Literatura académica sobre el tema "British Chongqing (China)"

AbstractThis article focuses on the wartime experiences of Aw Boon Haw who was the renowned billionaire peddler of the Tiger Balm ointment and owner of an influential chain of regional newspapers. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, he traveled from Singapore to the wartime Chinese capital of Chongqing to meet up with Chiang Kai-shek and his Guomindang leaders. But soon after, he opted to stay in Hong Kong throughout the occupation period and became closely associated with the Japanese-sponsored government of Wang Jingwei, even making a trip to Tokyo to meet the Japanese Prime Minister. When the war ended, amidst accusations of him having been a traitor who collaborated with the occupation authorities, he switched his loyalty back to China and the British colonial settlements and resumed his business operations and philanthropic activities. This wartime experience of Aw brings into sharp relief the sort of political entanglement which prominent Chinese overseas business people can be entrapped in. Suspicions about his wartime patriotism initially hounded him and he had to issue denials. However, in the midst of confusion over the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War and the American reversal of occupation policy in Japan, there was an absence of formal governmental or public actions, allowing the issue to fade away and Aw's business and charity to return to normalcy. It was more than 30 years later, at the height of the economic reopening of Communist mainland China and the renewed importance of Chinese overseas capital in the 1980s and 1990s, that Aw's wartime patriotism was re-examined, this time calculated to pass a new and presumably last verdict that Aw had been most unfairly judged and that he was actually an iconic true overseas Chinese patriot. This posthumous honor was conferred on him despite the fact that the supposedly new empirical evidence was far from conclusive. It was an act of political restoration in semi-academic garb and enacted with an eye to facilitating further business ties between a resurgent China and the Chinese diaspora.

As a result of the new economic policy, fourteen Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) were established in twelve coastal cities between 1984 and 1988. The first ETDZs were Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Minhang (Shanghai), Hongqiao (Shanghai), Caohejing (Shanghai), Ningbo, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Zhanjiang. Unlike Special Economic Zone (SEZ), an ETDZ is located in the suburban area of a major city. Special policies are adopted within the ETDZ. An administrative committee, normally selected by the local government, oversees economic and social management in the zones on behalf of the local government. The category ‘SEZ’ covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. The second wave of expansion of ETDZs was led by the establishment of Pudong New District in Shanghai in 1990. This decision was aimed at elevating the status of Shanghai, making it the “Dragon Head” of the Yangtze River Delta Region, which comprises of Shanghai and parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Prior to the establishment of this new district, the Pearl River Delta Region – comprising nine cities in Guangdong – was the forerunner of China’s open door policy. However, unlike Guangdong, which lies at the south-eastern coast of China, Shanghai’s economic development will have more impact on China’s vast hinterland. Between 1992 and 1993, a total of eighteen state-level ETDZs were established – Yingkou, Changchun, Shenyang, Harbin, Weihai, Kunshan, Hangzhou, Xiaoshan, Wenzhou, Rongqiao, Dongshan, Guangzhou Nansha, Huizhou Daya Bay, Wuhu, Wuhan, Chongqing, Beijing and Urumchi. Two special projects were added later. Founded in 1993, the Ningbo Daxie Development Zone is an investment by China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC), and comes under its management. The other special project is the Suzhou Industrial Park, which was founded in 1994, and is a joint cooperation between the governments of China and Singapore. After 2000, in an effort to fuel the development of the Central and Western regions, the central government also endorsed the establishment of a further eleven national ETDZs in inland regions. Up till now, China has a total of fifty-four state-level ETDZs – thirty-two in coastal regions, and twenty-two in the hinterland. The region of Hong Kong has a role and status of innovation. The planners in this unique part of East Asia expect that some new concepts can help the former British colony to embrace a new economic model: a model in which design, marketing and branding play the crucial role in economy.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle. Nematoda: Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae. Hosts: Pinus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Portugal and Spain), Asia (China, Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Korea Republic and Taiwan) and North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (ex Hasse) Gabriel et al. Gammaproteobacteria: Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae. Hosts: Citrus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Burkina Faso, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Reunion, Rodrigues Island, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania), North America (USA, Florida, Louisiana), Central America & Caribbean (British Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mato grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Panama, Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Paraguay, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Monilinia fructicola (Winter) Honey. Leotiomycetes: Heliotiales: Sclerotiniaceae. Hosts: manly Rosaceous stone fruits. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Croatia, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Switzerland), Asia (Azerbaijan, China, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Liaoning, Shandong, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Korea Republic, Taiwan, Yemen), Africa, (Nigeria, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin), Central America &Caribbean (Guatemala, Panama) South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae. Hosts: Confirmed on more than 24 host genera, including woody plants, such as Acacia (= Vachellia), Eucalyptus, Vitis and pistachio. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Algeria, Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (China, Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Hong Kong, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Japan, Hokkaido, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sicily, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Canary Islands, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, England), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand) and South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Parana, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Citrus tristeza virus. Closteroviridae: Closterovirus. Hosts: Citrus spp., oval kumquat (Fortunella marginata [F. margarita]) and passionflower (Passiflora spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Cyprus, France, Corsica, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Montenegro, Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Spain, Mainland Spain), Asia (Brunei Darussalam, China, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas), Central America and Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer Fungi: Ascomycota: Erysiphales Hosts: Poaceae, commonly wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sativa) and rye (Secale cereale). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russia, Eastern, Russian Far East, Northern Russia, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, ASIA, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei, Menggu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Republic of Georgia, India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest, Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Greenland, Mexico, USA, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode, Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cucumber mosaic virus Viruses: Bromoviridae: Cucumovirus Hosts: mainly Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae and Araceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russian Far East, Northern Russia, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei, Menggu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Ceara, Espirito, Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Piaui, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, French, Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western, Australia, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French, Polynesia, Kiribati, NFW Zealand, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.