and ontology to help capture, manage, and retrieve the information. The goal of the research is to offer a method of storing healthcare facility information in an efficient and effective manner to support facility managers in their response to patient safety events. This dissertation outlines the objectives of this research and the methodologies used in the case analysis. The development of the product model and information exchanges identified is also discussed. Lastly, conceptual model for a prototype was developed and is presented to demonstrate how the product model and ontology can be used to allow the user to query information and interact with the system.
Ph. D.

Navigation through large and unfamiliar facilities with labyrinths of corridors and rooms is difficult and often results in a person being lost. Additionally, locating a specific utility within a facility is often a tough task. The hypothesis tested in this research is that integrating real-time automated sensing technology and a Building Information Model will provide real time visualization that can assist in localization and navigation of a facility. The scope of this research is facility maintenance management during the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) phase of a facility. The thesis demonstrates how the integration of passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tracking technology and Building Information Modeling (BIM) can assist in facilities maintenance management. The objectives of this research included 1) developing a framework that utilizes the integration of commercially-available RFID and a BIM model; 2) evaluating the framework for real-time resource location tracking within an indoor environment; and 3) developing an algorithm for real-time localization and visualization in a BIM model. A prototype application has been developed that simultaneously connects the RFID readers, a database, and a BIM model. The goal of this system is to have a real-time localization accuracy of 3 meters at 95% confidence. Testing was conducted in laboratory conditions, and the results show that the system error was within the 3 meters goal.

Traditionally in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction industry, the design and construction phases are conducted by multiple professional and trade disciplines having minimum interaction among them along a rather sequential process. These parties bring their different objectives to the project that are not necessarily aligned with the overall project objectives. Design professionals do not necessarily work together giving little or no consideration for the requirements or constraints of subsequent functions such as construction and operation and maintenance of the facility. Design documentation that communicates the design intent to the builder, contains errors and inconsistencies, are incomplete or are simply difficult to read. This results in poor designs that have to be changed or modified during the construction phase and even during the long-term facility operation, thus increasing total cost and time of execution. It has been established that the decisions made at early stages of the design process have the highest impact on the project lifecycle cost and facility performance. For that reason, new project delivery systems, software tools and lean principles have emerged in the industry enhancing collaboration among project participants and reducing the existing gap between the design and construction phases. The increased use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) allows project participants to generate, manage and share information through a 3D digital model to better collaborate, communicate and understand the design intent. Still, design and construction professionals do not necessarily share their models and collaborate in an integrated fashion to accrue the benefits of an early involvement during design. This research uses the Axiomatic Design (AD) methodology to analyze some essential aspects of the design process to propose an improved process that seeks to produce better designs by adding value and reducing waste. Axiomatic Design is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables. In AD, design principles or design Axioms govern the analysis and decision making process to develop high quality product or system designs. This research proposes an integrated, BIM-based design approach embracing compliance with the two AD axioms. Axiom one, the Independence axiom, seeks to maintain the design adjustable and controllable, and implements lean principles, BIM processes and tools following the concepts established by a BIM Project Execution Plan. Computer simulation techniques, the development of metrics and the calculation of Axiom two, the Information Axiom, are used to assess the benefits of an improved process.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.
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A melhoria da qualidade dos projetos com o auxílio do uso da tecnologia Building Information Modeling (BIM) tem sido relatada em diversas pesquisas, tal fato motiva a adoção dessa tecnologia em vários países do mundo, alguns inclusive têm tornado o uso do BIM obrigatório devido aos diversos benefícios advindos dessa tecnologia na construção civil. Apesar da necessidade de melhorias nas obras públicas no Brasil, inclusive no tocante à redução de irregularidades, o uso do BIM, no setor público, ainda é incipiente. Devido a isso, existem poucos exemplos de obras públicas projetadas e executadas nessa tecnologia, bem como estudos da área acadêmica brasileira nesse setor, em especial, existe uma lacuna sobre o emprego do BIM nas fiscalizações de obras públicas. Assim, esta dissertação tem o objetivo de avaliar o potencial da aplicação da tecnologia BIM no auxílio das atividades desempenhadas pela equipe responsável por fiscalizar o contrato de execução das obras públicas federais. Para desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do BIM e fiscalização de obras, a partir dessas pesquisas foi estabelecida uma relação entre os benefícios do BIM e as atividades de fiscalização de obras. Em seguida, foi aplicado as conclusões obtidos dessa relação a um estudo de caso. Como resultado principal, conclui-se que o uso do BIM 4D e 5D melhora a qualidade dos projetos, planejamento e do levantamento de quantidades e controle do custo, munindo os fiscais de informações mais qualificadas para controlar e exigir o cumprimento do contrato por parte da empreiteira e consequentemente melhorando a performance da fiscalização. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The improvement of the quality of the projects with the assistance of technology Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been reported in several researches, this fact motivates the adoption of this technology in various countries of the world, and some even have made the use of BIM required due to several benefits from this technology in construction. Despite the need for improvements in public works in Brazil, including as regards the reduction of irregularities, the use of BIM, in the public sector, is still incipient. Because of this, there are few examples of public works designed and implemented this technology, as well as studies of Brazilian academic area in this sector, in particular, there is a gap on employment of BIM in the inspection of public works. So, this dissertation aims to evaluate the potential of BIM technology application in aid of the activities performed by the team responsible for overseeing the execution of public works contract. For the development of this work was made a bibliographical review about BIM and supervision of works, from these surveys was established a relationship between the benefits of BIM and supervisory activities. Then, we applied the conclusions obtained this relation to a case study. As a main result, we conclude that the use of BIM 4D and 5D improves the quality of projects, planning and survey of quantities and cost control, giving the most qualified information for supervisor of contracts and require the fulfilment of the contract by the contractor and therefore improving the performance of the supervision.

BIM (Building Information Modeling, por sus siglas en inglés) es una metodología de trabajo multidisciplinario basado en modelos interoperables que mejora la comunicación y el flujo de la información de los stakeholders durante todo el ciclo de vida del proyecto. Esta metodología busca reemplazar a las herramientas tradicionales en el proceso de desarrollo de un proyecto y fomentar la industrialización dentro del sector de la construcción en cada una de sus fases. En este artículo, se brindará un resumen de los beneficios de emplear BIM en cada una de sus dimensiones (BIM-3D, BIM-4D, BIM-5D, BIM-6D y BIM-7D).