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Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Plant Pathology in Agriculture:". Phytochemistry 30, n.º 4 (1991): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)95241-5.
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Kaufmane, Edīte, Māra Skrīvele, Edgars Rubauskis, Sarmīte Strautiņa, Laila Ikase, Gunārs Lācis, Dalija Segliņa, Inga Moročko-Bičevska, Silvija Ruisa y Ilze Priekule. "Development of Fruit Science in Latvia". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2013): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0013.
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Development of fruit growing and fruit science in Latvia has always been closely linked to the development of the whole country. After the founding of the independent Latvia state in 1918, fruit growing developed rapidly. Although in the Soviet times the situation was not favourable for quality fruit growing, research and breeding continued with good results. After Latvia regained independence, private land property rights were restored, and interest in intensive orchard establishment and growing technologies increased rapidly, which demanded change in the research focus. At present, the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing is the leading institution in this field, working in cooperation with Pūre Horticultural Research Centre, Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre, Institute of Agrobiotechology, and Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia. Research is carried out in the following directions: breeding and cultivar evaluation; genetics and molecular biology; plant pathology and entomology; orchard management; experimental processing and storage.
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Derevnina, Lida, Benjamin Petre, Ronny Kellner, Yasin F. Dagdas, Mohammad Nasif Sarowar, Artemis Giannakopoulou, Juan Carlos De la Concepcion et al. "Emerging oomycete threats to plants and animals". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, n.º 1709 (5 de diciembre de 2016): 20150459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0459.
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Oomycetes, or water moulds, are fungal-like organisms phylogenetically related to algae. They cause devastating diseases in both plants and animals. Here, we describe seven oomycete species that are emerging or re-emerging threats to agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture and natural ecosystems. They include the plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans , Phytophthora palmivora , Phytophthora ramorum , Plasmopara obducens , and the animal pathogens Aphanomyces invadans , Saprolegnia parasitica and Halioticida noduliformans . For each species, we describe its pathology, importance and impact, discuss why it is an emerging threat and briefly review current research activities. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.
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Wege, Sarah-Maria, Katharina Gejer, Fabienne Becker, Michael Bölker, Johannes Freitag y Björn Sandrock. "Versatile CRISPR/Cas9 Systems for Genome Editing in Ustilago maydis". Journal of Fungi 7, n.º 2 (18 de febrero de 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020149.
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The phytopathogenic smut fungus Ustilago maydis is a versatile model organism to study plant pathology, fungal genetics, and molecular cell biology. Here, we report several strategies to manipulate the genome of U. maydis by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. These include targeted gene deletion via homologous recombination of short double-stranded oligonucleotides, introduction of point mutations, heterologous complementation at the genomic locus, and endogenous N-terminal tagging with the fluorescent protein mCherry. All applications are independent of a permanent selectable marker and only require transient expression of the endonuclease Cas9hf and sgRNA. The techniques presented here are likely to accelerate research in the U. maydis community but can also act as a template for genome editing in other important fungi.
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Saad, Mohd Faiz Mat, Aziz Ramlee Sau, Muhamad Afiq Akbar, Syarul Nataqain Baharum, Ahmad Bazli Ramzi, Noraini Talip y Hamidun Bunawan. "Construction of Infectious Clones of Begomoviruses: Strategies, Techniques and Applications". Biology 10, n.º 7 (29 de junio de 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070604.
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Begomovirus has become a potential threat to the agriculture sector. It causes significant losses to several economically important crops. Given this considerable loss, the development of tools to study viral genomes and function is needed. Infectious clones approaches and applications have allowed the direct exploitation of virus genomes. Infectious clones of DNA viruses are the critical instrument for functional characterization of the notable and newly discovered virus. Understanding of structure and composition of viruses has contributed to the evolution of molecular plant pathology. Therefore, this review provides extensive guidelines on the strategy to construct infectious clones of Begomovirus. Also, this technique’s impacts and benefits in controlling and understanding the Begomovirus infection will be discussed.
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Yarden, O., D. J. Ebbole, S. Freeman, R. J. Rodriguez y M. B. Dickman. "Fungal Biology and Agriculture: Revisiting the Field". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, n.º 10 (octubre de 2003): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.10.859.
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Plant pathology has made significant progress over the years, a process that involved overcoming a variety of conceptual and technological hurdles. Descriptive mycology and the advent of chemical plant-disease management have been followed by biochemical and physiological studies of fungi and their hosts. The later establishment of biochemical genetics along with the introduction of DNA-mediated transformation have set the stage for dissection of gene function and advances in our understanding of fungal cell biology and plant-fungus interactions. Currently, with the advent of high-throughput technologies, we have the capacity to acquire vast data sets that have direct relevance to the numerous subdisciplines within fungal biology and pathology. These data provide unique opportunities for basic research and for engineering solutions to important agricultural problems. However, we also are faced with the challenge of data organization and mining to analyze the relationships between fungal and plant genomes and to elucidate the physiological function of pertinent DNA sequences. We present our perspective of fungal biology and agriculture, including administrative and political challenges to plant protection research.
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Yadagiri, Kirthi Kiran, Julia Kerrigan y S. Bruce Martin. "Improved methods for axenic culture of Labyrinthula terrestris, causal agent of rapid blight of turfgrasses". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, n.º 10 (octubre de 2012): 1230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-096.
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The genus Labyrinthula is a group of unicellular microorganisms with spindle-shaped cells that move in an ectoplasmic network. Most Labyrinthula species are saprotrophic and found in coastal marine or estuarine habitats; however, exceptions exist, such as Labyrinthula terrestris , a terrestrial plant pathogen that causes rapid blight on cool-season turfgrasses. Labyrinthula spp. can be grown in culture, which facilitates studies on their biology and pathology. However, axenic culture of L. terrestris has always been challenging. We modified the most commonly used Labyrinthula growth medium, serum seawater agar (SSA), and designed 2 media for improved pure culture, modified SSA (MSSA) and grass extract SSA (GESSA). A comparative assessment of these 2 media and basic SSA was made to measure the growth responses of 18 L. terrestris isolates. Results indicate that the average colony area was greatest on GESSA followed by MSSA, while cultures lived longest on MSSA followed by GESSA. We also suggest an improved long-term culture technique to maintain viable L. terrestris isolates for at least 2 years.
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Sibiya, Malusi y Mbuyu Sumbwanyambe. "Automatic Fuzzy Logic-Based Maize Common Rust Disease Severity Predictions with Thresholding and Deep Learning". Pathogens 10, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020131.
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Many applications of plant pathology had been enabled by the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI). For instance, many researchers had used pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) such as the VGG-16, Inception, and Google Net to mention a few, for the classifications of plant diseases. The trend of using AI for plant disease classification has grown to such an extent that some researchers were able to use artificial intelligence to also detect their severities. The purpose of this study is to introduce a novel approach that is reliable in predicting severities of the maize common rust disease by CNN deep learning models. This was achieved by applying threshold-segmentation on images of diseased maize leaves (Common Rust disease) to extract the percentage of the diseased leaf area which was then used to derive fuzzy decision rules for the assignment of Common Rust images to their severity classes. The four severity classes were then used to train a VGG-16 network in order to automatically classify the test images of the Common Rust disease according to their classes of severity. Trained with images developed by using this proposed approach, the VGG-16 network achieved a validation accuracy of 95.63% and a testing accuracy of 89% when tested on images of the Common Rust disease among four classes of disease severity named Early stage, Middle stage, Late Stage and Healthy stage.
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Turner, R. Steven. "Potato Agriculture, Late Blight Science, and the Molecularization of Plant Pathology". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 38, n.º 2 (2008): 223–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2008.38.2.223.
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By the mid-1980s nucleic-acid based methods were penetrating the farthest reaches of biological science, triggering rivalries among practitioners, altering relationships among subfields, and transforming the research front. This article delivers a "bottom up" analysis of that transformation at work in one important area of biological science, plant pathology, by tracing the "molecularization" of efforts to understand and control one notorious plant disease——the late blight of potatoes. It mobilizes the research literature of late blight science as a tool through which to trace the changing typography of the research front from 1983 to 2003. During these years molecularization intensified the traditional fragmentation of the late blight research community, even as it dramatically integrated study of the causal organism into broader areas of biology. In these decades the pathogen responsible for late blight, the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, was discovered to be undergoing massive, frightening, and still largely unexplained genetic diversification——a circumstance that lends the episode examined here an urgency that reinforces its historiographical significance as a casestudy in the molecularization of the biological sciences.
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Lee, Joan. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Plant Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1". Journal of Plant Studies 7, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v7n1p73.
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Journal of Plant Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Plant Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to jps@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 1Adriana F. Sestras, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, RomaniaAlireza Valdiani, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkAmi Lokhandwala, University of Mississippi, Department of Biology, USAIsabel Desgagné-Penix, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaKirandeep Kaur Mani, California seed and Plant Labs, Pleasant Grove, CA, USAMartina Pollastrini, University of Florence, ItalyMassimo Zacchini, Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, ItalyMatteo Busconi, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, ItalyMelekber Sulusoglu, Arslanbey Vocational School Kocaeli University, TurkeyMilana Trifunovic-Momcilov, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, SerbiaMohamed Trigui, Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute and CBS, TunisiaMohammad Nurul Amin, Noakhali Science and Technology University, BangladeshMontaser Fawzy Abdel-Monaim, Plant Pathology Res. Instatute, Agric. Res. Center, EgyptNina Ivanovska, Institute of Microbiology, BulgariaPanagiotis Madesis, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas/Institiute of Applied Biosciences, GreeceRajiv Ranjan, T. P. Varma College, IndiaRaksha Singh, University of Arkansas, USASlawomir Borek, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandSuheb Mohammed, University of Virginia, USA
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Judelson, Howard S. "Dynamics and Innovations within Oomycete Genomes: Insights into Biology, Pathology, and Evolution". Eukaryotic Cell 11, n.º 11 (24 de agosto de 2012): 1304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00155-12.
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ABSTRACT The eukaryotic microbes known as oomycetes are common inhabitants of terrestrial and aquatic environments and include saprophytes and pathogens. Lifestyles of the pathogens extend from biotrophy to necrotrophy, obligate to facultative pathogenesis, and narrow to broad host ranges on plants or animals. Sequencing of several pathogens has revealed striking variation in genome size and content, a plastic set of genes related to pathogenesis, and adaptations associated with obligate biotrophy. Features of genome evolution include repeat-driven expansions, deletions, gene fusions, and horizontal gene transfer in a landscape organized into gene-dense and gene-sparse sectors and influenced by transposable elements. Gene expression profiles are also highly dynamic throughout oomycete life cycles, with transcriptional polymorphisms as well as differences in protein sequence contributing to variation. The genome projects have set the foundation for functional studies and should spur the sequencing of additional species, including more diverse pathogens and nonpathogens.
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Lee, Joan. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Plant Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1". Journal of Plant Studies 6, n.º 1 (26 de febrero de 2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v6n1p103.
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Journal of Plant Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Plant Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to jps@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 1Adriana F. Sestras, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, RomaniaAna Simonovic, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", SerbiaArthur T. O. Melo, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, United StatesBing Wang, Iowa State University, United StatesChrystian Iezid Maia e Almeida Feres, Tocantins Federal University, BrazilHoma Mahmoodzadeh, Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IranKinga Kostrakiewicz-Gieralt, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, PolandKirandeep Kaur Mani, California seed and Plant Labs, Pleasant Grove, CA, United States of AmericaMalgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, Poznan University of Life Sciences, PolandMartina Pollastrini, University of Florence, ItalyMassimo Zacchini, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyMelekber Sulusoglu, Arslanbey Vocational School Kocaeli University, TurkeyMontaser Fawzy Abdel-Monaim, Plant Pathology Res. Instatute, Agric. Res. Center, EgyptPanagiotis Madesis, Institiute of Applied Biosciences (CE.R.T.H.)/INAB, GreecePeter R. Greene, BGKT Consulting Ltd. Huntington, New York 11743, United StatesRosana Noemi Malpassi, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, ArgentinaSaid Laarabi, University Mohammed V/Ministry of National Education, MoroccoSlawomir Borek, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandSuheb Mohammed, University of Virginia, United StatesVikas Mishra, Paher University, IndiaXiaomin Wu, Loyola University Chicago, United StatesYa-Yi Huang, Institution of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
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Dudina, Svetlana V. "Biological Sciences in the New Edition of Schedules of Library Bibliographic Classification". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 67, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2018): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2018-67-1-56-60.
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The article is devoted to the reflection in the Schedules of Library Bibliographic Classification (LBC) of new trends and phenomena in the development of biological sciences. Specific features of separation of literature on living organisms between the sections of the LBC Middle Schedules are presented. There is provided the strengthened structure of the main divisions of biological sciences, based on the characteristic attribute — “Organisms”. The principles of scientificity and unity of the Schedules of Library Classification are maintained; the actual directions of research, the new disciplines and scientific phenomena are included. Sections on organisms are arranged on “Simple-to-complex” principle: Viruses — Microorganisms — Plants — Animals — Human. There is presented in detail the separation of biology sections with the allied disciplines. “Biological Sciences” section includes the literature on general laws of development of life, evolution and life-sustaining activity of organisms; and literature on the use of plants and animals in the economy, the methods of cultivation of cultivated plants, and cultivation and maintenance of farm animals are reflected in the sections on agriculture and forestry. The literature on healthy organisms is considered in biology, and the literature on diseases, pathology of organisms — in the corresponding sections of agriculture, forestry and medicine. The structure of separate branch sections of the key row, corresponding to the biological sciences studying separate large taxa of organisms is also as far as possible unified. There is expanded the taxonomy of all living organisms; the Russian names of the major taxa of living organisms are duplicated in Latin. Special attention is paid to the environmental issues and adaptation of living organisms to the effects of environmental factors and conditions.
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Wattanathorn, Jintanaporn, Panakaporn Wannanon, Supaporn Muchimapura, Wipawee Thukham-Mee, Terdthai Tong-Un y Pontapan Polyiam. "Toxicity Evaluation ofAnacardium occidentale, the Potential Aphrodisiac Herb". BioMed Research International 2019 (21 de febrero de 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1459141.
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Anacardium occidentaleL. leaf demonstrates sexual enhancement effect. Therefore, it can be used as the potential supplement and functional ingredient. However, the ethanolic leaf extract of this plant is a modified form of traditional application and the toxicity evaluation is required. To assess cytotoxicity of the extract, RAW 264.7 cells were treated withA. occidentaleleaf extract in the concentration range between 0.625 and 10 mg/mL. Our results showed that the extract showed more than 90% cell viability at the concentration of 2.5 mg/mL after 24-hour exposure. To assure the consumption safety, the acute and subchronic toxicity must be studied. Acute toxicity showed that the extract is safe even at the highest dose of 2 g/kg in both sexes of Wistar rats. No changes in behavior, physiology, gross pathology, and histology were observed. To determine the subchronic toxicity of extract, both sexes of Wistar rats were orally given the extract at doses of 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg once daily for 90 days. No changes in body weight, food, and water intake, motor coordination, behavior, and mental alertness were observed. The significant reduction of white blood cell, platelet, and cholesterol together with increase in MCHC was observed in male rats. The reductions of white blood cell and platelet together with the elevations of hemoglobin and hematocrit were also observed in female rats. However, all changes were in normal range. The current results revealed that an ethanolic extract ofA. occidentaleleaf was well tolerated via oral consumption up to dose of 500 mg/kg BW for 90 days and did not produce any toxicity. Ourin vitrocytotoxicity test also confirmed this safety.
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Song, Ju Yeon, Min-Jung Kwak, Kwang Youll Lee, Hyun Gi Kong, Byung Kwon Kim, Soon-Kyeong Kwon, Seon-Woo Lee y Jihyun F. Kim. "Draft Genome Sequence of the Antifungal-Producing Plant-Benefiting Bacterium Burkholderia pyrrocinia CH-67". Journal of Bacteriology 194, n.º 23 (9 de noviembre de 2012): 6649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01779-12.
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ABSTRACTBurkholderia pyrrociniaCH-67 was isolated from forest soil as a biocontrol agent to be utilized in agriculture. Here, we report the 8.05-Mb draft genome sequence of this bacterium. Its genome contains genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant growth promotion, which may contribute to probiotic effects on plants.
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Ficke, Andrea, Christina Cowger, Gary Bergstrom y Guro Brodal. "Understanding Yield Loss and Pathogen Biology to Improve Disease Management: Septoria Nodorum Blotch - A Case Study in Wheat". Plant Disease 102, n.º 4 (abril de 2018): 696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-17-1375-fe.
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The estimated potential yield losses caused by plant pathogens is up to 16% globally and most research in plant pathology aims to reduce yield loss in our crops directly or indirectly. Yield losses caused by a certain disease depend not only on disease severity, but also on the weather factors, the pathogen’s aggressiveness, and the ability of the crop to compensate for reduced photosynthetic area. The yield loss-disease relationship in a certain host-pathogen system might therefore change from year to year, making predictions for yield loss very difficult at the regional or even at the farmer’s level. However, estimating yield losses is essential to determine disease management thresholds at which acute control measures such as fungicide applications, or strategic measures such as crop rotation or use of resistant cultivars are economically and environmentally sensible. Legislation in many countries enforces implementation of integrated pest management (IPM), based on economic thresholds at which the costs due to a disease justify the costs for its management. Without a better understanding of the relationship between disease epidemiology and yield loss, we remain insufficiently equipped to design adequate IPM strategies that will be widely adapted in agriculture. Crop loss studies are resource demanding and difficult to interpret for one particular disease, as crops are usually not invaded by only one pest or pathogen at a time. Combining our knowledge on disease epidemiology, crop physiology, yield development, damage mechanisms involved, and the effect of management practices can help us to increase our understanding of the disease-crop loss relationship. The main aim of this paper is to review and analyze the literature on a representative host-pathogen relationship in an important staple food crop to identify knowledge gaps and research areas to better assess yield loss and design management strategies based on economic thresholds.
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Valente, Rita S. y Karina B. Xavier. "The Trk Potassium Transporter Is Required for RsmB-Mediated Activation of Virulence in the Phytopathogen Pectobacterium wasabiae". Journal of Bacteriology 198, n.º 2 (19 de octubre de 2015): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00569-15.
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ABSTRACTPectobacterium wasabiae(previously known asErwinia carotovora) is an important plant pathogen that regulates the production of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes through anN-acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing system and through the GacS/GacA two-component system (also known as ExpS/ExpA). At high cell density, activation of GacS/GacA induces the expression of RsmB, a noncoding RNA that is essential for the activation of virulence in this bacterium. A genetic screen to identify regulators of RsmB revealed that mutants defective in components of a putative Trk potassium transporter (trkHandtrkA) had decreasedrsmBexpression. Further analysis of these mutants showed that changes in potassium concentration influencedrsmBexpression and consequent tissue damage in potato tubers and that this regulation required an intact Trk system. Regulation ofrsmBexpression by potassium via the Trk system occurred even in the absence of the GacS/GacA system, demonstrating that these systems act independently and are both required for full activation of RsmB and for the downstream induction of virulence in potato infection assays. Overall, our results identified potassium as an essential environmental factor regulating the Rsm system, and the consequent induction of virulence, in the plant pathogenP. wasabiae.IMPORTANCECrop losses from bacterial diseases caused by pectolytic bacteria are a major problem in agriculture. By studying the regulatory pathways involved in controlling the expression of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes inPectobacterium wasabiae, we showed that the Trk potassium transport system plays an important role in the regulation of these pathways. The data presented further identify potassium as an important environmental factor in the regulation of virulence in this plant pathogen. We showed that a reduction in virulence can be achieved by increasing the extracellular concentration of potassium. Therefore, this work highlights how elucidation of the mechanisms involved in regulating virulence can lead to the identification of environmental factors that can influence the outcome of infection.
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Slater, Steven C., Barry S. Goldman, Brad Goodner, João C. Setubal, Stephen K. Farrand, Eugene W. Nester, Thomas J. Burr et al. "Genome Sequences of Three Agrobacterium Biovars Help Elucidate the Evolution of Multichromosome Genomes in Bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology 191, n.º 8 (27 de febrero de 2009): 2501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01779-08.
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ABSTRACT The family Rhizobiaceae contains plant-associated bacteria with critical roles in ecology and agriculture. Within this family, many Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains are nitrogen-fixing plant mutualists, while many strains designated as Agrobacterium are plant pathogens. These contrasting lifestyles are primarily dependent on the transmissible plasmids each strain harbors. Members of the Rhizobiaceae also have diverse genome architectures that include single chromosomes, multiple chromosomes, and plasmids of various sizes. Agrobacterium strains have been divided into three biovars, based on physiological and biochemical properties. The genome of a biovar I strain, A. tumefaciens C58, has been previously sequenced. In this study, the genomes of the biovar II strain A. radiobacter K84, a commercially available biological control strain that inhibits certain pathogenic agrobacteria, and the biovar III strain A. vitis S4, a narrow-host-range strain that infects grapes and invokes a hypersensitive response on nonhost plants, were fully sequenced and annotated. Comparison with other sequenced members of the Alphaproteobacteria provides new data on the evolution of multipartite bacterial genomes. Primary chromosomes show extensive conservation of both gene content and order. In contrast, secondary chromosomes share smaller percentages of genes, and conserved gene order is restricted to short blocks. We propose that secondary chromosomes originated from an ancestral plasmid to which genes have been transferred from a progenitor primary chromosome. Similar patterns are observed in select Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria species. Together, these results define the evolution of chromosome architecture and gene content among the Rhizobiaceae and support a generalized mechanism for second-chromosome formation among bacteria.
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Strobel, Gary y Bryn Daisy. "Bioprospecting for Microbial Endophytes and Their Natural Products". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2003): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003.
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SUMMARY Endophytic microorganisms are to be found in virtually every plant on earth. These organisms reside in the living tissues of the host plant and do so in a variety of relationships, ranging from symbiotic to slightly pathogenic. Because of what appears to be their contribution to the host plant, the endophytes may produce a plethora of substances of potential use to modern medicine, agriculture, and industry. Novel antibiotics, antimycotics, immunosuppressants, and anticancer compounds are only a few examples of what has been found after the isolation, culture, purification, and characterization of some choice endophytes in the recent past. The potential prospects of finding new drugs that may be effective candidates for treating newly developing diseases in humans, plants, and animals are great.
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Tosi, Micaela, Eduardo Kovalski Mitter, Jonathan Gaiero y Kari Dunfield. "It takes three to tango: the importance of microbes, host plant, and soil management to elucidate manipulation strategies for the plant microbiome". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, n.º 7 (julio de 2020): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0085.
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The world’s population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion by 2050, placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. The risk in food security is also aggravated by climate change and land degradation, which compromise agricultural productivity. In recent years, our understanding of the role of microbial communities on ecosystem functioning, including plant-associated microbes, has advanced considerably. Yet, translating this knowledge into practical agricultural technologies is challenged by the intrinsic complexity of agroecosystems. Here, we review current strategies for plant microbiome manipulation, classifying them into three main pillars: (i) introducing and engineering microbiomes, (ii) breeding and engineering the host plant, and (iii) selecting agricultural practices that enhance resident soil and plant-associated microbial communities. In each of these areas, we analyze current trends in research, as well as research priorities and future perspectives.
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Fontana, Daniele Cristina, Samuel de Paula, Abel Galon Torres, Victor Hugo Moura de Souza, Sérgio Florentino Pascholati, Denise Schmidt y Durval Dourado Neto. "Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses". Pathogens 10, n.º 5 (8 de mayo de 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050570.
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Plant diseases cause losses of approximately 16% globally. Thus, management measures must be implemented to mitigate losses and guarantee food production. In addition to traditional management measures, induced resistance and biological control have gained ground in agriculture due to their enormous potential. Endophytic fungi internally colonize plant tissues and have the potential to act as control agents, such as biological agents or elicitors in the process of induced resistance and in attenuating abiotic stresses. In this review, we list the mode of action of this group of microorganisms which can act in controlling plant diseases and describe several examples in which endophytes were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens and adverse conditions. This is due to their arsenal of molecules generated during the interaction by which they form a kind of biological shield in the plant. Furthermore, considering that endophytic fungi can be an important tool in managing for biotic and abiotic stresses due to the large amount of biologically active substances produced, bioprospecting this class of microorganisms is tending to increase and generate valuable products for agriculture.
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Ma, Wenbo, Donna M. Penrose y Bernard R. Glick. "Strategies used by rhizobia to lower plant ethylene levels and increase nodulation". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2002): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-100.
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Agriculture depends heavily on biologically fixed nitrogen from the symbiotic association between rhizobia and plants. Molecular nitrogen is fixed by differentiated forms of rhizobia in nodules located on plant roots. The phytohormone, ethylene, acts as a negative factor in the nodulation process. Recent discoveries suggest several strategies used by rhizobia to reduce the amount of ethylene synthesized by their legume symbionts, decreasing the negative effect of ethylene on nodulation. At least one strain of rhizobia produces rhizobitoxine, an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis. Active 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase has been detected in a number of other rhizobial strains. This enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of ACC to α-ketobutyrate and ammonia. It has been shown that the inhibitory effect of ethylene on plant root elongation can be reduced by the activity of ACC deaminase.Key words: rhizobia, nodulation, ethylene, ACC deaminase, rhizobitoxine.
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Pirc, Katja, Vesna Hodnik, Tina Snoj, Tea Lenarčič, Simon Caserman, Marjetka Podobnik, Hannah Böhm et al. "Nep1-like proteins as a target for plant pathogen control". PLOS Pathogens 17, n.º 4 (15 de abril de 2021): e1009477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009477.
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The lack of efficient methods to control the major diseases of crops most important to agriculture leads to huge economic losses and seriously threatens global food security. Many of the most important microbial plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, secrete necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs), which critically contribute to the virulence and spread of the disease. NLPs are cytotoxic to eudicot plants, as they disturb the plant plasma membrane by binding to specific plant membrane sphingolipid receptors. Their pivotal role in plant infection and broad taxonomic distribution makes NLPs a promising target for the development of novel phytopharmaceutical compounds. To identify compounds that bind to NLPs from the oomycetes Pythium aphanidermatum and Phytophthora parasitica, a library of 587 small molecules, most of which are commercially unavailable, was screened by surface plasmon resonance. Importantly, compounds that exhibited the highest affinity to NLPs were also found to inhibit NLP-mediated necrosis in tobacco leaves and Phytophthora infestans growth on potato leaves. Saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular modelling of the most promising compound, anthranilic acid derivative, confirmed stable binding to the NLP protein, which resulted in decreased necrotic activity and reduced ion leakage from tobacco leaves. We, therefore, confirmed that NLPs are an appealing target for the development of novel phytopharmaceutical agents and strategies, which aim to directly interfere with the function of these major microbial virulence factors. The compounds identified in this study represent lead structures for further optimization and antimicrobial product development.
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Castañeda-Ramírez, Gloria Sarahi, Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta, José Ernesto Sánchez, Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives, Manases González-Cortázar, Alejandro Zamilpa, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani, Carlos Sandoval-Castro, Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares y Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino. "The Possible Biotechnological Use of Edible Mushroom Bioproducts for Controlling Plant and Animal Parasitic Nematodes". BioMed Research International 2020 (24 de junio de 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6078917.
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The present paper reviewed publications on the nematocidal activity of edible mushrooms (EM) and their potential use as sustainable tools for the control of parasitic nematodes affecting agriculture and livestock industry. Nematodes are organisms living in the soil and animals’ guts where they may live as parasites severely affecting economically important crops and farm animals, thus causing economic losses to worldwide agriculture. Traditionally, parasitic nematodes have been controlled using commercial pesticides and anthelmintic (AH) drugs. Over the years, nematodes developed resistance to the AH drugs, reducing the usefulness of many commercial drugs. Also, the use of pesticides/anthelmintic drugs to control nematodes can have important negative impacts on the environment. Different EM have been not only used as food but also studied as alternative methods for controlling several diseases including parasitic nematodes. The present paper reviewed publications from the last decades about the nematocidal activity of EM and assessed their potential use as sustainable tools for the control of nematodes affecting agriculture and livestock industry. A reduced number of reports on the effect of EM against nematodes were found, and an even smaller number of reports regarding the potential AH activity of chemical compounds isolated from EM products were found. However, those studies have produced promising results that certainly deserve further investigation. It is concluded that EM, their fractions and extracts, and some compounds contained in them may have biotechnological application for the control of animal and plant parasitic nematodes.
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Gomes, Sónia, Filipe Azevedo-Nogueira y Paula Martins-Lopes. "Editorial Comments to the Special Issue: “Colletotrichum spp. on Fruit Crops—State of the Art, Perspectives and Drawbacks”". Pathogens 10, n.º 4 (15 de abril de 2021): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040478.
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The year 2020 has been celebrated as the International Year of Plant Health by the United Nations, and it has been a unique opportunity to realise the vital role of producing while preserving our natural and cultural heritage—Sustainable Food and Agriculture [...]
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Jiang, Kai y Tadao Asami. "Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 82, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2018): 1265–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693.
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Sugiyama, Akifumi. "Flavonoids and saponins in plant rhizospheres: roles, dynamics, and the potential for agriculture". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, n.º 9 (10 de junio de 2021): 1919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab106.
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ABSTRACT Plants are in constant interaction with a myriad of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere, an area of soil in close contact with plant roots. Recent research has highlighted the importance of plant-specialized metabolites (PSMs) in shaping and modulating the rhizosphere microbiota; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of the microbiota mostly remain unaddressed. Flavonoids and saponins are a group of PSMs whose biosynthetic pathways have largely been revealed. Although these PSMs are abundantly secreted into the rhizosphere and exert various functions, the secretion mechanisms have not been clarified. This review summarizes the roles of flavonoids and saponins in the rhizosphere with a special focus on interactions between plants and the rhizosphere microbiota. Furthermore, this review introduces recent advancements in the dynamics of these metabolites in the rhizosphere and indicates potential applications of PSMs for crop production and discusses perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Krishnen, Ganisan, Mihály L. Kecskés, Michael T. Rose, Peter Geelan-Small, Khanok-on Amprayn, Lily Pereg y Ivan R. Kennedy. "Field monitoring of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria by colony immunoblotting". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2011): 914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-059.
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Inoculant plant-growth-promoting bacteria are emerging as an important component of sustainable agriculture. There is a need to develop inexpensive methods for enumerating these organisms after their application in the field, to better understand their survival and impacts on yields. Immunoblotting is one potential method to measure viable cells, but the high cost of the conventionally used nylon membranes makes this method prohibitive. In this study, less expensive alternative materials such as filter papers, glossy photo papers, and transparencies for the purpose of colony immunoblotting were evaluated and the best substance was chosen for further studies. Whatman filter paper No. 541 combined with a 0.01 mol·L–1 H2SO4 rinsing step gave similar results to nylon membranes but <20% of the overall cost of the original colony immunoblotting assay. The application of the modified immunoblot method was tested on nonsterile clay soil samples that were spiked with high numbers (>107 CFU·g–1) of the plant-growth-promoting bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens , Azospirillum brasilense , or Rhizobium leguminosarum . The modified protocol allowed the identification and recovery of over 50% of the inoculated cells of all three strains, amidst a background of the native soil microflora. Subsequently, the survival of P. fluorescens was successfully monitored for several months after application to field-grown rice at Jerilderie, New South Wales, Australia, thus validating the procedure.
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Huang, J. "First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Schefflera actinophylla in China". Plant Disease 97, n.º 7 (julio de 2013): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1205-pdn.
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In China, in mild to warm climates, Schefflera actinophylla is commonly grown as a decorative tree in gardens. When mature, it has bright red flowers in inflorescences with up to 20 racemes that develop in summer or early autumn. From 2008 to 2011, lesions were observed on young and mature leaves in several locations in Guangzhou, China. The first symptoms were circular, necrotic areas that usually developed into irregular, dry, brown to reddish brown or black spots. Spots often first appeared at or near the margins of leaves. Reproductive bodies of the pathogen appeared as black specks in leaf spots. Under a 10× magnification, black, needle-like fungal structures (setae) were observed in the centers of spots on the upper leaf surface. A fungus was isolated from the lesion and was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. based on cultural characteristics and conidial morphology (1). The voucher isolates were deposited in the Institute of Plant Pathology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering. C. gloeosporioides is a species complex (2) and there is a degree of unresolved aspects of taxonomy in this species complex. Cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) had aerial white mycelium that turned gray to grayish black after 10 days at 25°C and a 12-h photoperiod and produced salmon to orange conidial masses. Brown, 80 to 120 μm long setae were observed in the acervulus. Conidia 14.1 to 18.0 × 4.0 to 6.1 μm in size were hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, granular inside, clavate to slightly navicular in shape with an obtuse apex and a truncate base. To identify the fungus, a 588-bp segment of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The DNA sequence was submitted to GenBank as KC207404. A BLAST search of the DNA sequence showed 99% identity with accessions AY266389.1, EF423519.1, and HM575258.1 of C. gloeosporioides. Pathogenicity tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions at 25 ± 2°C. A total of 15 leaves from three 1-year-old S. actinophylla plants were inoculated with mycelial PDA plugs that were placed on 0.5-cm2 leaf wounds and then wrapped with Parafilm. Control leaves were treated similarly except that they were inoculated with PDA plugs without the fungus. No symptoms developed on control leaves after 10 days. Foliar lesions on inoculated leaves closely resembled those observed in the field. C. gloeosporioides was reisolated consistently from inoculated leaves. Pathogenicity was also tested by spraying leaves of potted S. actinophylla plants about 30 cm in height with 10 ml of a conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) prepared from 7-day-old PDA cultures grown at 25°C. Leaves sprayed with distilled water were used as controls. Three plants were inoculated in each of two experiments and were incubated at 25°C and 90% relative humidity in a growth chamber. Tiny brown spots started to develop on all inoculated leaves 5 days after inoculation and the progression of symptom development was similar to that observed in the field. Control leaves remained asymptomatic. C. gloeosporioides was reisolated from inoculated leaves. To my knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on S. actinophylla in China. References: (1) B. C. Sutton. The genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum. In: Colletotrichum Biology, Pathology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1992. (2) B. S. Weir et al. The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Stud. Mycol. 73:115, 2012.
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Pileggi, Sônia Alvim Veiga, Sarah Franco Vieira de Oliveira, Caroline Waculicz Andrade, Vânia Aparecida Vicente, Patrícia do Rocio Dalzoto, Gerson Kniphoff da Cruz, Juarez Gabardo et al. "Molecular and morphological markers for rapid distinction between 2 Colletotrichum species". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2009): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-059.
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Endophytic microorganisms reside asymptomatically within plants and are a source of new bioactive products for use in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Colletotrichum (teleomorph Glomerella ) is a fungus widely cited in the literature as a producer of antimicrobial substances. Identification at the species level, however, has been a problem in this type of study. Several authors have reported the presence of endophytic fungi from the medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia (“espinheira-santa”) in Brazil that has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Therefore, Colletotrichum strains were isolated from M. ilicifolia and identified based on morphology, RAPD markers, sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2), the 5.8S gene, and species-specific PCR. The analyses suggested the presence of 2 species, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum boninense . Two morphological markers were characterized to allow C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense to be distinguished quickly and accurately. The molecular diagnosis of C. boninense was confirmed by using Col1 and ITS4 primers. This species of Colletotrichum is reported for the first time in M. ilicifolia.
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Martínez-Hidalgo, Pilar, Maskit Maymon, Flora Pule-Meulenberg y Ann M. Hirsch. "Engineering root microbiomes for healthier crops and soils using beneficial, environmentally safe bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, n.º 2 (febrero de 2019): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0315.
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The Green Revolution developed new crop varieties, which greatly improved food security worldwide. However, the growth of these plants relied heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which have led to an overuse of synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides with serious environmental consequences and negative effects on human health. Environmentally friendly plant-growth-promoting methods to replace our current reliance on synthetic chemicals and to develop more sustainable agricultural practices to offset the damage caused by many agrochemicals are proposed herein. The increased use of bioinoculants, which consist of microorganisms that establish synergies with target crops and influence production and yield by enhancing plant growth, controlling disease, and providing critical mineral nutrients, is a potential solution. The microorganisms found in bioinoculants are often bacteria or fungi that reside within either external or internal plant microbiomes. However, before they can be used routinely in agriculture, these microbes must be confirmed as nonpathogenic strains that promote plant growth and survival. In this article, besides describing approaches for discovering plant-growth-promoting bacteria in various environments, including phytomicrobiomes and soils, we also discuss methods to evaluate their safety for the environment and for human health.
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Zhao, Jing, Teng Lei, Xin-Jia Zhang, Tian-Yan Yin, Xiao-Wei Wang y Shu-Sheng Liu. "A vector whitefly endocytic receptor facilitates the entry of begomoviruses into its midgut cells via binding to virion capsid proteins". PLOS Pathogens 16, n.º 12 (3 de diciembre de 2020): e1009053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009053.
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Many circulative plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors are devastating to agriculture worldwide. The midgut wall of vector insects represents a major barrier and at the same time the key gate a circulative plant virus must cross for productive transmission. However, how these viruses enter insect midgut cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified an endocytic receptor complex for begomoviruses in the midgut cells of their whitefly vector. Our results show that two whitefly proteins, BtCUBN and BtAMN, compose a receptor complex BtCubam, for which BtCUBN contributes a viral-binding region and BtAMN contributes to membrane anchorage. Begomoviruses appear to be internalized together with BtCubam via its interaction with the 12–19 CUB domains of BtCUBN via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Functional analysis indicates that interruption of BtCUBN and BtAMN lead to reduction of virus acquisition and transmission by whitefly. In contrast, CUBN-begomovirus interaction was not observed in two non-competent whitefly-begomovirus combinations. These observations suggest a major role of the specific endocytic receptor in facilitating viral entry into vector midgut cells.
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Chandra, Dinesh, Rashmi Srivastava, Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta, Christopher M. M. Franco y Anil Kumar Sharma. "Evaluation of ACC-deaminase-producing rhizobacteria to alleviate water-stress impacts in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, n.º 5 (mayo de 2019): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0636.
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Application of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an environmentally sustainable option to reduce the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plant growth and productivity. Bacteria isolated from rain-fed agriculture field soils in the Central Himalaya Kumaun region, India, were evaluated for the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase. Those producing ACC deaminase in high amounts were evaluated for their potential to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant growth under irrigated and water-stress conditions in two glasshouse experiments. Some of the isolates also showed other plant-growth-promoting (PGP) traits, e.g., N2 fixation, siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization; however, strains with higher ACC deaminase activity showed the greatest effects. These were Variovorax paradoxus RAA3; Pseudomonas spp. DPC12, DPB13, DPB15, DPB16; Achromobacter spp. PSA7, PSB8; and Ochrobactrum anthropi DPC9. In both simulated irrigated and water-stress conditions, a single inoculation of RAA3 and a consortium of DPC9 + DPB13 + DPB15 + DPB16 significantly improved wheat plant growth and foliar nutrient concentrations and caused significant positive changes in antioxidant properties compared with noninoculated plants especially under water stress. These findings imply that PGPB having ACC deaminase activity together with other PGP traits could potentially be effective inoculants to improve the growth of wheat plants in water-stressed rain-fed environments.
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Liu, Qiyan, Song Zhang, Shiqiang Mei, Yan Zhou, Jianhua Wang, Guan-Zhu Han, Lei Chen, Changyong Zhou y Mengji Cao. "Viromics unveils extraordinary genetic diversity of the family Closteroviridae in wild citrus". PLOS Pathogens 17, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2021): e1009751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009751.
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Our knowledge of citrus viruses is largely skewed toward virus pathology in cultivated orchards. Little is known about the virus diversity in wild citrus species. Here, we used a metatranscriptomics approach to characterize the virus diversity in a wild citrus habitat within the proposed center of the origin of citrus plants. We discovered a total of 44 virus isolates that could be classified into species Citrus tristeza virus and putative species citrus associated ampelovirus 1, citrus associated ampelovirus 2, and citrus virus B within the family Closteroviridae, providing important information to explore the factors facilitating outbreaks of citrus viruses and the evolutionary history of the family Closteroviridae. We found that frequent horizontal gene transfer, gene duplication, and alteration of expression strategy have shaped the genome complexity and diversification of the family Closteroviridae. Recombination frequently occurred among distinct Closteroviridae members, thereby facilitating the evolution of Closteroviridae. Given the potential emergence of similar wild-citrus-originated novel viruses as pathogens, the need for surveillance of their pathogenic and epidemiological characteristics is of utmost priority for global citrus production.
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Burdon, Jeremy J. y Jiasui Zhan. "Climate change and disease in plant communities". PLOS Biology 18, n.º 11 (24 de noviembre de 2020): e3000949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000949.
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Climate change is triggering similar effects on the incidence and severity of disease for crops in agriculture and wild plants in natural communities. The complexity of natural ecosystems, however, generates a complex array of interactions between wild plants and pathogens in marked contrast to those generated in the structural and species simplicity of most agricultural crops. Understanding the different impacts of climate change on agricultural and natural ecosystems requires accounting for the specific interactions between an individual pathogen and its host(s) and their subsequent effects on the interplay between the host and other species in the community. Ultimately, progress will require looking past short-term fluctuations to multiyear trends to understand the nature and extent of plant and pathogen evolutionary adaptation and determine the fate of plants under future climate change.
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Sultana, Shahnaz, Sumonta C. Paul, Samia Parveen, Saiful Alam, Naziza Rahman, Bushra Jannat, Sirajul Hoque, Mohammad Tariqur Rahman y Muhammad Manjurul Karim. "Isolation and identification of salt-tolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their application for rice cultivation under salt stress". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, n.º 2 (febrero de 2020): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0323.
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Growth and productivity of rice are negatively affected by soil salinity. However, some salt-tolerant rhizosphere-inhabiting bacteria can improve salt resistance of plants, thereby augmenting plant growth and production. Here, we isolated a total of 53 plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from saline and non-saline areas in Bangladesh where electrical conductivity was measured as >7.45 and <1.80 dS/m, respectively. Bacteria isolated from saline areas were able to grow in a salt concentration of up to 2.60 mol/L, contrary to the isolates collected from non-saline areas that did not survive beyond 854 mmol/L. Among the salt-tolerant isolates, Bacillus aryabhattai, Achromobacter denitrificans, and Ochrobactrum intermedium, identified by comparing respective sequences of 16S rRNA using the NCBI GenBank, exhibited a higher amount of atmospheric nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and indoleacetic acid production at 200 mmol/L salt stress. Salt-tolerant isolates exhibited greater resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics, which could be due to the production of an exopolysaccharide layer outside the cell surface. Oryza sativa L. fertilized with B. aryabhattai MS3 and grown under 200 mmol/L salt stress was found to be favoured by enhanced expression of a set of at least four salt-responsive plant genes: BZ8, SOS1, GIG, and NHX1. Fertilization of rice with osmoprotectant-producing PGPR, therefore, could be a climate-change-preparedness strategy for coastal agriculture.
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Cordero, Jorge, J. Renato de Freitas y James J. Germida. "Bacterial microbiome associated with the rhizosphere and root interior of crops in Saskatchewan, Canada". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0330.
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Rhizosphere and root associated bacteria are key components of plant microbiomes and influence crop production. In sustainable agriculture, it is important to investigate bacteria diversity in various plant species and how edaphic factors influence the bacterial microbiome. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to assess bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere and root interior of canola, wheat, field pea, and lentil grown at four locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. Rhizosphere bacteria communities exhibited distinct profiles among crops and sampling locations. However, each crop was associated with distinct root endophytic bacterial communities, suggesting that crop species may influence the selection of root bacterial microbiome. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the root interior, whereas Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria were prevalent in the rhizosphere soil. Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas were predominant in the rhizosphere and root interior, whereas Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Rhizobium, Streptomyces, Variovorax, and Xanthomonas were dominant in the root interior of all crops. The relative abundance of specific bacterial groups in the rhizosphere correlated with soil pH and silt and organic matter contents; however, there was no correlation between root endophytes and analyzed soil properties. These results suggest that the root microbiome may be modulated by plant factors rather than soil characteristics.
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Montazeaud, Germain, François Rousset, Florian Fort, Cyrille Violle, Hélène Fréville y Sylvain Gandon. "Farming plant cooperation in crops". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, n.º 1919 (22 de enero de 2020): 20191290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1290.
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Selection of the fittest can promote individual competitiveness but often results in the erosion of group performance. Recently, several authors revisited this idea in crop production and proposed new practices based on selection for cooperative phenotypes, i.e. phenotypes that increase crop yield through decreased competitiveness. These recommendations, however, remain difficult to evaluate without a formal description of crop evolutionary dynamics under different selection strategies. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to investigate the evolution of cooperation-related traits in crops, using plant height as a case study. Our model is tailored to realistic agricultural practices and shows that combining high plant density, high relatedness and selection among groups favours the evolution of shorter plants that maximize grain yield. Our model allows us to revisit past and current breeding practices in light of kin selection theory, and yields practical recommendations to increase cooperation among crops and promote sustainable agriculture.
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Ma, Jinjin, Chengqiang Wang, Haide Wang, Kai Liu, Tongrui Zhang, Liangtong Yao, Zhou Zhao, Binghai Du y Yanqin Ding. "Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence ofBacillus atrophaeusGQJK17 Reveals Its Biocontrol Characteristics as a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium". BioMed Research International 2018 (26 de junio de 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9473542.
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Bacillus atrophaeusGQJK17 was isolated from the rhizosphere ofLycium barbarumL. in China, which was shown to be a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium as a new biological agent against pathogenic fungi and gram-positive bacteria. We present its biological characteristics and complete genome sequence, which contains a 4,325,818 bp circular chromosome with 4,181 coding DNA sequences and a G+C content of 43.3%. A genome analysis revealed a total of 8 candidate gene clusters for producing antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including surfactin, bacillaene, fengycin, and bacillibactin. Some other antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting genes were also discovered. Our results provide insights into the genetic and biological basis ofB. atrophaeusstrains as a biocontrol agent for application in agriculture.
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Kawagishi, Hirokazu. "Fairy chemicals – a candidate for a new family of plant hormones and possibility of practical use in agriculture". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 82, n.º 5 (7 de marzo de 2018): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2018.1445523.
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Ismail, Muhammad Hamayun, Anwar Hussain, Amjad Iqbal, Sumera Afzal Khan y In-Jung Lee. "Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus japonicus Mediates Host Plant Growth under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions". BioMed Research International 2018 (6 de diciembre de 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7696831.
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We have isolated an endophytic fungus with heat stress alleviation potential from wild plant Euphorbia indica L. The phylogenetic analysis and 18S rDNA sequence homology revealed that the designated isolate was Aspergillus japonicus EuR-26. Analysis of A. japonicus culture filtrate displayed higher concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), flavonoids, and phenolics. Furthermore, A. japonicus association with soybean and sunflower had improved plant biomass and other growth features under high temperature stress (40°C) in comparison to endophyte-free plants. In fact, endophytic association mitigated heat stress by negotiating the activities of abscisic acid, catalase, and ascorbic acid oxidase in both soybean and sunflower. The nutritional quality (phenolic, flavonoids, soluble sugars, proteins, and lipids) of the A. japonicus-associated seedlings has also improved under heat stress in comparison to endophyte-free plants. From the results, it is concluded that A. japonicus can modulate host plants growth under heat stress and can be used as thermal stress alleviator in arid and semiarid regions of the globe (where mean summer temperature exceeds 40°C) to sustain agriculture.
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Fierro-Coronado, Rosario Alicia, Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa, Luz María García-Pérez, Enrique Ramírez-Chávez, Jorge Molina-Torres y Ignacio Eduardo Maldonado-Mendoza. "IAA-producing rhizobacteria from chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) induce changes in root architecture and increase root biomass". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, n.º 10 (octubre de 2014): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0399.
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Rhizobacteria promote and have beneficial effects on plant growth, making them useful to agriculture. Nevertheless, the rhizosphere of the chickpea plant has not been extensively examined. The aim of the present study was to select indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere of chickpea plants for their potential use as biofertilizers. After obtaining a collection of 864 bacterial isolates, we performed a screen using the Salkowski reaction for the presence of auxin compounds (such as IAA) in bacterial Luria–Bertani supernatant (BLBS). Our results demonstrate that the Salkowski reaction has a greater specificity for detecting IAA than other tested auxins. Ten bacterial isolates displaying a wide range of auxin accumulation were selected, producing IAA levels of 5 to 90 μmol/L (according to the Salkowski reaction). Bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of 16S rDNA partial sequences: 9 isolates belonged to Enterobacter, and 1 isolate was classified as Serratia. The effect of BLBS on root morphology was evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana. IAA production by rhizobacteria was confirmed by means of a DR5::GFP construct that is responsive to IAA, and also by HPLC–GC/MS. Finally, we observed that IAA secreted by rhizobacteria (i) modified the root architecture of A. thaliana, (ii) caused an increase in chickpea root biomass, and (iii) activated the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene driven by the DR5 promoter. These findings provide evidence that these novel bacterial isolates may be considered as putative plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria modifying root architecture and increasing root biomass.
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Adnan, Mohd, Eyad Alshammari, Syed Amir Ashraf, Kartik Patel, Kishan Lad y Mitesh Patel. "Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Biosurfactant Producing Endophytic FungiXylaria regalisfrom the Cones ofThuja plicataas a Potent Plant Growth Promoter with Its Potential Application". BioMed Research International 2018 (13 de mayo de 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7362148.
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Currently, there is an absolute concern for all nations in agricultural productivity to meet growing demands of human population. In recent time, biosurfactants produced by diverse group of microorganisms are used to achieve such demands as it is known for its ecofriendly use in elimination of plant pathogens and for increasing the bioavailability of nutrients for plants. Endophytic fungi are the important source of secondary metabolites and novel bioactive compounds for different biological applications. In the present study, endophytic fungiXylaria regalis (X. regalis)recovered from the cones ofThuja plicatawas evaluated for its biosurfactant producing ability and plant growth-promoting abilities through various screening methods and also via its antagonistic activity against phytopathogens likeFusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. In addition,X. regaliswas also testedin vivofor a various range of growth parameters in chilli under greenhouse conditions. Significant increase in shoot and root length, dry matter production of shoot and root, chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents of chilli seedlings was found, which reveals its ability to improve the growth of crop plants. Hence, this study suggests the possibility of biosurfactant producing endophytic fungiX. regalisas a source of novel green biosurfactant for sustainable agriculture to achieve growing demands.
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Ravikumar, C., M. Ganapathy, A. Karthikeyan, P. Senthilvalavan y R. Manivannan. "Integrated nutrient management - promising way to reduce carbon dioxide and methane emission in flooded rice ecosystem: A review". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, n.º 1 (15 de marzo de 2021): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2570.
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Climate change is an inevitable ruling issue caused by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG’s) in the atmosphere worldwide. It will have a considerable impact on agriculture and its related fields like live stocks and fisheries. In India, the main sectors contributing to these emissions are industry, agriculture and waste, with a total emission of 334 MT CO2 eq. Besides, the major sources in agriculture are enteric fermentation (63.4%), rice cultivation (20.9%), agricultural soils (13.0%), manure management (2.4%) and on-field burning is the crop residue (2.0%). Thus, the crop productivity sector (rice cultivation, soil and field burning of crop residues) contributes 35.9% to the total emission from agriculture. Therefore, reducing GHG emissions and enhancing the C sequestration in soil and biomass has become challenging. However, the total GHG’s emission from all sectors of the country has decreased from 33% in 1970 to 18% in 2010. Cutting off GHGs emission from agriculture can be achieved by sequestering C and reducing methane emissions(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) through various soil and crop management strategies. Integrated nutrient management (INM) practice ensures the Soil –plant –atmospheric continuum (SPAC) in a promising way, reducing the GHGs emission by sequestering more carbon to soil than emissions. A studious prominent INM solution can be identified to develop a mitigation strategy that helps in climate change adaptation and sustains soil health through soil carbon sequestration.
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Tanney, Joey B. y Leonard J. Hutchison. "The effects of glyphosate on the in vitro linear growth of selected microfungi from a boreal forest soil". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, n.º 2 (febrero de 2010): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-122.
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Glyphosate-based herbicides are used extensively in forestry and agriculture to control broadleaf plant competition. A review of the literature offers conflicting results regarding the impact of glyphosate on fungal growth. This study investigated the effects of 7 glyphosate concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 µg·mL–1) of Roundup (35.6% glyphosate) on the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of soilborne microfungi from a boreal forest soil sample and on the in vitro linear growth of 20 selected species of microfungi representative of this boreal forest soil. Concentrations of glyphosate at 50 µg·mL–1and higher significantly decreased the number of CFUs observed. At glyphosate concentrations equal to 5 µg·mL–1, 13 fungal species exhibited colony diameters less than 50% than that of their respective controls. Several species showed an inhibition of pigmentation and sporulation when subjected to glyphosate concentrations of 1 µg·mL–1. Differential sensitivity was observed among species at the various concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a shift towards tolerant species of fungi when they are exposed to glyphosate.
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Wang, Chengqiang, Yun Wang, Jinjin Ma, Qihui Hou, Kai Liu, Yanqin Ding y Binghai Du. "Screening and Whole-Genome Sequencing of Two Streptomyces Species from the Rhizosphere Soil of Peony Reveal Their Characteristics as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria". BioMed Research International 2018 (5 de septiembre de 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2419686.
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Two bacteria, Streptomyces albireticuli MDJK11 and S. alboflavus MDJK44, which are potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against pathogenic fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of peony in Shandong, China. Their biological characteristics and complete genome sequences were reported in this study. The total genome size of MDJK11 was only 8.14 Mb with 6,550 protein-coding genes and a high GC content of 72.8 mol%. The MDJK44 genome comprises a 9.62 Mb chromosome with 72.1 mol% GC content, 7,285 protein-coding genes, and two plasmids. Some gene sequences in these two genomes were analyzed to be heterologously obtained by horizontal transfer. Gene or gene cluster candidates responding to secondary metabolites production, antimicrobial activities, and plant growth-promoting capacities were also analyzed in this paper. The genomic information and biological characteristics will facilitate the understanding and application of S. albireticuli and S. alboflavus species as biocontrol agents in future agriculture.
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Ferjani, Raoudha, Ramona Marasco, Eleonora Rolli, Hanene Cherif, Ameur Cherif, Maher Gtari, Abdellatif Boudabous, Daniele Daffonchio y Hadda-Imene Ouzari. "The Date Palm Tree Rhizosphere Is a Niche for Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria in the Oasis Ecosystem". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/153851.
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In arid ecosystems environmental factors such as geoclimatic conditions and agricultural practices are of major importance in shaping the diversity and functionality of plant-associated bacterial communities. Assessing the influence of such factors is a key to understand (i) the driving forces determining the shape of root-associated bacterial communities and (ii) the plant growth promoting (PGP) services they provide. Desert oasis environment was chosen as model ecosystem where agriculture is possible by the microclimate determined by the date palm cultivation. The bacterial communities in the soil fractions associated with the root system of date palms cultivated in seven oases in Tunisia were assessed by culture-independent and dependent approaches. According to 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, the shapes of the date palm rhizosphere bacterial communities correlate with geoclimatic features along a north-south aridity transect. Despite the fact that the date palm root bacterial community structure was strongly influenced by macroecological factors, the potential rhizosphere services reflected in the PGP traits of isolates screenedin vitrowere conserved among the different oases. Such services were exerted by the 83% of the screened isolates. The comparable numbers and types of PGP traits indicate their importance in maintaining the plant functional homeostasis despite the different environmental selection pressures.
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Arredondo Valdés, Roberto, Juan C. Delgado Ortiz, Mariana Beltrán Beache, Julia Anguiano Cabello, Ernesto Cerna Chávez, Yolanda Rodríguez Pagaza y Yisa M. Ochoa Fuentes. "A review of techniques for detecting Huanglongbing (greening) in citrus". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, n.º 10 (octubre de 2016): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0022.
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Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. Monitoring of health and detection of diseases in trees is critical for sustainable agriculture. HLB symptoms are virtually the same wherever the disease occurs. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., vectored by the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae. Electron microscopy was the first technique used for HLB detection. Nowadays, scientists are working on the development of new techniques for a rapid HLB detection, as there is no sensor commercially accessible for real-time assessment of health conditions in trees. Currently, the most widely used mechanism for monitoring HLB is exploration, which is an expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction are used for the identification of HLB disease, which requires detailed sampling and processing procedures. Furthermore, investigations are ongoing in spectroscopic and imaging techniques, profiling of plant volatile organic compounds, and isothermal amplification. This study recognizes the need for developing a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable health-monitoring sensor that would facilitate advancements in HLB disease detection. This paper compares the benefits and limitations of these potential methods for HLB detection.
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Gonthier, David J., Katherine K. Ennis, Serge Farinas, Hsun-Yi Hsieh, Aaron L. Iverson, Péter Batáry, Jörgen Rudolphi, Teja Tscharntke, Bradley J. Cardinale y Ivette Perfecto. "Biodiversity conservation in agriculture requires a multi-scale approach". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, n.º 1791 (22 de septiembre de 2014): 20141358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1358.
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Biodiversity loss—one of the most prominent forms of modern environmental change—has been heavily driven by terrestrial habitat loss and, in particular, the spread and intensification of agriculture. Expanding agricultural land-use has led to the search for strong conservation strategies, with some suggesting that biodiversity conservation in agriculture is best maximized by reducing local management intensity, such as fertilizer and pesticide application. Others highlight the importance of landscape-level approaches that incorporate natural or semi-natural areas in landscapes surrounding farms. Here, we show that both of these practices are valuable to the conservation of biodiversity, and that either local or landscape factors can be most crucial to conservation planning depending on which types of organisms one wishes to save. We performed a quantitative review of 266 observations taken from 31 studies that compared the impacts of localized (within farm) management strategies and landscape complexity (around farms) on the richness and abundance of plant, invertebrate and vertebrate species in agro-ecosystems. While both factors significantly impacted species richness, the richness of sessile plants increased with less-intensive local management, but did not significantly respond to landscape complexity. By contrast, the richness of mobile vertebrates increased with landscape complexity, but did not significantly increase with less-intensive local management. Invertebrate richness and abundance responded to both factors. Our analyses point to clear differences in how various groups of organisms respond to differing scales of management, and suggest that preservation of multiple taxonomic groups will require multiple scales of conservation.
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Charron-Lamoureux, Vincent, Maude Thérien, Assena Konk y Pascale B. Beauregard. "Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis population dynamics and quantification of spores after inoculation on ornamental plants". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0174.
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Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis are used in organic agriculture as an alternative to chemical pesticides to fight against phytopathogen organisms. These Gram-positive soil-dwelling bacteria are able to resist harsh conditions and survive by differentiating into endospores. Few studies have examined how bacterial populations change on plants over time, and whether they remain active or enter a dormant state. Nonetheless, these characteristics are strikingly important to determine the usage of B. subtilis and B. velezensis and their efficacy in environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the population dynamics of B. subtilis NCIB3610 and B. velezensis QST713 when applied as spores on different ornamental plants. We report that on all the plants studied (Echinacea purpurea ‘Salsa red’, Echinacea purpurea ‘Fatal attraction’, and Lavandula angustifolia ‘Hidecote blue’), spores rapidly germinated and colonized the rhizoplane, maintaining a relatively low proportion of spores in the population over time, whereas the bacterial population on the leaves rapidly declined. Bacteria in the surrounding soil did not germinate and persisted as spores. Taken together, these results suggest that only cells found at the rhizosphere remain metabolically active to allow the formation of a lasting relationship with the plant, making possible beneficial effects from the inoculated bacteria.