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1
Al-Maaroof, E. M., S. A. Shams Allah, and M. S. Hassan. "Current status of wheat bunt disease in Iraq." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, Special Issue (August 1, 2012): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6231-cjgpb.
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Matanguihan, J. B., K. M. Murphy, and S. S. Jones. "Control of Common Bunt in Organic Wheat." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-10-0620.
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Common bunt, caused by the seedborne and soilborne pathogens Tilletia caries and T. laevis, has re-emerged as a major disease in organic wheat. In conventional agriculture, common bunt is routinely managed with the use of synthetic chemical seed treatments. For this reason, common bunt is a relatively unimportant disease in conventional agriculture. However, since synthetic chemical inputs are prohibited in organic agriculture, common bunt is a major threat once more in organic wheat and seed production. The challenge today is to manage the disease without the use of chemical seed treatments. This review reports on the management of common bunt under organic farming systems, mainly through host resistance and organic seed treatments. We report the history of screening wheat germplasm for bunt resistance, the search for new sources of resistance, and identification and mapping of bunt resistance genes. Since the pathogen has a gene-for-gene relationship with the host, this review also includes a summary of work on pathogen race identification and virulence patterns of field isolates. Also included are studies on the physiological and molecular basis of host resistance. Alternative seed treatments are discussed, including physical seed treatments, and microbial-based and plant-based treatments acceptable in organic systems. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the current gaps in research on the management of common bunt in organic wheat.
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Tagayev, Kuttymurat, Aleksey Morgounov, Minura Yessimbekova, and Aigul Abugalieya. "Common Bunt Resistance of Winter Wheat Genotypes Under Artificial Infection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.25776.
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Common bunt (Tilletia caries) is a seed-transmitted fungal disease in wheat. The resistant cultivars and germplasm lines of wheat will be useful for control this type of disease in organic farming. A set of 75 wheat cultivars and lines from International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (IWWIP) of Turkey were used to determine resistance to common bunt. The experiment was carried out at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and experimental material was grown in an artificially inoculated nursery during the 2016-2017 season. The productivity of wheat genotypes under artificial infection ranged from 1.13 t/ha to 7.29 t/ha. The susceptible check to common bunt, GEREK 79 had a high level of susceptibility to common bunt with 59.7% infected heads. The high mean disease incidence in the nursery was 74.4%. Sixteen genotypes were resistant to disease under artificial inoculation. Out of 75 wheat cutivars, 42 wheat genotypes (56% of all genotypes) were classified as moderate resistance to disease. Identified resistance genotypes will be useful for breeding programs for forming resistance cultivars to common bunt in Kazakhstan.
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Steffan, Philipp Matthias, Anders Borgen, Anna Maria Torp, Gunter Backes, and Søren K. Rasmussen. "Association Mapping for Common Bunt Resistance in Wheat Landraces and Cultivars." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030642.
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Common bunt is a seed borne disease of wheat whose importance is likely to increase due to the growing organic seed market, which, in addition to seed phytosanitary measures, relies on genetic resistances towards the disease. Genome wide association studies in wheat have been proven to be a useful tool in the detection of genetic polymorphisms underlying phenotypic trait variation in wheat. Here 248 wheat landraces and cultivars representing 130 years of breeding history were screened for two years in the field for their resistance reactions towards common bunt. The majority of lines exhibited high levels of susceptibility towards common bunt, while 25 accessions had less than 10% infection. Using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers for genotyping and correcting for population stratification by using a compressed mixed linear model, we identified two significant marker trait associations (MTA) for common bunt resistance, designated QCbt.cph-2B and QCbt.cph-7A, located on wheat chromosomes 2B and 7A, respectively. This shows that genome wide association studies (GWAS) are applicable in the search for genetic polymorphisms for resistance towards less studied plant diseases such as common bunt in the context of an under representation of resistant lines.
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Bartoš, P., V. Šíp, J. Chrpová, J. Vacke, E. Stuchlíková, V. Blažková, J. Šárová, and A. Hanzalová. "Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 1 (July 30, 2012): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6107-cjgpb.
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Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance in the world and in the Czech Republic are reviewed. Attention is paid to rusts, powdery mildew, leaf blotch, glume blotch, tan spot, fusarium head blight, common and dwarf bunt, eyespot, barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat and wheat dwarf virus. Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in the cultivars registered in the Czech Republic are listed. Promising resistance genes and sources of resistance to the above mentioned diseases are reviewed. Prospects of resistance breeding including application of methods of molecular genetics and development of synthetic hexaploids are outlined.
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Mourad, Amira M. I., Alexey Morgounov, P. Stephen Baenziger, and Samar M. Esmail. "Genetic Variation in Common Bunt Resistance in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010002.
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Common bunt (caused by Tilletia caries and T. Foetida) is a major wheat disease. It occurs frequently in the USA and Turkey and damages grain yield and quality. Seed treatment with fungicides is an effective method to control this disease. However, using fungicides in organic and low-income fields is forbidden, and planting resistant cultivars are preferred. Due to the highly effective use of fungicides, little effort has been put into breeding resistant genotypes. In addition, the genetic diversity for this trait is low in modern wheat germplasm. Synthetic wheat genotypes were reported as an effective source to increase the diversity in wheat germplasm. Therefore, a set of 25 synthetics that are resistant to the Turkish common bunt race were evaluated against the Nebraska common bunt race. Four genotypes were found to be very resistant to Nebraska’s common bunt race. Using differential lines, four isolines carrying genes, Bt10, Bt11, Bt12, and Btp, were found to provide resistance against both Turkish and Nebraska common bunt races. Genotypes carrying any or all of these four genes could be used as a source of resistance in both countries. No correlation was found between common bunt resistance and some agronomic traits, which suggests that common bunt resistance is an independent trait.
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Šíp, V., P. Bartoš, J. Chrpová, A. Hanzalová, L. Širlová, J. Šárová, V. Dumalasová, et al. "Theoretical Bases and Sources for Breeding Wheat for Combined Disease Resistance." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, No. 4 (November 21, 2011): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3659-cjgpb.
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Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance in the world and in theCzech Republic are discussed. Attention was paid to possibilities of increasing resistance to rusts, powdery mildew, Fusarium head blight, leaf blotch, glume blotch, tan spot, common bunt and barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat. Methodical approaches adopted in national ring infection tests were outlined. New sources of resistance to the above-mentioned diseases were detected and described on the basis of three-year results of field infection tests.  
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Rathore, Tanya, Kirti Vardhan Pandey, Rohit Kumar Singh, Deepoo Singh, Shwetank Singh, Ayush Kumar, Abhishek Tiwari, Mandeep Singh, and Puskar Shukla. "Studies on Variability on Isolates of Neovossia indica Causing Karnal Bunt of Wheat and Screening of Wheat Varieties." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i23921.
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A basic meal consumed by people all over the world, wheat is traded more globally than all other crops combined. Tilletia indica is the cause of Karnal bunt, also known as "Partial bunt," which affects wheat and is one of the most significant seed-borne diseases. It has significant effects on the wheat trade because most importing nations require that there be no trace of Karnal bunt in wheat imported. To assess responses to disease, ten different genotypes of wheat were sown in matched rows. We planted K1006 and PBW343, two susceptible checks, following each genotype. An athichmist was established for a duration of thirty days, and all suggested agricultural practices were adhered to. The genotypes that demonstrated resistance to the pathogen (below 10% disease intensity) were PBW 343 and K-1006 (2 genotypes). The genotypes with a modest response were K-9107 and K-9162 (two genotypes with a score below 15%). The reactivity of the K793 and K 9006 2 genotypes was somewhat sensitive (below 40% score). The genotypes K9465 HD 2824, K0307, and C306 all showed extremely sensitive reactivity (score exceeding 40%).
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Warham, Elizabeth J. "Karnai bunt disease of wheat: A literature review." Tropical Pest Management 32, no. 3 (January 1986): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670878609371068.
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Váňová, M., P. Matušinský, and J. Benada. "Survey of incidence of bunts (Tilletia caries and Tilletia controversa) in the Czech Republic and susceptibility of winter wheat cultivars." Plant Protection Science 42, No. 1 (February 7, 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2692-pps.
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Bunts (caused by <i>Tilletia caries</i> and <i>T. controversa</i>) belong to very important diseases of winter wheat because contaminated commodities (seeds, foods and feeds) affect the marketability of the crop on both domestic and export markets. They can be relatively easily controlled by chemical seed treatments. Due to the availability of effective chemical control, the reaction of wheat cultivars to bunts has so far not been an important trait for plant breeders in some areas of the world. However, if synthetic chemicals are not allowed, like in organic farming, untreated seed may quickly lead to a build-up of bunt to levels that render the crop unmarketable. The use of wheat cultivars partially or fully resistant to bunts could greatly contribute to ease the bunt problem. The reaction of winter wheat cultivars was evaluated in field tests. Seeds of winter wheat were inoculated with teliospores of <i>T. caries</i>. The reaction to <i>T. controversa</i> was studied under heavy natural infestation with spores in the soil. With <i>T. caries</i>, the heaviest infection was found in cvs Drifter and Ebi, while cvs Nela, Brea and Samanta had the lowest. The average level of infection with <i>T. controversa</i> was higher than that of <i>T. caries</i>. The cvs Niagara, Brea and Versailles had significantly lower numbers of bunt ears of <i>T. controversa</i> in 2002. The incidence of both bunts in grain samples that had not been cleaned and sorted after harvest was monitored for 4 years. A total of 1 058 samples collected from various locations in the Czech Republic were analysed for the presence of bunt spores and the species determined. The investigation demonstrated a rather widespread occurrence of bunts across the Czech Republic, with <i>T. controversa</i> being more frequent.
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Sharma, Indu, Ritu Bala, Satish Kumar, and N. S. Bains. "Development of near isogenic lines (NILS) using backcross method of breeding and simultaneous screening against Karnal bunt disease of wheat." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.931.
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Karnal bunt of wheat caused by Tilletia indica can be a hindrance to wheat trade as the fungal disease is known to affect the quality of the grain. As a breeding strategy, a set of eight near isogenics lines (NILs) and backcross derived recombinant inbred lines (micro-RILs) were developed in the background of PBW 343 and WH542 for Karnal bunt resistance over a period of time. The donor stocks resistant to Karnal bunt used in the study were ALDAN ‘ S’ / IAS 58, CMH 77.308, H567.7I, HD29, HP1531, W485 and their derived lines KBRL 22 and KBRL 57. Effective method for screening to Karnal bunt was standardized and used for identification of resistant lines across many seasons. Some of the identified lines evaluated for yield were found to be equivalent to the high yielding parents and the commercially grown check varieties. These developed lines will serve as a basic material for production of Karnal bunt free wheat.
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Chrpová, J., V. Šíp, P. Bartoš, A. Hanzalová, J. Palicová, L. Štočková, L. Čejka, et al. "Results of the Czech National Ring Tests of disease resistance in wheat." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 4 (October 31, 2012): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/173/2012-cjgpb.
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In this contribution actual results of the Czech national ring tests of disease resistance in wheat are presented that are performed at 3&ndash;5 locations each year. Special attention was paid to possibilities of increasing resistance to rusts, powdery mildew, Fusarium head blight and brown leaf spot diseases. New sources of resistance to the above-mentioned diseases were detected and described. Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for resistance to these diseases, as well as to other important diseases and pests (common and dwarf bunt, eyespot and stem base diseases, barley yellow dwarf virus, orange wheat blossom midge) are discussed.
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He and G. R. Hughes, C. "Inheritance of resistance to common bunt in spelt and common wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-167.
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Common bunt causes yield loss and reduces grain quality in both common and durum wheats in western Canada. Since the most cost-effective method of control is the use of host resistance, this study was conducted to provide information on the genetic control of bunt resistance in three potentially new sources: common wheat cultivar Triple Dirk and spelt wheat cultivars RL5407 and SK0263. The segregating populations from the three crosses Laura/Triple Dirk, Laura/RL5407 and Genesis/SK0263 were evaluated for common bunt resistance in the field for races T1, T13 and L7 and in the greenhouse for race T1. Genetic analysis indicated that Triple Dirk may carry a major gene controlling resistance to each of the bunt races T1, T13 and L7. The spelt wheat RL5407 may carry a major gene for resistance to both races T13 and L7 or genes conditioning resistance to T13 and L7 that are closely linked, and an additional major gene for resistance to race T1. The two major genes carried by RL5407 are believed to be different. SK0263 possibly carried two major genes for resistance to race T1. The disease data in F1 and F2 generations did not show any dominance for bunt resistance to race T1 in any of the three crosses. From crosses involving Triple Dirk, RL5407 and SK0263, selection of breeding lines highly resistant to common bunt can be effective in the progenies due to the nature of non dominance and one- or two-gene controlled resistance. Key words: Wheat, common bunt, Triticum sp., Tilletia sp.
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Madenova, A. K., K. Galymbek, A. M. Kokhmetova, M. N. Atishova, S. B. Bakirov, and Zh S. Keishilov. "SEARCHING FOR RESISTANCE SOURCES TO WHEAT COMMON BUNT (Tilletia caries (DC.)." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.7.
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Common bunt (Tilletia caries (DC.) the disease occurs in areas where autumn wheat is grown. In our country, most of the zoned wheat varieties are infected with this disease. Therefore, foreign germoplasm should look for sources of strength. In our research in the field of artificial epizootic environment, the Hungarian 21 varieties of soft wheat Tilletia caries (DC.) of the pathogen was made the phytopathological and genetic-selection analysis. The study revealed that 15 wheat varieties are resistant to diseases, of which 8 wheat varieties were highly resistant to diseases (IT-0). They are; Ati, Békés, Berény, Csillag, Futár, Pilis, Szala and Rege. We say 7 varieties that are resistant to common bunt (IT-1), they are Kalász, Mentor, Göncöl, Fény, Garaboly, Szemes and Vitorlás. The indicator of the biomass index (NDVI) was determined at the stages of vegetative development of plants in ears, flowering phase and milky stage. The average value of the biomass index is higher than 0.70, with a high score of 9 varieties that have Ati, Mentor, Hajnal, Göncöl, Tisza, Csillag, Futár, Garaboly and Szala. As a result of the analysis of structural characteristics, the varieties Körös, Mentor, Tisza, Szala, Szemes and Rege showed a high index for all characteristics. As a result, disease-resistant and high-performance varieties can be presented as common bunt resistant specimens in immune selection.
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Menzies, J. G., R. E. Knox, Z. Popovic, and J. D. Procunier. "Common bunt resistance gene Bt10 located on wheat chromosome 6D." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, Special Issue (December 1, 2006): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-106.
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Knowledge of the chromosomal location of disease resistance genes assists in their identification and classification. The determination of the chromosomal location in wheat of the common bunt (Tilletia tritici and T. laevis) resistance gene Bt10 was the goal of this study. Doubled haploid lines were developed from a cross between bunt susceptible Glenlea and bunt resistant AC Taber carrying Bt10. The doubled haploid lines were inoculated with T. tritici race T19, grown in a growth room and rated for bunt near maturity. A series of 50 wheat microsatellite markers were tested on DNA of the individual lines. The population segregated 1:1 for bunt reaction with clear separation between resistant and susceptible classes. A trait related DNA polymorphism generated by gwm469 located in chromosome 6D fit a 1:1 segregation. Combined segregation of bunt resistance and the gwm469 polymorphism differed significantly from a 1:1: 1:1 ratio with a preponderance of parental types confirming linkage of gwm469 with Bt10. The map distance between gwm469 and Bt10was estimated at 19.3 cM by MAPMAKER. The microsatellite markers wmc749, barc54 and cfd0033, located on chromosome 6D, also were significantly associated with the bunt resistance and gwm469. In total, six markers previously located to chromosome 6D were in the linkage group with the Bt10 common bunt resistance. The linkage of these markers with each other and Bt10 indicated that Bt10 is located on the short arm of chromosome 6D. Key words: Tilletia tritici, Tilletia laevis, Triticum aestivum, wheat, microsatellite, doubled haploid
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Matanguihan, Janet B., and Stephen S. Jones. "A New Pathogenic Race of Tilletia caries Possessing the Broadest Virulence Spectrum of Known Races." Plant Health Progress 12, no. 1 (January 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0520-01-rs.
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Common bunt, caused by the fungi Tilletia caries and T. laevis, is one of the most destructive seedborne diseases of wheat. In conventional agriculture, common bunt is managed almost exclusively with chemical seed treatments. However, in organic farming, synthetic chemicals are prohibited. Because of this, there has been a resurgence of this disease in organic wheat. In order to maintain high yields and excellent seed quality, organic growers must rely heavily on resistant wheat cultivars. To breed cultivars with resistance against common bunt, and to effectively deploy resistance genes, it is necessary to identify and monitor the pathogenic races of the local pathogen population. Towards this goal, races of T. caries present in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho were identified by inoculating field collections of the pathogen on 13 differential wheat cultivars. Results of three years' testing show that there is a new pathogenic race in Washington State, which possesses the broadest virulence spectrum to date compared with known bunt races. Furthermore, two-year data indicates the presence of other new races in Washington, California, and Oregon. Accepted for publication 5 April 2011. Published 20 May 2011.
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Arif, Muhammad, Sagheer Atta, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Muhammad Ifnan Khan, Ansar Hussain, Muhammad Shahjahan, Mona S. Alwahibi, and Mohamed Soliman Elshikh. "The impact of Fosetyl-Aluminium application timing on Karnal bunt suppression and economic returns of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e0244931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244931.
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Fungal pathogens exert severe qualitative and quantitative damages to wheat crop. Karnal bunt of wheat caused by Tilletia indica Mitra, Mundkur is a severe threat to global food security. Nonetheless, T. indica is regulated as a quarantine pest in numerous countries, which further aggravates the situation. Tolerant varieties and appropriate management practices for Karnal bunt are imperative to meet the global wheat demands. This two-year study explored the impact of fungicide [Fosetyl-Aluminium (Aliette)] application timing on allometric traits, disease suppression and economic returns of bread wheat. Four bread wheat cultivars differing in their tolerance to Karnal bunt were used in the study. Fungicide was applied as either seed treatment (ST), foliar application at heading (FAH) or ST + FAH, whereas no application (NA) was taken as control. Lasani-08 performed better than the rest of the cultivars in terms of allometric traits (plant height, leaf area, crop growth rate, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll content), yield and economic returns. Nonetheless, minimal disease severity was recorded for Lasani-08 compared to other cultivars during both years. The ST improved allometric traits of all cultivars; however, ST + FAH resulted in higher yield and economic returns. Cultivar Pasban-90 observed the highest disease severity and performed poor for allometric traits, yield and economic returns. It is concluded that ST + FAH of Fosetyl-Aluminium could be a pragmatic option to cope Karnal bunt of wheat. Nonetheless, Pasban-90 must not be used for cultivation to avoid yield and quality losses.
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Goates, Blair J. "Identification of New Pathogenic Races of Common Bunt and Dwarf Bunt Fungi, and Evaluation of Known Races Using an Expanded Set of Differential Wheat Lines." Plant Disease 96, no. 3 (March 2012): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0339.
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Pathogenic races of Tilletia caries and T. foetida, which cause common bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum), and Tilletia contraversa, which causes dwarf bunt of wheat, have been identified previously by their reaction to 10 differential wheat lines, each containing single bunt resistance genes Bt1 through Bt10. The reactions of races to the differential wheat lines follow the classic gene-for gene system for host–pathogen interactions. The pathogens are closely related and resistance to both diseases in wheat is controlled by the same genes. To better define pathogenic races, six additional wheat lines containing the genes Bt11 through Bt15 and a wheat line with a resistance factor designated as Btp were added to the set of 10 differentials and tested with all named U.S. races of common bunt and dwarf bunt. In addition, new isolates of dwarf bunt, and common bunt from hybrids and field collections, were tested with all 16 differentials for race identification. Six new races of T. caries, five new races of T. foetida, and two new races of T. contraversa were identified. Races of common bunt virulent to Bt8 or Bt12, and dwarf bunt races virulent to the combinations of Bt11 and Bt12, and Bt8, Bt9, Bt10, Bt11, and Bt12, were identified for the first time. Comparison of the reactions of the common bunt races with the Bt14 and Bt15 differentials grown in different environments after initial infection showed that these genes are temperature sensitive, indicating they should be excluded from the set of differential lines to avoid ambiguity in determining virulent or avirulent reactions. In the previous list of bunt races, there were races that had the same reaction to the set of 10 differentials but were designated as different races. These races were not differentiated further with the six additional differentials, indicating that the duplicate races should be dropped from the list of pathogenic races. The new races of common bunt and dwarf bunt identified have unique patterns of virulence that allow specific targeting and elucidation of bunt resistance genes in wheat and will aid the development of bunt-resistant wheat cultivars.
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Marshall, David, Timothy T. Work, and Joseph F. Cavey. "Invasion Pathways of Karnal Bunt of Wheat into the United States." Plant Disease 87, no. 8 (August 2003): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.8.999.
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Karnal bunt of wheat (caused by Tilletia indica) was first detected in the United States in Arizona in 1996. The seed lots of infected, spring-habit, durum wheat associated with the initial detection were traced to planted fields in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. However, in the summer of 1997, the disease appeared in unrelated, winter-habit, bread wheat located over 700 km from the nearest potentially contaminated wheat from 1996 (and destroyed prior to reinfection). Here, we examined potential invasion pathways of the fungus associated with the movement of wheat into the United States. We analyzed the USDA/APHIS Port Information Network (PIN) database from 1984 through 2000 to determine likely pathways of introduction based on where, when, and how the disease was intercepted coming into the United States. All interceptions were made on wheat transported from Mexico, with the majority (98.8%) being intercepted at land border crossings. Karnal bunt was not intercepted from any other country over the 17-year period analyzed. Most interceptions were on wheat found in automobiles, trucks, and railway cars. The majority of interceptions were made at Laredo, Brownsville, Eagle Pass, and El Paso, TX, and Nogales, AZ. Karnal bunt was intercepted in all 17 years; however, interceptions peaked in 1986 and 1987. Averaged over all years, more interceptions (19.2%) were made in the month of May than in any other month. Our results indicate that Karnal bunt has probably arrived in the United States on many occasions, at least since 1984. Because of the relatively unaggressive nature of the disease and its reliance on rather exacting weather conditions for infection, we surmised that it is possible this disease has a long period of latent survival between initial arrival and becoming a thriving, established disease.
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Akçura, Mevlüt, and Kadir Akan. "Assessment of the reactions of pure lines selected from Turkish bread wheat landraces against bunt disease (Tilletia foetida) with the GGE-biplot method." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 4 (February 5, 2018): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262117000363.
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AbstractThe present research was conducted to determine the reactions of 200 pure lines selected from bread wheat landraces collected from 18 provinces and seven regions of Turkey against bunt disease (Tilletia foetida) under field conditions for 3 years. Bunt disease reactions of pure lines were assessed based on the infected spike/total spike ratio. For visually assessed materials, the GGE-biplot method, where G = genotype effect and GE = genotype-by-environment effect, was used to group the reactions against bunt disease. Fifty-nine pure lines showed high resistance (with infection rates ranging from 0.1 to 10%); 24 in the moderate resistance (with infection rates ranging from 10.1 to 25%); 75 in the moderate susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 25.1 to 45%); 38 in the susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 45.1 to 70%) and finally four in the highly susceptibility (with infection rates of >70.1%). PC1 and PC2 of the GGE-biplot graph created over the years explained 76.49% of the total variation. The GGE-biplot graph provided efficient identification of resistant genotypes. The lowest PC1 values and PC2 values close to 0.0 explained the resistance of pure line to bunt disease best. The resistance of pure lines to bunt disease over the biplot decreased from the first section through the last section. Based on the results of present study, 19 pure lines (located within the first circle of the biplot graph) were selected for resistance breeding programmes against the diseases.
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Sholberg, Peter L., Denis A. Gaudet, Byron Puchalski, and Paul Randall. "Control of common bunt (Tilleta tritici and T. laevis) of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Laura’) by fumigation with acetic acid vapour." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 3 (July 7, 2006): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-176.
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Common bunt caused by Tilletia tritici and T. laevis remains an important disease of wheat, particularly in organic production where effective fungicides are not available. Acetic acid (AA), a potential organic seed fumigant, was evaluated for control of common bunt of wheat. The highly susceptible spring wheat cultivar Laura was inoculated with bunt spores and then fumigated with 2 and 4 g kg-1 AA vapour in 23 L chambers for 1 h at 20°C. Fumigation reduced field infection levels of common bunt in trials conducted at Lethbridge, AB during 2000, 2001, and 2003. The 4 g kg-1 rate was more effective than the 2 g kg-1 rate in reducing bunt infection, although both rates were as effective as Vitavax, the standard seed-treatment fungicide treatment. Some reduction in tiller numbers was associated with the AA treatments especially at the 4 g kg-1 rate. In vitro tests on artificial growth media showed that AA significantly decreased seed-borne mold contamination caused by several species of fungi. Acetic acid fumigation could be an important organic alternative to fungicides for control of common bunt. Key words: Covered smut, organic, seed treatment, stinking smut, vinegar
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Workneh, F., T. W. Allen, G. H. Nash, B. Narasimhan, R. Srinivasan, and C. M. Rush. "Rainfall and Temperature Distinguish Between Karnal Bunt Positive and Negative Years in Wheat Fields in Texas." Phytopathology® 98, no. 1 (January 2008): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-1-0095.
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Karnal bunt of wheat, caused by the fungus Tilletia indica, is an internationally regulated disease. Since its first detection in central Texas in 1997, regions in which the disease was detected have been under strict federal quarantine regulations resulting in significant economic losses. A study was conducted to determine the effect of weather factors on incidence of the disease since its first detection in Texas. Weather variables (temperature and rainfall amount and frequency) were collected and used as predictors in discriminant analysis for classifying bunt-positive and -negative fields using incidence data for 1997 and 2000 to 2003 in San Saba County. Rainfall amount and frequency were obtained from radar (Doppler radar) measurements. The three weather variables correctly classified 100% of the cases into bunt-positive or -negative fields during the specific period overlapping the stage of wheat susceptibility (boot to soft dough) in the region. A linear discriminant-function model then was developed for use in classification of new weather variables into the bunt occurrence groups (+ or –). The model was evaluated using weather data for 2004 to 2006 for San Saba area (central Texas), and data for 2001 and 2002 for Olney area (north-central Texas). The model correctly predicted bunt occurrence in all cases except for the year 2004. The model was also evaluated for site-specific prediction of the disease using radar rainfall data and in most cases provided similar results as the regional level evaluation. The humid thermal index (HTI) model (widely used for assessing risk of Karnal bunt) agreed with our model in all cases in the regional level evaluation, including the year 2004 for the San Saba area, except for the Olney area where it incorrectly predicted weather conditions in 2001 as unfavorable. The current model has a potential to be used in a spray advisory program in regulated wheat fields.
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Gupta, Vikas, Xinyao He, Naresh Kumar, Guillermo Fuentes-Davila, Rajiv K. Sharma, Susanne Dreisigacker, Philomin Juliana, Najibeh Ataei, and Pawan K. Singh. "Genome Wide Association Study of Karnal Bunt Resistance in a Wheat Germplasm Collection from Afghanistan." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (June 26, 2019): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133124.
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Karnal bunt disease of wheat, caused by the fungus Neovossia indica, is one of the most important challenges to the grain industry as it affects the grain quality and also restricts the international movement of infected grain. It is a seed-, soil- and airborne disease with limited effect of chemical control. Currently, this disease is contained through the deployment of host resistance but further improvement is limited as only a few genotypes have been found to carry partial resistance. To identify genomic regions responsible for resistance in a set of 339 wheat accessions, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was undertaken using the DArTSeq® technology, in which 18 genomic regions for Karnal bunt resistance were identified, explaining 5–20% of the phenotypic variation. The identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 2BL showed consistently significant effects across all four experiments, whereas another QTL on 5BL was significant in three experiments. Additional QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 1DL, 2DL, 4AL, 5AS, 6BL, 6BS, 7BS and 7DL that have not been mapped previously, and on chromosomes 4B, 5AL, 5BL and 6BS, which have been reported in previous studies. Germplasm with less than 1% Karnal bunt infection have been identified and can be used for resistance breeding. The SNP markers linked to the genomic regions conferring resistance to Karnal bunt could be used to improve Karnal bunt resistance through marker-assisted selection.
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Golosna, L., O. G. Afanasieva, O. V. Shevchuk, L. O. Kucherova, I. S. Shvets, and L. V. Hubenko. "Immunological characteristics of winter wheat varieties to the main pathogens in the right-bank Forest Steppe." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 29 (August 31, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v29.1410.
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Aim. To determine the resistance of winter wheat varieties to the main pathogens, to establish their stability and plasticity, to identify perspective sources of resistance. Methods. Laboratory – production of inoculum of pathogens; field – artificial inoculation,, assessment of variety stability; statistical calculation of disease severity, indicators of stability and plasticity. Results. In 2015–2017, the resistance of 43 varieties of winter wheat to the main pathogens of leaf diseases, common bunt and root rots was assessed. Resistance to powdery mildew was found in 32 varieties, tan spot – in 2, root rot – in 3, hard smut – in 2 varieties. Six varieties of winter wheat were characterized by group resistance. Varieties that combine high plasticity and stability of the sign of disease resistance have been identified. Conclusions. Valuable sources of resistance are winter wheat varieties with group resistance to common bunt and powdery mildew – Tradytsiia Odeska and Kurs; powdery mildew and tan spot – Nasnaga and Zolotonozhka; powdery mildew and root rot – Nezabudka and Shchedrist kyivska.Keywords: resistance, winter wheat, diseases, plasticity, stability.
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RAJ SINGH, RAM SINGH, DIWAN SINGH, JUGAL K. MANI, S. S. KARWASRA, and M. S. BENIWAL. "Effect of weather parameters on karnal bunt disease in wheat in Karnal region of Haryana." Journal of Agrometeorology 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v12i1.1281.
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Data pertaining to average infection (%) of karnal bunt disease of wheat and meteorological parameters of 1st to 12th standard meteorological week (1st January to 25th March) for 25 crop seasons (1981-82 to 2004-05) of Karnal station were correlated to study the effect of weather parameters on Karnal bunt disease in wheat for most sensitive crop growth period corresponding to ear emergence and subsequent growth stages. The frequency of disease intensity and weather parameters indicated that when the maximum temperature exceeded normal accompanied by little or poor rainfall during 6 to 8th SMW, the disease intensity was low. Rainfall during the 3rd week of January showed strong relationship indicating favourable role in the formation and further multiplication of secondary spordia. However, during 9th SMW, maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration showed considerably high correlations, whereas remaining parameters had weak correlation coefficients. Meteorological parameters during 6 to 12 SMW satisfactorily explained the occurrence of Karnal bunt disease with R2 values of 0.84 that indicated only 16% variation of disease remained unaccounted.
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Pospisil, A., J. Benada, and I. Polisenská. "Variability of resistance to common bunt of wheat." Plant Protection Science 35, No. 1 (January 1, 1999): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9670-pps.
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During 1997–1998, the reaction of the collections of winter and spring wheat varieties to Tilletia caries was determined. In both years the most diseased winter varieties were Simona and Sparta, the least diseased were Samara and Ilona. High variability in the level of infection was observed in some varieties (VIada, Estica, Regina, Vega). No winter wheat variety was completely resistant. The most diseased spring wheat variety was Alexandria in both years, while Grandur showed no infection. High variability in the level of infection was observed in the special trials with cv. Ina and Contra. In trials of the efficacy of seed dressing against T. caries and T. laevis there was variability only in the controls, but not in dressed variants.
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Kumar, Shrvan, Dhanbir Singh, Subhash Dhancholia, and Asha Sinha. "Effect of wheat seed dressing fungicides, botanicals and bio-control agent on Karnal bunt incidence in natural condition." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1513.
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In this study the efficacy of four fungicides, three botanicals and one bio-control agent under field conditions revealed that all the treatments gave reduction of Karnal bunt over check at significant level (P=0.05). Maximum disease control was achieved with Tilt 25EC (48.72%) followed by Bavistin 50WP (47.08 %), Vitavax 75WP (45.30%) and Raxil 2DS (37.61%). Among botanicals L. camara was adjudged best as it gave 41.88 per cent disease control. However, seed treatment of T. viride (Ecoderma) resulted in 28.21 percent disease control. In all treatments over all disease control level was ranged between 28.21 to 48.72 per cent. For effective disease management, source of primary inoculum must be destroy. Primary inoculum of Karnal bunt is present in seed. There-fore, eco-friendly seed treatment of wheat is necessary process for diseases management.
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Pozniak, C. J., J. M. Clarke, and T. A. Haile. "CDC Covert durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 100, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2020-0090.
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CDC Covert durum wheat is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. This conventional height durum wheat cultivar combines high grain yield with acceptable time to maturity, disease resistance, test weight, and end-use suitability. CDC Covert is resistant to prevalent races of leaf and stem rust, has excellent common bunt resistance, and demonstrated end-use quality suitable for the Canada Western Amber Durum class.
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Holosna, L. "The defeat of wheat varieties by the pathogen Tilletia caries (DC) Tul." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 11-12 (December 6, 2019): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.11-12.22-24.
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Goal. To determine the degree of resistance of collection samples of winter wheat to the pathogen of the common bunt Tilletia caries in the conditions of the Right forest-steppe of Ukraine.
 Research Methods. Field. The studies were conducted on the sites of the experimental farm «Glevakha» Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region in 2015—2017. The infectious background of the pathogen of solid bunt was created according to the method of Krivchenko V.I. Sustainability was assessed by counting the number of healthy and diseased ears. The results were differentiated in points on a 9-point scale.
 Results. Against an artificial infectious background of the pathogen of hard bunt, the stability of 115 winter wheat cultivars was evaluated. The collection was obtained from the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of the Institute of Plant Production and included varietal samples from 15 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Iran, Georgia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the USA. Among the varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection, highly resistant (score 9—8) to the causative agent of bunt was not found, resistance (score 7—6) was shown by the varieties Niva and Syaivo (Ukraine). Varieties of foreign selection that showed high resistance (score 9—8) — Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57 (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD and Miranda (Romania), resistant (score 7—6) were — Course (Russia), Noroc (Romania) and MV-Toldi (Hungary).
 Conclusions. Varieties of winter wheat Niva, Syaivo, Hvulya, Veteran, L 59, Schedrost and Pobeda of Ukrainian selection, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57, Course (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD, Miranda, Noroc (Romania ), MV-Toldi (Hungary) in the years of research showed a high resistance to the causative agent of bunt T. caries on an artificial infectious background. All of them can be used in the selection of new productive, disease-resistant varieties.
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S. K., Vishwakarma, Singh R., Khilari K., Mishra P., Singh H., and Yadav M. K. "Integrated Disease Management (IDM) Modules against Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) of Wheat." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (September 5, 2023): 2261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102889.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belonging to family “Gramineae” and genus “Triticum”, is one of the world’s most widely cultivated food grain crop, due to its wider adaptability to different agro-climatic and soil conditions. Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) is an important wheat disease with implications for wheat grain quality and inflicts changes in chemical composition of infected grains. IDM modules evaluated under pot and field condition revealed that all the thirteen modules were significantly effective and observed lower disease incidence of karnal bunt. Module M11 andM8 recorded nil (0.00%) disease incidence in both condition. The maximum incidence was recorded (0.425%) and (0.81%) in M12 followed by M5 (0.395%) and (0.68%) whereas minimum incidence was observed in M9 (0.002%) and (0.05%) under pot and field respectively. However, in the field maximum yield (44.65 q/ha) and test weight (36.04 g) was recorded in module M11, followed by (44.30q/ha) and (35.91g) in M8, while, minimum yield (40.35q/ha) and test weight (35.30g) was observed in M12.
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Peterson, G. L., T. B. Whitaker, R. J. Stefanski, E. V. Podleckis, J. G. Phillips, J. S. Wu, and W. H. Martinez. "A Risk Assessment Model for Importation of United States Milling Wheat Containing Tilletia contraversa." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0560.
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Dwarf bunt of wheat, caused by the fungus Tilletia contraversa, is a pathogen historically limited in distribution by its very specific climatic requirements for establishment. In an effort to both address the need for adequate protection and eliminate unwarranted trade barriers, a number of countries have examined restrictions on importing milling wheat containing teliospores of T. contraversa. Pest risk analysis (PRA), under the guidelines of the World Trade Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, has become an internationally accepted process for evaluating such issues. As a component of a dwarf bunt PRA, our objective was to develop a quantitative mathematical model to evaluate and communicate the potential risk of dwarf bunt establishment from the importation of U.S. milling wheat containing teliospores of T. contraversa. A T. contraversa–risk model (TCK-risk model) was developed using new data, historic literature, and industry statistics to estimate teliospore diversion from transport and milling processes, spore contamination levels, grain handling, and end-product usage. A climatic model was developed to identify potential regions where the environment was favorable for disease development. The likelihood of disease establishment and wheat yield loss was determined using the model to conduct Monte Carlo simulations of 100,000 wheat shipping-years. The model is dynamic in that individual components can be easily updated or modified in order to determine the effect of numerous scenarios (e.g., climate changes, shipping tonnage, contamination levels, mitigation strategies) on the probability of dwarf bunt establishment. TCK-risk model evaluation scenarios previously conducted for the People's Republic of China, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru are presented as examples.
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PK Kasniya and A Singh. "Status of major wheat diseases in sub mountainous region of district Ropar, Punjab, India." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 15 (June 30, 2023): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2315-115.
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The wheat diseases, including yellow rust, brown rust, powdery mildew and karnal bunt, continue to be the major impediments to the successful cultivation of wheat crops in the sub-mountainous region of Ropar (Punjab). During the survey, it was observed that the yellow rust disease is a pre-dominant disease of wheat in this region and has always appeared first foci of infection in Ropar district for the last several years in Punjab. The disease caused maximum infection on cultivar Barbat, HD 2967, Shriram 212 followed by WH 1105, HD 3086, PBW 677, HD 3226 and low infection on Unnat PBW 343 and PBW 1 Zn, DBW 222 and PBW 766. However, no infection was recorded in PBW 725, Unnat PBW 550 and PBW 752. The brown rust disease was absent from most of the fields. Although, occasionally found in few low-level fields (5-10S among infested fields). The head blight disease was primarily recorded in durum wheat in wet areas and the maximum incidence (16.45%) was found in the Barbet cultivar in season 2021-22. The karnal bunt disease frequently appeared in this region depending upon the weather condition at the booting stage of the crop and recorded the prevalence range of 0.1-0.40 per cent in surveyed fields. The survey reports will help to prioritize disease management in extension programmes in this region.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Kassa Semagn, Diego Jarquin, Harpinder Randhawa, Brent D. McCallum, Reka Howard, Reem Aboukhaddour, et al. "Identification of Disease Resistance Parents and Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Resistance in Spring Wheat." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212905.
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The likelihood of success in developing modern cultivars depend on multiple factors, including the identification of suitable parents to initiate new crosses, and characterizations of genomic regions associated with target traits. The objectives of the present study were to (a) determine the best economic weights of four major wheat diseases (leaf spot, common bunt, leaf rust, and stripe rust) and grain yield for multi-trait restrictive linear phenotypic selection index (RLPSI), (b) select the top 10% cultivars and lines (hereafter referred as genotypes) with better resistance to combinations of the four diseases and acceptable grain yield as potential parents, and (c) map genomic regions associated with resistance to each disease using genome-wide association study (GWAS). A diversity panel of 196 spring wheat genotypes was evaluated for their reaction to stripe rust at eight environments, leaf rust at four environments, leaf spot at three environments, common bunt at two environments, and grain yield at five environments. The panel was genotyped with the Wheat 90K SNP array and a few KASP SNPs of which we used 23,342 markers for statistical analyses. The RLPSI analysis performed by restricting the expected genetic gain for yield displayed significant (p < 0.05) differences among the 3125 economic weights. Using the best four economic weights, a subset of 22 of the 196 genotypes were selected as potential parents with resistance to the four diseases and acceptable grain yield. GWAS identified 37 genomic regions, which included 12 for common bunt, 13 for leaf rust, 5 for stripe rust, and 7 for leaf spot. Each genomic region explained from 6.6 to 16.9% and together accounted for 39.4% of the stripe rust, 49.1% of the leaf spot, 94.0% of the leaf rust, and 97.9% of the common bunt phenotypic variance combined across all environments. Results from this study provide valuable information for wheat breeders selecting parental combinations for new crosses to develop improved germplasm with enhanced resistance to the four diseases as well as the physical positions of genomic regions that confer resistance, which facilitates direct comparisons for independent mapping studies in the future.
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DePauw, R. M., J. M. Clarke, R. E. Knox, M. R. Fernandez, T. N. McCaig, and J. G. McLeod. "AC Intrepid hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-133.
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AC Intrepid, a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is adapted to the Canadian prairies. It expressed high grain yield, early maturity, and heavy kernels. It has resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, and common bunt. AC Intrepid is eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., red spring wheat, yield, maturity, disease resistance, seed size
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DePauw, R. M., J. G. McLeod, J. M. Clarke, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez, and R. E. Knox. "AC Eatonia hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-148.
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AC Eatonia hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has several improved traits relative to Leader: increased stem solidness and resistance to cutting by the wheat stem sawfly, resistance to common bunt, common root rot and seed shattering, and higher grain yield potential. It is adapted to the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. Key words:Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, solid stem, disease resistance
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Tekin, Mehmet. "Genetic Variation in Turkish Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties for Resistance to Common Bunt." Agronomy 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102491.
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Common bunt, caused by Tilletia laevis and T. caries, is one of the major wheat diseases in Türkiye and in many countries in the world. To control this disease, chemical seed treatment is commonly used; however, it may cause harm to human and environmental health. Therefore, genetic resistance to control common bunt in an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable manner is the best choice. This study was conducted to determine the reactions of 102 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties with regard to their resistance to common bunt in field conditions over three consecutive years. Additionally, these varieties were molecularly screened with linked markers to Bt8, Bt9, Bt10, and Bt11. The infection rates ranged from 3.17 to 91.49%, 5.41 to 91.41%, 5.29 to 94.06%, and 6.85 to 90.30% in the growing seasons 2019–2020, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022 and overall, respectively. In molecular screening, Bt8 was detected in 2 of the varieties, Bt10 in 10 of them, and Bt11 in 15 of them. There was no variety carrying only Bt9. However, many gene combinations, such as Bt8 + Bt9, Bt8 + Bt11, Bt9 + Bt10, Bt9 + Bt11, Bt8 + Bt9 + Bt10, and Bt8 + Bt9 + Bt11, were determined. The varieties with a gene combination of Bt8 + Bt9 + Bt11 had the lowest infection rates. As a result, 65.68% of the varieties were very susceptible. Only 3.92% of them had moderately resistant reaction. These varieties could be used in breeding programs conducted for resistance to common bunt.
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Kumar, A., A. Gupta, S. S. Atwal, V. K. Maheshwari, and C. B. Singh. "Post Harvest Management of Karnal Bunt, A Quarantine Disease in Wheat." Plant Pathology Journal 14, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2015.23.30.
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Gaudet, D. A., and B. J. Puchalski. "Influence of temperature on interaction of resistance genes in spring wheat differentials with races of common bunt (Tilletia tritici and T. laevis)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-126.
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Temperature affects the expression of resistance to common bunt and can influence the efficacy of tests to screen for resistance to this disease. A study was undertaken to determine the response of spring wheat differentials possessing bunt resistance genes to temperature and races of Tilletia tritici and T. laevis. Differential wheat lines carrying resistance genes Bt-2, Bt-7, Bt-8, Bt-9, and Bt-10, were individually inoculated with bunt races L3, T1, T15, and T27, and incubated at 8, 10 or 15 °C for 0–10 wk. Responses to bunt infection following low temperature incubation at 8, 10, and 15 °C differed among differentials carrying the Bt genes. The resistance of the Bt-10 differential was effective at all three temperatures for all incubation periods whereas the resistance in differentials carrying the Bt-2 or Bt-8 gene was effective at 15 °C but not at 8 °C and 10 °C. Resistance in the Bt-9 differential was ineffective at all three temperatures. The four races of common bunt were similar in their level of infection in the differentials carrying individual Bt genes at the different temperatures although some differences in infection levels were observed. A screening test consisting of 2–4 wk growth at 15 °C followed by growth to maturity in the greenhouse can identify wheat lines containing Bt-8 and Bt-10. Key words:Triticum aestivum, smut, race specific resistance
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Knox, R. E., R. M. DePauw, J. M. Clarke, F. R. Clarke, T. N. McCaig, and M. R. Fernandez. "Snowhite476 hard white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06070.
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Snowhite476 hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first Canadian wheat cultivar to deploy the gene Bt8, which confers resistance to prevalent races of common bunt [Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. The productivity traits of Snowhite476 were intermediate to the check cultivars. Snowhite476 had intermediate kernel hardness combined with yellow alkaline and white salted noodle colour and textural attributes comparable to AC Vista. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield, disease resistance, Bt8
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Knox, R. E., R. M. De Pauw, T. N. McCaig, J. M. Clarke, J. G. McLeod, and R. J. Morrison. "AC Taber red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-154.
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AC Taber, red-kernelled spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), resembles Biggar but has improved resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz.) and common bunt [caused by Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. AC Taber also has a higher protein content, better milling quality and more gluten strength than Biggar. AC Tabor is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (red) wheat class.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, disease resistance, high yield
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Ruzgas, Vytautas, and Žilvinas Liatukas. "Response of Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines to Common Bunt (Tilletia tritici (BJERK.) WINT)." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 63, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2009): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-009-0010-0.
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Response of Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines to Common Bunt (Tilletia tritici (BJERK.) WINT) The study was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in an artificially inoculated nursery during 2006-2007. Resistance to common bunt in 2006 was tested for 71, in 2007 for 118 breeding lines of Lithuanian winter wheat from the competitive trial nursery. Additionally, 148 promising lines were selected and tested from the check nursery, which possessed some resistance in their pedigree ancestors. The average disease incidence in 2006 and 2007 was 80.9 and 63.5%, respectively. The very high infection level highlighted the genotypes with the most effective resistance under conditions highly favourable for common bunt. There were no lines without infected ears. Among the 29 breeding lines tested in the two years, two lines Bill/Aspirant and Dream/Lut.9329 were infected the least, 17.2% and 1.9% in 2006 and 18.5% and 7.8% in 2007, respectively. Most of the breeding lines were highly susceptible. Lines with disease incidence over 50% accounted for over 90% in 2006 and 80% in 2007 of the total lines tested. The most resistant lines had in their pedigrees the following resistance sources: genotypes Bill, Lut.9329, Strumok, Lut.9313, Lut.9358, Tommi as well as Dream, Haldor, 91002G2.1, 96/101, Bezenchiukskaya380.
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Iquebal, Mir Asif, Pallavi Mishra, Ranjeet Maurya, Sarika Jaiswal, Anil Rai, and Dinesh Kumar. "Centenary of Soil and Air Borne Wheat Karnal Bunt Disease Research: A Review." Biology 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10111152.
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Karnal bunt (KB) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), known as partial bunt has its origin in Karnal, India and is caused by Tilletia indica (Ti). Its incidence had grown drastically since late 1960s from northwestern India to northern India in early 1970s. It is a seed, air and soil borne pathogen mainly affecting common wheat, durum wheat, triticale and other related species. The seeds become inedible, inviable and infertile with the precedence of trimethylamine secreted by teliospores in the infected seeds. Initially the causal pathogen was named Tilletia indica but was later renamed Neovossia indica. The black powdered smelly spores remain viable for years in soil, wheat straw and farmyard manure as primary sources of inoculum. The losses reported were as high as 40% in India and also the cumulative reduction of national farm income in USA was USD 5.3 billion due to KB. The present review utilizes information from literature of the past 100 years, since 1909, to provide a comprehensive and updated understanding of KB, its causal pathogen, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, etc. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is gaining popularity in revolutionizing KB genomics for understanding and improving agronomic traits like yield, disease tolerance and disease resistance. Genetic resistance is the best way to manage KB, which may be achieved through detection of genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The genome-wide association studies can be applied to reveal the association mapping panel for understanding and obtaining the KB resistance locus on the wheat genome, which can be crossed with elite wheat cultivars globally for a diverse wheat breeding program. The review discusses the current NGS-based genomic studies, assembly, annotations, resistant QTLs, GWAS, technology landscape of diagnostics and management of KB. The compiled exhaustive information can be beneficial to the wheat breeders for better understanding of incidence of disease in endeavor of quality production of the crop.
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Clarke, J. M., R. M. DePauw, T. N. McCaig, M. R. Fernandez, R. E. Knox, and J. G. McLeod. "AC Elsa hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-002.
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AC Elsa, hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is adapted to the Canadian Prairies. It combines high grain yield with high grain protein concentration in a short strawed background. It has improved resistance to leaf spots compared with the check cultivars, and resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, loose smut, and common bunt. AC Elsa is eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., red spring wheat, cultivar description, yield, protein, disease resistance
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Akgören Palabiyik, Gülçin, İsmail Poyraz, and Ahmet Umay. "The determination of the resistance inheritance against common bunt in wheat and half-diallel hybrids." Plant Protection Science 55, No. 4 (September 13, 2019): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/153/2018-pps.
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This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of common bunt resistance in twelve bread wheat varieties and their half-diallel hybrids in Turkey. The disease ratings were performed on the F2 generations of the hybrids in field conditions. The obtained data were analysed by the χ2 test to determine the effective gene numbers and inheritance type in the disease resistance. In addition, the data were evaluated according to the Jinks-Hayman diallel analyses. In conclusion, it was found that of the twelve wheat parents, four contained three resistance genes and four of them contain two resistance genes. The dominant genes were prominent in the population and complete dominance was present. Therefore, the selection for disease resistance should be delayed until the following generations.
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DePauw, R. M., J. B. Thomas, R. E. Knox, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, T. N. McCaig, and J. G. McLeod. "AC Cadillac hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-087.
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AC Cadillac, a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is adapted to the Canadian Prairies. It combines high grain yield with high grain protein concentration, heavy kernel and volume weights. It has improved resistance to leaf spots compared with the check cultivars, and resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, loose smut, and common bunt. AC Cadillac is eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., red spring wheat, yield, protein, disease resistance, volume weight
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Goates, Blair J., Gary L. Peterson, Robert L. Bowden, and Larry D. Maddux. "Analysis of Induction and Establishment of Dwarf Bunt of Wheat Under Marginal Climatic Conditions." Plant Disease 95, no. 4 (April 2011): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0732.
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Dwarf bunt caused by Tilletia contraversa is a disease of winter wheat that has a limited geographic distribution due to specific winter climate requirements. The pathogen is listed as a quarantine organism by several countries that may have wheat production areas with inadequate or marginal climate for the disease—in particular the People's Republic of China. Field experiments were conducted in the United States in an area of Kansas that is a climatic analog to the northern winter wheat areas of China to evaluate the risk of disease introduction into such areas. The soil surface of four replicate 2.8 × 9.75 m plots, planted with a highly susceptible cultivar, was inoculated with six teliospore concentrations ranging from 0.88 to 88,400 teliospores/cm2. A single initial inoculation was done in each of three nurseries planted during separate seasons followed by examination for disease for 4 to 6 years afterward. Any diseased spikes produced were crushed and returned to the plots where they were produced. One nursery had no disease during all six seasons. In two nurseries, the disease was induced at trace levels at the three highest inoculation rates. Disease carryover to the second year occurred during one year in one nursery in plots at the highest inoculation rate, but no disease occurred the following three seasons. A duplicate nursery planted in a disease conducive area in Utah demonstrated that the highest rate of inoculum used in the experiments was sufficient to cause almost 100% infection. This study demonstrated that in an area with marginal climatic conditions it was possible to induce transient trace levels of dwarf bunt, but the disease was not established even with a highly susceptible cultivar and high levels of inoculum. Our results support the conclusions of the 1999 Agreement on U.S.-China Agricultural Cooperation which set a tolerance for teliospores in grain, and supports the Risk Assessment Model for Importation of United States Milling Wheat Containing T. contraversa.
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Gaudet, D. A., G. Fuentes-Davila, R. M. De Pauw, and P. A. Burnett. "Reactions of western Canadian spring wheat and triticale varieties to Tilletia indica, the causal agent of Karnal bunt." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-067.
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The reactions of 47 Canadian wheat and triticale cultivars to Tilletia indica Mitra, the causal agent of Karnal Bunt (KB), were evaluated in the field at Centro de Investigaciones Agricolas del Noroeste (CIANO), Yaqui Valley, Mexico, during 1998 and 1999. The majority of lines and cultivars flowered during January and February, which coincided with the onset of cooler temperatures and high relative humidity required for optimum infection by the fungus. Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) and triticale were resistant, ranging from 0 to 6% infection. Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheats were also generally resistant, but the cultivars Roblin, BW90 and Laura, and the experimental line Roblin*2/BW 553, were susceptible, ranging from 11 to 28% in treatments with the highest infection levels. Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) wheats varied in reaction from moderately resistant to susceptible, ranging from 1 to 15% infection. Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) wheats were generally susceptible, exhibiting infection levels ranging from 5 to 31% infection in the most severely infected treatments. Canada Western Soft White Spring (CWSWS) wheats were uniformly susceptible; the highest recorded infection level among Canadian wheats was observed on AC Reed (38%) during 1999. The susceptibility of CPS and CWSWS cultivars may represent an increased risk to the establishment of KB if the fungus were to become introduced into western Canada. Key words: Karnal bunt, wheat, disease resistance, disease susceptibility
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Singh, Pankaj Kumar, MS Saharan, DP Singh, Sunita Singh, and Girish Chandra Pandey. "Present Scenario of Wheat Fungal disease Karnal Bunt (KB) incidence in India." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 31, special (2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2018.00037.x.
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Warham, E. J. "Effectiveness of Chemical Seed Treatments in Controlling Karnal Bunt Disease of Wheat." Plant Disease 73, no. 7 (1989): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-73-0585.
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Bakirov, Serik, Kanat Galymbek, Aigul Madenova, and Kadir Akan. "IDENTIFICATION OF GERMOPLASM OF WHEAT RESISTANT TO COMMON BUNT (TILLETIA CARIES (DC.) TUL)." Ġylym ža̋ne bìlìm 3, no. 3(68) (September 29, 2022): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52578/2305-9397-2022-3-3-105-113.
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Common bunt (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.), which directly affects the yield and quality of wheat, is one of the most dangerous fungal species in the years of epiphytotic. A small infection of wheat with the pathogen (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.) reduces the yield and quality of wheat in production and makes it unsuitable for use as feed. The article presents 25 local varieties of winter soft wheat and studied 23 Bt-isogenic lines. In the field, the resistance of wheat samples to the pathogen (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.) collected in the wheat growing areas of the Almaty region was studied. As a result of the study, the resistance of wheat varieties to common bunt was 84%. As a result of phytopathological assessment, high resistance (R) of 15 wheat varieties to the pathogen Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. was revealed. These include Nureke, Zhetysu, Dinara, Raminal, Karasai, Egemen-20, Talim, Reke, Naz, Kyzyl Bidai, Mereke 70, Egemen, Zhalyn, Kazakhstanskaya 25 and Manshuk. Varieties Almaly, Aliya, Sapaly, Mereke 75, Krasnovodopadskaya 210, Bogarnaya 56 are marked as resistant (MR) to common bunt. Bt-isogenic lines on the territory of Kazakhstan showed 80% avirulence to the causative agent of common bunt. 18 isogenic lines with high resistance to smut spores were identified: M84-522 to 530, RB/SEL 1403 (Bt-2), M82-542 to 550 , RB/TK 3055 (Bt-4), Red Bobs/Hohenheimer (Bt-5), M82-562 to 570), RB/TK3055(Bt-7), M78-9496, RB/PI 178210 (White Seed) (Bt-8), M84-597 to 605, RB/CI 7090. (Bt-9), M82-625, SEL M83-162(Bt-10), Doubi, DW(Bt-14), Carlton, DW(Bt-15), SEL 2092(Bt-1), SEL1102(Bt- 2), Turkey 1558(Bt-4), Hohenheimer (Bt-5), Rio(Bt-6), R63-6968(Bt-10), M82-2123(Bt-8.9.10), P.I. 119333(M82-2141),BW (Bt-12) and Thwle III.P.I. 181463, BW (Bt-13). Lines Ridit (Bt-3) and M84-532-538, RB/RDT (Bt-3), which were infected at 1%, were resistant to the disease.