Artículos de revistas:

1

Fry, Lincoln J. "Is Hunger Destined to be Perpetual in Burundi?" Food Science and Nutrition Studies 1, n.º 1 (13 de marzo de 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fsns.v1n1p11.

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Hunger is a worldwide problem, and Africa is the continent with the world’s highest percentage of hungry persons; Burundi is Africa’s hungriest country. This paper addresses hunger in Burundi and then identifies the factors that predict hunger in that country. Burundi is a rural country and its rural population will receive a great deal of attention in this paper, especially because the study looks closely at literature’s suggestion that farmers may be hungrier than the rest of the population, and gender may be a factor. This study is based on a national probability sample of 1,200 Burundi respondents included in Round 6 of the Afrobarometer survey conducted in 2014. The search is for policy related factors that would help alleviate Burundi’s hunger problem. To preview the findings, this study did not find any light at the end of the tunnel. The factors that predicted hunger were primarily immutable indicators, education, agriculture as an occupation, and wealth, as measured by assets owned. Over 80 percent of the respondents felt the government was not ensuring that people had enough to eat. Eighty-seven percent were unemployed, 86 percent were rural residents and 71 percent of the respondents reported some degree of hunger, about one-fourth reported being hungry all of the time. The gender and hunger relationship was significant at the bivariate level, but that relationship disappeared in the ordered logistical analysis.

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2

Nsabiyumva, F., Y. Furet, E. Autret, A. P. Jonville y M. Breteau. "Oxidative polymorphism of dextromethorphan in a Burundi population". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 41, n.º 1 (julio de 1991): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00280112.

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3

Rieger, Matthias. "AIDS and Conflict: Micro Evidence from Burundi1)". Forum for Health Economics and Policy 16, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2013): 163–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhep-2012-0035.

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Abstract This paper studies the relationship between civil war and HIV/AIDS in Burundi at the micro level. The case of Burundi provides interesting grounds of analysis, as seroprevalence rates are heterogeneous across the country, the serological and conflict data for Burundi are of good quality and conclusions can inform HIV/AIDS policies in Burundi and other fragile states. Ordinary least squares and instrumental variable results indicate that there is no empirical relationship between seroprevalence at the general population level and three measures of local conflict intensity within provinces. This evidence could imply that areas that are relatively more conflict affected do not need to be prioritized over others in terms of HIV/AIDS policies. Further research should focus on individual rather than geographical exposure to conflict. There are likely certain groups and individuals at risk in the general population that need special attention after conflict. Furthermore, violence changes societies, in particular gender relations, thereby indirectly feeding and possibly fueling the dynamics of the epidemic.

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4

Deen, Mary Katherine, Lauren Hrncirik Scanga, Kevin Wright y Charles Berahino. "Empowering youth and communities through 4-H School Gardening Programs: Results of focus groups in Burundi, Africa". Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 24, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2017): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2017.24209.

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The quality of education and training children receive today will significantly impact their development into adulthood and their impact on society (Kibwiki & Semana, 2001). Burundi, Africa is the second poorest country in the world and has a turbulent history laced with economic, political, and cultural challenges (Headrick, 2016). With more than half the population under the age of 18, educating the youth of Burundi is paramount to bringing about change in the country. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the needs of primary school teachers, administrators, afterschool program educators and their students; and to determine if a 4-H Youth Development school gardening program was a viable methodology to meet their needs. The desire of local partners to empower Burundian youth and the fact that empowerment is a fundamental principle of the 4-H methodology led to the selection of Empowerment Theory as the conceptual framework for this study. A needs assessment using focus groups was conducted with 34 primary school teachers, administrators, and afterschool staff in two rural communities in Burundi. Findings indicated that poverty and hunger were the primary barriers to quality education and climbing out of poverty. School educators also reported a need for professional development to better provide quality education for youth. Based on the outcomes of the focus groups, the researchers recommend that the 4-H Youth Development school gardening program is implemented in rural Burundi using Empowerment Theory as a framework to address the needs of educators and youth.

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5

Mageras, Anna, Ellen Brazier, Théodore Niyongabo, Gad Murenzi, Jean D’Amour Sinayobye, Adebola A. Adedimeji, Christella Twizere et al. "Comparison of cohort characteristics in Central Africa International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS and Demographic Health Surveys: Rwanda and Burundi". International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, n.º 6 (3 de febrero de 2021): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420983783.

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Clinical health record data are used for HIV surveillance, but the extent to which these data are population representative is not clear. We compared age, marital status, body mass index, and pregnancy distributions in the Central Africa International Databases to Evaluate AIDS (CA-IeDEA) cohorts in Burundi and Rwanda to all people living with HIV and the subpopulation reporting receiving a previous HIV test result in the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, restricted to urban areas, where CA-IeDEA sites are located. DHS uses a probabilistic sample for population-level HIV prevalence estimates. In Rwanda, the CA-IeDEA cohort and DHS populations were similar with respect to age and marital status for men and women, which was also true in Burundi among women. In Burundi, the CA-IeDEA cohort had a greater proportion of younger and single men than the DHS data, which may be a result of outreach to sexual minority populations at CA-IeDEA sites and economic migration patterns. In both countries, the CA-IeDEA cohorts had a higher proportion of underweight individuals, suggesting that symptomatic individuals are more likely to access care in these settings. Multiple sources of data are needed for HIV surveillance to interpret potential biases in epidemiological data.

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6

Schwartz, Stephanie. "Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi". International Security 44, n.º 2 (octubre de 2019): 110–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00362.

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Conflict between returning refugees and nonmigrant populations is a pervasive yet frequently overlooked security issue in post-conflict societies. Although scholars have demonstrated how out-migration can regionalize, prolong, and intensify civil war, the security consequences of return migration are undertheorized. An analysis of refugee return to Burundi after the country's 1993–2005 civil war corroborates a new theory of return migration and conflict: return migration creates new identity divisions based on whether and where individuals were displaced during wartime. These cleavages become new sources of conflict in the countries of origin when local institutions, such as land codes, citizenship regimes, or language laws, yield differential outcomes for individuals based on where they lived during the war. Ethnographic evidence gathered in Burundi and Tanzania from 2014 to 2016 shows how the return of refugees created violent rivalries between returnees and nonmigrants. Consequently, when Burundi faced a national-level political crisis in 2015, prior experiences of return shaped both the character and timing of out-migration from Burundi. Illuminating the role of reverse population movements in shaping future conflict extends theories of political violence and demonstrates why breaking the cycle of return and repeat displacement is essential to the prevention of conflict.

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7

Viateur, HABARUGIRA, NKURUNZIZA Jean De Dieu y CONGERA Anaclet. "Party Halls in African Town: Case of Economic Capital of Burundi, Bujumbura." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss5.2262.

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This paper proposes a classification of some halls very modern in Bujumbura economic capital of Burundi. A survey whose target population is the set of individuals regularly participating in the various festivals in Bujumbura, the economic capital of Burundi was put into action. An analysis of the data and interpretation of the results is made. These results conclude that there is a visible lack of well-developed halls on international measures in Bujumbura.

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8

Desiere, Sam, Sanctus Niragira y Marijke D'Haese. "Cow or Goat? Population pressure and livestock keeping in Burundi". Agrekon 54, n.º 3 (3 de julio de 2015): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2015.1084941.

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9

Isabirye, Stephen B. y Kooros M. Mahmoudi. "Rwanda, Burundi, and Their “Ethnic” Conflicts". Ethnic Studies Review 23, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2000): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2000.23.1.62.

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This paper demonstrably dispels the assumption that ethnic conflict in Rwanda and Burundi is a chronic endemic phenomenon. It emphasizes the consolidation of the caste system during the colonial era, intra regional disparities within the two communities, high population densities, very weak economic bases, poverty, and international interference as some of the cardinal dynamics behind the current deadly contentions within the two states. An analysis behind the genocidal tendencies in the two countries is well illustrated, with special emphasis on the Rwandese tragedy of 1994 as well as its parallels and divergences with the Nazi Holocaust.

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10

Bangirinama, Frédéric Bangirinama, Bonaventure Nzitwanayo y Paul Hakizimana. "UTILISATION DU CHARBON DE BOIS COMME PRINCIPALE SOURCE D’ÉNERGIE DE LA POPULATION URBAINE : UN SÉRIEUX PROBLÈME POUR LA CONSERVATION DU COUVERT FORESTIER AU BURUNDI". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 328, n.º 328 (20 de julio de 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2016.328.a31301.

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La question de l’énergie domestique reste une préoccupation majeure dans le monde, en particulier dans les pays en développement où la majorité de la popu- lation utilise le bois de chauffage, le char- bon de bois et les résidus agricoles pour satisfaire leurs besoins énergétiques liés à la cuisson des aliments. Au Burundi, où le bois constitue la principale source d’éner- gie domestique avec 96,6 % du bilan énergétique global, le charbon de bois est consommé à 77 % par la population urbaine. Selon une enquête menée sur les grands axes routiers, 56 548 tonnes et 13 552 tonnes de charbon de bois sont respectivement consommées par la population urbaine de Bujumbura et Gitega, soit un total de 70 100 tonnes. La consommation annuelle estimée s’élève à 104 718 tonnes de charbon de bois pour la seule population urbaine. Cette consommation par la population de Gitega et Bujumbura entraîne une perte annuelle de 3 505 à 4 673 ha de couvertforestier, soit annuellement entre 5 236 et 6 980 ha si l’on extrapole ces chiffres à l’ensemble de la population urbaine du Burundi. À ce rythme, le couvert forestier du Burundi, estimé à 171 625 ha, pourrait disparaître dans 25 à 33 ans. Pour garan- tir la durabilité du système d’approvi- sionnement énergétique de la population urbaine burundaise, de nouvelles tech- niques et pratiques doivent être adoptées, comme la plantation d’arbres le long des axes routiers, la régénération naturelle assistée, la recherche d’espèces et varié- tés mieux adaptées et plus rentables, le recours aux énergies renouvelables, la valorisation énergétique des déchets et l’amélioration de l’efficience énergétique (foyers améliorés, par exemple).

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11

Ndayishimiye, Onésime, Johan Willems, Emile Manirakiza, Jennifer L. Smith, Rose Gashikanyi, Léonide Kariyo, Spès Ndayishimiye et al. "Population-Based Survey of Active Trachoma in 11 Districts of Burundi". Ophthalmic Epidemiology 18, n.º 4 (22 de julio de 2011): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09286586.2011.595039.

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12

Cochet, Hubert. "Agrarian Dynamics, Population Growth and Resource Management: The Case of Burundi". GeoJournal 60, n.º 2 (2004): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:gejo.0000033593.29549.3b.

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13

Alexis, Ndabarushimana. "Analyse De La Capacité De L’Etat Burundais à Répondre Aux Besoins Fondamentaux de la population: Cas De L'eau Et De La Santé". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, n.º 33 (30 de noviembre de 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n33p80.

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Access to water and health care is one of the basic needs of the human being. This study conducted with 96 individuals selected using Alain BOUCHARD’s technic highlights the state of play on the capacity of the State of Burundi to meet the basic needs of the population in the water and health sectors. The study also shows the level of satisfaction of public service users in these sectors. The respondents were distributed in 26 localities in 8 provinces of Burundi. The results of this research shows that Burundi is still unable to effectively meet the needs of the population in the water and health sectors. And this despite the implementation of the policy of free health care for pregnant women and children under 5 years since 2006. Only 51.15% say they are satisfied by the health services offered. The environmental sanitation and drinking water supply had been integrated into the Minimum Care Package (MSP), but the results obtained in this study show that the road ahead is still long. Only 7.8% of respondents are very satisfied in urban areas while in rural areas 12.6% are very satisfied. The satisfaction rate is 70.92% in urban areas compared to 45.04% in rural areas. In urban areas, 21.28% are not satisfied compared to 42.36% in rural areas.

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14

Russell, Aidan. "OBEDIENCE AND SELECTIVE GENOCIDE IN BURUNDI". Africa 85, n.º 3 (9 de julio de 2015): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972015000273.

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ABSTRACTFollowing a localized Hutu uprising in 1972, the Tutsi-dominated state in Burundi embarked on a vast series of reprisals across the country, leaving between 100,000 and 300,000 dead. Prominent political leaders were liquidated, Hutu who were able or learning to read were arrested, and many who had achieved any marginal level of exceptionality in economic success or other social achievement were accused of treason and murdered. Described as a ‘selective genocide’, the means of this violence proved deeply informative of its nature and of the experience of those caught up in the bloodshed. In the northern province of Ngozi, selection was managed through roadblocks and lists of names, creating the inescapable image of a totalitarian and bureaucratic state order. These methods fuelled a strong reaction of obedience, both among the youth and other agents of the state who took part in the arrests, and among the victims, who are commonly described as reacting with ‘docility’ to the violence. A matter of ‘law-making violence’, the selective means of the genocide shaped the political and social order that emerged from it, the ‘implements’ of genocide substantially contributing to the recognition of discrete ethnic communities among the population at large.

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15

Aubry, Pierre, Bernard Larouze, Theodore Niyongabo, Loic Niel y Sylvie Kerguelen. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in an Adult Urban Population from Burundi". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1997): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.272.

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16

Huetz de Lemps, Christian. "Population, problèmes ethniques et développement : les cas du Burundi et du Rwanda". Cahiers d'outre-mer 46, n.º 184 (1993): 443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/caoum.1993.3498.

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17

Salih, Shadia A., Labuschange T. Labuschange y Abdalla H. Mohammed. "ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SORGHUM [SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH] GERMPLASM IN EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA". World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 1, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.001.03.0010.

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The study of genetic diversity in crops has a strong impact on plant breeding and maintenance of genetic resources. Comprehensive knowledge of the genetic biodiversity of cultivated and wild sorghum germplasm is an important prerequisite for sustainability of sorghum production. Recurrent droughts resulting from climate change scenarios’ in many East and Central Africa countries, where sorghum is a significant arable crop, can potentially lead to genetic erosion and loss of valuable genetic resources. This study aimed at assessing the extent and pattern of genetic diversity and population genetic structure among sorghum accessions from selected countries in East and Central Africa (Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda and Burundi) using39 microsatellites markers. The studied loci were polymorphic and revealed a total of 941 alleles in 1108 sorghum genotypes. High levels of diversity were revealed with Sudan (68.5) having the highest level of genetic diversity followed by Ethiopia (65.3), whereas Burundi (0.45) and Rwanda (0.33) had the lowest level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance indicated, all variance components to be highly significant (p<0.001). The bulk of the variation was partitioned within countries (68.1%) compared to among countries (31.9%). Genetic differentiation between countries based on FST values was high and highly significant (FST=0.32). Neighbour-joining (NJ) analysis formed two distinct clusters according to geographic regions, namely the central region (Kenya, Burundi, Uganda and Rwanda) and the eastern region (Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea). Population structure analysis revealed six distinct populations corresponding to NJ analysis and geographical origin of accessions. Countries clustered independently with small integration, which indicated the role of farmers’ practices in the maintenance of landrace identity and genetic diversity. The observed high level of genetic diversity indicated that germplasm from East Africa should be preserved from genetic erosion, especially in countries with the highest diversity.

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18

Atuhaire, David Kalenzi, Walter Muleya, Victor Mbao, Joseph Niyongabo, Lionel Nyabongo, Deogratias Nsanganiyumwami, Jeremy Salt, Boniface Namangala y Antony Jim Musoke. "Molecular characterization and population genetics of Theileria parva in Burundi’s unvaccinated cattle: Towards the introduction of East Coast fever vaccine". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 5 (17 de mayo de 2021): e0251500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251500.

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Theileria parva (T. parva) is a protozoan parasite that causes East Coast fever (ECF). The disease is endemic in Burundi and is a major constraint to livestock development. In this study, the parasite prevalence in cattle in six regions namely; Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western, Central and North Eastern was estimated. Furthermore, the sequence diversity of p67, Tp1 and Tp2 genes was assessed coupled with the population genetic structure of T. parva using five satellite markers. The prevalence of ECF was 30% (332/1109) on microscopy, 60% (860/1431) on ELISA and 79% (158/200) on p104 gene PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of p67 gene revealed that only allele 1 was present in the field samples. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of Tp1 and Tp2 showed that the majority of samples clustered with Muguga, Kiambu and Serengeti and shared similar epitopes. On the other hand, genetic analysis revealed that field samples shared only two alleles with Muguga Cocktail. The populations from the different regions indicated low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.047) coupled with linkage disequilibrium and non-panmixia. A low to moderate genetic differentiation (FST = 0.065) was also observed between samples and Muguga cocktail. In conclusion, the data presented revealed the presence of a parasite population that shared similar epitopes with Muguga Cocktail and was moderately genetically differentiated from it. Thus, use of Muguga Cocktail vaccine in Burundi is likely to confer protection against T. parva in field challenge trials.

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19

Hakizimana, Dismas y Marie-Claude Huynen. "Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Population Density and Abundance in Kibira National Park, Burundi". Pan Africa News 20, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2013): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5134/180553.

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20

Nkunzimana, Edouard, Mu’awiyyah Sufiyan Babale, Adolphe Ndoreraho y Joseph Nyandwi. "Uptake of Modern Contraceptive Methods among Burundian Women and Associated Factors: Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data, Burundi 2016–2017". East African Health Research Journal 5, n.º 1 (15 de junio de 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v5i1.653.

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Background: Globally in 2017, Burundi was the 9th country with the highest population growth rate of 3.2% and a fertility rate of 5.5 children per woman. This probably suggested low uptake of Modern Contraceptive methods (MCM) in the country. Our analysis investigated factors associated with low uptake of MCM among women of reproductive age in Burundi. Methods: Cross sectional data of non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years was extracted from the Burundi Demographic and Health Survey (2016-2017). We analysed the data at univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels to assess factors influencing MCM uptake among these women using Epi-Info 7.2.2.6. Results: Of the 9,945 women, 2,372 (23.8%) were using MCM. Ngozi province had the highest prevalence of MCM users [284/691(37.7%)]. The most used MCM among respondents was injectable contraceptive (48.3%). As respondent’s age increases, the odds of using MCM decreases; 20-24 years (aOR=0.9, 95% CI [0.6-1.2]), 30-34 years (aOR=0.8, 95% CI [0.5-1.0]), 35-39 years (aOR=0.7, 95% CI [0.5-0.9]), 40-44 years (aOR=0.5, 95% CI [0.5-0.9]) and 45-49 years (aOR=0.4, 95% CI [0.2-0.5]) compared with those in the age group 15-19 years. Muslims (aOR=1.5, 95% CI [1.2-1.9]) and Jehovah witnesses (aOR=3.1, 95% CI [1.7-6.5]) were more likely to use MCM than Catholics. Conclusion: The prevalence of MCM remains low among women of reproductive age in Burundi, with injectables being the most used method. Factors such as respondent’s age and religion were significantly associated with MCM use. Enhanced access to family planning information and services targeting women who are 30 years or more and engaging religious leaders for their active participation is recommended.

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21

HARAHAGAZWE, D., J. F. LEDENT y G. RUSUKU. "EFFECTS OF RICE STRAW MULCH AND PLANTING DENSITY ON POTATO GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE IN LOWLANDS OF BURUNDI". Experimental Agriculture 46, n.º 4 (11 de junio de 2010): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000335.

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SUMMARYTwo types of experiments on the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum) were conducted in the lowlands of Burundi, one on the use of rice straw mulch and another on planting densities. Contrary to what was expected, effects of mulch were evident on plant emergence only, tuber yield and components being unaffected. This might be due to the use of heat tolerant genotypes. At the same time, the yields obtained with four different plant population densities corresponding to four distances between rows did not differ significantly according to the ANOVA analysis. However, a very strong correlation was found between tuber yield and distance between rows. This trial allowed us to achieve a tuber yield never previously reached in the lowlands of Burundi: an average of 23.5 t ha−1 of fresh matter equivalent to 4.2 t ha−1 of dry matter was obtained.

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Easton, Julian, Nerissa Chao, Felix Mulindahabi, Nicolas Ntare, Louis Rugyerinyange y Innocent Ndikubwimana. "Status and conservation of the only population of the Vulnerable owl-faced monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni in Rwanda". Oryx 45, n.º 3 (7 de junio de 2011): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001468.

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AbstractThe elusive, Vulnerable owl-faced monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni is a rare and little studied species and one of the least known of the African Cercopithecidae. This study describes the distribution and relative abundance of the only known population in East Africa, in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. This species is restricted to a small (32 km2) area of bamboo and bamboo–forest mix in the southern sector of the Park, close to the international border with Burundi. We present the first empirical data of its abundance in the bamboo forests of Nyungwe. A total length of 185 km of transect were surveyed to estimate relative abundance of diurnal primates. Encounter rates with the owl-faced monkey were 0.081 groups km-1 (n = 15). Mean group size was 3.6 individuals. Eight independent photographs of C. hamlyni were obtained from five camera traps during 182 camera-days. Four other species of primates occur in the bamboo forest: eastern chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Angola colobus Colobus angolensis, L’Hoest’s monkey Cercopithecus l’hoesti and blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis. The main threats to the bamboo forest are from the illegal harvesting of bamboo, trapping and tree-cutting. These threats originate from both Rwanda and Burundi. There is an urgent need for conservation action to halt the destruction and degradation of the bamboo forest and to ensure the long-term survival of the owl-faced monkey in Rwanda.

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23

Djita, Rian y Ashley Hill. "World Policy Analysis". Iris Journal of Scholarship 1 (12 de mayo de 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15695/iris.v1i0.4633.

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Food is one of the fundamental aspects of human existence. Thus, it important for every country in the world to be able to be food-secure. Providing access to food for its citizens will bring positive long-term impacts ranging from economic growth and job creation, poverty reduction, trade opportunities, increasing global security and stability, and also improving health and healthcare in a nation (National Institute of Food and Agriculture, n.d.). However, not every nation has the capacity to achieve that goal due to several contributing factors such as 1) Drought and other extreme weather events, 2) Pests, livestock diseases and other agricultural problems, 3) Climate change, 4) Military conflicts, 5) Lack of emergency plans, 6) Corruption and political instability, 7) Cash crops dependence, 8) AIDS as it reduces the available workforce in agriculture and puts an additional burden on poor households, 9) Rapid population growth. Yemen, and Burundi were intentionally chosen to be analyzed because of their unambiguous differences in order to show the various needs and solutions of each country. These 2 countries represent different rankings in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI 2018) where Burundi became the lowest ranking country, yet poses an interesting connection to Yemen. Yemen was selected because of the current famine crisis happening. From the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that long-standing conflict, Scarcity of basic needs, blockade of import and export activities are the main factors contributing to Yemen's food insecurity. On the other hand, it was found that Gender inequality especially the role of women in labor force, climate shock, and political instability are the main factors contributing to Burundi's food insecurity.

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Nimpaye, Hermann, Desiré Nisubire y Joseph Nyandwi. "Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae: infection rates in the population of Northern Imbo Plain, Burundi". East African Health Research Journal 4, n.º 2 (26 de noviembre de 2020): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v4i2.643.

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Background: Burundi is cited among countries where malaria remains endemic. Notably, malaria is highly endemic in Imbo region, a lowland lying astride Lake Tanganyika. Among key malaria riposte interventions includes the promotion of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), but its incidence rate has not reduced. In this paper, we present the distribution of malaria species in 2 settings within Imbo region by accounting for the seasonal variations and the mostly infected populations. Methods: The study was conducted from 2 Health Care Centres of Murambi and Rugombo in Cibitoke District, Northern Burundi. Blood samples were collected on blood slides and the samples were used to confirm the presence of malaria parasites by microscopy. Results: The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 32.5% across the selected site. Majority of patients 459(95.2%) were infected by P. falciparum while 8(1.7%) patients were infected by P. malariae. Patients from Murambi were more infected than those from Rugombo. P. falciparum was the most highly prevalent specie in the 2 localities. High prevalence was observed in children aged between 2 and 5 years. Among older participants P. falciparum still predominated and mixed infections were rather the least prevalent. Conclusion: This study showed that P. falciparum and P. malariae are the most parasites involved in malaria morbidity in North Imbo region. The transmission of P. falciparum was observed year-round. Patients in Murambi are most exposed to malaria infections than those in Rugombo. Further research at large scale including entomological studies is required to better understand the relationship between Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) and malaria transmission levels in this setting.

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Crippa, Matteo. "A Long Path toward Reconciliation and Accountability: A Truth and Reconciliation Commission and a Special Chamber for Burundi?" International Criminal Law Review 12, n.º 1 (2012): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181212x621463.

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The recent history of Burundi is characterized by cyclical ethnic strife between the Hutu majority, comprising approximately 85 per cent of the population, and the Tutsi. A peace agreement was signed in 2000, and in 2005 the UN recommended the establishment of a dual mechanism, namely a non-judicial accountability mechanism in the form of a truth commission, and a judicial accountability mechanism in the form of a special chamber. Little progress toward their establishment was achieved, however, with the process stalled by outbreaks of violence and the country’s fragmented political milieu. In 2011, significant momentum has been gained with the completion of a country-wide consultation process and the resumption of negotiations between the government and the UN. Building upon these developments, this article reviews the architecture of the proposed mechanism and sets forth various considerations for the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Chamber for Burundi.

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Delatte, H., M. De Meyer y M. Virgilio. "Genetic structure and range expansion of Zeugodacus Cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa". Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, n.º 6 (7 de febrero de 2019): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000026.

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AbstractHypotheses about the worldwide colonization routes of the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), are mainly based on sparse historical records. Here we aim at reconstructing the colonization history of the African continent based on an improved description of the population structure of Z. cucurbitae and approximate Bayesian analyses. Individuals of Z. cucurbitae were sampled in 17 localities from East, West and Central Africa and genotyped at 19 microsatellite markers. Bayesian analyses showed intracontinental population structuring with populations from Uganda diverging from those of Tanzania and populations from Burundi and Kenya showing traces of admixture with West African samples. Approximate Bayesian Computation provided support to the hypothesis of a single introduction Z. cucurbitae into East Africa and subsequent expansion to West Africa, each colonization event was followed by a bottleneck that promoted population divergence within Africa. Parameter estimates suggested that these events are roughly compatible with the historical records of Z. cucurbitae presence in sub-Saharan Africa (viz. 1936 in East Africa and 1999 in West Africa) and allow excluding alternative hypotheses on older or multiple introductions of Z. cucurbitae.

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27

Benemariya, H., H. Robberecht y H. Deelstra. "Daily dietary intake of copper, zinc and selenium by different population groups in Burundi, Africa". Science of The Total Environment 136, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 1993): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90297-j.

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Minani, Bonaventure, Déo-Guide Rurema y Philippe Lebailly. "Rural resilience and the role of social capital among farmers in Kirundo province, Northern Burundi". Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 7, n.º 2-3 (30 de septiembre de 2013): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2013/2-3/20.

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In Burundi, more than 90% of the active population is engaged in family agriculture, which plays a vital role in food production and constitutes more than 50% of the GDP. Before the civil war of 1993, Kirundo was deemed the “breadbasket of the country”, as the region fed many parts of Burundi through growing particular foods such as legumes and cereals. Family farming was market-oriented. Kirundo alone includes 8 lakes which offer opportunities for field irrigation. Today, this region is the first province in Burundi which shows a high rate of malnutrition, as poverty has increased and a sharp 53.9 % decline in agricultural production has been witnessed between 1996 and 2009. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of social capital through the local association network in improving family agriculture and the resilience to climate change and conflict crisis. In this study, 73 farmers were surveyed in Kirundo province through means of a questionnaire, and the study was completed by collecting secondary data. Analysis of the data reveals that, despite recurrent droughts in that region which caused deaths due to famines and displacement of people to neighbouring countries such as Rwanda and Tanzania, 44% of the farmers who were surveyed were shown to have resilience to climate change. The analysis of data shows that these farmers were members of well organised local associations, and had learned about specific topics such as financial management, processing and storage of agricultural products and livestock. The social capital network positively influences their income and their resilience to climate change and conflict crisis.

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29

Rey, Bernard y U. Jacob. "Modalités d'exploitation des caprins dans la province de Ngozi, Burundi". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 46, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1993): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9420.

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Cet article présente les modalités d'exploitation des caprins dans la province de Ngozi au Burundi. Les données ont été recueillies sur deux ans par un suivi zootechnique de 251 éleveurs. Parmi ceux-ci, 158 avaient des caprins croisés Alpine et étaient encadrés par le projet caprin de Ngozi. L'évolution de la taille et de la composition génétique des troupeaux d'une part, les pratiques de vente, d'autoconsommation et traite d'autre part, sont analysées. Les variations de comportement des différents types d'éleveurs sont soulignées. La fonction d'épargne que jouent les caprins dans ce système agraire a eu comme resultat une forte fluctuation de cette population au sein des troupeaux et la permutation des éleveurs avec abandon de l'élevage caprin par 6,3 % d'entre eux chaque année. L'adoption des caprins croisés par une fraction des éleveurs s'est accompagnée de modifications des pratiques d'exploitation : traite et vente du lait; vente des chèvres à un âge moyen plus élevé, alors que les chevreaux l'ont été au même âge. Les chevreaux les plus lourds de la race locale ont néanmoins fait l'objet d'une sélection, au contraire des chevreaux croisés.

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30

Bashangwa Mpozi, Bosco, Mireille Mizero, Andrew Ogolla Egesa, Paul M. Dontsop Nguezet, Bernard Vanlauwe, Patrice Ndimanya y Philippe Lebailly. "Land Access in the Development of Horticultural Crops in East Africa. A Case Study of Passion Fruit in Burundi, Kenya, and Rwanda". Sustainability 12, n.º 7 (10 de abril de 2020): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073041.

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Rapid population growth in fertile agricultural lands of East Africa creates land scarcity, which has become a major hindrance to land access for the introduction of new horticultural crops. But their introduction in these areas is increasing, because of their high market price, which improves farmers’ income. As such, this research evaluated land access dynamics (availability, acquisition, and use changes) on the introduction of passion fruits in East Africa. The study used purposeful sampling to collect information from 171 passion fruit farmers from Burundi (60), Kenya (51), and Rwanda (60) through interviews during field surveys. Among the respondents from all three countries, inheritance and land purchase were the predominant modes of land access (>50% and >21%, respectively). Furthermore, the substitution of other crops by passion fruits was high (>60%) among Kenyan and Rwandan farmers, but low (18%) among Burundian farmers. Our findings indicate that land access influences the patterns of adoption of new crops, since, when limited in supply, it may require the acquisition of new land space, abandonment of other crops, or opting for mixed farming. As such, land access should be a consideration in the promotion of new crops for sustainable agricultural ventures.

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31

Stone, Robert Douglas. "Memecylon afroschismaticum sp. nov. (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae) endemic to the East African Rift region of Rwanda, Burundi and western Tanzania". Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, n.º 1 (26 de marzo de 2020): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1657.

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Background – A new species of Memecylon (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae) from Rwanda, Burundi and western Tanzania is described in connection with preparing the family treatment for the Flore d’Afrique centrale. Methods – Standard herbarium practices were applied.Key results – Memecylon afroschismaticum R.D.Stone is described and illustrated. This new species is remarkable for being endemic to forests of the East African Rift region avoided by all but a few other species of African Memecylon. A close relationship with M. flavovirens Baker (type of M. sect. Obtusifolia Engl.) is suggested by its corolla being narrowly conical-acute in bud and anther connectives with dorsal oil-gland and acute posterior extremity. However, its elliptic-ovate and distinctly acuminate leaves resemble those of M. myrianthum Gilg (of M. sect. Polyanthema Engl.) and M. verruculosum Brenan (of M. sect. Buxifolia R.D.Stone). The known location in western Tanzania is formally protected within the Mahale Mountains National Park, but the subpopulations in Rwanda and Burundi are unprotected and presumably threatened by high human population density and subsistence agriculture. The estimated area of occupancy is also quite small (12 km2). Memecylon afroschismaticum is thus provisionally assessed as Endangered [EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)] in accordance with IUCN criteria.

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32

Ntirampeba, E. y P. De Sutter. "Les facteurs qui influencent la faible utilisation des préservatifs par la population sexuellement active du Burundi". Sexologies 26, n.º 4 (octubre de 2017): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2017.04.001.

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Goyvaerts, Didier L. "The Emergence of Lingala in Bukavu, Zaïre". Journal of Modern African Studies 33, n.º 2 (junio de 1995): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0002108x.

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Ever since independence Lingala has been gradually spreading throughout Zaïre to the extent that nowadays in Bukavu, a traditionally Swahili-speaking city near Rwanda and Burundi, about 70 per cent of the population has some knowledge of the language. This holds true for all layers of society: youngsters, students, teachers, civil servants, businessmen, petty traders, soldiers, and prostitutes. The advent of Lingala raises an important question: how do we explain the presence of this new language in a city where already three lingua francas exist, namely French, Swahili, and Indoubil.1

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34

RANDOLPH, S. E. y D. J. ROGERS. "A generic population model for the African tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus". Parasitology 115, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1997): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097001315.

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We present a simulation population model for the African tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, based on previous analyses of the mortality factors most closely correlated with observed population changes at 11 sites in equatorial and South Africa. The model incorporates temperature-dependent rates of egg production and development, climate-driven density-independent mortality rates, particularly during the adult-larval stage, and density-dependent regulation of both nymphs and adults. Diapause is also included for tick populations in southern Africa. The model successfully describes both the seasonality and annual range of variation in numbers of each tick stage observed at each of 4 test sites in Uganda, Burundi and South Africa. Sensitivity analysis showed that the final version of the model is robust to 4-fold variation in most parameter values (that were per force based on informed guesses), but is more sensitive to the regression coefficients determining density-dependent interstadial mortality (that were derived from analysis of field data). The model is able to predict the seasonality of ticks from a site in Kenya where a full prior population analysis was not possible because only adults and nymphs had been counted. The model is potentially applicable to other species of ticks, both tropical and temperate, to predict tick abundance and seasonality as risk factors for tick-borne diseases.

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35

Simbagoye, Athanase y Aïssatou Sow-Barry. "Bilinguisme scolaire dans l’enseignement du français en Afrique noire francophone : les cas du Burundi et de la Guinée". Articles 23, n.º 3 (10 de octubre de 2007): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031956ar.

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Résumé Cet article traite de la situation du français et de son enseignement au Burundi et en Guinée, deux pays de l'Afrique noire francophone ayant un passé colonial et une politique linguistique différents. L'éducation en langue française s'y adresse à une petite minorité de la population, celle que peut recevoir le système scolaire de ces Etats économiquement pauvres. L'analyse des données officielles concernant l'enseignement du français, langue étrangère et langue d'enseignement, montre qu'en Afrique noire francophone l'enseignement du français est confronté aux difficultés liées au « bilinguisme scolaire », à la rareté des ressources matérielles, au manque de formation des enseignants, à des situations pédagogiques variées et aux réalités sociolinguistiques de ces pays.

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36

Hamann, Hartmut. "Can decentralisation contribute to promoting rule-of-law structures? The Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi as examples". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, n.º 2 (25 de mayo de 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2478.

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Decentralisation can enable a country's population to exercise political influence at regional and local level. This presupposes a willingness to assume responsibility. It also presupposes that those in power are willing to hand over some of the power. Together these two factors can foster rule-of-law structures. This paper describes the constitutional and administrative framework for decentralisation in DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. It also explores the actual situation in those countries with reference to legal literature from those countries. In addition, it raises questions regarding the effect of instruments of international law on the decentralisation processes (international organisations, regional integration and international cooperation).

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37

Kaiser, M. N., R. W. Sutherst, A. S. Bourne, L. Gorissen y R. B. Floyd. "Population dynamics of ticks on Ankole cattle in five ecological zones in burundi and strategies for their control". Preventive Veterinary Medicine 6, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1988): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(88)90031-1.

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38

Corey, Katelyn C. y Andrew Noymer. "A ‘post-honeymoon’ measles epidemic in Burundi: mathematical model-based analysis and implications for vaccination timing". PeerJ 4 (15 de septiembre de 2016): e2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2476.

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Using a mathematical model with realistic demography, we analyze a large outbreak of measles in Muyinga sector in rural Burundi in 1988–1989. We generate simulated epidemic curves and age × time epidemic surfaces, which we qualitatively and quantitatively compare with the data. Our findings suggest that supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) should be used in places where routine vaccination cannot keep up with the increasing numbers of susceptible individuals resulting from population growth or from logistical problems such as cold chain maintenance. We use the model to characterize the relationship between SIA frequency and SIA age range necessary to suppress measles outbreaks. If SIAs are less frequent, they must expand their target age range.

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39

Habonimana, Desire, Gideon Nimako, Jabulani Ncayiyana, Gabriel Ndayisaba y Rohit Ramaswamy. "Improving long-lasting insecticidal nets use in Kayange community of north-western Burundi: a pilot study exploring the use of quality improvement methodologies in low-resource community settings". BMJ Open Quality 8, n.º 3 (agosto de 2019): e000540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000540.

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Quality improvement (QI) approaches have demonstrated a lot of promise in improving clinical care processes, both in high-resource and low-resource settings. However, most examples of QI initiatives in healthcare in low-income countries are clinic-based. The objective of this study was to demonstrate feasibility of applying QI methods in low-resource community settings by applying them to the problem of correct utilisation of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in a rural community in Burundi. Correct utilisation of LLINs had been shown to be a cost-effective approach to malaria prevention. In Burundi, LLINs utilisation is low. The Model for Improvement, a well-known QI approach, was used to increase LLINs utilisation in a rural community in Burundi. In the baseline, LLINs ownership and weekly utilisation together with factors affecting LLINs non-use were documented for a period of 4 weeks before intervention. Improvement ideas were collaboratively developed by a quality improvement team (QIT) and tested using Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. The first PDSA cycle consisted of the demonstration of how to mount LLINs, the second was an implementation of reminders done by household ‘watchdogs’, the third cycle consisted of conducting two community reminders every week and the last cycle was a combination of the last two PDSA cycles. The intervention lasted 4 weeks and data were collected weekly. LLINs utilisation was calculated each week and plotted on a run chart to demonstrate improvement trends. LLINs utilisation data were collected for another 3 weeks postintervention. Of 96 households, 83 (87%) households owned at least one LLIN. After intervention, the number of LLINs used increased from 32% to 75% (134% increase) and the number of persons (general population) sleeping under LLINs from 35% to 73% (108% increase). The number of children under 5 years sleeping under LLINs increased from 31% to 76% (145% increase) and the number of pregnant women who slept under LLINs from 43% to 73% (69% increase). Also, the averages of the number of nights in each week that the general population slept under LLINs increased from 2.13 to 5.11 (140% increase), children under 5 years from 1.68 to 4.78 (184% increase) and pregnant women from 1.56 to 4.47 (186% increase). Each of the 4 PDSA cycles led to a significant increase in outcome indicators and the trends appear to persist even after the implementation was complete. While it is impossible to draw generalisable conclusions from a small pilot study, QI approaches appear to be feasible to implement in low-resource community setting and have promise in producing results. More research at larger scale should be encouraged to validate our initial findings.

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40

Smits, A., M. Coosemans, W. Van Bortel, M. Barutwanayo y Ch Delacollette. "Readjustment of the malaria vector control strategy in the Rusizi Valley, Burundi". Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1995): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300033046.

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AbstractBased on a longitudinal survey performed in 1982–1983, a vector control strategy was implemented from 1985 onwards in a malarial-dense area of Burundi. One annual round of indoor spraying with malathion greatly reduced both the parasite load and the parasite rate in the population until 1989. However, from 1990 to 1993, a progressive resurgence of malaria was observed in most villages. For the present study, two villages were selected on the basis of their differential response to house spraying. In the village of Mulira surrounded by rice fields, the excellent results observed in the past have been followed by recent increases in parasite rates. In the village of Murengeza, also located in the rice growing area but near a river, the spraying had less impact. The inoculation rate was found to be similar in both villages, but the transmission peak occurred at the end of April in Mulira, and two months earlier in Murengeza. Indoor spraying with lambdacyhalothrin was carried out on 26 April 1993, one month too late according to the strategy intended. As no sporozoite mosquitoes were observed during the six months following spraying, this strategy should be maintained but, in villages near rivers, the application should commence much earlier, in mid-January. Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) and A. funestus Giles were found to be very endophilic species, whereas the dominant A. arabiensis. Patton was highly exophilic. Therefore it is recommended that treatments should not only be applied to human dwellings but also to other structures such as animal sheds, kitchens, etc, shown by earlier studies to be resting sites of A. arabiensis. This study underlines the need for regular reassessment in vector control programmes.

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Ekholuenetale, Michael, Temitope Oluwaseyi Adeyoju, Herbert Onuoha y Amadou Barrow. "Renal Failure among Women of Reproductive Age in Burundi: Estimating the Prevalence and Associated Factors Using Population-Based Data". International Journal of Nephrology 2021 (27 de febrero de 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6640495.

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Background. Renal failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many resource-constrained settings. In developing countries, little has been known about the prevalence and predisposing factors of renal failure using population-based data. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and associated factors of renal failure among women of reproductive age in Burundi. Methods. We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2016-2017 Burundi Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). Data on 17,269 women of reproductive age were included. The outcome variable was a renal failure as determined by the patient’s report. Percentage, chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. The results from the logistic regression model were presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and confidence interval (95% CI). The significance level was set at p < 0.05 . Results. The overall prevalence of renal failure was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.4%, 5.7%). Higher-aged women were more likely to have a renal failure when compared with women aged 15–19 years. Rural dwellers were 1.65 times as likely to have a renal failure when compared with women in the urban residence (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.20). Women who had secondary + education had a 39% reduction in the odds of renal failure when compared with women with no formal education (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.81). Health insurance coverage accounted for a 23% reduction in the odds of renal failure when compared with women who were not covered by health insurance (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.93). Women who had a terminated pregnancy were 1.50 times as likely to have a renal failure when compared with women with no history of terminated pregnancy (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.82). Furthermore, women with a history of contraceptive use were 1.32 times as likely to have a renal failure when compared with women without a history of contraceptive use (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.57). Conclusion. Lack of formal education, having no health insurance coverage, and ever used anything or tried to delay or avoid getting pregnant were the modifiable risk factors of renal failure. The nonmodifiable risk factors were old age, rural residence, certain geographical regions, and having a history of pregnancy termination. Understanding the risk factors of renal failure will help to instigate early screening, detection, and prompt treatment initiation. In addition, early detection of the risk factors can help to reduce the adverse health impact including maternal death.

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Nijimbere, Gilbert y Christian Riveros Lizana. "Assessment of soil erosion of Burundi using remote sensing and GIS by RUSLE model". RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 27, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2019-27-1-17-28.

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This present work is the results of study on water erosion in Burundi, a landlocked country amid the African Great Lakes region where East and Central Africa converge. The agriculture is developed in areas where the slopes is very steep and some factors such as land-use methods weaken soils and lead to water erosion and the results in soil degradation rendering it infertile. Production on this way is becoming insufficient for the rapidly growing of population. The extension of cultivated land often not linked to anti-erosion measures exposes the soil to intense erosion. The results get it of processing satellite images (Landsat 8) allowed to identify the main places where erosion is very severe. Lost soil was estimated by the RUSLE method and using four raster images corresponding to factors related to precipitation, soil erodibility, topography, slope length and vegetation cover. The results obtained allow the identification of areas around all the country where the interventions of government and environment protection institutions are necessary to limit the processes of soil degradation.

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Feltz, Gaëtan. "Christianisation et mentalites au Burundi: innovations et permanences des comportements socio-culturels en milieu rural". History in Africa 20 (1993): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171962.

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Le décryptage des comportements socio-culturels dans une société où la notion de développement (amajambe) est le fruit d'une démarche de type moderniste, nous enjoint à établir une distinction entre les couches sociales “sensibles” à une telle évolution—celles en particulier qui vivent en milieu urbain—et les catégories sociales qui paraissent réfractaires—en particulier dans le milieu rural—qui compte plus de 90% de la population burundaise. Ce diptyque ville/campagne ne doit pas nécessairement être perçu comme une césure, car les attitudes diverses mettent en évidence des degrés d'interaction, entre un milieu urbain ouvert à la modernité et un monde rural attaché aux traditions, et vice-versa. Les paysans savent très bien s'adapter aux innovations technologiques apportées par les projets de développement, tels que l'électrification des campagnes, l'asphaltage des grands axes de communication, etc.… Un des résultats tangibles de ces réalisations est l'accroissement de la mobilité des biens et des individus, et donc la possible intégration des régions périphériques au centre politico-administratif.

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44

Désiré, Kubwimana, Ait Brahim Lahsen, Bousta Mahfoud, Dewitte Olivier, Abdelouafi Abdellah y Bahaj Tarik. "Landslides susceptibility assessment using AHP method in Kanyosha watershed (Bujumbura-Burundi): Urbanisation and management impacts". MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902071.

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The Kanyosha watershed is unstable due to the presence of several landslides, which occupy about 3% of the study area. They are causing major damage which costs expensive to the Government of Burundi as well as to the population residing there and their properties. Roads, schools, irrigation canals, houses, crop fields, etc., are in danger of collapse. These landslides are mostly naturally occurring but can sometimes be reactivated by heavy rains or human activities during the excavation of building materials from the river bed.In order to carry out this study, we used the multivariate statistical classification with weighting of the responsible parameters of landslides risk to reach the susceptibility map of mass movements in the Kanyosha watershed. Remote sensing, geology, morphometry and bibliography were the data sources for the different parameters. Google Earth images, ortho-photos and field prospecting helped us to identify the landslides needed to validate the susceptibility map.During the fieldwork, we observed 34 landslides of different types, which were superimposed on the mass movements susceptibility map obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and compared to previous studies in which the matrix indexing method was used. We found approximately similar results with the consideration of different scales of work. These reasons confirm the validity of the susceptibility map at the level of the Kanyosha watershed, a map which is an essential document for urban planning and land management.

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Manirakiza, Norbert, Théophile Ndikumana y C. Gisèle Jung. "Towards the Promotion of Fuel Briquettes Using Municipal Solid Waste and Residual Biomass in Burundi". International Journal of Environment 9, n.º 1 (27 de enero de 2020): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i1.27428.

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The issue of domestic energy is still a major concern in developing countries. A sound knowledge of fuel characteristics is a major asset for their acceptability and their distribution. Samples of briquettes made partially with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) were collected in several companies with unknown characterization. This study intended first to characterize them for physical and chemical properties. Subsequently, energy content of the briquettes and the energy price are presented and compared to those of charcoal and peat, which is typically used by the local population as fuel. To classify the different briquettes according to their quality in terms of rate as well as their level in fire resistance, cooking tests and heating curves have been made. The calorific value of the studied briquettes varied from 12.3 to 18.6 MJ/kg compared to 32.5 MJ/kg for charcoal and 14.7 MJ/kg for peat. Consequently, their value as viable substitutes for charcoal or peat is apparent. However, some samples burn very quickly and do not provide prolonged heating while other samples have a slow rate of combustion and release little energy. Finally, the briquettes using MSW have a low price between $0.16 and $0.19/kg compared to the price of $0.53/kg for charcoal and $0.20/kg for peat. The promotion of these briquettes as a valuable substitution fuel is proved and contribute to sustainable development by reusing MSW and avoiding deforestation.

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46

Njoroge, Anne W., Björn Andersson, Alison K. Lees, Collins Mutai, Gregory A. Forbes, Jonathan E. Yuen y Roger Pelle. "Genotyping of Phytophthora infestans in Eastern Africa Reveals a Dominating Invasive European Lineage". Phytopathology® 109, n.º 4 (abril de 2019): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-18-0234-r.

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Strains of Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen causing late blight of potato and tomato, are thought to be moved around the world through infected planting material. Since its first appearance in 1941, late blight has caused important losses to potato production in the eastern-Africa region (EAR). In the current study, the genetic structure of the population in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda was characterized using 12-plex microsatellite markers with the aim of testing the hypothesis that a strain originating from Europe, 2_A1, has recently dominated the population in EAR. Analyses of 1,093 potato and 165 tomato samples collected between 2013 and 2016 revealed the dominance on potato in all countries of the 2_A1 clonal lineage. On tomato, a host-specialized form of the US-1 lineage appears to persist in Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania whereas, in Kenya, most samples from tomato (72.5%) were 2_A1. The US-1 lineage in Tanzania had two private alleles at the Pi02 marker, suggesting a possible independent introduction into the region. US-1 had higher genetic variability than 2_A1, consistent with the earlier establishment of the former. Continuous tracking of P. infestans population changes should help identify new virulent and aggressive strains, which would inform strategic disease management options.

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47

Shuriye, Abdi O. y Mosud T. Ajala. "The Future of Statehood in East Africa". Journal of Sustainable Development 9, n.º 2 (30 de marzo de 2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p221.

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With the deterioration of political and security situations in Somalia and Kenya’s involvement in the war against al-shabaab as well as its political miscalculation and the lack of exit plan, add to this, the fading democratic conditions in Eritrea, accompanied by the political uncertainties in Ethiopia, since the demise Meles Zenawi Asres and the extermination of the opponents, as shown in last general election, as well as the one-man-show political scenario in Uganda and the likely disintegration of Tanzania into Zanzibar and Tanganyika, indicated by the ongoing elections; the political future of East African governments is predictably taking erroneous turns. It seems therefore, God forbids, there is a political catastrophe in the making as far as the state as an authoritative institution is concerned in East Africa. One observes that the social fabric of these states, take Kenya, which used to be a solid in its social and political values, as an example, is drastically changing into a pattern-of-Somali-like tribal syndrome. The expiration of the government institutions, civil societies, law and order in Eritrea, the austere political future of Djibouti, the irrepressible and incurable wounds of Burundi and Rwanda are shrilling pointers of such fear. Not to forget, the strained Muslim-Christian relations, which is now deeply rooted in these communities and states, the thick-headedness of most East Africa’s political leaders and the rapid increase of the youth population as well as the proxy war in business between China and the West on the region. These factors are the core indicators of the future of state and strong government in East Africa. The study covers several nations in East Africa including Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda.

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48

Collin, Simon M., Bernard Leclercq, Novat Twungubumwe, Laurent Andréoletti, François-Christophe Richardier y Eric Bertin. "Leaf concentrate compared with skimmed milk as nutritional supplementation for HIV-infected children: a randomized controlled trial in Burundi". Public Health Nutrition 19, n.º 10 (7 de diciembre de 2015): 1904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015003456.

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AbstractObjectiveThe effectiveness of leaf concentrate powder (LCP) as a nutritional supplement was established in trials conducted among adolescent girls and pregnant women in India. Here we evaluate LCP, compared with skimmed milk powder (SMP), as a supplement for antiretroviral-naïve children living with HIV in a sub-Saharan African country.DesignRandomized controlled, two-arm, 6-month trial comparing effects of isoproteic (5 g) LCP (10 g daily) and SMP (15 g daily) on HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ cell count/percentage, weight/height-for-age, general blood parameters, diarrhoea, respiratory and HIV-related opportunistic infections.SettingBujumbura and Kirundo, Burundi.SubjectsEighty-three HIV-positive, antiretroviral-naïve children aged 5–14 years: median (range) CD4+ count, 716 (361–1690) cells/mm3; log10 HIV-1 viral load, 4·39 (1·79–6·00).ResultsLCP was equivalent to SMP in relation to HIV-specific blood parameters and did not demonstrate superiority over SMP in relation to Hb. Three children in each arm (LCP, 7·1 % (3/42); SMP, 7·3 % (3/41)) proceeded to antiretroviral therapy because their CD4+ counts fell below 350 cells/mm3. Children in the LCP group reported higher levels of appetite and overall health at 6 months. There were no differences in clinical events or any other outcome measures. LCP was less palatable than SMP to the children in this population, but there were few negative perceptions of appearance, texture and taste.ConclusionsLCP appears to be equivalent to SMP as a nutritional supplement in this population, despite slightly lower palatability. In relation to viral load and CD4+ count, equivalence may indicate no effect in either group. Effectiveness relative to no supplementation remains to be determined.

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49

Kraef, Christian, Pamela A. Juma, Joseph Mucumbitsi, Kaushik Ramaiya, Francois Ndikumwenayo, Per Kallestrup y Gerald Yonga. "Fighting non-communicable diseases in East Africa: assessing progress and identifying the next steps". BMJ Global Health 5, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): e003325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003325.

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Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a rapid increase in non-communicable disease (NCD) burden over the last decades. The East African Community (EAC) comprises Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, South Sudan and Uganda, with a population of 177 million. In those countries, 40% of deaths in 2015 were attributable to NCDs. We review the status of the NCD response in the countries of the EAC based on the available monitoring tools, the WHO NCD progress monitors in 2017 and 2020 and the East African NCD Alliance benchmark survey in 2017. In the EAC, modest progress in governance, prevention of risk factors, monitoring, surveillance and evaluation of health systems can be observed. Many policies exist on paper, implementation and healthcare are weak and there are large regional and subnational differences. Enhanced efforts by regional and national policy-makers, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders are needed to ensure future NCD policies and implementation improvements.

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50

Smith, Charles David. "The Geopolitics of Rwandan Resettlement: Uganda and Tanzania". Issue: A Journal of Opinion 23, n.º 2 (1995): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502042.

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By October 1994 the population of refugees from Rwanda and Burundi registered with the UN High Commission of Refugees in Tanzania was about 570,000. (Personal communication: Yukiko Hameda, UNHCR-Nairobi.) And from the point of view of the international and Tanzanian authorities responsible for refugees, the crisis continues to grow. On December 23, 1994, Patrick Chokala, Press Secretary to the Tanzanian President, claimed that 300-400 refugees enter Tanzania every day; the total number then was 591,000. (Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 24 December 1994.)The human tragedy, the genocide which began after President Habyarimana’s plane was shot down on April 6, 1994 and which in the space of a few short months left one-half million people dead and precipitated the flight of two and one-half million people to refugee camps in Zaire and Tanzania, cannot be undone, although expeditious and fair judicial procedures are a necessary step to a secure future.

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