Bibliografías temáticas / Birth control Fertility, Human China China

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Birth control Fertility, Human China China"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 14 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Birth control Fertility, Human China China"

Wang, Jian Ming, Jun Wang, Hong Guang Zhao, Tong Tong Liu y Fei Yang Wang. "Reproductive Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes among Young Women in Northern China". BioMed Research International 2020 (7 de abril de 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5931529.

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Purpose. Accumulated evidence suggests that reproductive factors are related to different breast cancer subtypes, but most studies on these relationships are mainly focused on middle-aged and older patients, and it remains unclear how reproductive factors impact different subtypes of breast cancer in young women. Methods. We assessed the relationships between fertility factors and luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes in 3792 patients and 4182 controls aged 20–70 years. Data on the reproductive history of the study participants were acquired through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. We conducted case-control comparisons among tumor subtypes based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 statuses using unconditional polychotomous multivariate logistic regression models to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Parity was inversely related to both luminal A and luminal B subtypes in young women and older women (all Ptrend<0.05). Later age at first full-term birth was inversely related to the luminal A subtype (Ptrend<0.05) in young women but correlated with an increased risk of the luminal A subtype (Ptrend<0.05) in older women. Parous Chinese women 40 years old or younger who breastfed for 12 months or longer had a lower risk of luminal B and TNBC subtypes than women who never breastfed (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84 and OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.99, respectively). Conclusions. Our results implied that parity exerted a strong protective effect against luminal A and luminal B subtype breast cancer in young Chinese women, and long-term breastfeeding obviously decreased the risk of luminal B and TNBC subtypes in this population.

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Wolf, Arthur P. y Theo Engelen. "Fertility and Fertility Control in Pre-Revolutionary China". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38, n.º 3 (enero de 2008): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2008.38.3.345.

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A revisionist view argues that despite early and nearly universal marriage, fertility in pre-Revolutionary China was no higher than in Europe because of deliberate control within marriage. The evidence, however, confirms the received view: Because of early and universal marriage, fertility in China was far higher than that in Europe and would have been even higher had it not been for what Thomas Malthus called “positive checks.” Little or no deliberate birth control took place in China during the period in question.

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Jiang, Quanbao y Yixiao Liu. "Low fertility and concurrent birth control policy in China". History of the Family 21, n.º 4 (octubre de 2016): 551–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2016.1213179.

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ZHANG, Min. "Birth Control to Birth Promotion? China’s Population Policy at a Crossroads". East Asian Policy 11, n.º 04 (octubre de 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000370.

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China officially ended its one-child policy effective from 1 January 2016. Yet the effects of the relaxation of birth control policy have been limited thus far. Largely relying upon policy incentives, China’s policymakers also face pressure to take more direct measures to boost fertility rate. Whether the Chinese government is able to balance the needs of the nation and the citizens’ private rights remains a big question mark.

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Zhao, Zhongwei. "Deliberate Birth Control Under a High-Fertility Regime: Reproductive Behavior in China Before 1970". Population and Development Review 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1997): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137378.

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Zhou, Yun. "The Personal and the Political: Gender Equity and Attitudes toward Birth Restriction in Contemporary Urban China". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (enero de 2021): 237802312110327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211032743.

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Birth rates have declined globally over the past several decades. Extensive research has applied the gender equity theory to examine the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and their fertility ideations in postindustrial democracies. A puzzle remains: does individuals’ gender ideology still matter for their fertility ideation when the state constrains individuals’ rights to have children? The author turns to a postsocialist authoritarian setting and examines the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and attitudes toward the state’s birth restriction in contemporary urban China. Using four waves of the China General Social Survey between 2010 and 2015, the author demonstrates that individuals with more egalitarian gender role attitudes show significantly stronger support for the state’s birth restriction that limits the number of children. This article highlights an underarticulated dimension in research on gender equity and fertility ideation: the role of the state and how individuals experience the state’s reproductive control.

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Merli, M. Giovanna. "Underreporting of Births and Infant Deaths in Rural China: Evidence from Field Research in One County of Northern China". China Quarterly 155 (septiembre de 1998): 637–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000050025.

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Between the beginning of the 1950s and the early 1970s, China, like many other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, experienced rapid population growth. This was due mainly to a dramatic mortality decline not offset by any decline in the birth rate. In 1970, China had a crude birth rate of 33.43 (per 1,000), a crude death rate of 7.60 (per 1,000) and a rate of natural increase of 25.83. “Population growth” was identified as a fundamental obstacle to economic development, and the stage was set for large-scale state interventions in the process of human reproduction. The apotheosis of this intervention was the introduction, in 1979, of the One Child Policy, which was successfully implemented in the urban areas. In rural areas, policies promoting later marriage, one child – maximum two – per couple, and greater spacing of those births that are permitted contributed to the swift fertility decline witnessed over the last three decades. In 1996 China's birth and death rates were reported at 16.98 per 1,000 and 6.56 per 1,000 respectively and the population was growing at 10.42 per 1,000.

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Yang, Quanhe. "Age at first marriage and fertility in rural Anhui, China". Journal of Biosocial Science 22, n.º 2 (abril de 1990): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018496.

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SummaryThis paper examines the changing nuptiality pattern of rural China, particularly rural Anhui in relation to the planned social changes since 1949 and their effect on fertility. The data are from the 1/1000 Fertility Survey of China, conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982. Before the family planning programme was introduced to rural Anhui (1972), the changing nuptiality pattern was indirectly affected by the planned social changes; after 1972, the substantial increase in age at first marriage was mainly due to the family planning programme. More recently, the centrally controlled social structure is loosening, due to the economic reform and the nuptiality pattern seems to join the 1972 trend, suggesting that the dramatic change of nuptiality pattern during the early 1970s to early 1980s was a temporary one. But its effect on fertility is clear, and the shortening interval between marriage and first birth may bring difficulties for future population control in rural China.

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Zhang, Hong. "From Resisting to “Embracing?” the One-Child Rule: Understanding New Fertility Trends in a Central China Village". China Quarterly 192 (diciembre de 2007): 855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007002068.

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AbstractFrom its initiation in 1979, China's one-child policy has been controversial. Most critiques on the stringent birth control policy in rural China still focus on the resistance framework and there is very little research on whether Chinese peasant families are changing their fertility preferences and behaviours when confronting both the state birth control policy and the rapidly changing social and economic environment. Based on recent ethnographic study in a central China village, this article seeks to explore new fertility trends that indicate the shift from “active resistance against” to “conscious decision for” the one-child limit among rural families. In particular, it discusses the newly emerging social, economic and demographic factors that may have played a role in this fertility shift, and its social implications for the central tenet of son preference in Chinese culture and the norm of child-rearing as a means of securing old age support among rural families.

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Mellors, Sarah. "Less Reproduction, More Production: Birth Control in the Early People’s Republic of China, 1949–1958". East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2019): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7755346.

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Abstract In the early People’s Republic of China (PRC), Communist officials initially placed strict constraints on birth control use, encouraging high fertility rates. However, in an effort to enhance agricultural and industrial productivity, such restrictions were gradually repealed and by the 1970s, aggressive promotion of family planning had become the norm. Drawing on both archival and oral history, this article considers the lived experience of birth control use from the founding of the People’s Republic until 1958, a period that is often overlooked in studies of reproduction and contraception in modern China, but that had important implications for later trends. Despite claims that discussion of sexuality was suppressed in the PRC and an early ban on certain publications related to sexual hygiene, a considerable amount of literature on sex and birth control was published in major cities in the 1950s. Narratives on sex and birth control in women’s magazines and sex handbooks, however, varied widely and access to birth control and surgeries, such as abortions and sterilizations, differed dramatically according to location, class, and education level. This essay probes the circumstances under which women or couples practiced birth control while demonstrating the diversity of contraceptive discourses and practices in the early People’s Republic. Though underexplored, the early years of the PRC remain critical to histories of reproduction in China because many of the gender dynamics, socioeconomic pressures, and cultural preferences that informed contraceptive practices in the 1950s continued to do so for decades to come.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Birth control Fertility, Human China China"

Shi, Anqing. "The process of fertility transition in China fertility differentials in Shanghai, 1950-1985 /". access full-text, 1992. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9222160.pdf.

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Guo, Shenyang. "Shanghai pioneer of fertility decline in People's Republic of China : trends and determinants of fertility transition, 1950-1984 /". online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1990. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9023557.

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Song, Huadong. "People's commune and China's fertility : evidence from county-level data /". View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20SONG.

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曾昭朗 y Chiu-long Carol Tsang. ""The limits of fertility": birth control in Hong Kong, 1945-1997". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557054.

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Zhu, Fangming. "The effects of family planning policy and socioeconomic development on fertility decline in China : 1945-1985". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1990. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1342902.

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Zhang, Guangyu. "China's far below replacement level fertility : a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births? /". View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050224.092945/index.html.

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Tsang, Chiu-long Carol. ""The limits of fertility" birth control in Hong Kong, 1945-1997 /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557054.

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Li, Guanghui. "The impact of the one-child policy on fertility, children's well-being and gender differential in China /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7429.

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Fang, Jing. "Prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and its association with birth outcomes". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/673.

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were extensively applied in agriculture, industry and public health programs for decades. Based on the persistence and the lipophilicity of OCPs, these chemicals are ubiquitous in the environment and can be accumulated in fatty tissues of animals through the food chain. Even being restricted for years, OCPs are still detected in human bodies. In this thesis, analytical methods for the determination of OCPs were developed and applied for the analysis of cord serum samples. The evaluation of prenatal exposure to OCPs and its effects on birth outcomes as well as the postnatal growth were investigated. Due to the toxicology and carcinogenesis, biomonitoring of the OCP exposure to human is needed. Therefore, an analytical method with high sensitivity and specificity is required to detect OCPs at trace levels in serum. We compared two data acquisition modes of mass spectrometry (MS), namely selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Higher sensitivity and selectivity were achieved by MRM because the background noise was reduced by lowering the matrix effects. Different ionization techniques, including electron ionization (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were evaluated. The EI source is a universal ionization technique available with the MS library for the compound identification. The negative chemical ionization (NCI) is more suitable to analyze compounds with high electronegativity. The novel ionization technique APCI was coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The APCI source was evaluated by terms of ionization and fragmentation performance. APCI was a soft ionization technique generating molecular ions with high intensity. The selectivity and sensitivity of APCI were comparable or better than the EI source. As one of the largest consumers and producers of OCPs, China has suffered severe OCP pollution. Previous monitoring studies reported detectable levels of OCPs in human bodies. However, studies concerning the prenatal exposure to OCPs in China are limited. Due to the vulnerability of fetuses, the effects of prenatal exposure to OCPs could be more severe than those of adults. We collected cord serum samples during the delivery period in Wuhan, China and measured the OCP concentrations to assess the prenatal exposure by using GC-MS/MS. Compared with other areas in China, the OCP levels in Wuhan were comparable in this population. The identified predominant OCPs were β-HCH and p,p'- DDE, with geometric means of 8.67 and 33.9 ng/g lipid, respectively. Slight positive associations were found between α-HCH and β-HCH, and between o,p′- DDT and p,p′-DDT, which indicated similar exposure source of these chemicals. The obtained results showed that HCH levels were associated with maternal age, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, education levels, and passive smoking. Associations between the prenatal exposure of OCPs and birth outcomes were investigated. The sex-specific relationships between the OCP exposure and birth size were indicated. Concentrations of β-HCH were inversely associated with birth weight and ponderal index for boys, while for girls these associations were not significant. Our results suggested that the prenatal exposure to OCPs exerted negative effects on the fetal growth, and precautions should be taken even though the OCP levels were relatively low.

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Kuo, Shen-yang. "Shanghai, pioneer of fertility decline in People's Republic of China trends and determinants of fertility transition, 1950-1984 /". 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31025313.html.

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Libros sobre el tema "Birth control Fertility, Human China China"

Greenhalgh, Susan. Fertility policy in China: Future options. New York, N.Y: Population Council, 1986.

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Deviant fertility in China. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Pub., 1997.

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Demographic transition in China: Fertility trends since the 1950s. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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Hoy, Caroline. Women, migration and current urban dynamics in China: Fertility and family planning. Leeds: University of Leeds, School of Geography, 1996.

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Bongaarts, John. An alternative to the one-child policy in China. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York 10017): Population Council, 1985.

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Riley, Nancy. China's population: A review of the literature. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1997.

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Weiguo, Zhang. Chinese economic reforms and fertility behaviour: A study of a North China village. London: China Library, 2002.

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Chinese economic reforms and fertility bahaviour: A study of a North China village. London: China Library, 2002.

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Coale, Ansley J. The distribution of interbirth intervals in rural China, 1940s to 1970s. Honolulu, Hawaii: East-West Population Institute, East-West Center, 1988.

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Sheng yu zheng ce tiao zheng yu Zhongguo fa zhan: Fertility policy adjustment and development in China. Beijing Shi: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2013.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Birth control Fertility, Human China China"

Wahlberg, Ayo. "The Birth of Assisted Reproductive Technology in China". En Good Quality. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297777.003.0002.

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This chapter chronicles the difficult birth of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in China through the 1980s and 1990s, showing how ideas of improving population quality acted as a persuasive alibi for those pioneers working to develop fertility technologies under crude conditions and at a time when contraception rather than conception was at the core of family planning. From difficult beginnings in the 1980s and following legalization in 2003, ARTs have now settled firmly within China’s restrictive reproductive complex as technologies of birth control—which, in turn, has allowed it to grow into a thriving, sector as China is now home to some of the world’s largest fertility clinics and sperm banks.

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G. Bechtel, Gordon y Timothy Bechtel. "GDP Almost Perfectly Predicts Survival". En Standard of Living, Wellbeing, and Community Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97788.

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This article extends results reported by Bechtel, G. and Bechtel, T. (2021). These previous findings induce the hypothesis confirmed here; namely, that gross domestic product GDP nearly perfectly predicts survival in the world’s entire population. The fractional polynomial regressions here are run over the pre-pandemic period 1991–2016. During the subsequent pandemic, the American Center for Disease Control reported that life expectancy at birth in the USA dropped one year during the first six months of 2020, the largest drop since World War 11. The drops in African and Hispanic life expectancy at birth during this period were 2.7 and 1.9 years (Aljazeera; Democracy Now, February 18, 2021). The USA is the worst covid-19-effected population. It is now imperative to confirm that life expectancy at birth is well predicted from GDP in all nations over 1991–2018. This pre-pandemic control for each nation will accurately calibrate it’s subsequent yearly survival drops due to Covid-19. This is especially important in light of the trade war between the United States and China, which has increased the need for accurate measurement of the human effects of this war.

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