Artículos de revistas: "Bursaphelenchus"

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Urek, G., S. Širca y B. Geric. "Morphometrical and molecular characterization of Bursaphelenchus species from Slovenia". Helminthologia 44, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-007-0001-0.

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AbstractThe environmental conditions in Slovenia are relatively favourrable for the colonisation and spread of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a very dangerous pathogenic species which was recently identified in Europe in Portugal. To determine the presence of B. xylophilus in Slovenia and to introduce proper measures against its emergence and spread, a survey of Bursaphelenchus species was conducted in Slovenia from 2002 to 2005. Approximately 120 ha of conifer forests in Slovenia were surveyed for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species. In total, 206 wood samples were taken from the conifer forests. B. hofmanni, B. mucronatus were found for the first time in Slovenia, while B. xylophilus was not detected. Additionally, the species Aphelenchoides stammeri which is morphologically very similar to Bursaphelencus was found. All species have been described morphologically and characterized by ITS-RFLP analysis. Sequences of ribosomal DNA for B. hofmanni, B. mucronatus were analysed.

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Liu, Kan-Cheng, Ailing Ben, Zhengmin Han, Ye Guo y Dongxia Cao. "Interspecific hybridization between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus". Journal of Forestry Research 30, n.º 2 (3 de mayo de 2018): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0658-x.

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3

Chen, Fengmao, Jianren Ye, Jian Tang y Xiaoqin Wu. "Discrimination of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelencus mucronatus by PCR-RFLP technique". Frontiers of Forestry in China 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11461-007-0013-4.

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4

Kanzaki, Natsumi y Robin M. Giblin-Davis. "The genus Berntsenus Massey, 1974 is a junior synonym of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937". Nematology 22, n.º 6 (14 de julio de 2020): 677–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003332.

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Summary Stylet (feeding) dimorphism of Bursaphelenchus sinensis was experimentally confirmed during a recent study and its predatory form was considered similar in morphology to species of Berntsenus. Therefore, available type and voucher materials for members of Berntsenus were examined for their morphology and compared with Bursaphelenchus sinensis and B. aberrans, another related species showing feeding dimorphism. The typological characters of their co-habiting aphelenchoidid species were also examined. The type materials of Berntsenus spp. have characteristic squared lips, a thick stylet, large median bulb and short and stout pharyngeal glands; males, when present, have a P1 papilla and a tape-like bursa, suggesting that they are the predatory form of improperly classified Bursaphelenchus species. In addition, Aphelenchoides pityokteini and Ektaphelenchus tenuidens (= Aphelenchoides tenuidens), co-occurring with their respective host bark beetle isolates of Berntsenus, were typologically confirmed to belong to the aberrans-group of Bursaphelenchus and considered to be conspecific to each co-habiting Berntsenus species. Herein, Berntsenus is synonymised with Bursaphelenchus, and Bursaphelenchus brachycephalus n. comb. (= Berntsenus brachycephalus and E. tenuidens) and Bursaphelenchus pityokteini n. comb. (= A. pityokteini and Berntsenus labiosus) are proposed.

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5

Tomiczek, Christian, Helen Braasch, Wolfgang Burgermeister, Kai Metge, Ute Hoyer y Martin Brandstetter. "Identification of Bursaphelenchus spp. isolated from Chinese packaging wood imported to Austria". Nematology 5, n.º 4 (2003): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103322683292.

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Abstract Bursaphelenchus spp. found in packaging wood (pallets, crates, dunnage) imported with other goods from China to Austria in 1999 were identified, and their possible vector species of wood- and bark-breeding insects were recorded. Of the inspected consignments of coniferous and deciduous wood, 43 (78%) were either contaminated with insects or nematodes or showed grubholes or galleries of wood- and bark-breeding insects. Of the 33 samples of coniferous packaging wood with symptoms of insect attack, 48.5% had been attacked by longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), with 11 samples harbouring living stages of Monochamus, the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus. Living stages of non-European Scolytidae, possibly vectors of other Bursaphelenchus spp., were found in seven samples. Nematodes were found in 24 consignments, of which nine (=27% of the 33 coniferous wood samples) were contaminated with Bursaphelenchus spp. Seven samples contained B. mucronatus (East Asian genotype), whereas B. thailandae and B. aberrans were each found in two samples which were also contaminated with B. mucronatus. Morphological features and measurements for the three species found and ITS-RFLP patterns for B. thailandae and B. mucronatus are presented. Bursaphelenchus thailandae and B. aberrans were found for the first time in wood transported over long distances. Bursaphelenchus thailandae is recorded for the first time from China and its ITS-RFLP profile, enabling differentiation of the species from 17 other Bursaphelenchus spp., is presented.

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6

Braasch, Helen y Rainulf Braasch-Bidasak. "First record of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 in Thailand and description of B. thailandae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae)". Nematology 4, n.º 7 (2002): 853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102760402621.

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AbstractWood samples were taken from pine trees in the mountainous region between Pai and Maehongson in northern Thailand. Four species of Bursaphelenchus were recovered from the samples: Bursaphelenchus hylobianum, B. mucronatus, B. aberrans and B. thailandae sp. n. Bursaphelenchus thailandae sp. n. is most similar to B. sychnus but also shows similarities with B. ruehmi, B. hunanensis and B. steineri. It has a relatively small stylet lacking distinct basal knobs and a lateral field with four lines. The female has more or less protruding vulval lips and a slim, conoid, tail. The relatively small and delicate spicules show a distinctive darker sector and lack a cucullus. The male tail has a very small terminal 'bursa'. Bursaphelenchus thailandae sp. n. is tentatively included in the B. fungivorus -group of the genus Bursaphelenchus. Brief notes and morphometric data are given for the other species found. The record of B. mucronatus indicates that conditions for the establishment of the closely related B. xylophilus (the cause of pine wilt disease) may be suitable in Thailand and strict phytosanitary measures are therefore advisable.

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Altemayer, Valérie, Bruno Vincent, Pedro Naves, François Lieutier, Géraldine Roux-Morabito y Edmundo Sousa. "Competitive interaction between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the closely related species Bursaphelenchus mucronatus". Nematology 10, n.º 2 (2008): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108783476403.

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AbstractBursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive pest of pines. When introduced accidentally into a new geographic area, it will share the same ecological niche as the closely related indigenous species, B. mucronatus. Competition between native and introduced species may affect the spread of invasive species, so we investigated the possible competitive interaction between these two nematode species transmitted by the same insect-vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis. In order to understand how the two species interacted, we compared, under laboratory conditions, their growth on fungi and pines, their ability to board M. galloprovincialis, and their competitive interaction in situations of double boarding. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus showed greater rates of growth than B. mucronatus in single and mixed treatments. The invasive species was competitively superior to the indigenous species in mixed treatments (fungi and pines). This competitive advantage in pines, prior to the beetles' infestation, could explain the greater abundance of the invasive (68%) species over the indigenous in the insect vector M. galloprovincialis. The indigenous species had no effect on beetle boarding of the invasive species. The occurrence of B. mucronatus in France and its wide distribution on numerous pine species could have an effect on B. xylophilus invasion in the initial steps of an invasion process. Nevertheless, due to the superior competitiveness of B. xylophilus, we cannot state that B. mucronatus will be efficient as a factor to decrease propagation of this invasive species.

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8

Arias, María, Miguel Escuer, J. Pedro Mansilla y Adela Abelleira. "The genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) in north-west Spain". Nematology 5, n.º 5 (2003): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103322746850.

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AbstractAs a consequence of the report of pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in the Setúbal peninsula (Portugal), nematodes of the genus Bursaphelenchus and the vector insect were studied in pine forests, timber industries and entry points for imported timber in Galicia (north-west Spain). The aim of this paper was to contribute to the establishment of the necessary measures to prevent the introduction of B. xylophilus into Spain. Sampling, nematode extraction and identification were carried out according to the EU norm. From collections made in 1999-2002, a total of 2612 samples were studied. Bursaphelenchus eggersi, B. mucronatus and B. sexdentati were found, as well as Monochamus galloprovincialis, a vector cerambycid beetle. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was not isolated. Morphometric characteristics and geographic distribution of the species are provided and the risk of introducing B. xylophilus to Spain assessed.

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9

Li, Hongmei, Malcolm Kennedy, John Jones, Nurul Karim, Taisei Kikuchi y Maurice Moens. "Identification of putative expansin-like genes from the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and evolution of the expansin gene family within the Nematoda". Nematology 11, n.º 3 (2009): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854109x446953.

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AbstractWe report the cloning and characterisation of genes encoding expansin-like proteins from the pine wood nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus. A small family of genes is present in both species and the Bursaphelenchus genes are most similar to expansins and expansin-like proteins from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and root-knot nematodes. Molecular modelling suggests that the genes could encode a protein with a structure similar to that of functionally characterised expansins. Expression analysis showed that the Bursaphelenchus expansin-like genes are expressed solely in the pharyngeal gland cells, implying a role in the host-parasite interaction, most likely in assisting migration through the plant. Some G. rostochiensis and root-knot nematode expansins are composed of a carbohydrate-binding domain coupled to an expansin domain but no carbohydrate binding domain is present on any of the Bursaphelenchus sequences. We suggest a model for evolution of the expansin gene family within the plant-parasitic nematodes of the Tylenchida and Aphelenchida.

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Cui, Haiyan, Hui Jin, Quan Liu, Zhiqiang Yan, Lan Ding y Bo Qin. "Nematicidal metabolites from roots of Stellera chamaejasme against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus". Pest Management Science 70, n.º 5 (5 de septiembre de 2013): 827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3625.

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11

Beckenbach, Karen, Mark Blaxter y John M. Webster. "Phylogeny of Bursaphelenchus species derived from analysis of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences". Nematology 1, n.º 5 (1999): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508531.

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Abstract Bursaphelenchus species can cause serious economic damage to pine forestry, and are widely distributed across the globe. The genetic structure of the B. mucronatus-B. xylophilus species group was investigated using sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat as a marker. Analysis of the ITS from 11 Bursaphelenchus isolates, using Aphelenchoides rhytium as an outgroup, supports the perception that the two species are distinct genetic entities. Significant divergence was however found within each species. ITS sequence analysis does not support a separation of European and Japanese B. mucronatus into distinct species-level taxa. Phylogenie des especes de Bursaphelenchus issue d'une analyse des sequences du DNA ribosomique de l'espaceur interne transcrit - Les especes de Bursaphelenchus peuvent provoquer de serieux degats aux cultures de pins et sont largement reparties dans le monde. La structure genetique des especes du groupe B.mucronatus-B. xylophilus a ete etudiee en utilisant comme marqueur des sequences repetees de l'espaceur interne transcrit du gene de l'ARN ribosomique. L'analyse des ITS de 11 isolats de Bursaphelenchus, en utilisant Aphelenchoides rhytium comme un extra-groupe, conforte l'idee que les deux especes sont des entites genetiques distinctes. Une divergence significative a cependant ete trouvee a l'interieur de chaque especes. L'analyse des sequences des ITS n'accredite pas la separation des B. mucronatus europeen et japonais en deux especes distinctes.

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12

Futai, Kazuyoshi y Natsumi Kanzaki. "Is Bursaphelenchus mucronatus a weak pathogen to the Japanese red pine?" Nematology 8, n.º 4 (2006): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854106778613994.

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AbstractThe pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It can invade healthy pine trees through the feeding wound of its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus, and can enter a dead or dying tree through the vector's oviposition mark. By contrast, B. mucronatus, which is closely related to B. xylophilus but has been considered to have no pathogenicity to pine species, also invades living host trees through the same process as B. xylophilus, although the transmission efficiency is lower than that of B. xylophilus. In order to clarify the reason why Bursaphelenchus mucronatus invades a living host, we inoculated shaded and unshaded host seedlings of Pinus densiflora with B. mucronatus. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus displayed pathogenicity in the host seedlings but only with those that were shaded. In addition, B. mucronatus was recovered from the seedlings that had survived until the end of the experiment. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus seems to survive in the living healthy host tree without causing disease symptoms. These results suggest a mutualistic relationship between B. mucronatus and its vector beetle.

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Fonseca, L., J. M. S. Cardoso, J. Moron-Lopez y I. Abrantes. "Bursaphelenchus fungivorusfromPinus pinasterbark in Portugal". Forest Pathology 44, n.º 2 (18 de octubre de 2013): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12077.

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Futai, Kazuyoshi. "Pine Wood Nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". Annual Review of Phytopathology 51, n.º 1 (4 de agosto de 2013): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172910.

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15

Zhu, Li-hua, Jianren Ye, Sapna Negi, Xu-ling Xu, Zhang-li Wang y Jin-yi Ji. "Pathogenicity of Aseptic Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". PLoS ONE 7, n.º 5 (25 de mayo de 2012): e38095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038095.

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16

Harmey, Judith H. y Matthew A. Harmey. "DNA profiling of Bursaphelenchus species". Gene 145, n.º 2 (agosto de 1994): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)90010-8.

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17

Braasch, Helen y Wolfgang Burgermeister. "Bursaphelenchus rainulfi sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), first record of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 from Malaysia". Nematology 4, n.º 8 (2002): 971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102321122593.

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AbstractWood samples were taken from pine tree plantations in different regions of Malaysia and investigated for the occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species. Among 13 samples collected from damaged or dead pines in West Malaysia (near Kuala Lumpur) and Sabah (Kinabalu National Park and Sepilok), only one sample of a dead Pinus caribaea tree with bark beetle attack from a plantation near Kuala Lumpur revealed the presence of a new species of Bursaphelenchus. Bursaphelenchus rainulfi sp. n. is characterised by a relatively small stylet lacking distinct basal knobs but with slight basal swellings, lateral field with two lines, female with a small vulval flap, postuterine branch occupying about 33-50% of vulva-anus distance, female tail slim, conoid, with a finely rounded, ventrally bent terminus, male spicules relatively small with high condylus, distinct rostrum but no cucullus, and a small terminal 'bursa' on the male tail. It is similar to B. hellenicus, B. hylobianum and B.abietinus in the shape of the spicules and the female tail as well as in the presence of only two lines in the lateral field. It is distinguished by a number of characters including spicule size, shape of the 'bursa', female tail shape and excretory pore position. Bursaphelenchus rainulfi sp. n. is further distinguished from these morphologically similar species by molecular studies using the ITS-RFLP technique.

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18

BRAASCH, H., A. SWART, G. TRIBE y W. BURGERMEISTER. "First record of Bursaphelenchus leoni in South Africa and comparison with some other Bursaphelenchus spp." EPPO Bulletin 28, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 1998): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1998.tb00723.x.

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19

Burgermeister, Wolfgang y Kai Metge. "Multiple displacement amplification of DNA for ITS-RFLP analysis of individual juveniles of Bursaphelenchus". Nematology 7, n.º 2 (2005): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541054879511.

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AbstractDifferentiation of the plant-pathogenic pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, from non-pathogenic Bursaphelenchus species is difficult because of high morphological similarities among closely related species. In recent years, ITS-RFLP analysis has become a useful tool for Bursaphelenchus species identification. Analysis of individual nematodes is hampered by the fact that sufficient template DNA for ITS-PCR cannot be extracted reliably. We have employed a whole genome amplification method, termed multiple displacement amplification (MDA), to 26 DNA extracts from individual juveniles to increase the amount of template DNA. Preamplification of the whole genomic DNA by MDA provided sufficient amounts of PCR product for ITS-RFLP analysis with 12 out of 20 B. xylophilus, two B. mucronatus, two B. fraudulentus and two B. eggersi samples tested. The introduction of MDA to ITS-RFLP analysis of nematodes may improve the reliability of diagnostic testing for limited samples and permit verification of analytical results.

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20

Penas, Ana Catarina, Petra Correia, Maria Antónia Bravo, Manuel Mota y Rogério Tenreiro. "Species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with maritime pine in Portugal". Nematology 6, n.º 3 (2004): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568541042360573.

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Abstract Species of Bursaphelenchus associated with maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, from Portugal – within and outside the quarantine restricted demarcated zone of B. xylophilus – are described and characterised both morphologically (LM and SEM) and with the use of molecular biology (ITS-RFLP). A new staining method for spicules is proposed. Species include B. hellenicus, B. hylobianum, B. leoni, B. pinophilus, B. sexdentati, B. tusciae, B. teratospicularis, B. xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus sp. 1. Bursaphelenchus hylobianum was collected from the insect Hylobius sp. The most frequent species in the demarcated zone, besides B. xylophilus, was Bursaphelenchus sp. 1. Morphological characterisation is compared with the original descriptions and discussed. The differentiation between B. pinophilus and B. sexdentati is not clear in the literature and is discussed. Since differentiation of B. xylophilus (mucronate form) from B. mucronatus, and B. pinophilus from B. sexdentati, as well as their juvenile forms, is almost im possible on the basis of morphological features, a molecular approach based on ITS-RFLPs was used. Ribosomal DNA containing the 5.8S gene, the internal transcribed spacer region 1 and 2, and partial regions of 18S and 28S gene were amplified by PCR. Restriction profiles of the amplified products generated species-specific differences, leading to the unambiguous identification of isolates belonging to B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. tusciae and B. hylobianum.

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Gu, Jianfeng, Munawar Maria, Yiwu Fang, Jie He, Helen Braasch y Hongmei Li. "Bursaphelenchus saudi n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from Saudi Arabia". Nematology 18, n.º 4 (2016): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002971.

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Bursaphelenchus saudi n. sp., isolated in Ningbo, P.R. China, from Pinus packaging wood imported from Saudi Arabia, is described. It is characterised by four lateral lines, excretory pore located between metacorpus and nerve ring (anterior to median bulb before cultured), presence of a thick vulval flap, post-uterine branch ca two-thirds of the vulva-anus distance long, female tail hook-like (slightly ventrally bent before cultured), long and conical, tapering to a bluntly rounded terminus, spicules transversely striated with weakly developed rostrum and condylus, a single precloacal papilla and three pairs of ventro-sublateral papillae (one pair precloacal, two pairs postcloacal just anterior to bursal flap and adjacent to each other). It belongs to the africanus-group of the genus Bursaphelenchus and is most close to B. paraburgeri, B. burgermeisteri and B. obeche. It is distinguished from other Bursaphelenchus species by morphology, ITS-RFLP patterns and partial 18S, ITS and 28S D2-D3 rDNA gene sequencing results.

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Filipiak, Anna, Przemysław Wieczorek y Marek Tomalak. "Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection and identification of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus – three closely related species within the xylophilus group". Nematology 19, n.º 9 (2017): 1107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003110.

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Differentiation between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other related, non-pathogenic species can be ambiguous when based exclusively on morphological characters. The morphology of B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus most closely resembles that of B. xylophilus. Moreover, all of these nematodes are found in both Asia and Europe and can colonise various species of pine. Therefore, for phytosanitary purposes it is necessary to identify the three species precisely and rapidly. We report the results of a multiplex PCR that utilises four primers to identify and discriminate the three Bursaphelenchus species simultaneously. The multiplex PCR yielded DNA fragments of 767, 305 and 132 bp, for B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus, respectively. This primer combination has produced reliable results in multiplex PCR assays with a number of different populations of the listed species, and no cross-reactions were observed with other Bursaphelenchus species. The described approach is simple, reliable and cheaper than other molecular methods presently used for simultaneous identification of the above three species within the xylophilus group.

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Kanzaki, N. "Taxonomy and Systematics of Bursaphelenchus Nematodes." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 88, n.º 5 (2006): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.88.392.

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RAUTAPÄÄ, J. "Experiences with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Finland". EPPO Bulletin 16, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1986): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1986.tb00304.x.

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Gu, Jianfeng, Jiangling Wang y Jingwu Zheng. "Description of Bursaphelenchus arthuroides sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), a second parthenogenetic species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937". Nematology 14, n.º 1 (2012): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855411x578365.

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Bursaphelenchus arthuroides sp. n. is described and figured from pine packaging wood originating in Brazil, and inspected in Ningbo harbour, P. R. China. The new species clearly belongs to the fungivorus group. It is characterised by four lines in the lateral field; spicules medium sized (15-17 μm), dorsal part distinctly sclerotised, with a high rounded condylus and a blunted pointed rostrum in the middle position, capitulum with a shallow depression, the posterior third of the dorsal limb ventrally bent, distal end broadly rounded without cucullus; the shape of the female tail conical and slim, posterior third distinctly ventrally bent with a finely pointed terminus; vulval lips slightly protruding but not forming a vulval flap and post-uterine sac extending for about half the vulva-anus distance. Species status is supported by ITS-RFLP patterns and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial LSU sequences, ITS1/2 and partial LSU sequences, which revealed that B. arthuroides sp. n. is closest to B. arthuri. Propagation tests also confirmed that the new species is parthenogenetic.

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Ishida, Kyoko, Taizo Hogetsu, Kenji Fukuda y Kazuo Suzuki. "Cortical responses in Japanese black pine to attack by the pine wood nematode". Canadian Journal of Botany 71, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1993): 1399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-168.

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Anatomical and cytochemical changes in the current-year stem cuttings of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) were investigated in the early stage of infection by a virulent isolate and an avirulent isolate of pine-wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), and an avirulent isolate of another nematode species, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus. Accumulation of lignin- and suberin-like substances around the resin canals in the cortex was shown as a new symptom of the infection by these isolates. Experiments with girdled cuttings demonstrated that more nematodes inhabit and move in the bark than in the xylem and pith at the early stage of infection by the virulent isolate. Death of pine cells occurred first in the epithelial cells of resin canals in the cortex after inoculation with the virulent isolate and then in the cortex and periderm, pith and xylem, and finally the cambium. In branches of 5-year-old seedlings inoculated with avirulent and B. mucronatus isolates, wound periderm was formed surrounding resin canals in the cortex, and cortical cells surrounding the wound periderm were alive. Evidence indicates that nematodes first enter resin canals in the cortex and then invade the surrounding cortical tissue, and that the ability of the virulent nematodes to move into the cortical tissue may be greater than that of the other isolates, accounting for differences in virulence. Key words: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, virulence, periderm, pine wilt disease, pine-wood nematode.

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Burgermeister, Wolfgang, Helen Braasch, Kai Metge, Jianfeng Gu, Thomas Schröder y Elvira Woldt. "ITS-RFLP analysis, an efficient tool for differentiation of Bursaphelenchus species". Nematology 11, n.º 5 (2009): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108/399182.

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Abstract Restriction analysis of amplified ribosomal ITS sequences has provided species-specific fragment patterns for nematodes of several genera, including Bursaphelenchus. We used restriction enzymes RsaI, HaeIII, MspI, HinfI and AluI to produce ITS-RFLP reference profiles of 44 Bursaphelenchus species, including two intraspecific types in each of B. mucronatus and B. leoni. In addition, reference profiles of Aphelenchoides stammeri and Ruehmaphelenchus asiaticus were produced. Reference profiles of six species are shown here for the first time. Identical ITS-RFLP patterns were usually obtained from different isolates and from individual specimens of the same species. However, in the case of B. 'corneolus', B. lini, B. singaporensis and B. sexdentati, additional bands in the patterns of certain isolates or individual nematodes were observed which may be explained by ITS sequence microheterogeneity, i.e., the presence of ITS sequence variants within the number of rDNA tandem repeats. Since these 'extra' bands appeared only with one out of the five restriction enzymes employed, they did not seriously impair identification of species based on the overall reference patterns. ITS-RFLP analysis has proved valuable for differentiation of the pathogenic pine wood nematode, B. xylophilus, from related species. In many recent descriptions of new Bursaphelenchus species, ITS-RFLP profiles have been used as additional species identification criteria. Comparison of profiles from isolates of many different origins has provided new information on intraspecific types or genetically distinct provenances of several Bursaphelenchus species.

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Wang, Jiangling y Jianfeng Gu. "Bursaphelenchus paraburgeri sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) in packaging wood from Malaysia". Nematology 14, n.º 1 (2012): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855411x575449.

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Bursaphelenchus paraburgeri sp. n., isolated in Ningbo, China, from packaging wood of deciduous trees imported from Malaysia is described. It is characterised by a slim body (a=32-37), lateral field with four lines, excretory pore located anterior to the metacorpus, vulva at 75% of total body length, presence of a thick vulval flap in lateral view, post-uterine branch about two-thirds of the vulva-anus distance long, female tail long and conical (c=15), tapering to a finely rounded or bluntly pointed terminus, spicules have only weakly developed rostrum and condylus, and cross-striped in their central part, three pairs of ventro-sublateral papillae (one pair precloacal, two pairs postcloacal just anterior to the bursal flap and adjacent to each other) and a single precloacal midventral papilla. The new species belongs to the africanus group of the genus Bursaphelenchus and is most similar to B. burgermeisteri and B. obeche, from which it can be distinguished, as well as from other Bursaphelenchus species, by morphology, ITS-RFLP patterns and sequencing results.

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29

Kanzaki, Natsumi, Hayato Masuya, Hisatomo Taki, Kimiko Okabe y Chi-Yu Chen. "Description of Ruehmaphelenchus formosanus n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Euwallacea fornicates from Taiwan". Nematology 15, n.º 8 (2013): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002728.

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A Ruehmaphelenchus species was isolated from an ambrosia beetle, Euwallacea fornicates, during a biodiversity survey of entomophilic nematodes in Taichung, Taiwan. The new species is characterised by a unique tail morphology in both males and females, and a unique spicule morphology in males. The male spicule has clear dorsal and ventral limbs (connected by a blade-like cuticle), a triangular membrane-like structure on its sides, and short, conspicuous, laterally oriented, projections at the distal end. In a molecular phylogenetic tree, inferred from near-full-length small subunit (SSU: 18S) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU: 28S) of ribosomal RNA, the new species and other nominal and undescribed Ruehmaphelenchus species formed a well supported clade within Bursaphelenchus. Although this result supports a previous study that suggested that Ruehmaphelenchus is a junior synonym of Bursaphelenchus, the generic relationship between Ruehmaphelenchus and Bursaphelenchus remains somewhat uncertain. Therefore, R. formosanus n. sp. is described as a member of Ruehmaphelenchus, although this should be regarded as a tentative placement.

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30

Schönfeld, Ute, Helen Braasch, Marko Riedel y Jianfeng Gu. "Bursaphelenchus gillanii sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) – a new species of the xylophilus group in packaging wood imported from China". Nematology 16, n.º 1 (2014): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002744.

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A new Bursaphelenchus species of the xylophilus group was detected in coniferous packaging wood imported with goods from China in 2011. The new species is described herein and compared with other species of the xylophilus group. Bursaphelenchus gillanii sp. n. has a slim body (a = 31 (28-34) and 33 (29-36) in females and males, respectively), c′ = 3.8 (3.2-4.5) and 2.1 (1.7-2.5) in females and males, respectively, a large vulval flap, a 5-7 μm long digitate mucro as a continuation of the female tail, excretory pore at or closely posterior to the median bulb, strongly arcuate spicules, 34 (31-37) μm long as measured along the median line, with prominent pointed rostrum and small cucullus. The ITS-RFLP pattern of the new species obtained by digestion of the PCR product with RsaI, HaeIII, MspI, HinfI and AluI is different from other known Bursaphelenchus species. Results of sequencing the ITS1/2 region demonstrate the close relationship of the new species to B. mucronatus and B. xylophilus.

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31

Han, Yi, Yaqian Han, Guicai Du, Tingting Zhang, Qunqun Guo, Hong Yang, Ronggui Li y Yuanhong Xu. "Physiological effect of colloidal carbon quantum dots on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". RSC Advances 11, n.º 11 (2021): 6212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10144c.

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32

Han, H., Y. J. Chung y S. C. Shin. "First Report of Bursaphelenchus pinophilus on Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis)". Plant Disease 93, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2009): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-12-1354c.

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The genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 contains approximately 90 species (3) that are morphologically similar. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (4) Nickle, 1970, is the causal organism of pine wilt disease and accurate identification is essential for diagnosis of the disease. In Korea, pine wilt disease was first reported in 1988 and devastated 6,800 ha of pine forest through 2008. For a survey of trees with pine wilt disease, wood samples were taken randomly from dead Pinus koraiensis in Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province in Korea. The extracted nematodes from dead trees were maintained in culture on Botrytis cinerea and morphological characteristics were observed with an inverted light microscope (Leica DE/DMI 3000B). Identification of Bursaphelenchus spp. based on morphological characteristics is difficult, especially for identification of juveniles that carry few morphological features for species identification. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in ribosomal DNA provides useful molecular diagnostic markers for this genus (1). The nematodes were provisionally identified as Bursaphelenchus pinophilus based on the characteristic long and arcuate body shape, male spicule with distinctive rostrum and small cucullus, female vulval flap, and mucronate conical tail. Other Bursaphelenchus spp. with vulval flaps and spicules with cucullus are B. xylophius, B. mucronatus, B. abruptus, and B. pinophilus. For molecular diagnosis, DNA was extracted from more than 30 individual nematodes with a DNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and ITS regions 1, 2, and 5.8S in rDNA were amplified by PCR (US/PTC-0220; Bio Rad, Hercules, CA). The ITS-restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern was consistent with that of B. pinophilus (2). The ITS rDNA sequence of B. pinophilus from Korean pines had a 98% sequence homology to that of B. pinophilus in GenBank (Accession No. AM160664). The pathogenicity of B. pinophilus has not been determined. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. pinophilus on P. koraiensis, but it was previously reported from Poland, Germany, and Portugal on P. sylvestris and P. pinaster (1). References: (1) H. Braasch. EPPO Bull. 31:127, 2001. (2) W. Burgermeister et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 13:29, 2005. (3) R. Sriwati et al. Nematology 10:1, 2008. (4) G. Steiner and E. M. Buhrer. J. Agric. Res. 48:946, 1934.

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33

Polomski, J. y D. Rigling. "Effect of Watering Regime on Disease Development in Pinus sylvestris Seedlings Inoculated with Bursaphelenchus vallesianus and B. mucronatus". Plant Disease 94, n.º 8 (agosto de 2010): 1055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-8-1055.

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Several Bursaphelenchus spp. have been detected in declining pine trees in Europe during intensive monitoring for the pine wood nematode B. xylophilus. We investigated the pathogenicity of B. vallesianus and B. mucronatus, isolated from declining Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests in Valais (Switzerland), in relation to drought stress. Four isolates of B. vallesianus and two isolates of B. mucronatus were inoculated into 3-year-old P. sylvestris trees, which were subjected to different watering treatments (50, 100, 150, and 250 ml of water per pot, biweekly). Disease symptoms, plant mortality, nematode population density, and nematode distribution in dead plants were assessed. Both Bursaphelenchus spp. proved highly pathogenic to the seedlings and watering treatment affected disease development in the inoculated pine trees. With decreasing water supply, we observed faster disease progress and higher pine mortality for both Bursaphelenchus spp. The overall mortality 70 days after inoculation was 60, 92, 95, and 100% for B. vallesianus and 40, 95, 100, and 100% for B. mucronatus in the 250-, 150-, 100-, and 50-ml watering treatments, respectively. Both nematode species multiplied in the inoculated plants; however, B. mucronatus had higher population densities than B. vallesianus in all watering treatments (on average, 33,159 versus 14,702 nematodes/dead plant compared with the initial inoculum density of 6,000 nematodes/plant). The highest nematode density was found in the lower part of the stem. About 7 to 16% of the nematodes were extracted from the roots. This study demonstrated that B. vallesianus has a pathogenicity potential comparable with that of B. mucronatus and provided experimental evidence that drought stress can result in increased symptoms caused by either Bursaphelenchus sp.

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34

KINN, D. N. "Survival of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chips". EPPO Bulletin 16, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1986): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1986.tb00306.x.

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35

Juzwik, J. "Bursaphelenchus xylophilusFound in Pines in Southern Ontario". Plant Disease 70, n.º 1 (1986): 78d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-70-78d.

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36

Kim, Jun-Yon. "The Information Management Application of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". Journal of Digital Contents Society 18, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2017): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2017.18.1.191.

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37

Smith, D. I., M. Hodda, I. W. Smith, L. Nambiar, I. G. Pascoe y R. Aldaoud. "Bursaphelenchus hunanensisassociated with dyingPinusspecies in Victoria, Australia". Australasian Plant Disease Notes 3, n.º 1 (2008): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/dn08037.

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38

BRAASCH, HELEN. "A new Bursaphelenchus species (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) sharing characters with Ektaphelenchidae from the People s Republic of China". Zootaxa 624, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.624.1.1.

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Several pine wood and bark samples from the suburban forest of Nanjing, China were investigated for the occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species. Both samples collected from damaged or dead Pinus thunbergii and Pinus massoniana, which were also attacked by B. xylophilus, revealed the presence of Bursaphelenchus lini sp. n. The new species is 673 (450 800)/ 898 (696 1100) m long for males and females, resp., has a 19 (17 21)/ 20 (18 23) m long stylet lacking basal knobs or swellings, three lateral lines, 16 21 m long spicules with a high condylus and a finely rounded rostrum almost in the middle of the spicules, a distinct bursa at the male tail terminus, and a tapering female tail with a curved, slightly ventrally bent terminus and finely rounded end. The vagina is wide with strong half ring-like sclerotization in its anterior part. The relatively short postuterine branch is about 1.5 body diam. long. Bursaphelenchus lini sp. n. is similar to B. teratospicularis, B. hylobianum, B. abietinus, B. hellenicus and B. rainulfi in the shape of spicules and female tail. It differs from the last four species by the longer stylet and spicules as well as by vulval shape and from B. teratospicularis by the somewhat different shape of the female tail (terminus thinner and more ventrally bent in B. lini sp. n.), the lack of basal thickenings of the stylet, the greater body length (673/ 898 m vs 606/673 m), and the different shape of the distal end of spicules. Bursaphelenchus lini sp. n. shares characters of Bursaphelenchinae (Parasitaphelenchidae), i. e. vulva position at 76%, strongly recurved male tail and distinct terminal bursa, and some characters of Ektaphelenchidae, i. e. inconspicuous rectum and anus, intestine ending in a blind sac, posterior position of the valve plates in the median bulb, strongly sclerotized vagina and relatively broad lumened stylet.

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39

Vieira, Paulo, Alexander Ryss, Ana Rita Santos y Manuel Mota. "On the vulval morphology of some species of Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae)". Nematology 11, n.º 5 (2009): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854109x415533.

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Abstract The vulval pattern of six species of the genus Bursaphelenchus (B. abruptus, B. conicaudatus, B. fraudulentus, B. luxuriosae, B. mucronatus and B. xylophilus) was studied using scanning electron microscopy. A terminology for the vulval region structures observed is proposed herein and illustrated by micrographs and line drawings. It was shown that, of the studied species, only B. mucronatus and B. xylophilus share an identical morphology of the vulval region, all other species differing significantly from each other and from both B. mucronatus and B. xylophilus. This study indicates the diagnostic potential for variation in vulval morphology within Bursaphelenchus and it is recommended that such features are recorded in all future descriptions.

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40

Ekino, T., T. Yoshiga, Y. Takeuchi-Kaneko, Y. Ichihara y N. Kanzaki. "Sexual dimorphism of the cuticle and body-wall muscle in free-living mycophagous nematodes". Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, n.º 6 (junio de 2019): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0178.

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Sexual dimorphism in motility-related traits is widespread among animals, including several species of Nematoda. However, no study has examined motility-related structural components and compared them between sexes. We examined the motility-related components in four species: Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus Kanzaki, Tsuda and Futai, 2000; Bursaphelenchus rainulfi Braasch and Burgermeister, 2002; Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister and Zhang, 2005; Parasitaphelenchus costati Kanzaki, Ekino, Ide, Masuya and Degawa, 2018. We measured the structure and amount of cuticle and body-wall muscles and estimated their relationship to body diameter or total cross-sectional area. Although no structural differences were observed in muscle, the relevant muscle area of B. doui and P. costati was significantly smaller in females than in males. This difference was greatest in P. costati. In all but B. doui, the relative cuticle thickness was significantly smaller in females than in males. Furthermore, only P. costati females had no striated basal zones in their cuticles; these are thought to be cross-linked proteins that provide strength to nematode cuticle during body movement. These results indicate that sexual dimorphism in motility-related structural components is present in P. costati and that females invest less energy in the components than do males.

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41

Blatt, Suzanne, Charlane Bishop y Karen Burgher-MacLellan. "Incidence of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) in Nova Scotia, Canada Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations". Canadian Entomologist 151, n.º 3 (15 de marzo de 2019): 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.2.

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AbstractThe occurrence of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) (Nematoda: Aphelenchida: Parasitaphelenchidae) (pinewood nematode) in Canada prevents export of wood products, including Christmas trees (Pinaceae), to Europe. A nationwide survey in 1992 extracted B. xylophilus from mature, dead, or dying balsam fir (Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller; Pinaceae), but not young, healthy Christmas trees. Three species known to harbour B. xylophilus are found in Nova Scotia, but incidence of B. xylophilus within these species is unknown. Monochamus Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species were collected from nine and 20 sites, in 2014 and 2015, respectively, using panel traps baited with a Monochamus lure and evaluated for the presence of pinewood nematode using molecular methods after DNA isolation. Beetles were processed for DNA isolation individually in 2014 and in batches (same species and sex from same collection site and date) in 2015. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was recovered from all three Monochamus species (M. marmorator Kirby, M. notatus (Drury), and M. scutellatus (Say)) captured in Nova Scotia Christmas tree plantations. Percentage of beetles harbouring B. xylophilus varied with species and sex. Fourteen beetle samples were selected and sent for polymerase chain reaction sequencing. Sequencing results indicated that Bursaphelenchus xylophilus found in Nova Scotia are most similar to isolates from Canada (New Brunswick and Québec), the United States of America, and China.

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42

Skarmoutsos, G. y H. Skarmoutsou. "First Record of Bursaphelenchus Nematodes from Pine Forests in Greece". Plant Disease 83, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1999): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.879d.

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Pine forests are important elements of natural ecosystems in Greece. Pines are very well adapted to the ecoclimatic conditions of this country and are extensively used in plantations. While there is danger of accidental introduction of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus into Europe through timber trade, in recent years pine wilting of unknown cause has been observed in many European countries. In many cases various Bursaphelenchus spp. have been isolated from wilting conifer species (1–3). A survey for nematodes of pine in Greece was carried out from 1996 to 1998, as part of a project (FAIR 1CT 95-0083) funded by the European Commission, in which five European countries are involved. Trees chosen for sampling were either dying or recently dead. From each tree, three disks 10 cm in thickness were cut, from the lower, medium, and upper parts of the main stem. The bark was removed and Baermann-funnel-extraction for nematodes was immediately carried out for 48 h at room temperature. During the 3 years of the survey, samples from 93 pine trees from different areas of Greece were examined. Samples were obtained from the indigenous species Pinus brutia, P. halepensis, P. nigra, and P. sylvestris as well as the exotic species P. pinaster and P. radiata. Thirty-two of the samples were found infected by different species of Bursaphelenchus. B. eggersi Ruhm was isolated from P. pinaster, B. hellenicus Skarmoutsos, Braasch, and Michalopoulou from P. brutia, and B. leoni Baujard from P. brutia, P. nigra, P. pinaster, and P. radiata. B. sex-dentati Ruhm, the most abundant of all species, was recovered from P. brutia, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinaster, and P. radiata, whereas B. teratospicularis Kakuliya was isolated from P. brutia and P. halepensis. Samples from P. sylvestris did not yield any Bursaphelenchus nematodes. All isolated species constitute a first record in Greece with B. hellenicus described as a new species (4). This study on the relationship between dead and dying pines and nematodes of the genus Bursaphelenchus is the first undertaken in this country. References: (1) P. Baujard. Rev. Nématol. 3:167, 1980. (2) A. Marinari Palmisano and L. Ambrogioni. Redia 77:225, 1994. (3) J. Philis and H. Braasch. Nematol. Mediterr. 24:119, 1996. (4) G. Skarmoutsos et al. Nematologica 44:623, 1998.

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43

Akbulut, S., P. Vieira, A. Ryss, V. Valadas, A. Keten y M. Mota. "Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) species associated with Pinus species in northern Turkey". Helminthologia 45, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2008): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-008-0017-0.

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AbstractA survey for Bursaphelenchus nematodes, associated with different conifer trees, was conducted in several forest areas in the northern regions of Turkey. Only pine trees (Pinus nigra, P. pinaster and P. sylvestris) yielded Bursaphelenchus specimens. Nematodes were identified using several morphological diagnostic characters of the genus (male spicule structure, number of lateral incisures, number and distribution of the male papillae, presence of female vulval flap), and confirmed by using RFLP analysis of the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA. Three different species were identified from several sampled areas, namely B. mucronatus, B. pinophilus and B. sexdentati, representing a first report of the last two species for Turkey. The association of B. pinophilus with black pine (P. nigra) is herein reported for the first time.

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44

Pereira, Filipe, Cláudia Moreira, Luís Fonseca, Barbara van Asch, Manuel Mota, Isabel Abrantes y António Amorim. "New Insights into the Phylogeny and Worldwide Dispersion of Two Closely Related Nematode Species, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus". PLoS ONE 8, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2013): e56288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056288.

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45

Kanzaki, Natsumi, Noritoshi Maehara, Takuya Aikawa, Hayato Masuya y Robin M. Giblin-Davis. "Description of Bursaphelenchus kiyoharai n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) with remarks on the taxonomic framework of the Parasitaphelenchinae Rühm, 1956 and Aphelenchoidinae Fuchs, 1937". Nematology 13, n.º 7 (2011): 787–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855410x552652.

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Abstract A Bursaphelenchus species was isolated from an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus seriatus, during a biodiversity survey of entomophilic nematodes in a conserved forest in the Shirakami mountain range, Aomori, Japan. The nematode has several interesting morphological characters that do not fit the morphological definition of Bursaphelenchus, e.g., males have a tail spike instead of a bursal flap and lack the P1 ventral single papilla, and females have a very long and tapering tail (filiform). The molecular phylogenetic status of the new species inferred by the near-full-length small subunit (SSU: 18S) and the D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU: 28S) suggests, however, that the nematode is included in the B. fungivorus group, and is most closely related to B. thailandae and B. willibaldi. Despite these unique morphological characters, its spicule morphology, which is almost identical to that of B. gonzalezi, B. thailandae and B. willibaldi, and vulval structure, i.e., lacking a vulval flap, are in accordance with the molecular phylogenetic status of the nematode. The new species, which shows evidence of secondary loss of the bursal flap and P1 papilla, is described herein as B. kiyoharai n. sp. The typological descriptions of the genus and Parasitaphelenchinae were reconsidered and the taxonomic framework of the Aphelenchoidinae and Parasitaphelenchinae revised. Bursaphelenchus asiaticus n. comb. is proposed for Ruehmaphelenchus asiaticus.

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46

Gu, Jianfeng, Yiwu Fang, Lele Liu, Helen Braasch y Björn Hoppe. "Bursaphelenchus dietrichi sp. n. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) – a new species of the sexdentati-group from southern Europe". Nematology 22, n.º 5 (15 de junio de 2020): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003321.

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Summary Based on earlier investigations, Bursaphelenchus sexdentati sensu lato consists of two distinct forms, a central European and a southern European type. In this paper we recognise these forms at species level and propose B. dietrichi sp. n. for the southern European type, regarding it as distinct from B. sexdentati sensu stricto. The relatively long (733-881 μm) and slender (a = 34.7-43.3) females of the new species have a small vulval flap, a long post-uterine sac extending for 46.6-75.3% of the vulva to anus distance, and a mostly conical tail with a more or less bluntly rounded terminus. The male spicules are strongly ventrally arcuate, measuring 13-17 μm along the arc, and have a bluntly pointed rostrum ca 2-3 μm long in the proximal part and a small cucullus at their distal end. The capitulum is slightly concave and the condylus is ca 2-3 μm long, truncated and slightly hooked. The oval bursa and the disposition of the male caudal papillae, as well as the presence of four lateral lines, justify the assignment of this taxon to the sexdentati-group. Bursaphelenchus dietrichi sp. n. can be distinguished from B. sexdentati s.s. and other related species by morphological characters and sequencing results. Bursaphelenchus sexdentati s.s. is also recorded from China for the first time.

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Fonseca, L., J. Cardoso, A. Lopes, M. Pestana, F. Abreu, N. Nunes, M. Mota y I. Abrantes. "The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in Madeira Island". Helminthologia 49, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2012): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-012-0020-3.

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AbstractThe environmental conditions in Madeira Island are favorable for the presence and dissemination of the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Five hundred Pinus pinaster wood samples were collected in several forest areas and PWN was detected in 22.8 % of the samples. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus isolates from Madeira Island displayed the species-specific diagnostic characters. A morphological variation in the female tail terminus was detected. In most females, the tail presented a broadly rounded terminus and, occasionally, a digitate terminus with a terminal nipple-like extension resembling a mucro. PCR ITS-RFLP analysis revealed that Madeira Island isolates exhibited patterns specific to the species B. xylophilus and similar to virulent isolates. Amplified ITS regions were further sequenced and no genetic diversity was found for this genomic region among 17 Portuguese isolates (Madeira Island and Continental Portugal). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Portuguese isolates grouped with isolates from China, Korea and one isolate from Japan.

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Hu, Kaiji, Jianxiong Li y John M. Webster. "Nematicidal metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae), bacterial symbiont of entomopathogenic nematodes". Nematology 1, n.º 5 (1999): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508469.

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Abstract The secondary metabolites, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene (ST) and indole, from the culture filtrate of Photorhabdus luminescens MD, were shown to have nematicidal properties. ST caused nearly 100% mortality of J4 and adults of Aphelenchoides rhytium , Bursaphelenchus spp. and Caenorhabditis elegans at 100 mu g/ml, but had no effect on J2 of Meloidogyne incognita or infective juveniles (IJ) of Heterorhabditis megidis at 200 mu g/ml. Indole was lethal to several nematode species at 300 mu g/ml, and caused a high percentage of Bursaphelenchus spp. (J4 and adults), M. incognita (J2) and Heterorhabditis spp. (IJ) to be paralysed at 300, 100 and 400 mu g/ml, respectively. Both ST and indole inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita . ST repelled IJ of some Steinernema spp. but not IJ of Heterorhabditis spp., and indole repelled IJ of some species of both Steinernema and Heterorhabditis . ST, but not indole, was produced in nematode-infected larval Galleria mellonella after 24 h infection. Von Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae), einem Symbionten entomopathogener Nematoden gebildete nematizide Metaboliten - Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Sekundarmetaboliten 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilben (ST) und Indol aus dem Kulturfiltrat von Photorhabdus luminescens MD nematizide Eigenschaften besassen. In einer Konzentration von 100 mu g/ml verursachte ST eine fast 100%ige Sterblichkeit bei J4 und Adulten von Aphelenchoides rhytium , Bursaphelenchus spp. und Caenorhabditis elegans , hatte aber bei 200 mu g/ml keine Wirkung auf J2 von Meloidogyne incognita oder auf Infektionsjuvenile (IJ) von Heterorhabditis megidis . Bei 300 mu g/ml war Indol fur etliche Nematodenarten todlich und fuhrte dazu, dass Bursaphelenchus spp. (J4 and Adulte) bei 300, M. incognita (J2) bei 100, und Heterorhabditis spp. (IJ) bei 400 mu g/ml zu einem grossen Teil gelahmt wurden. ST und Indol behinderten beide das Schlupfen von M. incognita . ST wirkte abstossend auf IJ einiger Steinernema -Arten aber nicht auf IJ von Heterorhabditis spp., und Indol wirkte abstossend auf IJ einiger Arten der beiden Gattungen Steinernema und Heterorhabditis . ST wurde in nematoden-befallenen Larven von Galleria mellonella 24 h nach der Infektion gebildet, Indol dagegen nicht.

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ABELLEIRA, ADELA, ALICIA PRADO, ANDREA ABELLEIRA-SANMARTÍN y PEDRO MANSILLA. "First Report of Matricidal Hatching in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". Journal of Nematology 49, n.º 4 (2018): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2017-087.

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Yamada, T. "Biochemical Responses in Pines Infected with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 88, n.º 5 (2006): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.88.370.

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