Tesis sobre el tema "Bones and shells"

Après plus de cent ans de recherche sur les inscriptions gravées sur os et écailles de tortue datant de la fin de la dynastie Shāng, ce matériel graphique réévalue la paléographie chinoise qui est née au fur et à mesure de l’évolution de l’étude des inscriptions sur bronze entamée par les lettrés Sòng. Cette discipline à part entière qui est désormais inscrite dans l’étude de l’écriture chinoise, est marquée par le caractère interdisciplinaire qu’implique une approche multilatérale au vu de l’emploi de cette écriture en Chine antique du XIIIème au XIème siècle av. J.-C. dans un contexte de divination de la maison royale Shāng. Le présent travail se concentre sur l’identification et la compréhension de cette écriture, dont le déchiffrement constitue la tâche principale. Le déchiffrement graphique est soumis à l’épreuve visant à le définir et, tout particulièrement, à le systématiser dans un contexte philologique et culturel spécifique. La présente thèse se consacre à la tâche de repérer une méthodologie de base du déchiffrement de l’écriture sur os et écailles dans le cadre de l’avancement de son étude tout au long du XXème siècle et jusqu’à nos jours
The inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells of the late Shāng dynasty have been studied for more than one hundred years. These graphical materials have given a new value to Chinese palaeography which was developed gradually from the studies of bronze inscriptions by Sòng scholars. This independent discipline has now become part of the science of Chinese writing and is marked by its interdisciplinary character and multilateral approach. Such an approach is required in the investigation of a writing system that goes back to the 13th-11th centuries BC period, when it was used for divinatory purposes in China during the rule of the Shāng royal dynasty. This paper focuses on the identification and comprehension of this script with the ultimate objective of deciphering it. Graphical deciphering is tested in order to define and systematize it in a specific philological and cultural background. The main thrust of the paper is the search for a fundamental methodology of the deciphering process of oracle bone inscriptions in the framework of the advancement of this process in the course of the 20th century and until now

Fifteen bone tool assemblages from shell midden sites were compared. Three of these are unpublished sites from Prince Rupert Harbor. They were grouped using cluster analysis. Inter and intragroup variation in bone tool assemblage structure was analyzed. One of the objectives of this study was to generate hypotheses about the function of the unpublished sites by comparing their bone tool assemblages with those from sites which are better understood by looking for underlying patterns in the bone tool assemblages. Other objectives were to test the utility of using bone tool assemblages as a diagnostic tool in analyzing sites and to test the utility of the cluster analysis procedure with this data set. Hypotheses were developed identifying possible site usage at the three Prince Rupert Harbor sites, Boardwalk (GbTo-31), Garden Island (GbTo-23), and Grassy Bay (GbTn-1). Bone tool assemblages were shown to be a useful aid in site analysis and cluster analysis was quite useful in identifying existing patterns in these data.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a prevalent surgical technique for the correction of congenital orthopaedic deformities and craniofacial developmental conditions. Yet, clinical benefits continue to be limited by a number of complications mainly as a result of the protracted treatment time during which the fixator has to be kept in situ until the newly-formed bone in the distracted zone consolidates (or hardens), thus exacerbating significant medical, psychological and socio-economical problems on patients, their families and caregivers. On the other hand, protein therapy particularly with the use of potent osteoinductive cytokines from the TGF-B superfamily has been hailed as the most promising alternative to conventional bone grafts. Currently, rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7/OP-1 have been approved for their "restricted" clinical use in long bone healing and spinal fusion. Prospective clinical trials have reported variability in results ranging from full bone bridging to no bone union and to optimize the therapeutical outcome, the incorporated high and unsafe dosages of the growth factors, timing of release and their application systems necessitate further development. Thus far, loading the protein solution into collagen sponges prior to surgical implantation has shown poor retention and rapid clearance of BMPs within a much shorter period than bone healing requires, especially in humans. Also, such carriers do not provide controlled or customizable release and can comprise outcome by foreign body reactions due to their nature, composition and incomplete degradation. Hence, biocompatible delivery systems that release the bioactive load locally and continuously over proper periods of time for the regeneration of native bone using lower and safer drug concentrations are needed. This doctoral dissertation describes the development and evaluation of a novel hybrid nanoparticulate rhOP-1 delivery system demonstrating characteristics suitable for enhancing de novo bone regenera
L'ostéogenèse par distraction osseuse (OD) est une technique chirurgicale répandue pour la correction de difformités orthopédiques congénitales et craniofaciales. Pourtant, les avantages cliniques continuent d'être limités par de complications comme à la suite d'un traitement de longue durée pendant lequel le fixateur doit être gardé in situ jusqu'à ce que l'os nouvellement formé dans la zone distraite se consolide; pouvant significativement engendrer voire aggraver certains problèmes médicaux, psychologiques et socio-économiques. D'un autre côté, l'utilisation de puissantes cytokines de la superfamille TGF-B a été considérée comme l'alternative la plus prometteuse à la greffe conventionnelle d'os. Actuellement, BMP-2 et BMP-7/OP-1 ont été approuvés pour leur utilisation clinique "restreinte" dans la longue guérison osseuse et la fusion spinale. Pourtant, certaines études ont rapporté une certaine variabilité dans les résultats, allant du pontage osseux complet jusqu'à l'absence d'unification osseuse. Et pour optimiser le résultat thérapeutique, le haut dosage incertain des facteurs de croissance, le choix du temps de relargage et de leurs systèmes d'application requièrent des développements supplémentaires et approfondis. Donc, le développement d'un système de délivrance qui relargue le chargement bioactif localement et continuellement sur des périodes de temps appropriées pour faciliter la régénération de l'os natif à des concentrations plus basses et moins dangereuses est nécessaire. Cette thèse décrit le développement et l'évaluation d'un système de délivrance hybride, combinant nanoparticules et rhOP-1, qui démontre des caractéristiques convenables pour l'accélération d'OD. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est divisé en deux phases principales : (1) La formulation de nanoparticules à structure coeur-coquille biocompatible, biodégradable, monodisperse, physiquement stable et chargée positiv

The Green River region of western Kentucky has been a focus of Archaic period research since 1915. Currently, the region is playing an important role in discussions of Archaic hunter-gatherer cultural complexity. Unfortunately, many of the larger Green River sites contain several archaeological components ranging from the Early to Late Archaic periods. Understanding culture change requires that these multiple components somehow be sorted and addressed individually. Detailed re-analyses of Works Progress Administration (WPA) era artifact collections from two archaeological sites in the Green River region – the Baker (15Mu12) and Chiggerville (15Oh1) shell middens – indicate that these sites are relatively isolated Middle and Late Archaic components, respectively. The relatively unmixed character of Baker and Chiggerville makes these sites excellent candidates for evaluating aspects of complexity during the Archaic. After developing a theoretical basis for evaluating the relative complexity of the social organization of the Baker and Chiggerville site inhabitants on the basis of the material record they left behind, I employ detailed analyses of the bone, antler, and stone tools from these two sites to examine six microscalar aspects of complexity – technological organization, subsistence, specialization, leadership, communication networks, and exchange. These microscalar aspects of complexity all can be linked materially to the archaeological record of the Green River region and can be evaluated as proxies for changes in social organization among the hunter-gatherers who inhabited this region during the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Although the Baker assemblage indicated greater complexity in communication networks and certain proxies for leadership and technological organization, most indicators suggest that the Chiggerville site inhabitants were the more complexly organized group and were in the process of developing a tribal-like social formation. This research, therefore, tentatively supports the hypothesis of increasing complexity through time during the Archaic. However, marked differences in the technological strategies utilized by the Baker and Chiggerville site inhabitants indicates these groups may not have been historically related, thereby violating one of the primary assumptions of the project. If this alternative hypothesis is confirmed through additional research, then no conclusions concerning change through time can be derived from this study.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of particle size of the limestone and the use of artificial light on feeding behavior, performance, egg quality and bone of laying hens. A total of 300 Hisex White hens at 18 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 5 x 2, with 5 replicates of 6 birds. The factors studied were 5 granulometries obtained by increasing the proportion of coarse limestone (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) compared to 2 types of thin and light, with and without artificial light. No significant interaction between factors (size x lighting program) for all parameters evaluated on performance, egg quality and bone. There was also no significant effect on the level of coarse limestone in diets on performance and egg quality, however had an effect on bone quality. Among the light programs, showed that the use of artificial light showed eggs with higher Haugh Units compared to birds that received only natural light. With respect to feeding behavior no significant interaction between factors limestone, light and time. However, significant effects of the interaction (light and time), there was a higher consumption in birds without artificial light in relation to artificial light during the hours of 6am to 9h40min and 12:40 to 17:40 and the interaction effect (limestone and time) , it was observed that at the time of 6am to 9h40min, increased consumption, corresponded to the gradual increase in the ration of coarse limestone. For laying hens in the first laying cycle, created in geographic coordinates that developed in the research, changes in particle size of limestone provided an improvement in bone quality of the birds and the use of artificial light may favor albumen quality as Haugh unit.
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da granulometria do calcÃrio e do uso da luz artificial sobre o comportamento alimentar, desempenho, qualidade do ovo e Ãssea de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 300 poedeiras Hisex White com 18 semanas de idade, distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com 5 repetiÃÃes de 6 aves. Os fatores estudados foram 5 granulometrias obtidas pelo aumento da proporÃÃo de calcÃrio grosso (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) em relaÃÃo ao fino e 2 tipos de iluminaÃÃo, com e sem luz artificial. NÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores (granulometria x programa de luz) para os parÃmetros avaliados sobre desempenho, qualidade do ovo e Ãssea. TambÃm nÃo houve efeito significativo do nÃvel de calcÃrio grosso na raÃÃo sobre o desempenho e qualidade do ovo, entretanto apresentou efeito sobre a qualidade Ãssea. Entre os programas de luz, observou-se que o uso de luz artificial apresentou ovos com maiores valores de unidade Haugh em relaÃÃo Ãs aves que receberam apenas luz natural. Com relaÃÃo ao comportamento alimentar nÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores calcÃrio, luz e horÃrio. Contudo, houve efeito significativo entre a interaÃÃo (luz e horÃrio), observou-se um maior consumo nas aves sem luz artificial em relaÃÃo aos com luz artificial nos horÃrios de 6h Ãs 9h40min e 12h40min Ãs 17h40min e efeito na interaÃÃo (calcÃrio e horÃrio), observou-se que no horÃrio de 6h Ãs 9h40min, o aumento do consumo, correspondeu ao aumento gradativo do calcÃrio grosso na raÃÃo. Para poedeiras comerciais no primeiro ciclo de postura, criadas nas coordenadas geogrÃficas em que se desenvolveu a pesquisa, as mudanÃas na granulometria do calcÃrio proporcionou uma melhora na qualidade Ãssea das aves e a utilizaÃÃo da luz artificial pode favorecer a qualidade do albÃmen medida em unidade Haugh.

The examination of the tools that prehistoric people crafted for subsistence and related practices offers distinctive insights into how they lived their lives. Most often, researchers study these practices in isolation, by tool type or by material. However, by using a relational perspective, my research explores the tool assemblage as a whole including bone, stone and shell. This allows me to study the changes in tool industries in relation to one another, something that I could not accomplish by studying only one material or tool type. I use this broader approach to tool manufacture and use for the artifact assemblage from Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41), two sequential Middle and Late Woodland Period (A.D. 1-1050) archaeological sites on the central Gulf coast of Florida. The results of my research show that people made different choices, both in the type of material they used and the kind of tools they manufactured during the time they lived at these sites as subsistence practices shifted. Evidence of these trends aligns with discrete changes in strata within our excavations. The timing of depositional events and the artifacts found within each suggest people also used the sites differently through time. These trends exemplify the role of crafting tools in the way people maintain connections with their mutable social and physical world.

XAVIER, R. P. S. Granulometria do calcário para podeiras comerciais submetidas ou não á iluminação artificial. 2013. 50 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.
Submitted by Daniel Eduardo Alencar da Silva (dealencar.silva@gmail.com) on 2015-01-14T19:05:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_rpsxavier.pdf: 489341 bytes, checksum: 41b075add288fff4301df196cba6837d (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2015-11-25T10:48:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_rpsxavier.pdf: 489341 bytes, checksum: 41b075add288fff4301df196cba6837d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-25T10:48:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_rpsxavier.pdf: 489341 bytes, checksum: 41b075add288fff4301df196cba6837d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of particle size of the limestone and the use of artificial light on feeding behavior, performance, egg quality and bone of laying hens. A total of 300 Hisex White hens at 18 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 5 x 2, with 5 replicates of 6 birds. The factors studied were 5 granulometries obtained by increasing the proportion of coarse limestone (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) compared to 2 types of thin and light, with and without artificial light. No significant interaction between factors (size x lighting program) for all parameters evaluated on performance, egg quality and bone. There was also no significant effect on the level of coarse limestone in diets on performance and egg quality, however had an effect on bone quality. Among the light programs, showed that the use of artificial light showed eggs with higher Haugh Units compared to birds that received only natural light. With respect to feeding behavior no significant interaction between factors limestone, light and time. However, significant effects of the interaction (light and time), there was a higher consumption in birds without artificial light in relation to artificial light during the hours of 6am to 9h40min and 12:40 to 17:40 and the interaction effect (limestone and time) , it was observed that at the time of 6am to 9h40min, increased consumption, corresponded to the gradual increase in the ration of coarse limestone. For laying hens in the first laying cycle, created in geographic coordinates that developed in the research, changes in particle size of limestone provided an improvement in bone quality of the birds and the use of artificial light may favor albumen quality as Haugh unit.
O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da granulometria do calcário e do uso da luz artificial sobre o comportamento alimentar, desempenho, qualidade do ovo e óssea de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 300 poedeiras Hisex White com 18 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com 5 repetições de 6 aves. Os fatores estudados foram 5 granulometrias obtidas pelo aumento da proporção de calcário grosso (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) em relação ao fino e 2 tipos de iluminação, com e sem luz artificial. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores (granulometria x programa de luz) para os parâmetros avaliados sobre desempenho, qualidade do ovo e óssea. Também não houve efeito significativo do nível de calcário grosso na ração sobre o desempenho e qualidade do ovo, entretanto apresentou efeito sobre a qualidade óssea. Entre os programas de luz, observou-se que o uso de luz artificial apresentou ovos com maiores valores de unidade Haugh em relação às aves que receberam apenas luz natural. Com relação ao comportamento alimentar não houve interação significativa entre os fatores calcário, luz e horário. Contudo, houve efeito significativo entre a interação (luz e horário), observou-se um maior consumo nas aves sem luz artificial em relação aos com luz artificial nos horários de 6h às 9h40min e 12h40min às 17h40min e efeito na interação (calcário e horário), observou-se que no horário de 6h às 9h40min, o aumento do consumo, correspondeu ao aumento gradativo do calcário grosso na ração. Para poedeiras comerciais no primeiro ciclo de postura, criadas nas coordenadas geográficas em que se desenvolveu a pesquisa, as mudanças na granulometria do calcário proporcionou uma melhora na qualidade óssea das aves e a utilização da luz artificial pode favorecer a qualidade do albúmen medida em unidade Haugh.

The goal of this study is to assess the osteogenic potential of two types of dental stem cell lines within a tissue engineering application. More specifically, the goal of this study is to find a readily abundant cell source with capacity to express an osteogenic phenotype. There are two parameters utilized to evaluate tissue engineering potential of cells: proliferation rate and differentiation potential. Briefly, proliferation rate is the speed at which cells divide and differentiation potential determines if cells are capable of committing towards specific lineages (e.g. osteogenic). These components are important, because if cells are not expanding at a specific rate and are not differentiating towards the lineage desired, the tissue engineered will not mirror the characteristics of native tissue. Therefore, both components are necessary for osteogenic tissue engineering applications. Several stem cell lines have been isolated from different sources (e.g. umbilical, bone marrow) and characterized for their proliferative capacity and their potency. Among these progenitor or stem cell lines, are those isolated from human dental tissue. Due to the similarities between teeth and bone, this specific cell line may be useful in osteogenic tissue engineering applications. In this study, stem cells extracted from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PERIOs), were evaluated and compared. Briefly, to evaluate the proliferation rate an ex-vivo expansion study was conducted. This experiment found that both SHEDs and PERIOs were proliferative lines with doubling times of 23 hours and 19 hours respectively. Subsequently, osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs and PERIOs was assessed utilizing a 3-D fibrin gel suspension treated with osteogenic media containing either dexamethasone (DEX) or Retinoic Acid (RA) for 28 days. At day 28, osteogenic markers for collagen 1 (Col1), osteocalcin (OCN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated using qPCR. Results demonstrated both SHEDs and PERIOs exhibited significant (p<0.05) increases in osteogenic gene expression under the influences of DEX and RA. However the most significant increases were expressed by the SHEDs that received the DEX treatment. Additionally, the synergistic ability of TGF-beta 3 on the osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells was evaluated. Cells were cultured in a 3-D fibrin gel suspension and allowed to differentiate in DEX osteogenic media with and without the supplementation of TGF-beta 3 for 21 days. Using qPCR the cells were evaluated for expression of Col1, OCN, and ALP. In both the SHEDs and PERIOs, the samples treated with TGF-beta 3 the osteogenic gene expression increased in reference to the control, but had a hindering effect compared to cells treated in DEX without the TGF-beta 3. These results from this study suggested, SHED cells grown in 3-D fibrin gel suspension, may be better than PERIO cells for osteogenic tissue engineering applications when treated with DEX media without the supplementation of TGF-beta 3.

Der hierarchisch strukturierte und hoch geordnete Aufbau von Calciumphosphat und Kollagen in Knochen und Zähnen wird von den Zellen mit Hilfe bestimmter Moleküle erreicht. Diese organischen Moleküle, zumeist Proteine, beeinflussen durch die räumliche Anordnung ihrer Ladung das Präzipitations- und Wachstumsverhalten der mineralischen Phase. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Computersimulationen zeigen, dass ein Calciumphosphatkomplex mit deprotoniertem Phosphat am stabilsten ist. Vermutlich nimmt die Bindungsenergie pro Oberfläche des Komplexes mit wachsender Größe bis zu einem Ca9(PO4)6 -Komplex (Posner Klaster) linear zu. Die Präzipitation von Calciumphosphat aus wässriger Lösung führt häufig zu amorphen Kugeln mit 50-500 nm Durchmesser, die sphärische Unterstrukturen von ca. 5 nm Durchmesser zeigen und bei großer Dichte zu einer amorphen Schicht verschmelzen. Geringe Unterschiede in der Präparation können aber schon zu stäbchenförmigen oder plättchenartigen Kristalliten führen. Phosphoserin ist eine der wichtigsten Aminosäuren bei der Anbindung von Proteinen an Calciumphosphat. Das Computermodell zeigt an der gesamten Oberfläche dieser Aminosäure ein deutliches elektrisches Potential, dies begünstigt die Wechselwirkung mit Ionen. FT-IR- und NMR-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Phosphoserin bei Kopräzipitation mit Calciumphosphat höchstwahrscheinlich in die mineralische Phase eingebaut wird. Serin zeigt bei der Kopräzipitation ab 1 mM einen Einfluss auf die Morphologie von Calciumphosphat, während Phosphoserin schon bei 0,01 mM einen deutlichen Einfluss zeigt. Elektronenspray-Ionisations-Massenspektroskopie (ESI-MS) bestätigt die relativ zum Serin intensivere Wechselwirkung von Phosphoserin mit Calciumphosphat. Das wichtigste Protein zur Vermeidung ektopischer Mineralisierung ist Fetuin. Dieses Protein stabilisiert die transient auftretenden amorphen Calciumphosphatkugeln (ACP-Kugeln) und erlaubt so dem Körper deren Entsorgung. Fetuin verhindert das Verschmelzen von ACP-Kugeln, wenn diese in großer Dichte auftreten, wobei deren feine Unterstruktur erhalten bleibt. Trotz des starken inhibitorischen Verhaltens wird das Auflösen von Brushit durch die Anwesenheit von Fetuin praktisch nicht beschleunigt. Auch auf die Kinetik der Assemblierung von Kollagen zeigt Fetuin praktisch keinen Einfluss. Des Weiteren wurde das Nukleationsverhalten des häufigsten, nichtkollagenen Knochenproteins, dem Osteocalcin (OC), mittels ESI-MS beobachtet. Die Untersuchungen von Osteocalcin in Calciumphosphatlösung zeigten Komplexe mit bis zu 8 Ca2+, der größte identifizierbare Komplex bestand aus [OC Ca2 (PO4 )2 Na4 ]+. Um die Mineralisierung von Kollagen genauer zu untersuchen, wurden assemblierte Kollagenfibrillen in der Flüssigzelle eines Atomkraftmikroskops (AFM) mit Calciumphosphat nachmineralisiert. Hierbei wurde eine gleichmäßige Anlagerung der offenbar amorphen mineralischen Phase beobachtet. Die Inkubation der Fibrillen mit Phospholipidvesikeln führte zu einem Aufweichen der Fibrillen. Des Weiteren wurden Phospholipidvesikel hergestellt, um den Calciumphosphatniederschlag in einem räumlich stark begrenzten Abschnitt zu untersuchen. Die Vesikel wurden mit REM und AFM abgebildet und so verschiedene Präparationsmethoden verglichen. Es konnten plättchenförmige Kristallite an der Vesikelmembran gezüchtet werden, während bei Anwesenheit von Phosphoserin globuläre Objekte auftraten. Eine Arbeitshypothese wurde entwickelt, die das unterschiedliche Wachstumsverhalten von Calciumphosphat in wässriger Lösung mit einer positiv geladenen Hydrathülle um den Calciumphosphatkeim erklärt. Die Protonen stammen vom deprotonierten Phosphat des Mineralkeims und können sich auf Grund der adsorbierten Wassermoleküle nicht sofort in der Lösung verteilen. Diese Hülle aus H3O+ verhindert das beliebige Anlagern von Ionen an den Mineralkeim und lenkt so dessen Morphologie.

碩士
國立清華大學
人類學研究所
95
Applying scientific and technological methods to reconstructing archaeological remains has become a very important issue in the modern archaeology research. At the same time, though being a must-done work before deciphering the inscriptions, rejoining oracle bone fragments manually has been regarded as a time consuming and tedious job. This thesis proposes an inter-disciplinary approach to exploit information science technologies to automatically piece broken oracle bones. The proposed approach integrates the image processing tools and several different assembling algorithms to recommend possible matches. The goal is to overcome the difficulty of access of the artifacts from different collections and to minimize the possible damage caused to the artifacts through manual assembling. The algorithm is implemented and tested on pictures of An-yang oracle bones from Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. It is capable of ranking the matched bones based on some designed scores. The promising experiment results show that the system can reach 80~90% accuracy. The ultimate goal is to provide practical recommendations for not only oracle bone but also other archaeological materials. This thesis also demonstrates how an interdisciplinary approach can be designed and applied with the hope to advance the collaboration in between computer science and archaeology researches.

碩士
國立東華大學
中國語文學系
97
The thesis, including of five characters, makes a thorough inquiry about the characters of Tongjia（通假） in inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells and Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period. I will compare the differences in inheritance, variation, and acoustics between the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells and Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period. I rank the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells in sequence based on Jia Gu Wen Bian（《甲骨文編》）and give some proofs of oracle inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. What I choose base on Book one to five in Chu bamboo slips of Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period, all seven（2001-2006,2008）, and I range the characters in the book, too. In the first chapter,” preface”, I explain the motive and intention of my study, and what materials are from. Meanwhile, this chapter also sort the interpretations of jiajie（假借）and Tongjia（通假） from scholars. Finally, I adopt the statement of Chiou Shi-Guei. He thinks that jiajie should not narrow to jiajie what there’s no character originally（本無其字）, it should includes of Tongjia. Tongjia and jiajie usually take characters that are borrowed as symbols of sound. In the second chapter,”the characters of Tongjia in inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells”, to the third chapter,”the sort of characters of Tongjia in Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period”, the study sort out their phenomenon of Tongjia, identical sound of Tongjia, separated sound of Tongjia or the differences between sound and phonon.（紐）on the basis of the diverse archaic characters in different period. In the forth chapter, “the differences between inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells and the characters of Tongjia in Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period”, I compare the sound and vowel, he same characters of Tongjia in inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells and Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period . I try to find out the differences on using in Shanghai Museum in the Warring States Period and inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells.

碩士
逢甲大學
纖維與複合材料學系
103
Human bones are subjected to cracks and defects in the presence of an impact force or being aging. Although bones can self-heal the impaired site, the excessive size of the damage may prevent the bone from recovering completely. In order to cope with this difficulty, an implant for the injured part is thus required, and enables the osteocytes to grow bone tissues via the bone scaffolds that can decompose in one day, and ultimately leads to a full recovery. Bone scaffolds are typically made of porous degradable materials that provide the mechanical support during repair and regeneration of damaged or diseased bone. This study aims to create Core-Shel Structured Artificial Bone Scaffolds with biocompatibility, biodegradation, and heal-promotion. Polyvinyl alchol (PVA) fibers are fabricated into hollow PVA braids by using a braiding machine, and a hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatin)/PVA mixture is infused into the braids in order to form Core-Shel Structured Artificial Bone Scaffolds. The braids are prepared with different combinations of crosslinking parameters, heat treatment conditions, and HA contents, after which the resulting bone scaffolds are then evaluated for their applications by using surface observation, a porosity test, a compressive strength test, a degradation test, a swelling test, an MTT assay, and an in vivio study. The compressive strength of PVA braids that are crosslinked with glutaraldehyde can be increased by at least 20MPa. A ten-minute heat treatment results in an increase in the compressive strength of PVA braids that is from 23.38MPa to 285.92MPa. However, when being heat-treated for fifteen minutes, the compressive strength is decreased to 142.33MPa. The bone scaffolds have a compressive strength that is increased to 51.7MPa with the addition of 0.4% HA, and it is then decreased to 25.13MPa with the addition of 0.6% HA. The bone scaffolds are proven to have biocompatibility according to the results of cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
107
Hard clam and freshwater clam are common fishery product in Taiwan. However, its edible part usually less than 50%. This study was to improve the economic value and the use of hard clam and freshwater clam shell by converting to calcium phosphates as the feasibility of bone biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are common synthetic calcium phosphate biomaterials used as bone grafts, due to their similarity to the mineral phase of the bone. TCP was supplemented with magnesium (Mg) to form tricalcium magnesium phosphate (TCMP) which can influence osteoblast and osteoclast activity. In this study, hard clam and freshwater clam shell were converted by two ways, which were hydrothermal reaction and wet chemical precipitation. After a series analysis of X-ray diffraction, fourier transmission infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy, it is found that the raw material was successfully converted to TCP material. HA was obtained one form of TCP compound by hydrothermal reaction and β-tricalcium magnesium phosphate (β-TCMP) was obtained by wet chemical precipitation with adding magnesium oxide. Both product appearances are mostly irregular polygons with high porosity and pore diversity. The inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) showed that both materials were no harmful metal ions to the human body. In the MG-63 cell culture experiment with β-TCMP products obtained from hard clam and freshwater clam shells, MTT assay showed that both materials were not cytotoxic by using soaking solution and tablets of both materials. The differentiation of osteoblasts was elevated by both materials according to the alkaline phosphatase activity test. The result of the mineralization experiment also indicated that both materials promoted cell mineralization. Judging from above results, the synthesized -TCMP materials from hard clam and freshwater clam shells are potential for bone repairing biomaterial.

The work presented in this thesis focusses primarily on the determination of protein structure at atomic resolution, with NMR spectroscopy as the principle investigative tool. The thesis is divided into four parts. Part I consists of Chapter 1 which provides an introduction to protein structure, folding and NMR spectroscopy. Part II, consisting of Chapters 2 and 3, describes the effects of aromatic interactions on nucleating structure in disordered regions of proteins, using variants of apo-cytochrome b5 as a model system. Part III consists of Chapter 4, which describes structural effects of introducing cross-strand disulfide bonds using variants of Thioredoxin. Part IV of this thesis consists of the Appendices A, B and C. Appendix A describes the purification and characterization of ilvM, the regulatory subunit of the E.coli enzyme AHAS II. Appendices B and C contain chemical shift information corresponding to Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 respectively. Part I : Introduction to protein structure, folding and solution structure studies Chapter 1 first gives a brief overview of protein structure followed by an introduction to protein folding, focussing on the forces involved in determining the final three-dimensional shape of the protein as well as the experimental and computational techniques involved in studying or predicting the fold of a given protein. The second section of this chapter details the methodology followed to obtain solution structures of proteins using NMR spectroscopy. Part II : Engineering aromatic interactions to nucleate folding in intrinsically disordered regions of proteins Chapter 2 describes site-specific mutagenesis, recombinant over-expression, purifica-tion and preliminary biophysical characterization of two aromatic mutants of the molten globule apo-cytochrome b5 (apocytb5) : H43F H67F cytochrome b5 (FFcytb5) and H43W H67F cytochrome b5 (WFcytb5). Analysis of the structure of wild-type apo - cytochrome b5 was done to introduce surface mutations and avoid perturbation of the interior pack-ing of the protein. The bacterial host E.coli BL21(DE3) was used for recombinant over-expression, and both mutant proteins were purified by anion-exchange chromatography followed by size-exclusion chromatography. Biophysical studies show a decrease in the hydrodynamic radii and surface hydropho-bicity of FFcytb5 and WFcytb5 compared to wt -apo cytb5. An increase in protein stability was also seen from the wt apocytb5 to WFcytb5 and FFcytb5 in the presence of the chemical denaturant Urea. Proton 1D NMR spectra exhibited sharp lines and good spectral dispersion in the amide region, indicating that both mutant proteins are well folded. In addition, conservation of two distinctive up field and downfield shifted resonances present in apocytb5 indicated that structural changes upon mutation accrued on the upon the scaffold of apocytb5. Chapter 3 describes solution structure studies to determine secondary and tertiary structure of FFcytb5 and WFcytb5. Structural studies were carried out using homonu-clear and heteronuclear NMR methods, for which isotopically enriched 15N- and 13C, 15N samples were prepared for each protein. Additionally a 2H, 13C, 15N ILV methyl labeled sample was prepared for FFcytb5 to obtain unambiguous NOE correlation data. The hydrogen bond network for WFcytb5 was determined using hydrogen/deuterium exchange data. The restraints required to define the orientations and interactions of the aromatic groups were obtained from 15N-edited NOESY HSQC, 13C -edited NOESY HSQC and 2D 1H - 1H NOE spectra. These correlations were crucial in determining the aromatic interactions present within each protein. The structure of FFcytb5 was calculated using 1163 NOE distance restraints, 179 φ and ψ dihedral angle restraints, along with 40 hydrogen bond restraints. Similarly the structure of WFcytb5 was calculated using 1282 NOE distance restraints, 177 φ and ψ dihedral angle restraints and 40 hydrogen bond restraints. The ensemble of structures obtained for FFcytb5 showed a root mean square deviation of 1.01±0.21 Å . The ensemble of structures obtained for WFcytb5 showed a root mean square deviation of 0.58±0.09 Å . In both cases, ≈ 80% of backbone dihedral angles were found to be in the allowed regions and ≈ 20% in the additionally allowed regions of the Ramachandran map. The final tertiary structure of both FFcytb5 and WFcytb5 consisted of a mixed four strand β -sheet with a four helix bundle resting on top and were seen to align well, with an RMSD of 0.6 Å. A comparison of the solution structures of apocytb5 with FFcytb5 and WFcytb5 convincingly showed the nucleation secondary and tertiary structure well beyond the site of mutation. The presence of aromatic trimers, non-canonical in context of the wt apoc-ytb5, was confirmed upon analysis of the structures of FFcytb5 and WFcytb5, with NOE correlations assigned to verify these interactions. The reduction in the hydrodynamic radii of FFcytb5 and WFcytb5 in relation to apocytb5 was also verified from tsuperscript15N-NMR relaxometry studies. The nucleation of long-range structure using aromatic interactions has been demonstrated in proteins for the first time, and can in principle be used to incorporate aromatic residues and interactions in protein design. Structural data, chemical shift data and restraints lists used for structure calculation of WFcytb5 and FFcytb5 were deposited with the PDB (accession numbers 5XE4 and 5XEE) and BMRB(accession numbers 36070, 36071) respectively1. Part III : Structural consequences of introducing disulfide bonds into β - sheets Chapter 3 describes the solution structure studies on two mutants of E.coli Thiore-doxin which were designed to incorporate a disulfide bond between two anti-parallel β-strands at the edge of the β-sheet. One mutant was designed with a disulfide bond at the hydrogen bonding position (HB, 78c90cTrx) and the other with the disulfide bond at the non-hydrogen bonding position (NHB, 77c91cTrx). Here we study the structural changes that accompany the introduction of a cross-strand disulfide and whether such structural changes could be correlated with the previously seen thermodynamic and catalytic changes. Solution structure studies were conducted using a suite of multidimensional heteronu-clear NMR experiments, for which isotopically enriched 15N and 13C, 15N labelled samples were used. The solution structure for 77c91cTrx was calculated using 1190 NOE distance restraints, 199 φ and ψ dihedral angle restraints and 48 hydrogen bond restraints. The solution structure for 78c90cTrx was calculated using 1123 NOE distance restraints, 197 φ and ψ dihedral angle restraints and 50 hydrogen bond restraints. The ensemble of structures for 77c91cTrx showed an RMSD of 0.78± 0.13 Å while the RMSD for the ensemble of structures of 78c90cTrx was seen to be 0.76±0.09 Å . In both cases, ≈ 80% of backbone dihedral angles were seen to be in the allowed regions and ≈ 20% in the additionally allowed regions of the Ramachandran map. The tertiary structures of both proteins were seen to have a 5-strand mixed β-sheet and 4 helices surrounding it. . A comparison of the solution structures of mutant and wt -Trx showed significant changes in secondary and tertiary structure. For example, an α helix was reduced from 3 turns to a single turn, and of the β-strands containing the mutation was elongated by 3 residues. A ≈ 50% loss of hydrogen bonds, primarily from the β -sheet, was seen for both mutants. The secondary and tertiary structure for both 77c91cTrx and 78c90cTrx was seen to be near identical, despite the greater strain of the disulfide bond at the hydrogen bonding position. In addition to this, the Ile75-Pro76 peptide bond is now seen to be in the trans conformation in 78c90cTrx, while in wt -Trx the Ile75-Pro76 peptide bond is in the cis conformation. This cis peptide bond is known to play a role in both folding and catalysis, and the solution structures were analyzed in the context of observed changes in folding and catalysis. The study shows that introducing disulfide bonds even at the edge of β sheets have long-range structural effects, and the structural effects cannot be directly correlated with the changes in stability. Part III: Appendix Appendix A describes the expression, purification and preliminary characterization of ilvM, the regulatory subunit of E.coliAHAS II, one of three enzyme isomers that catal-yse the first step in the synthesis of all branched chain amino acids. AHAS II is known to be insensitive to feedback regulation, but our studies showed that the presence of Ile, Leu and Val causes structural changes and increases the stability of ilvM. However we were not able to purify ilvM in sufficient quantities to proceed with solution structure studies. Appendices B and C contain chemical shift information for the structural studies carried out on FFcytb5, WFcytb5, 77c91cTrx and 78c90cTrx.

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物機電工程學系碩士班
104
With a clear upward trend in the prevalence of Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）, more and more out-patients choose to go to Chinese medicine clinics for treatment. This suggests that Taiwanese people now have higher confidence in treating ADHD with traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） and are mostly satisfied with the outcome. The diagnosis（also referred to as “pattern”）and treatment of TCM are often considered to lack scientific evidence. Thus, we attempted to evaluate the efficacy of a TCM formulas using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model, which shows typical attention deficit and overactive behaviors early in life and is commonly used as a model for ADHD. We wanted to know if TCM treatment in SHRs lead to positive outcomes similar to what is seen in the clinical setting, in the hope of further elucidate the mechanism of TCM function in this animal model. For SHRs, symptoms of ADHD and significant changes in brain volume start to show at the age of four to five weeks, comparable to six to eight years old in humans. SHRs at this age range were used to test the effect of Bupleurum plus dragon bone and oyster shell decoction（BDOD）. Two dosages were tested: the original dosage （1 liang equals to 13.75g）, and the low dosage（1 liang equals to 3.75g）, which has been widely used clinically. A transparent box was designed for open field tests and Xbox kinetics was used for recording both before and after BDOD treatment by gavage . Similar to clinical observations for ADHD patients, young SHRs often show signs of anxiety in addition to ADHD-like symptoms. Therefore, we also measured anxiety-like behavior . Our results showed that, unlike its reported clinical efficacy, BDOD did not reduce the ADHD-related symptoms in SHRs. However, comparing 4-week-old SHRs treated with the two dosages of BDOD, animals treated with the original dosage showed increases in the total distance traveled and the total area explored. A plausible explanation is that the treatment resulted in the alleviation of anxiety, rather than the worsening of hyperactivity. The five-week-old SHRs showed no significant changes. Another likely reason for the discrepancy between our results from what is seen in clinical setting is that we couldn’t make proper diagnoses for the SHRs as we could for humans, making it difficult for accurate prescription.

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物機電工程學系碩士班
104
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopemental disorder in children. The core clinical symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Individuals with ADHD generally have developmental problems including poor academic, behavioral, emotional, and social functioning. The exact cause of ADHD is still unknown. A series of animal models have been proposed for ADHD research, while the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model is considered a widely accepted model. Although there is no historical record of ADHD in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a significant amount of empirical data are accumulated in recent years regarding the causes and the treatments of ADHD. Since people in Taiwan are used to combining western and traditional Chinese medicine, it is important to establish an interdisciplinary platform to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of TCM treatments. In this study, Bupleurum Plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell Decoction, which is widely used for ADHD treatment clinically, was validated for its efficacy using the SHR model. Two different doses were given by gavage: the original dose written in Shanghan Lun, and the equivalent dose currently used for powdered herbal medicine. After 14 days of continuous treatment, SHRs of different ages showed different responses. For both doses, the treated groups showed significant increases in terms of the total distance traveled and the time spent in the central area. The increase of the time spent in the central area indicates reduced anxiety by the treatment. Yet, whether the increase in the total distance traveled is a sign of hyperactivity or reduced anxiety still needs further investigation.

Le site archéologique qui se trouve dans le secteur historique de la réserve abénakise d’Odanak a été occupé pendant plusieurs siècles. Des fouilles archéologiques ont été menées de 2010 à 2013 sous la direction de Geneviève Treyvaud et Michel Plourde. Elles ont permis de mettre au jour divers témoins archéologiques dont plusieurs sont reliés aux ornements personnels. Ces derniers ont été étudiés afin de déterminer de quelles chaînes opératoires ils sont issus et quelles opérations ont pu se dérouler directement sur le site d’Odanak. Des ornements en pierre, en métal, en verre et en matière organique ont été portés à travers le temps par les Abénakis. Plusieurs techniques ont été utilisées pour les fabriquer et certains artéfacts en portent les traces caractéristiques. Il a été constaté que le site est divisé en trois zones d’activité : une zone d’habitat, une zone artisanale et la palissade. Plusieurs artéfacts semblent avoir été manipulés et transformés dans la zone artisanale tandis qu’ils ont plutôt été entreposés dans la zone d’habitation et abandonnés près de la palissade.
The archaeological site located in the historical part of the Abenaki reserve of Odanak has been occupied for several centuries. From 2010 to 2013, excavations of this site were carried out under the direction of Geneviève Treyvaud and Michel Plourde. The excavations led to the discovery of several features including many artéfacts relating to personal ornaments. These objects were studied to determine which chaîne opératoire led to their presence on the site and which operations were carried out at Odanak. Ornaments crafted from stone, metal, glass and various organic materials were worn by the Abenakis. Several different production techniques were used to craft these ornaments and these techniques left characteristic traces on the objects. Three areas are apparent on the site: a domestic zone, a production zone and a palisade. Several artifacts appear to have been manipulated and transformed in the production zone, stored in the domestic zone, and abandoned near the palisade.

No
Despite being widely utilized in the production of cultural objects, keratinous hard tissues, such as horn, baleen, and tortoiseshell, rarely survive in archaeological contexts unless factors combine to inhibit biodeterioration. Even when these materials do survive, working, use, and diagenetic changes combine to make identification difficult. This paper reviews the chemistry and deterioration of keratin and past approaches to the identification of keratinous archaeological remains. It describes the formation of horn, hoof, baleen, and tortoiseshell and demonstrates how identification can be achieved by combining visual observation under low-power magnification with an understanding of the structure and characteristic deterioration of these materials. It also demonstrates how peptide mass fingerprinting of the keratin can be used to identify keratinous tissues, often to species, even when recognizable structural information has not survived.

Η Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφία (ΗΕΓ) και η Μαγνητοεγκεφαλογραφία (ΜΕΓ) αποτελούν δύο από τις πλέον ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενες μη επεμβατικές μεθόδους μελέτης της λειτουργίας του ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου, κατά τις οποίες καταγράφονται εξωτερικά του κρανίου, το ηλεκτρικό και το μαγνητικό πεδίο, που οφείλονται στη διέργεση εγκεφαλικών νευρώνων. Oι κύριες βιοηλεκτρικές πηγές των πεδίων που καταγράφονται σ’ αυτά, είναι ομάδες νευρώνων, που προτυποποιούνται με ένα ηλεκτρικό δίπολο. Αρχικά επιλέγεται το πλέον ρεαλιστικό πρότυπο των τριών φλοιών. Δηλαδή ως αγωγός θεωρείται ολόκληρο το κρανίο, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του δέρματος, των κρανιακών οστών, του εγκεφαλονωτιαίου υγρού και του εγκεφαλικού ιστού – περιοχές διαφορετικής ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας – και υπολογίζεται το ηλεκτρικό δυναμικό και το μαγνητικό πεδίο, επιλύεται δηλαδή τόσο το ευθύ πρόβλημα ΗΕΓ, όσο και το αντίστοιχο ΜΕΓ, στη σφαιρική και στην ελλειψοειδή γεωμετρία. Το δεύτερο πρότυπο αφορά στην επίλυση του ευθέος προβλήματος ΗΕΓ για την περίπτωση όπου ο εγκεφαλικός ιστός θεωρηθεί ως ένα σφαιρικός αγωγός, στο εσωτερικό του οποίου βρίσκεται είτε ομόκεντρα μια σφαιρική περιοχή υγρού, οπότε χρησιμοποιείται για την επίλυση το σφαιρικό σύστημα συντεταγμένων, είτε έκκεντρα, οπότε χρησιμοποιείται αντίστοιχα το δισφαιρικό. Τέλος, ως αγωγός θεωρείται μια ομογενής σφαίρα, περίπτωση όπου η ακριβής και πλήρης αναλυτική λύση για το πρόβλημα του Βιομαγνητισμού είναι γνωστή. Η συνεισφορά όμως της διατριβής για το πρότυπο αυτό είναι στη δημιουργία χρήσιμων εργαλείων για την μετατροπή των αναπτυγμάτων των λύσεων σε σειρές, στις αντίστοιχες κλειστές μορφές μέσω της άθροισης των σειρών, καθώς και στην εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων σχετικά με το αντίστροφο πρόβλημα ΗΕΓ, τα οποία προκύπτουν από τη γραφική επεξεργασία της κλειστής λύσης του ηλεκτρικού δυναμικού, όπως αυτή προέκυψε από τη μέθοδο των ειδώλων.
Electroenchephalography (EEG) and Magnetoenchephalophy (MEG) are common non invansive methods for studying the function of the human brain. Considering that the data of the generated electric potential (Electroencephalogram) and the magnetic field (Magnetoenchephalogram), takes place on or in the surrounding the head, the entire head, including the skin, the bones, the cerebrospinal fluid and the cerebral, regions which are characterizing by different electric conductivity are including. For this model, the direct Bioelectromagnetism problem is solved in both spherical and ellipsoidal geometry. Specifically, the leading terms of the electric potential in the exterior of the conductor and everywhere in the interior, as well as the leading quadrupolic term of the multipole expansion of the exterior magnetic induction field in the ellipsoidal geometry, are obtained. The reduction of the the ellipsoidal results to the corresponding spherical case, which has brought up useful conclusions concerning these two geometrical models, is also presented. The direct EEG problem is described, for the case where the entire cerebral is considered as a spherical conductor, which surrounds a fluid spherical region of different conductivity. When the two spherical regions are concentric, the problem is solved with the spherical geometry, but when these are eccentric the problem is solved with the bispherical geometry. Finally, the exact and complete analytic solution for the forward EEG problem is produced by the Image Theory for the homogeneous spherical conductor and is elaborated graphically. In particular, some electric potential distributions are produced on the surface of the spherical brain, where the equipotential curves are represented by circles. Considering these distributions, a parametric analysis of the position and the orientation o the moment dipole is accomplished for the current dipole that has considered in this thesis. Consequently, when the source is near the surface, the orientation of the moment is directed vertically to the zero equipotential circle to the increase potential, since the position vector of the source tends to become vertical to the maximum equipotential curves. The existence of special position and orientation of the source, for which the contribution in the external magnetic field is zero - and for the spherical case, where the position and the orientation of the sources are parallel - corresponds to parallel equipotential curves.

Der hierarchisch strukturierte und hoch geordnete Aufbau von Calciumphosphat und Kollagen in Knochen und Zähnen wird von den Zellen mit Hilfe bestimmter Moleküle erreicht. Diese organischen Moleküle, zumeist Proteine, beeinflussen durch die räumliche Anordnung ihrer Ladung das Präzipitations- und Wachstumsverhalten der mineralischen Phase. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Computersimulationen zeigen, dass ein Calciumphosphatkomplex mit deprotoniertem Phosphat am stabilsten ist. Vermutlich nimmt die Bindungsenergie pro Oberfläche des Komplexes mit wachsender Größe bis zu einem Ca9(PO4)6 -Komplex (Posner Klaster) linear zu. Die Präzipitation von Calciumphosphat aus wässriger Lösung führt häufig zu amorphen Kugeln mit 50-500 nm Durchmesser, die sphärische Unterstrukturen von ca. 5 nm Durchmesser zeigen und bei großer Dichte zu einer amorphen Schicht verschmelzen. Geringe Unterschiede in der Präparation können aber schon zu stäbchenförmigen oder plättchenartigen Kristalliten führen. Phosphoserin ist eine der wichtigsten Aminosäuren bei der Anbindung von Proteinen an Calciumphosphat. Das Computermodell zeigt an der gesamten Oberfläche dieser Aminosäure ein deutliches elektrisches Potential, dies begünstigt die Wechselwirkung mit Ionen. FT-IR- und NMR-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Phosphoserin bei Kopräzipitation mit Calciumphosphat höchstwahrscheinlich in die mineralische Phase eingebaut wird. Serin zeigt bei der Kopräzipitation ab 1 mM einen Einfluss auf die Morphologie von Calciumphosphat, während Phosphoserin schon bei 0,01 mM einen deutlichen Einfluss zeigt. Elektronenspray-Ionisations-Massenspektroskopie (ESI-MS) bestätigt die relativ zum Serin intensivere Wechselwirkung von Phosphoserin mit Calciumphosphat. Das wichtigste Protein zur Vermeidung ektopischer Mineralisierung ist Fetuin. Dieses Protein stabilisiert die transient auftretenden amorphen Calciumphosphatkugeln (ACP-Kugeln) und erlaubt so dem Körper deren Entsorgung. Fetuin verhindert das Verschmelzen von ACP-Kugeln, wenn diese in großer Dichte auftreten, wobei deren feine Unterstruktur erhalten bleibt. Trotz des starken inhibitorischen Verhaltens wird das Auflösen von Brushit durch die Anwesenheit von Fetuin praktisch nicht beschleunigt. Auch auf die Kinetik der Assemblierung von Kollagen zeigt Fetuin praktisch keinen Einfluss. Des Weiteren wurde das Nukleationsverhalten des häufigsten, nichtkollagenen Knochenproteins, dem Osteocalcin (OC), mittels ESI-MS beobachtet. Die Untersuchungen von Osteocalcin in Calciumphosphatlösung zeigten Komplexe mit bis zu 8 Ca2+, der größte identifizierbare Komplex bestand aus [OC Ca2 (PO4 )2 Na4 ]+. Um die Mineralisierung von Kollagen genauer zu untersuchen, wurden assemblierte Kollagenfibrillen in der Flüssigzelle eines Atomkraftmikroskops (AFM) mit Calciumphosphat nachmineralisiert. Hierbei wurde eine gleichmäßige Anlagerung der offenbar amorphen mineralischen Phase beobachtet. Die Inkubation der Fibrillen mit Phospholipidvesikeln führte zu einem Aufweichen der Fibrillen. Des Weiteren wurden Phospholipidvesikel hergestellt, um den Calciumphosphatniederschlag in einem räumlich stark begrenzten Abschnitt zu untersuchen. Die Vesikel wurden mit REM und AFM abgebildet und so verschiedene Präparationsmethoden verglichen. Es konnten plättchenförmige Kristallite an der Vesikelmembran gezüchtet werden, während bei Anwesenheit von Phosphoserin globuläre Objekte auftraten. Eine Arbeitshypothese wurde entwickelt, die das unterschiedliche Wachstumsverhalten von Calciumphosphat in wässriger Lösung mit einer positiv geladenen Hydrathülle um den Calciumphosphatkeim erklärt. Die Protonen stammen vom deprotonierten Phosphat des Mineralkeims und können sich auf Grund der adsorbierten Wassermoleküle nicht sofort in der Lösung verteilen. Diese Hülle aus H3O+ verhindert das beliebige Anlagern von Ionen an den Mineralkeim und lenkt so dessen Morphologie.:1 Einführung 1.1 Biomineralisation 1.2 Calciumphosphat 1.3 Phosphoserin 1.4 Kollagen 1.5 Osteocalcin 1.6 Fetuin 1.7 Matrixvesikel 1.8 Fragestellung der Dissertation 2 Material und Methoden 2.1 Computermodellierung 2.2 Chemikalien und Lösungen 2.3 FT-IR-Messungen 2.4 UV/Vis-Messungen 2.5 Massenspektroskopische Experimente 2.6 REM 2.7 TEM 2.8 AFM 2.9 NMR 2.10 XRD 3 Ergebnisse und Interpretation 3.1 Calciumphosphat 3.2 Phosphoserin 3.3 Fetuin 3.4 Osteocalcin 3.5 Kollagen 3.6 Künstliche Vesikel 4 Abschließende Zusammenfassung Anhang Erläuterungen zu den Ergebnissen Glossar Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Erklärung, Danke Publikationen Lebenslauf Index