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1

Goyvaerts, Didier L., and Tembue Zembele. "Codeswitching in Bukavu." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13, no. 1-2 (1992): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1992.9994484.

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2

Goyvaerts, Didier L. "The Emergence of Lingala in Bukavu, Zaïre." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 2 (1995): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0002108x.

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Ever since independence Lingala has been gradually spreading throughout Zaïre to the extent that nowadays in Bukavu, a traditionally Swahili-speaking city near Rwanda and Burundi, about 70 per cent of the population has some knowledge of the language. This holds true for all layers of society: youngsters, students, teachers, civil servants, businessmen, petty traders, soldiers, and prostitutes. The advent of Lingala raises an important question: how do we explain the presence of this new language in a city where already three lingua francas exist, namely French, Swahili, and Indoubil.1
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3

Mukwege, Denis, Aline Kusinza Byabene, Eric Mungu Akonkwa, et al. "High SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Healthcare Workers in Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (2021): 1526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1526.

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ABSTRACTAmong 359 healthcare workers (HCW) employed in Panzi General Referral Hospital located in Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 148 (41.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Thirty-three (22.3%) of the 148 personnel with positive serology reported symptoms evoking a prior COVID-19 illness. None of the infected HCWs reported COVID-related hospitalization, and all of them recovered. Our findings indicate high and underestimated circulation of SARS-CoV-2 within the Bukavu area.
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4

Schmidl, Erwin A. "The ‘battle’ of Bukavu, Congo 1960: Peacekeepers under fire." Small Wars & Insurgencies 8, no. 3 (1997): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319708423183.

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5

Ngoma, B. D., N. A. Bulabula, C. P. Katoto, A. B. Bamuleke, and C. M. Mweze. "P2.123 Ocular Manifestations During HIV Infection in Bukavu, D.R.Congo." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (2013): A125.3—A126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0387.

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6

Vianney Kitumaini, Jean-Marie. "L’engagement socio-politique de Mgr Kataliko à Bukavu (R.D. Congo)." Nouvelle revue théologique 125, no. 1 (2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/nrt.251.0065.

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7

Kanani, Amos Cishunguluka, Timothée Kazadi Kimbu, and Bolinda wa Bolinda. "Les Cooperatives D’epargne Et De Credit : Aubaine Pour L’entrepreprise Et L’emploi Dans La Ville De Bukavu En Rd Congo?" European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 35 (2016): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n35p495.

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This article has intended to study the practical social ability that the action of cooperatives has conferred to its beneficiaries in Bukavu town. In fact, several African countries have adopted the way towards entrepreneurship with cooperatives as a new paradigm of struggle against poverty. Nevertheless, micro-credits granted to members by the cooperative of thrift and credits have not so far proved their efficiency. The findings from this research study indicate that 53,9% of the respondents consider the actions of cooperatives as good opportunities to undertake some business, while 71,4% of respondents have induced that the cooperatives hold a beneficial effect in the enhancement of the capacity to create employments. Thus, opinions on the action of cooperatives of thrift and credits in Bukavu town are more positive to disfavored communities.
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8

Kadima, N., A. Marhegeko, F. Kasali, and N. Mugaruka. "Medicinal Plants Used in Alternative Medicine to Treat Cancer in Bukavu." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 12, no. 3 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2016/23756.

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9

Kazadi Bukasa Kabongo, M. "Profil épidémiologique de l’insuffisance rénale dans la population générale de Bukavu." Néphrologie & Thérapeutique 10, no. 5 (2014): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2014.07.124.

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10

Omba Kalonda, J. C., F. Kittel, and D. Piette. "Perception des conséquences de violences sexuelles au Sud-Kivu, Bukavu, Congo." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 60 (September 2012): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2012.06.044.

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11

Goyvaerts, Didier L. "Kibalele: Form and function of a secret language in Bukavu (Zaire)." Journal of Pragmatics 25, no. 1 (1996): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)00067-6.

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12

Kanani, Par Amos Cishunguluka, and Bolinda Wa Bolinda. "La Pauvrete Et Les Pauvres Dans La Ville De Bukavu. Essai D’ecriture Du Sens Et De La Causalite." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 2 (2017): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n2p305.

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This article attempts to present the current image of poverty in order to establish its causality in Bukavu town. The populations interviewed did not have the same understanding of the spectrum of poverty, but know the external manifestations of poverty and the people considered or who consider themselves as being poor. In addition, the survey has shown that poverty is an accumulation of deprivations or lacks; but monetary deprivation or lack of money was more prevalent in 11% of the opinions in all communes as meaning poverty. The enigma remains to know the amount of money you need to consider yourself or be considered poor or not. According to this research, although several causes or factors contribute to poverty in the city of Bukavu, bad governance at all levels is the most evoked factor and orchestrated by endogenous and exogenous, state and non-state actors.
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13

Mulinganya, Guy M., Maud Claeys, Serge Z. Balolebwami, et al. "Etiology of Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis and Antibiotic Resistance in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 4 (2021): e976-e980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab114.

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Abstract Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has one of the highest neonatal death rates (between 14% and 28%) in the world. In the DRC, neonatal sepsis causes 15.6% of this mortality, but data on the bacterial etiology and associated drug susceptibility are lacking. Methods Hemocultures of 150 neonates with possible early-onset neonatal sepsis (pEOS) were obtained at the Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (Bukavu, DRC). The newborns with pEOS received an empirical first-line antimicrobial treatment (ampicillin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin) based on the synopsis of international guidelines for the management of EOS that are in line with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry. Antibiotic resistance was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Results Fifty strains were obtained from 48 patients and identified. The 3 most prevalent species were Enterobacter cloacae complex (42%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18%), and Serratia marcescens (12%). Enterobacter cloacae isolates were resistant to all first-line antibiotics. All K. pneumoniae and S. marcescens isolates were resistant to ampicillin, and the majority of the K. pneumoniae and half of the S. marcescens isolates were resistant to both cefotaxime and gentamicin. All E. cloacae complex strains, 89% of K. pneumoniae, and half of S. marcescens had an extended-spectrum ß-lactamase phenotype. Conclusions The most prevalent pathogens causing EOS in Bukavu were E. cloacae complex, K. pneumoniae, and S. marcescens. Most of these isolates were resistant to the WHO-recommended antibiotics.
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14

Bisusa, Muhimuzi Alphonse, Marara Emmanuel Bizire, Bujingo Donatien Muntuokuwindi, Gilbert Nijimbere, Kashamuka Roger Musimwa, and Vyambwera Guido-Charles Kambale. "Identification of Ixodidae ticks from cattle imported into the South Kivu province, east of the Democratic Republic of Congo." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 15, no. 3 (2020): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2020-15-3-308-317.

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A survey has been conducted in Bukavu on bovines imported in Democratic Republic of Congo from Rwanda to the public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, with the aim of identifying the Ixodidae ticks on their body. Thus, 1024 ticks have been collected on 300 cows for the entomological identification. Four species have been identified whose Boophilus decoloratus (44.4 %), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (43.9 %), Amblyomma variegatum (11 %) and Ixodes thomasai (2 %). This last species being a new among those recognized in South Kivu. A charge to ticks of 6.5 has been observed at those bovines and the infestation rate has been significantly different in the 4 races, the Friesland (41.1 %) and Ankolé presented the superior values. The importation of cows in this part of the country from Rwanda is a real factor which conducts to the introduction of ticks and also diseases in Democratic Republic of Congo. Then being measures of heath control in the border must be sustained and reinforced for minimizing real risks.
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15

Kaputu, Felix U. "Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo on the way to peace? War remembrances, post conflict discourse construction: a discursive analysis of Djungu-Simba’s novellas." Afrika Focus 27, no. 1 (2014): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02701002.

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Throughout the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, various writings – literary, sociological, and political – retrace the challenges that have faced the nation: colonialism, access to independence, postcolonial failures, wars, dictatorships and female exploitation. Some historians, sociologists, literary critics and journalists touted the successes of colonial times and the first Republic, especially those who worked for these governments. Other essential voices remained silent, in order to avoid dictatorial repression and censure, especially under President Mobutu. With the arrival of Laurent Kabila, freedom of speech brought forth discourse that slowly deteriorated into insincere rhetoric and, finally, utter silence. In Les Terrassiers de Bukavu: Nouvelles, Charles Djungu-Simba, the editor of several Bukavu Congolese novella writers, predicts that the socio-political discourse put forth in such narratives will lead to chaos followed by further repression that will continue the cycle presented all along these metanarratives unless oppression is radically addressed from the grassroots.
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16

Innocent, Ntamulenga, Mulongo Mbarambara Philémon, Imani Prince, et al. "Factors associated with episiotomy practice in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 7 (2018): 2553. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182860.

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Background: The primary objective of the present study is to determine the episiotomy rate and factors associated with practice of episiotomy at the maternities in Bukavu town, South-Kivu, DRC.Methods: A case-control study was carried out the women who underwent the episiotomy (case) and those which did not undergo episiotomy (control) over one 12 months period between January to December 2015. A total of 1878 women had a vaginal delivery at a rate of one case for one control (939 cases and 939 controls) were included. Their medical files were exploited. The factors associated with episiotomy were performed by logistic regression.Results: The rate of episiotomy was 20.4%. It was found that after the logistic regression, the Primiparity (OR = 4,5;95% CI:2,31-4,49), the existence of a foetal distress (OR = 4,2;IC to 95% CI :2,36-5,29), the antecedent of episiotomy (OR = 3,9;95% CI:2,83-7,07), private character of maternity (OR= 3,3; 95% CI :2,12-6,30) and the fact that the childbirth was directed by a doctor (OR = 2,3; 95% CI :1,85-5,08) were strongly associated with the practice of the episiotomy in our medium of study.Conclusions: This study showed UA-S/D ratio and UA-RI>2SD are significant predictors of perinatal deaths and immediate neonatal resuscitation in preeclampsia. Acute fetal distress in labour or neonatal nursery admission could not be predicted.
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17

Rodrigue, Mupenda Mwenibamba, Augustin Kibonge Mukakala, Mbaluku Colombe Moise, et al. "Treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft by locked intramedullary nailing in adults at the University Clinics of Bukavu." Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 5 (2020): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2020.6519.

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Introduction: The objective was to report the experience of the University Clinics of Bukavu on the treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft by locked intramedullary nailing in adults. Patients and method: This is a descriptive prospective study of a series of 31 cases collected in two centers: the University Clinics of Bukavu and the Skyborne Hospital from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. The data collected includes epidemiological, clinical aspects and treatment of patients and had been analyzed by the software Epi Info version 7.2. Results: The mean age of our patients was 34.6 ± 13.2 years (range: 16-68 years) with a sex ratio of 1.2. Spinal anesthesia was used in 29 (93.55%) patients and 29 patients were installed in a supine position contralateral to the lesion. Open reduction predominated (83.87%). SIGN and TIBA type nails were used, and their dimensions varied depending on the size of the patient's femur. Static locking was performed in 29 (93.55%) patients. The mean operating time was 88.2 ± 18.2 minutes (range: 60-120 minutes). The mean length of hospital stay was 11.3 ± 3.16 days (range: 7-21 days). The average number of postoperative rehabilitation sessions was 26.8 ± 3.86 (range: 20-35 sessions). The mean follow-up was 14.87 ± 3.93 months (range: 9-20 months). The mean time to union was 3.33 ± 0.55 months (range: 3-5 months) and, 8 patients presented complications, i.e. 3 cases of hemorrhagic shock on admission, 3 cases of shortening of 1cm, one superficial infection and one case of delayed union and 30 (96.78%) patients were satisfied with their functional results. Socioprofessional or school reintegration was observed in 28 (90.32%) patients. Conclusion: Locked intramedullary nailing has proven to be an effective osteosynthesis technique in the surgical treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft at the University Clinics of Bukavu and at Skyborne Hospital.
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18

Philémon, Mulongo Mbarambara, Mwamini Chumbika Julie, Mukanire Ntakwinja, Kyambikwa Bisangamo Célestin, and Mvula Mwantito Théodore. "Factors associated with caesarean section at Bukavu Provincial Hospital in Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 12 (2017): 5219. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175230.

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Background: Caesarean section is the most common major surgery performed on women Worldwide. Even if caesarean can be useful for mother and foetus, it can provoke some medical and social complications like infection, expensive cost and maternal death. This study aimed at determining the factors associated with caesarean section in Bukavu, at the Provincial Hospital.Methods: Data were collected retrospectively by exploring the files of childbirth established systematically for each pregnant woman. 466 files were exploited including 233 caesarean s (case) and 233 vaginal delivery (control). The normal childbirth which followed a caesarean was served as control. This study was a case-control. Logistic regression was used to model factor associated with caesarean section.Results: During the study period, there were 2170 deliveries in which 491 of them by caesarean section (22.6%). The factors associated with the caesarean section at the Provincial Hospital in Bukavu town were foetal distress, bleeding in the third trimester of the pregnancy, previous caesarean section, referral status and the moment of delivery (day shift).Conclusion: This study recommends an adequate monitoring of the pregnancy and training of professionals in best practices; implementation and technical audit of caesarean with feedback can significantly reduce the rate of Caesarean section in this hospital. Also, allocation in equipment suitable for the treatment of pregnant women is necessary.
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19

Kitumaini, Jean-Marie Vianney. "L’agir socio-politique de Mgr Christophe Munzihirwa à Bukavu (1994-1996, R.D. Congo)." Nouvelle revue théologique 126, no. 2 (2004): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/nrt.262.0204.

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20

Ephrem, Akilimali Ndatabaye, Rebecca Namatovu, and Edith Mwebaza Basalirwa. "Perceived social norms, psychological capital and entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in Bukavu." Education + Training 61, no. 7/8 (2019): 963–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-10-2018-0212.

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Purpose Entrepreneurship is important for economic growth, through its role in the provision of employment. In the recent past, a number of African universities have developed entrepreneurship education courses to facilitate the growing demand for entrepreneurs in the market. An immediate outcome anticipated from entrepreneurship education is to increase entrepreneurial intention (EI) among the participants. Unfortunately, most of the entrepreneurship education in developing economies has not been linked to an increase in the EI of students. This paper thus proposes that it is when students possess high levels of psychological capital and perceive positive social norms that entrepreneurship education will lead to positive EI. The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between perceived social norms (PSN), psychological capital and EI of university students. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire on a random sample of 196 final year entrepreneurship and business management students, from three universities in Bukavu (East of DRC). Structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings The paper provides four main findings. First, PSN and psychological capital have a positive significant effect on EI. Second, PSN contribute more to this effect than psychological capital. Third, PSN make a positive and significant effect on psychological capital. Lastly, psychological capital positively mediates the relationship between PSN and EI. Research limitations/implications This study could have benefited from a qualitative approach to have a more in-depth explanation of these relationships. The study is conducted amongst students who operate in a controlled environment. This may not reflect the actual behavior of entrepreneurs. Practical implications This work provides cues of what entrepreneurship educators should consider as they recruit and train students. Specifically, the study highlights the importance of students’ psychological capital and positive social norms in transforming entrepreneurial education into intention. Originality/value This study adds value to knowledge by highlighting the mediating role of psychological capital on the relationship between PSN and EI.
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21

Kasali, F. "Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used against Malaria in Bukavu City (D.R. Congo)." European Journal of Medicinal Plants 4, no. 1 (2014): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2014/5766.

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22

Moeyersons, J., Ph Tréfois, J. Lavreau, et al. "A geomorphological assessment of landslide origin at Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Engineering Geology 72, no. 1-2 (2004): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.06.003.

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23

Semikenke, S., H. Adégbidi, J. Minani, and G. Bisimwa. "Les dermatoses de l’enfant en milieu hospitalier à Bukavu : aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques." Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 145, no. 4 (2018): A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2018.03.061.

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24

Balegamire, Bazilashe Juv�nal. "La formation a Bukavu au Zaire: une course entre l'education et la catastrophe." International Review of Education 42, no. 6 (1996): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00601403.

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25

Mmenge, A., B. Binwa, and D. Gahungu. "Analyse de la gouvernance des petites et moyennes entreprises familiales de la ville de Bukavu en République démocratique du Congo." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (2020): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.21s.

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Les PME évoluent dans un environnement en perpétuelle évolution, celui-ci oblige les dirigeants de mettre en œuvre des plans d’actions susceptibles d’orienter les actions vers les objectifs visés, de manière à être compétitif et créer de la richesse. L’objectif decette étude était d’analyser et mesurer la gouvernance des PMEF de la ville de Bukavu en République Démocratique du Congo. L’échelle utilisée montre les bonnes propriétés psychométriques(X2=19.42 ; P=0.6766 ; X2/ddl= 0.84 CFI=0.99; IFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.000; NFI=0.92; GFI=0.97 et AGFI=0.94).Cette étude a analysé les données primaires collectées sur 132PMEFde la ville de Bukavu. Le traitement des données a été obtenu en recourant à l’analyse factorielle exploratoire et confirmatoire et au tri à plat. Les résultats indiquent que la gouvernance est un construit à neuf items regroupés en quatre dimensions (la parcimonie, leparticularisme, la personnification et le système de gestion)qui expliquent 68.394 pourcent de la variance totale. Ils montrent que les validités convergente et discriminante sont assurées (CR=0.826 et AVE=0.6 ; et AVE supérieure au coefficient de corrélation partielle entre les variables). Ils révèlent aussi que les PMEF disposent les avis partagés sur l’importance de la gouvernance et leurs dirigeants disposent la difficulté de mettre en place une bonne gouvernance.
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Kuyigwa, Toha Georges, Ona Longombe Ahuka, Namugusha Alain Kabakuli, Jeff Maotela Kabinda, and Akinja Bitum Uwonda. "Fracture of Limbs Bones in a Town in Post Conflict (Case of Bukavu Town)." Open Journal of Epidemiology 05, no. 04 (2015): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2015.54028.

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27

Bele, Mekou Y., Denis J. Sonwa, and Anne M. Tiani. "Local Communities Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies in Bukavu in DR Congo." Journal of Environment & Development 23, no. 3 (2014): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496514536395.

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28

d’Oreye, Nicolas, Pablo J. González, Ashley Shuler, et al. "Source parameters of the 2008 Bukavu-Cyangugu earthquake estimated from InSAR and teleseismic data." Geophysical Journal International 184, no. 2 (2010): 934–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04899.x.

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29

Bulabula, N. A., A. B. Shindano, A. M. Bulabula, J. B. Nachega, and R. Fiasse. "P2.018 Cryptosporidiosis and Cyclosporidiasis, Two Major Infections in HIV Positive Patients, in Bukavu, D.R.Congo." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (2013): A93.1—A93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0283.

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30

Manya, Mboni Henry, Flore Keymeulen, Jérémie Ngezahayo, et al. "Antimalarial herbal remedies of Bukavu and Uvira areas in DR Congo: An ethnobotanical survey." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 249 (March 2020): 112422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112422.

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31

Mushagalusa Kasali, Félicien, Christian Ahadi Irenge, Pacifique Murhula Hamuli, et al. "Ethnopharmacological Survey on Treatment of Hypertension by Traditional Healers in Bukavu City, DR Congo." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (July 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6684855.

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Background. Ethnopharmacological studies are relevant for sustaining and improving knowledge of traditional medicine within the framework of complementary/alternative therapeutic practices based solely on experience and observation across generations. Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disorder affecting more than 50% of older people in Africa (PLoS One. 2019; 14 (4): e0214934; published online on April 5, 2019, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214934). Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey from October 2014 to August 2015 with 18 renowned traditional healers from the city of Bukavu to capture botanical plant species and remedies used by herbalists to manage hypertension in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Results. Respondents cited 41 plant species belonging to 25 botanical families. The ten most common plants are Allium sativum, Galinsoga ciliata, Moringa oleifera, Bidens pilosa, Persea americana, Piper capense, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Sida rhombifolia, and Vernonia amygdalina. The parts used are primary leaves (48.8%) formulated as oral decoctions (65.9%). Conclusion. The literature review validated the use of 73.2% of the plants listed. Plants of high local use-value not supported by other studies deserve in-depth chemical and pharmacological studies.
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32

Podur, Justin. "A Short Course on Development in “Post-conflict” Congo." Radical Teacher 98 (February 27, 2014): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2014.70.

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It was during my brief teaching in Bukavu, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), that I came to understand the power of neoliberalism in shaping the narrative of DRC’s past, present, and future. While my students argued that the DRC's problems stemmed from local corruption, not ongoing colonialism, I was trying to present a more diverse story of development, one that cracks in the neoliberal narrative and lets democracy and the public sector play a role.
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33

Goyvaerts, Didier L., and Kalala Kabongo-Mianda. "Indoubil: A Swahili hybrid in Bukavu (with comments on Indu Bill by K. Kabongo-Mianda)." Language in Society 17, no. 2 (1988): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450001277x.

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ABSTRACTAn attempt is made at defining the phenomenon of Indoubil. Its origin, use, and function are discussed. Indoubil, the language of Bukavu's [Zaire] younger generation, would seem to serve a number of purposes. It is argued that Indoubil functions not only as a means of identification for a particular age group but that in a variety of contexts it is also used to neutralize the illeffects of ethnicity. (Ethnicity, melting pot, lingua franca, Swahili)
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Trefois, P., J. Moeyersons, J. Lavreau, et al. "Geomorphology and urban geology of Bukavu (R.D. Congo): interaction between slope instability and human settlement." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 283, no. 1 (2007): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp283.6.

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Basima, Lefranc Busane, Mulongaibalu Mbalassa, Bahananga Muhigwa, and Muderhwa Nshombo. "Anthropogenic influences on the littoral zone biota of Lake Kivu, Bukavu Basin, D. R. Congo." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 29, no. 5 (2006): 2283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2006.11903100.

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Mujezinović, Osman, Mirza Dautbašić, Milivoj Franjević, and Kenan Zahirović. "Trofičke karakteristike i utjecaj bukove skočipipe na površinu oštećenja lista bukve u Bosni i Hercegovini." Šumarski list 144, no. 1-2 (2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.144.1-2.3.

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Bukva predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih vrsta drveća u Bosni i Hercegovini. Stoga, potrebno je praćenje zdravstvenog stanja bukovih sastojina i poduzimanje svih neophodnih preventivnih i represivnih mjera kako bi se zdravstveno stanje ovih sastojina unaprijedilo. U okviru istraživanja analiziran je utjecaj bukove skočipipe na površinu oštećenja listova na stabalcima bukve od imaga i ličinke u ovisnosti od lokacije i položaja stabalaca bukve u sastojini (svjetlo/sjena). Lokacije istraživanja su se nalazile unutar kulture smreke, visokih šuma bukve i mješovitih šuma bukve i jele sa smrekom. Bukova skočipipa predstavlja jednog od glavnih defolijatora koji se javljaju na stablima bukve. Uzorak istraživanja čine 15 stabalaca bukve, po 5 stabalaca na tri lokacije. Na svakoj lokaciji odabrana su 3 stabalca čija krošnja je bila na svjetlu i dva stabalca čija krošnja je bila u sjeni (ukupno 9 stabalaca na svjetlu i 6 stabalaca u zasjeni). Na svakom stablu pregledavana su i mjerena oštećenja od imaga i ličinke bukove skočipipe. Ustanovljeno je da prosječna površina oštećenja lista bukve od imaga je varirala od 2-4%, a ličinke od 4-8%. Statističkim analizama je utvrđeno postojanje statistički značajnih razlika u površini oštećenja lista bukve od ličinke u ovisnosti od položaja stabalaca bukve u sastojini.
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Mitima, Kashosi T., Steve Ntamako, Achippe M. Birindwa, et al. "Prevalence of colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae among pregnant women in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 09 (2014): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5030.

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Introduction: Maternal vaginal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) has an important impact on neonatal health but has not been studied in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The aim of this study was to determine its frequency and influencing factors. Methodology: Vaginal samples (n = 509) for bacteriological analysis were collected from women in Bukavu, eastern DR Congo, during their third trimester of pregnancy, along with information about age, education and socio-economic status, and medical and obstetric-gynecological history. Results: The overall GBS colonization rate was 20%. Colonization was significantly associated with low education, history of urinary infection during the pregnancy, history of premature childbirth or abortion, and HIV-positive serology, but was not significantly associated with socio-economic level or parity. Conclusions: The GBS colonization rate is similar to that found elsewhere on the continent. Further studies, with follow-up of neonates of infected mothers and evaluation of prevention/treatment strategies, are needed.
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Culbert, Heather, David Tu, Daniel P. O'Brien, et al. "HIV Treatment in a Conflict Setting: Outcomes and Experiences from Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." PLoS Medicine 4, no. 5 (2007): e129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040129.

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Magabe, M., B. Bapolisi, and K. Lokombe. "L'informel dans la formation des enseignants: Le cas de l'Institut Superieur Pedagogique de Bukavu (Za�re)." International Review of Education 38, no. 5 (1992): 471–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01100987.

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Ombeni, Justin Birhashwirwa, Lilly Nabintu Peru, Theodore Mushambanyi Munyuli, et al. "The BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF STREET FOODS VENDED IN BUKAVU CITY: POTENTIAL HEALTH RISKS TO CONSUMERS OF SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE, EASTERN D.R. CONGO." Bacterial Empire 1, no. 1 (2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/be.2018.1.1.13-21.

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Foods vended in roadsides of our African cities is a reality and constitute a major problem of public health starting the multiplicity and diversity of microbial flora that they carry. To address these challenges, this study was performed to control the hygienic quality of street foods vended in urban zones of Bukavu city in South Kivu province, DR Congo and assess the potential health risks to consumers. This prospective study was conducted among street vending food from vendors in three urban zone of Bukavu city. A total of 80 food samples compressing boiled meat (16), roast fish (18), sausages (21), fresh milk (13) and loaf (12) from 320 vendors were purchased and analyzed. Standard microbiological methods NF ISO 7218: 1996 were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Investigations into the point of sale and microbiological test results revealed the presence of a perpetual contamination risk by vendor categories. All street food samples tested are contaminated to varying degrees by bacteria, including: FMAT, total coliforms with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp. with Negative Staphylococci Coagulase and Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella with species Salmonella enterica, represent a great risk of street food poisoning for over 350 consumers per month. The mean bacterial counts in these foods expressed to CFU/10g of each food collected exceed the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius, significant and highly statistically significant according different categories of vendors and sampling sites (p<0.0001). Samples collected from vendors in Kadutu urban zone (the most popular and unhealthy in the city) are more contaminated. Dishes that are not subjected to heating during preparation have the highest microbial load. This is the case of fresh milk where the total mesophilic flora is of order of 106 CFU/10g. This is also the case of street food which, after cooking are exposed for a long time at room temperature: boiled meat and sausages contain an uncountable amount of bacteria. Total coliforms, and Salmonella sp. are more loaded in boiled meat, fresh milk and sausages. Many Staphylococcus sp. are in the loaf. Much (77%) contaminated dishes are from ambulant vendors than other distributors, followed by semi-stationary and stationary vendors respectively (p<0.001). Contamination of street food in Bukavu is multifactorial and hygiene vendors contribute significantly to contamination factor, including unhygienic managers, dirty environment and poor water quality. Hence, sustainable development of communities through good hygiene practices in street foods handling. The government should thus strengthen health checks at street food and ensure their hygienic quality before consumption by the population in order to prevent these diseases and improve health of consumers.
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D., Boengandi Walala, Nyakio Ngeleza O., Mukanire Ntakwinja B., Katenga Bosunga G., and Mukwege Mukengere D. "Partially four-vessel umbilical cord: about a diagnosed case at Panzi hospital." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 1 (2019): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20196067.

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Umbilical cord malformations are described in the literature; and it's about the umbilical artery and the umbilical vein. There are sometimes cases of a single umbilical artery. In contrast, the number of vessels in the umbilical cord can increase by three to four. A supernumerary umbilical vein is particularly rare and is usually found in association with congenital anomalies; sometimes the supernumerary umbilical vein is associated with no malformation. We report a case of umbilical cord having a four-vessel part diagnosed at the maternity ward of Panzi Hospital, in the town of Bukavu, South Kivu, DR Congo.
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D., Boengandi Walala, Nyakio Ngeleza O., Mukanire Ntakwinja B., Raha Maroyi K., Katenga Bosunga G., and Mukwege Mukengere D. "Macroscopic examination of fetal appendices in delivery room: good practice at Panzi hospital." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 5 (2020): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201841.

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The review of fetal appendices is described in the literature, and its importance is well established. Indeed, pathological findings in the placenta can provide information on the pathogenesis of the fetus, including intrauterine growth retardation, mental retardation or neurodevelopmental disorders. This helps to understand a child's disability, but also maternal complications such as preeclampsia. Despite the relevant information provided by the various studies, fetal appendices are not systematically examined in several maternity hospitals in our country, DR Congo. We report good practice from the examination of fetal appendices to the maternity ward of Panzi Hospital, in the town of Bukavu, South Kivu, DR Congo.
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Balemba Kanyurhi, Eddy, Célestin Bashige Bucekuderhwa, and Heureuse Labii Kadurha. "Les déterminants du crowdfunding hors ligne : une étude empirique sur les entrepreneurs et investisseurs potentiels à Bukavu." Innovations 56, no. 2 (2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/inno.pr1.0039.

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Rodrigue, Mupenda Mwenibamba, Augustin Kibonge Mukakala, Mugangu Cishibanzi Emmanuel, et al. "Complications from fractures of limbs treated by traditional medicine in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 6 (2020): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2020.6606.

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Introduction: This study aimed to report fractures complications observed after traditional treatment in Bukavu. Patients and Method: This is a cross-sectional, multicentered and prospective study of a series of 73 cases of fracture complications after traditional treatment collected from 5 hospitals: University clinics of Bukavu; Skyborne Hospital Center, CIRIRI Hospital, Medicure Hospital and Panzi Hospital, from January 1st to December 31st, 2019. Data were collected on a survey form filled by patients and analyzed using Epi Info software 7.2 version. Results: The patients average age was 33.21 ± 18.08 years (range: 4 -74 years) with a sex ratio of 1.7. The group of 21-30 years old was the most affected with 21 patients (28.77%). The traffic accident was the main etiology 42 (57.53%) followed by the fall from a high place with 14 patients (19.18%). Closed fractures represented 44 cases (60.27%). The femur was more affected 18 (24, 66%). The use of traditional medicine was justified by: more effective than modern treatment 26 (35.62%), less expensive 23 (31.51%), socio-cultural beliefs 9 (12.33%) and other reasons 4 (5.48%). 39 patients (53.42%) were coming from urban areas. The complications observed were: 21 skin necrosis (28.77%), 19 vicious calluses (26.03%), 9 non-union (12.33 %), 8 infections (10.96%), 6 limb shortening (8, 22%), 5 gangrene / ischemia (6.85%), 3 joint stiffness (4.11%) and 2 delayed consolidation (2.74%). The modern treatment of these complications was based on osteosynthesis associated with an osteotomy or corticoperiosteal decortication-bone graft 28 (38.36%), skin graft 16 (21.92%) and 23 patients (31.50%) refused modern treatment despite the complication. Conclusion: The fractures traditional treatment based mainly on trial and error, practiced with inadequate means and measures without respecting the fractures treatment principles is a real source of complications that can lead to disabling disabilities.
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Kashosi, Théophile Mitima, Céléstin Bisangamo Kyambikwa, Philémon Mbarabara Mulongo, and Jean Bisimwa Nachega. "Field accuracy of HIV rapid diagnostic tests for blood donors screening, Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 06 (2018): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9774.

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Introduction: Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for point-of-care. point-of-care diagnosis of HIV infection in resource-limited settings. However, there are no data about their field diagnostic performance in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), especially in the context of blood banks screening for transfusion safety purpose. Methodology: Blood specimens were collected from blood donors in Bukavu, Eastern DRC, from May the 1st to June the 30th, 2015, to evaluate the accuracy of Alere Determine HIV-1/2, Trinity Biotech Uni‑Gold HIV, and DoubleCheckGold Ultra HIV 1& 2 compared to the laboratory-based 4th generation ELISA apDia HIV Ag/Ab assay. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and related 95% confidence intervals were calculated using MedCalc statistical software version 15.1. Reliability was evaluated using Cohen’s Kappa Statistic, κ. Results: Among 312 participants who provided blood bags, 96/312 (30.7%) were female and the mean age (SD) was 31.7 years (± 8.1years). Sensitivity for the three tests was 57.1% (95% CI: 18.4-90.1). The specificity was 99.7% (95% CI: 18.4-90.1) for Alere Determine HIV 1/2, 100% (95% CI: 98.8-100.0) for Uni-Gold HIV, and (100% (95% CI: 98.8-100.0) for DoubleCheckGold Ultra HIV 1&2. Cohen’s Kappa Statistic showed moderate agreement between the 4th generation ELISA apDia HIV Ag/Ab and RDTs Alere Determine HIV 1/2 and Uni-Gold HIV (κ = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.55- 0.76) but good agreement for DoubleCheckGold Ultra HIV1&2 (κ = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61 – 0.82). Conclusions: Compared to the laboratory-based ELISA apDia HIV Ag/Ab assay, the currently used 3rd generation HIV RDTs showed poor field accuracy results in a context of blood donors screening. These data support the need for 4th generation Ag-Ab RDTs in transfusion blood qualification.
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van Overbeek, Fons, and Peter A. Tamás. "Autochthony and insecure land tenure: the spatiality of ethnicized hybridity in the periphery of post-conflict Bukavu, DRC." Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 2 (2018): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2018.1459084.

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Mutwedu, Valence Bwana, Bernard Kanyungu Buuma, Arsene Ciza Mushagalusa, et al. "Prevalence and economic losses of calf fetal wastage in ELAKAT public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo." October-2019 12, no. 10 (2019): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1644-1649.

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Aim: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of calf fetal wastage and its economic implications at ELAKAT slaughterhouse, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) to fill the research gap in relationship with this thematic. The study investigations took place from May to September 2018. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried at the slaughterhouse. For each visit, the number of cattle slaughtered, the number of pregnant cows slaughtered, and gestational ages (stage of pregnancy of the dam, and estimated by crown-rump length) of the fetuses were recorded. Results: Out of the 1035 cattle slaughtered during the study period, 970 were females. A total of 255 fetuses were recovered, representing a fetal recovery rate of 26.28%. The study established that one fetus was lost out of 4.5 cows slaughtered, and most of fetuses recovered (58.1%) were in the first trimester of gestation while 29.1% and 12.8% were, respectively, in the second and third trimester. Their age varied from 1.2 to 8.6 months, with body length ranging from 14 cm to 92 cm while their weight varied from 1.0 kg to 23.0 kg. The economic loss associated with the total cattle fetal wastages was estimated at Congo Democratic Francs (CDF) 29,906,400 ($15,787.5) with a monthly average of CDF 5,981,280 ($3,157.5). Conclusion: These results attested that slaughtering pregnant cows constitute a strong constraint on cattle industry development in DR Congo. Urgent measures, such as adequate enforcement of legislations on routine veterinary examinations at slaughterhouses as well as livestock owner's sensitization, are required to avoid selling pregnant cows during calving season.
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Nobile, Adriano, Antoine Dille, Elise Monsieurs, et al. "Multi-Temporal DInSAR to Characterise Landslide Ground Deformations in a Tropical Urban Environment: Focus on Bukavu (DR Congo)." Remote Sensing 10, no. 4 (2018): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10040626.

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Alexandre, Ali Bitenga. "Perception of corruption by traffic police and taxi drivers in Bukavu DR Congo: the limits of moral analysis." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 36, no. 4 (2018): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2019.1583323.

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Namululi, B. A., C. Guerrieri, and M. Dramaix. "Impact of method of recruitment of blood donors on the prevalence of HIV and HBV in Bukavu, DR Congo." Médecine et Santé Tropicales 22, no. 1 (2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/mst.2012.0028.

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