Artículos de revistas: "Bones and shells"

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Jinjing, Xu. "The Relations of “shi tun” (示屯) during the Reign of Wu-Ding of Shang (≈1250 B.C. - 1222 B.C.)". Sinología hispánica 1, n.º 8 (15 de junio de 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/sin.v1i8.5925.

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<span>In Annals of Spring and Autumn it is stated that: “State affairs are worship and military affairs.” The inscriptions on turtle shells and bones are records of the escapulimancia during the Shang dynasty (≈1600 BC - 1046 BC), and that covers all aspects of life and society. The “tun” (屯) is a unit of measurement used for the turtle shells and bones of the oracle during the Shang dynasty. A shell or a bone is “a pian (丿)”, and a pair is “a tun (屯)”. “Shi tun” (示屯) refers to the “offering of shells and prepared bones”, is one of the important sources of oracular bones. The organization and analysis of reception records in those bones allow us to get to know this dynasty of more than 3,000 years ago from a new perspective. In addition, we can also understand</span> <span>the social status of taxpayers and signatories, through comparisons with the content of other oracular bones.</span>

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Yudha, Donan Satria, Fidelis Triki Sadewa Aritona y Rury Eprilurahman. "Characteristics of Shell Bone as an Identification Tool for Turtle Species (Reptiles: Testudines) in Java, Borneo, and Sumatra". Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, n.º 1 (14 de abril de 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.47227.

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There are 42 species of turtles; including sea turtle, freshwater turtle, tortoise, and softshell turtle (Reptilia: Testudines) living in Indonesia today. Turtles have economic values for quite a long time and it has led to illegal trade such as smuggling of carapace and plastron bones. Identification is needed to find out more details about the turtle species. Turtles have shells as unique features with different characteristics on each species. Shell’s identification usually relies on the shape of carapace and plastron. The purpose of this research is to understand turtle shell morphological characters and determine the diagnostic characters of each species. We conducted visual observation on specimen collections from the Laboratory of Animal Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada and Museum of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The result shows that each turtle species have their own unique shell bone’s characters, therefore it can be used to determine each turtle species of Indonesia.

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Ogawa, Masahiro, Kohei Yamauchi, Hisao Sugihara, Hiroyasu Nishiguchi, Tatsumi Ishihara y Yusaku Takita. "Synthesis of the White Calcium Cyanamide from Shells, Egg Shells, and Chicken Bones". Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 14, n.º 1 (2003): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.14.10.

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Yuan, Sixun, Xiaohong Wu, Kexin Liu, Zhiyu Guo, Xiaolin Cheng, Yan Pan y Jinxia Wang. "Removal of Contaminants from Oracle Bones During Sample Pretreatment". Radiocarbon 49, n.º 2 (2007): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042132.

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Animal bones and tortoise shells were used for divination by the Chinese royal family during the Shang Dynasty (∼16th–11th century BC), and the divination results were recorded as inscriptions on oracle bones and shells, which are very valuable cultural remains and record many important events in the Shang Dynasty period. Thus, radiocarbon dating of oracle bones was used to build a precise chronology of the late Shang Dynasty. Due to their original burial conditions and the fact that in subsequent decades the pieces were traded or archived in museums, oracle bones are expected to be contaminated with exogenous materials from the environment and the conservation process. During dating, we found that some samples were contaminated by conservation chemical reagents. The contaminated samples were purified by removing exogenous chemicals with a series of organic solvents, in a method modified from Bruhn et al. (2001). Both whole bone and gelatin samples were processed with this purification method, resulting in satisfactory improvements in dating results.

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5

Loewe, Michael. "The oracles of the clouds and the Winds". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, n.º 3 (octubre de 1988): 500–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00116490.

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The subject of oracles and divination usually calls to mind two topics, the shells and bones of the Shang–Yin period, and the cast of the yarrow stalks with a view to constructing the hexagrams. Attention may then fasten on the inscriptions of the shells and the bones, or on the Changes, and their respective places in linguistic, religious, historical or philosophical studies. However, it is by no means always recognized that divination and oracles continued to be matters of considerable importance in their many forms in later ages, playing a significant role alike in political decisions, religious practice and scientific enquiry.

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Püntener, Christian, Jérémy Anquetin y Jean-Paul Billon-Bruyat. "The comparative osteology of Plesiochelys bigleri n. sp., a new coastal marine turtle from the Late Jurassic of Porrentruy (Switzerland)". PeerJ 5 (28 de junio de 2017): e3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3482.

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Background During the Late Jurassic, several groups of eucryptodiran turtles inhabited the shallow epicontinental seas of Western Europe. Plesiochelyidae are an important part of this first radiation of crown-group turtles into coastal marine ecosystems. Fossils of Plesiochelyidae occur in many European localities, and are especially abundant in the Kimmeridgian layers of the Swiss Jura Mountains (Solothurn and Porrentruy). In the mid-19th century, the quarries of Solothurn (NW Switzerland) already provided a large amount of fossil turtles, most notably Plesiochelys etalloni, the best-known plesiochelyid species. Recent excavations in the Porrentruy area (NW Switzerland) revealed new fossils of Plesiochelys, including numerous well-preserved shells with associated cranial and postcranial material. Methods/results Out of 80 shells referred to Plesiochelys, 41 are assigned to a new species, Plesiochelys bigleri n. sp., including a skull–shell association. We furthermore refer 15 shells to Plesiochelys etalloni, and 24 shells to Plesiochelys sp. Anatomical comparisons show that Plesiochelys bigleri can clearly be differentiated from Plesiochelys etalloni by cranial features. The shell anatomy and the appendicular skeleton of Plesiochelys bigleri and Plesiochelys etalloni are very similar. However, a statistical analysis demonstrates that the thickness of neural bones allows to separate the two species based on incomplete material. This study furthermore illustrates the extent of intraspecific variation in the shell anatomy of Plesiochelys bigleri and Plesiochelys etalloni.

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Loewe, Michael. "Divination By Shells, Bones and Stalks During the Han Period". T'oung Pao 74, n.º 1 (1988): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853288x00103.

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AbstractFrom the foregoing it may be seen that many Chinese of the Han period retained a deep faith in the powers of divination. Deliberate attempts to search for guidance in this way possessed a significance and a validity that was no less forceful than that of other intellectual or religious activities undertaken in like manner to plumb the secrets of the universe. The act of divination depended on a belief in the unitary nature of the universe. It sought communication with unseen powers through the medium of material objects that were

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8

Kwang-Yuan, Chang. "12. An Experiment in Making Late Shang Oracle Bones". Early China 9, S1 (1986): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800002996.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of a series of experiments attempting to determine the methods of selection, preparation, and use of turtle shell and cattle bone materials for divination during the Late Shang period. Specific topics covered include selection, preparation, drilling of burning-pits and application of heat, the reading by the diviners of the resulting cracks, the function of the historian's first writing the divination data on the bone before it was inscribed, the reason the cracks and divination data were carved into the bone and why pigment was applied to them, the actual inscription-carving technique, the result of experiments on methods of softening bones and shells, and preparing bronze and jade inscription-carving knives. I have examined excavation reports and earlier publications by scholars in the field and compared them with my own results in order to gain more complete understanding of the actual process of Late Shang oracle-bone divination. In the course of carrying out these experiments, I have made a number of discoveries which I hope may fill in some of the gaps that still exist in oraclebone studies after eighty-three years.

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Wojcieszak, Marine, Tess Van den Brande, Gaia Ligovich y Mathieu Boudin. "PRETREATMENT PROTOCOLS PERFORMED AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTE FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE (RICH) PRIOR TO AMS 14C MEASUREMENTS". Radiocarbon 62, n.º 5 (27 de julio de 2020): e14-e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.64.

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ABSTRACTThe Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (RICH) radiocarbon (14C) laboratory in Brussels, Belgium, has acquired experience for pretreating samples with 60 years of involvement in 14C dating, and the implementation of routine protocols. These procedures as applied to wood, seeds, charred materials, bones, ivory, textiles (silk, wool, cotton, linen), paper, shells, cremated bones, mortars, lead carbonates, sediments, etc. are described in detail in this paper. They are evaluated against reference materials.

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10

Marcon, Norman E. "Overtubes and Foreign Bodies". Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 4, n.º 9 (1990): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1990/963194.

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The most common article ingested in adults is food or food products such as nuts, shells, pits and bones. Poorly chewed steak causing bolus obstruction occurs especially in the elderly, while coins are most common in the pediatric group. New techniques of flexible endoscopy have altered and improved management, decreasing the need for surgery. A foreign body in the esophagus mandates prompt removal to avoid perforation. At least 80% of foreign, bodies reaching the stomach pass spontaneously. Once the foreign body is beyond the distal duodenum, it should be followed with serial x-rays. Techniques of removal of meat, bones, shells, bezoars, glass, bottle tops, sharps, pencils, pens, wires, thermometers, gastrostomy tubes, obesity balloons, safety pins, razor blades, button batteries and cocaine packets are described. Complications related to foreign body removal are rare.

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Daouda, Coulibaly. "Diagnose Sexuelle Des Os Coxaux Archéoanthropologiques Issus De L’amas Coquillier De Songon Kassemblé Au Sud-Est De La Côte d’Ivoire". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 17 (29 de junio de 2016): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n17p261.

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Since 2008, some surfaces gatherings have been done on the archaeological shells middens of Songon Kassemblé in Ivory Coast. As a result, several pieces of anthropological bones have been collected. Each collection with a minimum of three individuals, contains some skulls, some longs bones of the uppers and the inferiors members, and some hips bones. These bones are the main material for experimentation. In fact, determing the sex is the purpose of this work. To do so, firstly we will estimate the age of the hips bone owners at the time of their death. Secondly morphoscopical and morphometrical methods has been used. The results are, the sex of three hips bone owners is female and the last one sex is indeterminate.

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12

Chawari, Muhammad. "BENTENG VAN DEN BOSCH, NGAWI: TEMUAN ARTEFAKTUAL SEBAGAI CERMINAN ALAT-ALAT KEBUTUHAN SEHARI-HARI". Berkala Arkeologi 36, n.º 2 (26 de noviembre de 2016): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v36i2.235.

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Research in Fort Van den Bosch in Ngawi, East Java Province brings about data on aspects of the buildings and artifacts that accompany it. Regarding the artifacts a number of fragments of pottery, metal, ceramics, glass, animal bones, and shells have been found. They were objects of everyday appliances, except for bones and shells. Those artefacts could show the activities of the fort’s inhabitants in the past.Penelitian di Benteng Van den Bosch di Kabupaten Ngawi, Provinsi Jawa Timur menghasilkan data baik tentang aspek bangunan benteng maupun artefak yang menyertainya. Khusus mengenai temuan artefak, telah ditemukan sejumlah fragmen gerabah, fragmen logam, fragmen keramik asing, fragmen kaca, fragmen tulang, dan fragmen kerang. Fragmen-fragmen tersebut berasal dari benda-benda peralatan sehari-hari, kecuali fragmen tulang dan fragmen kerang. Dengan mempelajari temuan artefaktual diharapkan gambaran tentang aktivitas para penghuni benteng di masa lampau dapat diketahui.

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13

Mihara, Fumihiro, Ken Takeuchi, Sanae Tamura, Yasushi Idemoto y Yasuo Kogo. "The Use of Scallop Shell Powder as a Method of Extracting Strontium". MRS Advances 1, n.º 52 (2016): 3525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.420.

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ABSTRACTIn Japan, scallop shells are considered to be industrial waste. Thus far, attempts for reusing these shells have been mainly limited to the commercial production of CaCO3. Nevertheless, there are no clear economic benefits associated with the use of scallop shells as a source of CaCO3. Hence, we are attempting to investigate a new value-added use for scallop shells as an advanced functional material. In this regard, we focused our attention on nuclear wastewater, which contains radioactive Sr and Cs. Sr, which tends to accumulate in bones, is believed to cause bone cancer. Hence, it is highly desirable to develop a method for removing Sr from contaminated water. In this study, we investigate whether scallop shells demonstrate the ability to remove Sr from a solution. From the results obtained, scallop shells can remove Sr solutes from a solution; furthermore, as compared to CaCO3, they demonstrate superior ability for removing Sr.

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Freeh, Daniel M. y Mehmet Sarikaya. "Polymorphic Transition in Biogenic Calcium Carbonate: Nacre/Prismatic Interface in Abalone Shell". Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (agosto de 1997): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600010655.

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The research in biological hard tissues offers lessons for biomimetic (structure and processing) strategies, such as for the synthesis of hierarchical architectures tailored for specific engineering applications. These biocomposites, i.e., biogenic materials in which the major phase is an inorganic component associated with macromolecules (proteins and polysaccharides), include bones, dentin, sea-urchin skeletal units, bacterial and algal particles and molluscan shells. Here, a summary is given from a recent TEM study of the interfacial region of nacreous and prismatic sections of red abalone shell to understand the morphological and crystallographic correlations across this transition region.Many mollusk species have shells made of CaCO3 in various architectures that have evolved under different ecological conditions to produce structures that best protect the organism. The shells of many species contain both aragonite (orthorhombic, Pmnc) and calcite (Rhombohedral, R3m). In red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), the outer section, prismatic (P), is composed of columnar crystallites of calcite (1-5 μm base, 5-10 μm height), and the inner section, nacre (N), is composed of pseudo-hexagonal platelets of aragonite (side 2-5 μm), stacked as 0.25 μm layers, separated by a few nm-thick organic layer (Fig. 1).

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Soares, António M. Monge, José M. Matos Martins y João Luís Cardoso. "Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect of Coastal Waters Off Cape Verde Archipelago". Radiocarbon 53, n.º 2 (2011): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056551.

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Quantification of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect (ΔR) is essential in order to calibrate conventional 14C dates from marine shell samples with reliability. ΔR also provides information concerning the intensity of coastal upwelling in marine regions influenced by this phenomenon. 14C ages of closely associated marine samples (mollusk shells) and terrestrial samples (goat bones) from São Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, permitted the first calculation of the marine 14C reservoir effect in this region. A ΔR weighted mean value of 70 ± 70 14C yr was obtained. This value is in accordance with the previously published oceanographic conditions of the region indicating the existence of a seasonal active upwelling regime.

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Latypova, E. K. y B. L. Yakheemovich. "Geochronology of the Pleistocene and Holocene in the Fore-Urals". Radiocarbon 35, n.º 3 (1993): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220006046x.

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The paper presents the results for the 14C dating obtained recently in the Laboratory of the Institute of Geology, Ufa Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, on the basis of megafaunal bones, peats, wood and mollusk shells. Dates are reported in stratigraphic sequence from the Late Würmian to the Holocene.

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Vybornov, A. A., F. F. Gilyazov, N. S. Doga, A. S. Popov, A. I. Yudin, I. N. Vasilyeva, M. A. Kulkova, N. V. Roslyakova y P. A. Kosintsev. "RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS AT THE ALGAY SITE IN THE STEPPE VOLGA REGION IN 2020". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, n.º 2 (2021): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-2-100-121.

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The paper presents the results of the Algay site study undertaken in 2020 in the steppe Volga region (Aleksandorovo-Gaisky district of the Saratov region) on the right bank of the Bolshoy Uzen river. During the excavations archaeologists discovered three cultural layers, separated from each other by sterile layers. The upper layer contains finds belonged to the Khvalynskaya Eneolithic culture, the middle layer contains finds from the Caspian one, and the lower layer - from the Orlovskaya culture. The ceramics are made of silty clay with an admixture of mollusk shells. The stone tools differ in raw materials: the Khvalynskaya and Caspian artifacts are made mainly of quartzite, and the Orlovskaya ones are made of flint. The range of objects is dominated by various types of scrapers, knives and cutting points. The flat-bottomed vessels of the Orlovskaya culture are ornamented using the technique of a receding lines with oval and triangular pricks. Patterns are represented by horizontal rows and zigzags. Aurochs, tarpan, saiga and onager were identified among the bones of animals. Bones of a domestic dog were found in the Orlovskaya culture layer, and bones of sheep and goats in the Caspian layer. The bone tools and a shell pendant were also found. The radiocarbon dates indicate the existence of the Caspian layer in the V millennium BC, and the Orlovskaya layer in the VII -VI millennium BC.

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Irfan, Md, P. S. Suprajaa, R. Praveen y B. M. Reddy. "Microwave-assisted one-step synthesis of nanohydroxyapetite from fish bones and mussel shells". Materials Letters 282 (enero de 2021): 128685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128685.

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Gadgihalli, Vishal, Meena, Lohit, Raghavendra Prasad HavanjeDinakar y Babitha Rani. "ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING SEA SHELLS CRUSHEDPOWDER AS ADMIXTURE". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, n.º 11 (30 de noviembre de 2017): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i11.2017.2370.

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The tremendous increment of demand on concrete made admixture one of major component. As admixtures help in enhancement of concrete physical and chemical admixture. In this paper analysis of sea shells as chemical admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to the normal Portland cement. As sea shells contain calcium carbonate, CaCo3 as major composition, as calcium is one major component that helps in densifying and hardening of bones in all living things. The flexural and compressive strength has gradually increased; the transmission temperature and reduction time of exothermal reaction has reduced. Hence seashell acts as great admixture.

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Wang, Chi-Hao, Chien Thang Doan, Van Bon Nguyen, Anh Dzung Nguyen y San-Lang Wang. "Reclamation of Fishery Processing Waste: A Mini-Review". Molecules 24, n.º 12 (14 de junio de 2019): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122234.

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Seafood such as fish, shellfish, and squid are a unique source of nutrients. However, many marine processing byproducts, such as viscera, shells, heads, and bones, are discarded, even though they are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive nitrogenous components. Based on emerging evidence of their potential health benefits, these components show significant promise as functional food ingredients. Fish waste components contain significant levels of high-quality protein, which represents a source for biofunctional peptide mining. The chitin contained in shrimp shells, crab shells, and squid pens may also be of value. The components produced by bioconversion are reported to have antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anticoagulant activities. This review provides an overview of the extraordinary potential of processing fish and chitin-containing seafood byproducts via chemical procedures, enzymatic and fermentation technologies, and chemical modifications, as well as their applications.

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Clunies, M. y S. Leeson. "Effect of dietary calcium level on plasma proteins and calcium flux occurring during a 24 h ovulatory cycle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1995): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-064.

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An experiment was carried out to determine whether feeding different calcium levels from the onset of production has an effect on medullary bone reserves, plasma proteins and ultimately shell formation. A total of 80 Single Comb White Leghorn hens photostimulated at 17 wk of age were fed a 2.5% Ca diet until the appearance of the first egg. Thereafter diets providing 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, or 4.5% Ca were fed to groups of 16 hens. At 6, 12, 18, or 24 h post-ovrposition, blood was collected from four hens per treatment, which were then euthanized and developing shells and bones sampled. As dietary Ca increased, plasma Ca, protein, and protein-bound phosphorus concentrations also increased (P < 0.05). Dietary Ca level had no effect (P > 0.05) on the % Ca or total Ca content of bone ends or medullary bone. As dietary Ca concentration increased, both shell ash and shell Ca increased (P < 0.05). Regardless of dietary Ca, shell secretion was most rapid during 12–18 h of the ovulatory cycle (postoviposition). Key words: Calcium, medullary bone, shell calcification, plasma proteins

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Tsybriy, Andrey Vitalievich, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Dolbunova, Andrey Nikolaevich Mazurkevich, Tatiana Vladimirovna Tsybriy, Viktor Vitalievich Tsybriy, Jacek Szmańda y Piotr Kittel. "New investigations of early Neolithic layers (on the example of Rakushechny Yar)". Samara Journal of Science 7, n.º 3 (15 de agosto de 2018): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201873202.

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Rakushechny Yar has attracted interest for a long period of time. New questions arose around its materials and the site itself, which led to renewal of excavations and investigations of this site nowadays. New investigations of the place allowed the authors to distinguish early Neolithic layers, which were inaccessible before due to a high water level of the Don River. Particularities of Unio and Viviparus shells distribution show that these were different shell middens within several horizons. Also variety of spots full of bone debris and pits were uncovered here. New paleogeographical studies allowed reconstruction ancient landscape in the surroundings of this place. Shell tools, stone industry and ceramic assemblage, bone and antler tools are early Neolithic finds. The first time wooden artefacts and coprolites were found in a low watered layer. Finds of bones of domestic animals suggest even more complicated organization of this early Neolithic society.

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Dimitrijevic, Vesna. "Vertebrate fauna of Vinca - Belo Brdo: Excavation campaigns 1998-2003". Starinar, n.º 56 (2006): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta0656245d.

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Vertebrate remains from the Late Vinca layers of the site Belo Brdo in the present day village of Vinca are studied. These include the bones of mammals birds, tortoises, fish, in addition to mollusc shells. The most important are remains of mammals, among which domestic animals slightly outnumber game. Five species of domestic animal are present: dog, and four economically important species - cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. Cattle bones preponderate within domestic animals, but pig remains are also numerous. Red deer, wild boar and roe deer are the most frequently hunted prey. Birds were rarely hunted, but fishing was a regular activity. Occasionally, tortoises and river clams were collected as an additional food supply.

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Dyke, Arthur S., Roger N. McNeely y James Hooper. "Marine reservoir corrections for bowhead whale radiocarbon age determinations". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1996): 1628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-123.

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Twenty-two pairs of radiocarbon dates on driftwood and bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) bones from raised beaches, dates on whale bone and terrestrial plant detritus from a stratigraphie section, and 25 additional dates on whale bones from the lowest (≤1 ka BP) raised beaches in the eastern Canadian Arctic suggest that a marine reservoir correction of about −200 years is appropriate for normalized age determinations on bone collagen from the bowhead whale in this region. This is less than the correction (−400 years) normally applied to carbonate shells of marine molluscs from this region. The carbon in bowhead collagen appears to be derived from the whales' zooplankton food rather than from marine bicarbonate.

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Rice, Ritva, Aki Kallonen, Judith Cebra-Thomas y Scott F. Gilbert. "Development of the turtle plastron, the order-defining skeletal structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n.º 19 (25 de abril de 2016): 5317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600958113.

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The dorsal and ventral aspects of the turtle shell, the carapace and the plastron, are developmentally different entities. The carapace contains axial endochondral skeletal elements and exoskeletal dermal bones. The exoskeletal plastron is found in all extant and extinct species of crown turtles found to date and is synaptomorphic of the order Testudines. However, paleontological reconstructed transition forms lack a fully developed carapace and show a progression of bony elements ancestral to the plastron. To understand the evolutionary development of the plastron, it is essential to know how it has formed. Here we studied the molecular development and patterning of plastron bones in a cryptodire turtleTrachemys scripta. We show that plastron development begins at developmental stage 15 when osteochondrogenic mesenchyme forms condensates for each plastron bone at the lateral edges of the ventral mesenchyme. These condensations commit to an osteogenic identity and suppress chondrogenesis. Their development overlaps with that of sternal cartilage development in chicks and mice. Thus, we suggest that in turtles, the sternal morphogenesis is prevented in the ventral mesenchyme by the concomitant induction of osteogenesis and the suppression of chondrogenesis. The osteogenic subroutines later direct the growth and patterning of plastron bones in an autonomous manner. The initiation of plastron bone development coincides with that of carapacial ridge formation, suggesting that the development of dorsal and ventral shells are coordinated from the start and that adopting an osteogenesis-inducing and chondrogenesis-suppressing cell fate in the ventral mesenchyme has permitted turtles to develop their order-specific ventral morphology.

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Maxwell, David. "BEYOND MARITIME SYMBOLISM". Ancient Mesoamerica 11, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100111095.

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Tikal caches frequently contain a wide variety of marine materials such as shells, fish bones, and stingray spines (Coe 1990; Maxwell 1996). Beyond the possible use of stingray spines as bloodletters, however, little attention has been given to the role of these objects in ritual. Numerous caches contain the remains of toxic animals, including stingrays, porcupine fish, cone shells, and potentially toxic corals and sponges. Intriguingly, these objects are found in the greatest frequencies dating to the period from a.d. 562 to 695—known as the Tikal hiatus—beginning immediately following the defeat of Tikal by Caracol and ending with the ascension of Ruler A. It is proposed toxic marine objects were employed in rituals at Tikal and these rituals were most important during the hiatus period.

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Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Malcolm Lillie y Sergey Telizhenko. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating from the Neolithic of Eastern Ukraine Casts Doubts on Existing Chronologies". Radiocarbon 57, n.º 4 (2015): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18438.

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The Seversky Donets River (Northern Donets) basin in eastern Ukraine and the Lower Don River valley in Russia were inhabited by populations that have been considered to be one of the earliest pottery-using cultures in Europe. The early pottery sites are all located on riverbanks and contain middens with many mollusk shells and fish bones. This suggests the intense exploitation of freshwater resources. The accuracy of radiocarbon dates obtained from these locations is of crucial importance for understanding the development of new technologies, diversification of the food consumed and its preparation strategies, as well as the degree of sedentism in this region, associated with the beginnings of pottery-making technology. The chronology of Neolithic sites in this region, however, was developed on the basis of 14C dates commonly obtained through the dating of freshwater mollusk shells, pottery with mollusk shell temper, or organic residue on pottery shards. Such samples are potentially affected by the freshwater reservoir effect, raising concerns about the accuracy of those dates. This paper presents accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates from a small pilot study from sites in eastern Ukraine in order to test for the presence of the reservoir effect in this region. The AMS 14C dates presented in this paper challenge the 14C chronology based on mollusk shell or organic residue, which appears to generate much older dates than those on wood charcoal or terrestrial animal bone.

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Richards, M. P. y R. J. Schulting. "Touch not the fish: the Mesolithic-Neolithic change of diet and its significance". Antiquity 80, n.º 308 (1 de junio de 2006): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00093765.

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Stable isotope analysis has startled the archaeological community by showing a rapid and widespread change from a marine to terrestrial diet (ie from fish to domesticated plants and animals) as people moved from a Mesolithic to a Neolithic culture. This could be a consequence of domestication, or as Julian Thomas (2003) proposed, of a kind of taboo (‘Touch not the fish’). In a key challenge, Nicky Milner and her colleagues (2004) questioned the reality of this nutritional revolution, contrasting the message of the bones and shells found on settlement sites, with the isotope measurements in the bones of people. Here Mike Richards and Rick Schulting, champions of the diet-revolution, strongly reinforce the arguments. The change was real, it seems: so what does it mean? Milner and colleagues respond.

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Miyata, Yoshiki, Akiko Horiuchi, Megumi Kondo, Shin Onbe, Kunio Yoshida, Seiya Nagao y Toyohiro Nishimoto. "Marine Reservoir Effects Deduced from 14C Dates on Pottery Residues, Bones, and Molluskan Shells from the Hamanaka 2 Archaeological Site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan". Radiocarbon 58, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 755–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.93.

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AbstractThis article investigates the marine reservoir effects from apparent age differences among molluskan shells, birds, and sea mammals from the Hamanaka 2 archaeological site, Rebun Island, Japan, which was occupied during the latter half of the Late Jomon period (1300−1200 cal BC). The radiocarbon ages were younger in the order of charred wood<marine molluskan shells<Alcidae<Japanese sea lion≤charred materials on potsherds. According to data from molluskan shells from the site, the local marine reservoir correction (ΔR) for the Soya Warm Current, which flows near Rebun Island, was 172±39 14C yr. ΔR values of bone collagen for Alcidae (a family of seabirds) and Japanese sea lion were 289 and 389 14C yr, respectively. A ΔR value of 447±55 14C yr was obtained on charred material from the inner surfaces of potsherds at Hamanaka 2. The different reservoir effects relate to the differences in the diets or habitats of the shellfish, sea lion, and seabird remains at the site.

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Philippsen, Bente y Jan Heinemeier. "Freshwater Reservoir Effect Variability in Northern Germany". Radiocarbon 55, n.º 3 (2013): 1085–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048001.

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The freshwater reservoir effect is a potential problem when radiocarbon dating fish bones, shells, human bones, or food crusts on pottery from sites near rivers or lakes. The reservoir age in hardwater rivers can be up to several thousand years and may be highly variable. Accurate 14C dating of freshwater-based samples requires knowing the order of magnitude of the reservoir effect and its degree of variability. Measurements on modern riverine materials may not give a single reservoir age correction that can be applied to archaeological samples, but they show the order of magnitude and variability that can also be expected for the past. This knowledge will be applied to the dating of food crusts on pottery from the Mesolithic sites Kayhude at the Alster River and Schlamersdorf at the Trave River, both in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany.

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Zhang, Xiaowen, Yan Jiang, Tao Fu, Xiaoheng Zhang, Na Li y Chunmei Tu. "Esophageal foreign bodies in adults with different durations of time from ingestion to effective treatment". Journal of International Medical Research 45, n.º 4 (12 de junio de 2017): 1386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517706827.

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Objective This study was performed to identify the differences in clinical characteristics, operative methods, complications, and postoperative hospitalization stays for adults with esophageal foreign bodies with different durations of time from ingestion to effective treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 221 patients with a diagnosis of a foreign body in the esophagus, confirmed by rigid esophagoscopy, flexible esophagoscopy, or surgery. The differences between the two groups (Group A, ≤24 hours from ingestion to effective treatment; Group B, >24 hours from ingestion to effective treatment) were analyzed. Results Sharp foreign bodies comprised the majority of objects in the two groups, including jujube pits, bones (excluding fish bones), fish bones, dentures, and seafood shells. Foreign bodies located in the upper esophagus were more commonly observed in Group A than B. Significant differences were observed in the complication rate and length of postoperative hospitalization stays. Adults with esophageal foreign bodies had a high complication rate. Conclusions Rigid esophagoscopy can be used to remove sharp and bulky foreign bodies if more effective methods are unavailable. Effective treatment within 24 hours resulted in fewer complications and shorter postoperative hospitalization stays.

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Carvalho, Carla, Fabiana Oliveira, Kita Macario, Tania Lima, Ingrid Chanca, Eduardo Q. Alves, Thayse Bertucci y Orangel Aguilera. "Otolith-Based Chronology of Brazilian Shellmounds". Radiocarbon 61, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2019): 415–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.135.

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ABSTRACTThe radiocarbon (14C) chronology of hunter-fisher-gatherers’ archaeological settlements along the Brazilian coast is usually based on mollusk shells, charcoal from hearths, and eventually human bones. However, fish otoliths are found in several archaeological contexts and may represent a reliable option as a chronological record. In this work, we compare the 14C dates of whitemouth croakers (Micropogonias furnieri) otoliths with dates obtained from other materials (shell and charcoal), collected from shellmounds on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, with the aim of improving the accuracy in the 14C dating of Brazilian shellmounds, strengthening the comprehension of the native populations’ occupational trends and the coeval palaeoceanographic context. Based on x-ray diffraction results for archaeological otoliths, their geochemical composition indicates minimal diagenesis effect over time even under burial conditions in the studied sites. The comparison between otolith dates and dates obtained from other proxies revealed similar results but with decreased deviations in otolith dates in all of the studied sites.

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Soares, António M. Monge y João M. Alveirinho Dias. "Coastal Upwelling and Radiocarbon—Evidence for Temporal Fluctuations in Ocean Reservoir Effect off Portugal During the Holocene". Radiocarbon 48, n.º 1 (2006): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035384.

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This paper focuses on the use of the radiocarbon content of marine shells collected along the Portuguese coast as a proxy for the intensity of coastal upwelling off of Portugal. Differences in the 14C ages of closely associated marine mollusk shells and terrestrial material (charcoal or bones) from several Portuguese archaeological contexts seem to be significant throughout the Holocene. ΔR values range from 940 ± 50 to −160 ± 40 14C yr. Five of these values are significantly higher than the modern value (250 ± 25 14C yr), while the remaining values are lower. The modern value was calculated by measuring the 14C content of live-collected, pre-bomb marine mollusk shells. This value is in accordance with an active upwelling of strong intensity that currently occurs off of Portugal. Some primary observations based on data presented here can be made: i) during the Holocene important changes have occurred in the ocean reservoir effect off the Portuguese coast; ii) these fluctuations may be correlated with regional oceanographic changes, namely with changes in the strength of coastal upwelling; and iii) these changes suggest some sort of variability of the climatic factors forcing coastal upwelling off of Portugal.

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Larison, James R., J. G. Crock, Christine M. Snow y C. Blem. "Timing of Mineral Sequestration in Leg Bones of White-tailed Ptarmigan". Auk 118, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2001): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.1057.

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Abstract Birds are unique among vertebrates in that they protect their eggs with rigid, calcium-rich shells. Thus, for a short period of time during the annual reproductive cycle, birds experience extraordinarily high demands for calcium. Two strategies appear to exist for meeting those temporally high demands. Some birds apparently seek out calcium-rich foods immediately prior to and during egg laying whereas others may store calcium in their skeletons over a much longer period of time, mobilizing those reserves only when they are needed for production of eggshells. In this study, we used dual energy, X-ray absorptiometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to monitor annual shifts in bone mineral content in the legs of White-tailed Ptarmigans (Lagopus leucurus). The study organisms were known to live on calcium-poor soils. Despite an apparent shortage of calcium in their diets, the test subjects stored substantial amounts of calcium in their leg bones in months prior to reproduction. Those stores were subsequently depleted during the egg-laying period. We suggest ability to store calcium in the skeleton may afford this species more flexibility in selecting suitable breeding habitats than would be possible otherwise.

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Ji, Yinghui, Xue Yang, Dong Yang y Rongqing Zhang. "PU14, a Novel Matrix Protein, Participates in Pearl Oyster, Pinctada Fucata, Shell Formation". Marine Biotechnology 23, n.º 2 (10 de marzo de 2021): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-020-10014-3.

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AbstractBiomineralization is a widespread biological process, involved in the formation of shells, teeth, and bones. Shell matrix proteins have been widely studied for their importance during shell formation. In 2015, our group identified 72 unique shell matrix proteins in Pinctada fucata, among which PU14 is a matrix protein detected in the soluble fraction that solely exists in the prismatic layer. However, the function of PU14 is still unclear. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of PU14 was obtained and functional analyses of PU14 protein during shell formation were performed. The deduced protein has a molecular mass of 77.8 kDa and an isoelectric point of 11.34. The primary protein structure contains Gln-rich and random repeat units, which are typical characteristics of matrix protein and indicate its potential function during shell formation. In vivo and in vitro experiments indicated PU14 has prismatic layer functions during shell formation. The tissue expression patterns showed that PU14 was mainly expressed in the mantle tissue, which is consistent with prismatic layer formation. Notching experiments suggested that PU14 responded to repair and regenerate the injured shell. After inhibiting gene expression by injecting PU14-specific double-stranded RNA, the inner surface of the prismatic layer changed significantly and became rougher. Further, in vitro experiments showed that recombinant protein rPU14 impacted calcite crystal morphology. Taken together, characterization and functional analyses of a novel matrix protein, PU14, provide new insights about basic matrix proteins and their functions during shell formation.

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Lázaro, Carlos. "Mamoru Kawaguchi: Master of motion and lightness of structures". International Journal of Space Structures 35, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956059920931316.

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Mamoru Kawaguchi (1932–2019) was one of the great structural engineers of the late 20th century. He developed his career mostly in Japan and he has also superb works in China, Singapore and Spain. The spectrum of his structures is manifold: he designed shells, space frames, inflatable structures, tension structures, timber–steel hybrid systems and so on. With them, he conceived and provided the bones and muscles of sports halls, exhibition halls, museums, railway stations, towers, bridges and sculptures. Kawaguchi collaborated with some of the best architects of his time: Kenzo Tange, Arata Isozaki and Kazuyo Sejima just to cite some of the internationally most renowned. For his works, he was awarded many times in Japan, as well as internationally (the Architectural Institute of Japan award, the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures Torroja Medal, the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering International Award and many others). In this article, I review Mamoru Kawaguchi’s main professional and academic achievements, and discuss his design philosophy, sources of inspiration and means to develop his ideas from my own personal experience.

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Taylor, Alexander C., Maria Horvat-Gordon, Ashli Moore y Paul A. Bartell. "The Effects of Melatonin on the Physical Properties of Bones and Egg Shells in the Laying Hen". PLoS ONE 8, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2013): e55663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055663.

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Anderle, H., I. Steffan, E. Wild y P. Hille. "Radiolyo-chemiluminescence of bones and seafood shells ? a new, promising method for the detection of food irradiation?" Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 354, n.º 7-8 (1 de marzo de 1996): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663540925.

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Moon, Deok Hyun, Kyung Hoon Cheong, Jeehyeong Khim, Mahmoud Wazne, Seunghun Hyun, Jeong-Hun Park, Yoon-Young Chang y Yong Sik Ok. "Stabilization of Pb2+ and Cu2+ contaminated firing range soil using calcined oyster shells and waste cow bones". Chemosphere 91, n.º 9 (mayo de 2013): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.007.

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40

Lei, Shuangyan, Matthew C. Frank, Donald D. Anderson y Thomas D. Brown. "A method to represent heterogeneous materials for rapid prototyping: the Matryoshka approach". Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, n.º 5 (12 de agosto de 2014): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2012-0095.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new method for representing heterogeneous materials using nested STL shells, based, in particular, on the density distributions of human bones. Design/methodology/approach – Nested STL shells, called Matryoshka models, are described, based on their namesake Russian nesting dolls. In this approach, polygonal models, such as STL shells, are “stacked” inside one another to represent different material regions. The Matryoshka model addresses the challenge of representing different densities and different types of bone when reverse engineering from medical images. The Matryoshka model is generated via an iterative process of thresholding the Hounsfield Unit (HU) data using computed tomography (CT), thereby delineating regions of progressively increasing bone density. These nested shells can represent regions starting with the medullary (bone marrow) canal, up through and including the outer surface of the bone. Findings – The Matryoshka approach introduced can be used to generate accurate models of heterogeneous materials in an automated fashion, avoiding the challenge of hand-creating an assembly model for input to multi-material additive or subtractive manufacturing. Originality/value – This paper presents a new method for describing heterogeneous materials: in this case, the density distribution in a human bone. The authors show how the Matryoshka model can be used to plan harvesting locations for creating custom rapid allograft bone implants from donor bone. An implementation of a proposed harvesting method is demonstrated, followed by a case study using subtractive rapid prototyping to harvest a bone implant from a human tibia surrogate.

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Meadows, John, Harald Lübke, Ilga Zagorska, Valdis Berziņš, Aija Ceriņa y Ilze Ozola. "Potential Freshwater Reservoir Effects in a Neolithic Shell Midden at Riņņkalns, Latvia". Radiocarbon 56, n.º 2 (2014): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16950.

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Riņņukalns is the only known prehistoric shell midden in the eastern Baltic, and is one of the few middens in northern Europe consisting mainly of freshwater mussel shells. Situated on the Salaca River at the outlet of Lake Burtnieks, in northeastern Latvia, the site was originally excavated in the 1870s, and reinvestigated several times over the following decades. A new excavation in 2011 showed that part of the midden remained intact. The new exposure, dated to the later 4th millennium cal BC, yielded rich fishbone and mollusk shell assemblages, herbivore, human and bird bones, and a wide range of artifacts typical of a subsistence economy based on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Human remains from burials excavated in the 1870s were also located in archives. The co-occurrence at Riņņukalns of human remains with a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic food remains provides an ideal setting to study freshwater reservoir effects and other isotopic signals of diet and mobility. The extent of 14C depletion in local freshwater resources is an essential parameter for such studies; on the basis of 14C ages of modern and paleoenvironmental samples, we estimate that the applicable reservoir age in Lake Burtnieks is in the order of 800–900 14C yr.

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42

Meadows, John, Harald Lübke, Ilga Zagorska, Valdis Berziņš, Aija Ceriņa y Ilze Ozola. "Potential Freshwater Reservoir Effects in a Neolithic Shell Midden at Riņņkalns, Latvia". Radiocarbon 56, n.º 02 (2014): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049857.

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Riņņukalns is the only known prehistoric shell midden in the eastern Baltic, and is one of the few middens in northern Europe consisting mainly of freshwater mussel shells. Situated on the Salaca River at the outlet of Lake Burtnieks, in northeastern Latvia, the site was originally excavated in the 1870s, and reinvestigated several times over the following decades. A new excavation in 2011 showed that part of the midden remained intact. The new exposure, dated to the later 4th millennium cal BC, yielded rich fishbone and mollusk shell assemblages, herbivore, human and bird bones, and a wide range of artifacts typical of a subsistence economy based on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Human remains from burials excavated in the 1870s were also located in archives. The co-occurrence at Riņņukalns of human remains with a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic food remains provides an ideal setting to study freshwater reservoir effects and other isotopic signals of diet and mobility. The extent of14C depletion in local freshwater resources is an essential parameter for such studies; on the basis of14C ages of modern and paleoenvironmental samples, we estimate that the applicable reservoir age in Lake Burtnieks is in the order of 800–90014C yr.

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Adventa, Yosefin y Nanik Zubaidah. "The Role Of Hydroxyapatite Materials On Collagen Synthesis In Alveolar Bone Defects Healing". Conservative Dentistry Journal 11, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v11i1.2021.24-27.

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Background: There are several cases in dentistry that cause alveolar bone defects, including periodontal disease, major trauma after tooth extraction, post-cyst enucleation, and post-surgery. Healing of alveolar bone defects can be treated in the form of bone grafting to restore the function and structure of damaged bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite has been proven to have some good properties such as biocompatible, bioactive, and osteoconductive. Osteoconductive materials serve as scaffold for osteoblasts to attach, grow, and differentiate to form new bone. Osteoblasts will synthesize collagen type 1 which functions to mineralize the bone matrix. Objective: To explain the role of hydroxyapatite on collagen synthesis in alveolar bone defects healing. Reviews: In this review article discusses the healing process of alveolar bone defects, the characteristics of the hydroxyapatite material, collagen synthesis and also 4 kinds of natural substances that can be used as a source of hydroxyapatite material for supporting the bone healing process. These natural materials include bovine bones, egg shells, crab shells, and calcite rocks. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite material has a role in collagen synthesis in the healing process of alveolar bone defects.

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Domínguez-Bella, S., J. Ramos, D. Bernal, E. Vijande, J. J. Cantillo, A. Cabral, M. Pérez y A. Barrena. "Excavating in breccia: new methods developed at the Benzú rockshelter". Antiquity 86, n.º 334 (diciembre de 2012): 1167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00048328.

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Excavators examining breccia deposits are faced with the prospect of extracting finds from a material akin to concrete. Nevertheless such deposits are sometimes the only witness of early Palaeolithic occupation. Our inventive authors put aside the hammers, acids and explosives of earlier days, and used quarry techniques to cut the breccia into small blocks, which they then freed from their finds in the laboratory, using tools developed in palaeontology. As a result, they gathered a huge harvest of stone tools, bones and shells. It all goes to show that archaeological excavation is an exercise of infinite variety: to every problem, its solution; to every terrain, its method.

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Wood, Jacqui. "Food and drink in European prehistory". European Journal of Archaeology 3, n.º 1 (2000): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2000.3.1.89.

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There is a wealth of archaeological evidence, from bones excavated in prehistoric middens, piles of fruit stones and sea shells, that give us concrete indications of food consumed at various prehistoric sites around Europe. In addition to this information, we have pollen analysis from settlement sites and charred plant macrofossils. Wetland archaeology informs us in much more detail about not only the types of foods that were being eaten in prehistory but also, in some cases, their cooking techniques. This paper will explore whether or not a popular misconception about the daily diet in prehistory has its roots in the analysis of stomach contents of various bog bodies found in Europe.

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Smolyaninov, Roman Viktorovich, Elizaveta Sergeevna Yurkina, Yevgeniia Yurievna Yanish, Andrey Sergeevich Zheludkov, Sergey Viktorovich Shemeniov y Andrey Vladimirovich Soloviev. "The eneolithique settlement and burial site Vasilyevskiy Kordon 27: evidence of hunting and fishing (excavations 2016-2018, preliminary publication)". Samara Journal of Science 8, n.º 4 (29 de noviembre de 2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984202.

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The settlement and grave field Vasilyevskiy Kordon 27 was discovered by A.A. Klukoit in 2008 and it was investigated from 2016 to 2018. In the excavation within the area of 195 sq. m. six ancient buildings and four burials were identified. A large number of Eneolithique ceramics of the Srednestogovskaya and Volosovskaya culture as well as Ksizovski type vessels were discovered. A huge number of finds testify to the hunting and fishing on the monument. The accompanying flint inventory is represented by tools related to both economic activity and hunting weapons, with the latter predominating. In the outbuildings, burials and cultural layer 68 stone arrowheads and darts were found. 2245 residues of animal origin were also revealed. There are 1386 mammalian bones, 595 birds, 61 reptile bones and 138 fragments of mollusk shells among them. It is interesting to note that there were ceramic fishing weights carved from the broken vessels. On the monument animal husbandry was noted for the Upper Don for the first time, while poultry farming was absent. Bones of wild species of mammals, birds, fish and turtles confirm the importance of hunting and fishing as the main (but not the only) source of food in the settlement. At the same time, only four hunting tools were made of bone: two edges and two fragments of harpoons. The archaeological collection of the settlement Vasilyevskiy Kordon 27 refers mainly to the late Eneolithic period and dates the 3-2 quarter of the IV Millennium BC.

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Kato, Takashi, Takeshi Sakamoto y Tatsuya Nishimura. "Macromolecular Templating for the Formation of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Structures". MRS Bulletin 35, n.º 2 (febrero de 2010): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.632.

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AbstractBiominerals such as the nacre of shells, spicules of sea urchins, teeth, and bones are inorganic-organic hybrids that have highly controlled hierarchical and complex structures. These structures are formed in mild conditions, and the processes are controlled by macromolecular templates of proteins, peptides, and polysaccharides. Materials scientists can obtain ideas from the structures, properties, and formation processes of biominerals for use in creating synthetic, biomimetic materials. This article highlights bioinspired synthetic approaches to the development of organic/CaCO3 hybrids using macromolecular templates. These hybrids have oriented, patterned, and 3D complex structures, as well as thin films with smooth surfaces. The structures are formed by templating synthetic and semisynthetic macromolecules. These materials have great potential for new functional materials.

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Sadler, Peter M. "Models of time-averaging as a maturation process: How soon do sedimentary sections escape reworking?" Short Courses in Paleontology 6 (1993): 188–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001112.

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Holocene sediments are the traditional classroom for learning to recognize the geologic record of different environments. Box cores and shallow trenches display sedimentary stratification and assemblages of organic remains together with their relationship to active surface processes and living organisms. Sedimentologists see the origin of particular bed-forms; paleoecologists learn to match animals to trace fossils, for example; and stratigraphers are reminded that it is not just the sediment surface that is active. Shells, bones, and sediment grains below the surface are still subject to rearrangement. Until this activity has ceased we have not seen what will ultimately be preserved as the mature stratigraphic record of the environment that we have trenched.

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Weiming, Jiang y An Ning. "The National Library of China". Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 8, n.º 2 (agosto de 1996): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909600800206.

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The National Library of China, established 84 years ago, aims to collect, process, preserve and disseminate human knowledge and information for the Communist Party of China, the government, key national projects, science and technology, research and academic institutions, and to some extent the general public. The library has a collection of 19 million items, 40% of them Chinese. The collections, which date back to the Southern Song Dynasty of the 13th century, have among their special treasures 35,000 pieces of inscribed turtle shells and animal bones, and 280,000 rare books published before 1795. The library started collecting non-print material in 1987. An Electronic Reading Room provides users with CD-ROMs and online services.

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Campanella, Luigi y Pino Suffritti. "Can Non-Recyclable Plastic Waste Be Made Environmentally Sustainable?" Substantia 5, n.º 2 (9 de septiembre de 2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1287.

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After death the fraction of living matter which is not biodegraded (shells, bones, corals, carbonaceous deposits) becomes environmentally sustainable. This is not the case for plastics so that these wastes should be either recycled or made environmentally inert and stored in secure repositories as a resource for future generations. Chemistry has offered different solutions to this problem, and each brings about advantages and disadvantages when compared to other options. One further possible route could consist in the enrichment of the plastics waste in carbon content (“carbonization”), in analogy with the production of charcoal from wood, but we hope to stimulate a debate about all the other possible routes among scientists and engineers in the involved fields.

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