Artículos de revistas: "Calibration chamber"

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DeWerd, Larry A., Ahtesham Ullah Khan y Andrew R. Jensen. "On the length used for CT ionization chambers to determine CTDI". Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, n.º 8 (7 de abril de 2022): 085007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac60b8.

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Abstract Objective. Computed tomography dose index (CTDI) calculations based on measurements made with CT ionization chambers require characterization of two chamber properties: radiation sensitivity and effective length. The sensitivity of a CT ionization chamber is currently determined in some countries by calibration in an x-ray field that irradiates the entire chamber. Determination of the effective length is left to the user, and this value is frequently assumed to be equivalent to the nominal length—typically 100 mm—stated by the manufacturer. This assumption undermines the intention and usefulness of CTDI calculation. Thus, a slit-based calibration, N KL, of the CT ionization chambers was proposed by collimating the x-ray beam to a well-defined aperture width. The aim of this work is to compare the two methods. Approach. Four different CT ionization chambers (Standard Imaging Exradin A101, Radcal 10x5-3CT, Victoreen 500-100, and Capintec PC-4P) are investigated in this work. Sensitivity profiles were measured for all four chambers and effective/rated chamber lengths were calculated. A novel Monte-Carlo based correction was proposed to account for the presence of the aperture. CTDI was calculated and compared for two calibration beams as well as for a commercial CT scanner using Exradin A101 and Radcal 10x5-3CT chambers. Main results. The nominal chamber length was found to deviate up to 21% compared to the effective length. Correction for the aperture depended on the aperture opening size. CTDI calculation results illustrate the potential 17% error in CTDI calculation that can be caused by assuming the effective chamber length is equivalent to the manufacturer’s stated nominal length. CTDI calculations with CT ionization chambers calibrated with an air-kerma length calibration method yield the smallest variation in the CTDI regardless of the chamber model. Significance. To avoid an erroneous CTDI, information regarding the chamber’s effective length must be included in the calibration or stated by the manufacturer. Alternatively, a slit-based calibration can be performed.

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2

Gong, Wei, Wen Zhang, Tingting Ren, Lingjian Zeng y Li Feng. "Study on Calibration of Artificial Climate Chamber for Biological Application". BIO Web of Conferences 59 (2023): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235903007.

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Artificial climate chamber for biological application is widely used in biological laboratories. Parameters such as temperature, humidity and light intensity of artificial climate chamber can directly decide the accuracy of the experimental results. At present, there is no relevant calibration specification, or method for artificial climate chamber in China. This article presents a novel calibration method for artificial climate chambers for biological application to evaluate temperature, humidity, and light intensity control performance of the equipment, by determine corresponding environmental conditions, calibration standards, location of standards and calculation equations. The calibration results show that the calibration method is scientific and practical for metrological performance evaluation of artificial climate chambers for biological application.

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3

Been, K., B. E. Lingnau, J. H. A. Crooks y B. Leach. "Cone penetration test calibration for Erksak (Beaufort Sea) sand". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 1987): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-074.

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Interpretation of the cone penetration test in sands is generally based on empirical calibrations from tests in large-diameter calibration chambers. Although interpretation of these calibration data for clean sands in terms of the state parameter is expected to be broadly applicable to other sands, material-specific correlations are desirable for many projects. This paper describes a series of calibration chamber tests carried out on a sand dredged from the Beaufort Sea for construction of artificial islands. This Erksak sand is a uniformly graded, subrounded medium-grained sand with a fines content of 3–6%. The testing chamber described is 1.4 m in diameter, and allows independent control of vertical, horizontal, and back pressures on the sand sample. Samples of the sand were prepared by moist compaction to preserve the fines content, and then back pressure saturated.The chamber test data are presented and confirm that the Erksak sand fits the general trends observed for other sands very well. A method is also described that allows the interpretation to be consistent, even in the event that nonuniform void ratios occur in the samples. Measurements of horizontal stress behind the cone tip, which is a new development in cone penetrometer testing, are also presented. Key words: cone penetrometer, sands, in situ tests, state, calibration chamber, horizontal stress measurement.

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4

Hazen, John y L. Scorsone. "Infrared Sensor Calibration Facility". Journal of the IEST 35, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1992): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.35.1.d536816582691754.

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The Boeing Infrared Sensor (BIRS) Calibration Facility represents a major capital investment by The Boeing Company in optical and infrared technology. The facility was designed and built for calibrating and testing new generation large aperture long wave infrared (LWIR) sensors, seekers, and related technologies. The capability exists to perform both radiometric and goniometric calibrations of large infrared sensors under simulated environmental operating conditions. The system is presently configured for endoatmospheric calibrations with a uniform background field that can be set to simulate the expected mission background levels. During calibration, the sensor under test is also exposed to expected mission temperatures and pressures within the test chamber. The facility could be converted for exoatmospheric testing. The first major test runs in the facility were completed during 1989 with very satisfactory results. This paper will describe system configuration and hardware elements, and will address the modifications made to date. Pitt-Des Moines. Inc. (PDM) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the contractor for the turnkey design and construction of the test chambers and thermal vacuum systems. Hughes Danbury Optical Systems (formerly Perkin Elmer Optical Systems) was the hardware supplier for the optical hardware. The Boeing Company performed all optical assembly, integration, testing, and alignment on-site.

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5

Lee, Junhwan y Rodrigo Salgado. "Analysis of calibration chamber plate load tests". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2000): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-061.

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The estimation of base resistance is a key step in the design of piles embedded in moderately dense to dense sand. Calibration chamber plate load tests are sometimes used to investigate the base load - settlement relationship of nondisplacement piles in sand. In such tests, the sand specimens are carefully prepared to simulate the installation of nondisplacement piles. In this paper, calibration chamber tests are analyzed using the finite element method; experimental and numerical results are compared. The finite element models are axisymmetric and use a nonlinear, elastic-plastic constitutive model. Plate resistance values predicted using the finite element analysis are shown to be in good agreement with measured values, which validates the proposed numerical model. Questions regarding the existence of calibration chamber size effects have not, to this date, been adequately addressed. Finite element analyses of both pile base resistance and plate resistance for sands with various relative densities and stress states show that size effects are usually small for settlement levels of interest in practice. This suggests that the use of calibration chambers in pile base capacity studies is justified.Key words: calibration chambers, plate load tests, constitutive modeling, size effects, piles, sands.

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6

Poh, Paula Y. S., Samuel Carus, Yifan Chen y Patricia A. Deuster. "Mice Heat Chamber Calibration". Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation 04, n.º 04 (2014): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jasmi.2014.44013.

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7

Reza, Md Ali, Md Rakibul Islam, Md Shakilur Rahman, Md Shamsuzzaman, Md Rashedur Rahman y Harnur Rashid Khan. "Calibration of Therapy Level Ionization Chamber at ⁶⁰Co Teletherapy Beam Used for Radiation Therapy". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 79 (agosto de 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.79.1.

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The accuracy and traceability of absorbed dose to water measurement of radiotherapy beam is a critical issue to achieve the curative outcome of cancer patients. The current dosimetry protocols for radiotherapy beams TRS-398, TG-51 and DIN-6800-2 are based on the calibration factor of ionization chamber in terms of absorbed dose to water for 60Co beam. The accuracy of the calibration factor of ionization chamber as well as output of radiotherapy beam is the primary requirements of precisional dose deliver to the tumor which is the QA part of radiotherapy dosimetry. In the present study, we have calibrated 9 different ionization chambers (8 thimbles and 1 parallel plate) of various active volumes for 60Co beam against reference standard NE2571 and compared with manufacturer’s values. The Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) and Output Factors (OF) of two cobalt units were measured with standard calibration system by following IAEA dosimetry protocol TRS-398 and compare with 6 MV photon beam from medical linear accelerator. The traceability of the dosimetry was verified by the participation of postal dose IAEA/WHO intercomparison program. The aim of the participation was to investigate uncertainties involved in the calibration of Ionization Chamber (IC) and absorbed dose measurement. The percentage of deviation relative to IAEA mean dose was found to be -0.2% (traceable limit ±5%), which shows an excellent agreement of calibration of beam as well as ionization chamber with international standard. The deviation of factors of ionization chambers between the measured and manufacturer’s values were found within 0.07-2.81% with an uncertainty of ±1.5% (k=1).

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8

Reza, Md Ali, Md Rakibul Islam, Md Shakilur Rahman, Md Shamsuzzaman, Md Rashedur Rahman y Harnur Rashid Khan. "Calibration of Therapy Level Ionization Chamber at <sup>60</sup>Co Teletherapy Beam Used for Radiation Therapy". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 79 (29 de agosto de 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-qf8n24.

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The accuracy and traceability of absorbed dose to water measurement of radiotherapy beam is a critical issue to achieve the curative outcome of cancer patients. The current dosimetry protocols for radiotherapy beams TRS-398, TG-51 and DIN-6800-2 are based on the calibration factor of ionization chamber in terms of absorbed dose to water for 60Co beam. The accuracy of the calibration factor of ionization chamber as well as output of radiotherapy beam is the primary requirements of precisional dose deliver to the tumor which is the QA part of radiotherapy dosimetry. In the present study, we have calibrated 9 different ionization chambers (8 thimbles and 1 parallel plate) of various active volumes for 60Co beam against reference standard NE2571 and compared with manufacturer’s values. The Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) and Output Factors (OF) of two cobalt units were measured with standard calibration system by following IAEA dosimetry protocol TRS-398 and compare with 6 MV photon beam from medical linear accelerator. The traceability of the dosimetry was verified by the participation of postal dose IAEA/WHO intercomparison program. The aim of the participation was to investigate uncertainties involved in the calibration of Ionization Chamber (IC) and absorbed dose measurement. The percentage of deviation relative to IAEA mean dose was found to be -0.2% (traceable limit ±5%), which shows an excellent agreement of calibration of beam as well as ionization chamber with international standard. The deviation of factors of ionization chambers between the measured and manufacturer’s values were found within 0.07-2.81% with an uncertainty of ±1.5% (k=1).

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9

Gomà, C., S. Lorentini, D. Meer y S. Safai. "Proton beam monitor chamber calibration". Physics in Medicine and Biology 59, n.º 17 (11 de agosto de 2014): 4961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/17/4961.

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10

Schoffelen, Paul F. M., Klaas R. Westerterp, Wim H. M. Saris y Foppe Ten Hoor. "A dual-respiration chamber system with automated calibration". Journal of Applied Physiology 83, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1997): 2064–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2064.

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Schoffelen, Paul F. M., Klaas R. Westerterp, Wim H. M. Saris, and Foppe Ten Hoor. A dual-respiration chamber system with automated calibration. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 2064–2072, 1997.—This study characterizes respiration chambers with fully automated calibration. The system consists of two 14-m3pull-type chambers. Care was taken to provide a friendly environment for the subjects, with the possibility of social contact during the experiment. Gas analysis was automated to correct for analyzer drift and barometric pressure variations and to provide ease of use. Methods used for checking the system’s performance are described. The gas-analysis repeatability was within 0.002%. Results of alcohol combustion (50–350 ml/min CO2) show an accuracy of 0.5 ± 2.0 (SD) % for O2consumption and −0.3 ± 1.6% for CO2 production for 2- to 24-h experiments. It is concluded that response time is not the main factor with respect to the smallest practical measurement interval (duration); volume, mixing, gas-analysis accuracy, and levels of O2 consumption and CO2 production are at least equally important. The smallest practical interval was 15–25 min, as also found with most chamber systems described in the literature. We chose to standardize 0.5 h as the minimum measurement interval.

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11

Durnford, D. y M. C. Piro. "Nucleation efficiency of nuclear recoils in bubble chambers". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n.º 01 (1 de enero de 2022): C01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01030.

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Abstract Bubble chambers using liquid xenon (and liquid argon) have been operated (resp. planned) by the Scintillating Bubble Chamber (SBC) collaboration for GeV-scale dark matter searches and CEνNS from reactors. This will require a robust calibration program of the nucleation efficiency of low-energy nuclear recoils in these target media. Such a program has been carried out by the PICO collaboration, which aims to directly detect dark matter using C3F8 bubble chambers. Neutron calibration data from mono-energetic neutron beam and Am-Be source has been collected and analyzed, leading to a global fit of a generic nucleation efficiency model for carbon and fluorine recoils, at thermodynamic thresholds of 2.45 and 3.29 keV. Fitting the many-dimensional model to the data (34 free parameters) is a non-trivial computational challenge, addressed with a custom Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach, which will be presented. Parametric MC studies undertaken to validate this methodology are also discussed. This fit paradigm demonstrated for the PICO calibration will be applied to existing and future scintillating bubble chamber calibration data.

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12

Polaczek-Grelik, Kinga, Aneta Kawa-Iwanicka y Łukasz Michalecki. "Dosimetric accuracy of a cross-calibration coefficient for plane-parallel ionization chamber obtained in low-energy electron beams using various cylindrical dosimeters". Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 27, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2021-0036.

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Abstract Introduction: The accuracy of the cross-calibration procedure depends on ionization chamber type, both used as reference one and under consideration. Also, the beam energy and phantom medium could influence the precision of cross calibration coefficient, resulting in a systematic error in dose estimation and thus could influence the linac beam output checking. This will result in a systematic mismatch between dose calculated in treatment planning system and delivered to the patient. Material and methods: The usage of FC65-G, CC13 and CC01 thimble reference chambers as well as 6, 9, and 15 MeV electron beams has been analyzed. A plane-parallel PPC05 chamber was calibrated since scarce literature data are available for this dosimeter type. The influence of measurement medium and an effective point of measurement (EPOM) on obtained results are also presented. Results: Dose reconstruction precision of ~0.1% for PPC05 chamber could be obtained when cross-calibration is based on a thimble CC13 chamber. Nd,w,Qcross obtained in beam ≥ 9MeV gives 0.1 – 0.5% precision of dose reconstruction. Without beam quality correction, 15 MeV Nd,w,Qcross is 10% lower than Co-60 Nd,w,0. Various EPOM shifts resulted in up to 0.6% discrepancies in Nd,w,Qcross values. Conclusions: Ionization chamber with small active volume and tissue-equivalent materials supplies more accurate cross-calibration coefficients in the range of 6 – 15 MeV electron beams. In the case of 6 and 9 MeV beams, the exact position of an effective point of measurement is of minor importance. In-water cross-calibration coefficient can be used in a solid medium without loss of dose accuracy.

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13

Kadhim, Ali Kareem. "Calibration of ionization chamber survey meter". Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 14, n.º 29 (3 de febrero de 2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v14i29.236.

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Radiation measuring devices need to process calibration whichlose their sensitivity and the extent of the response and the amount ofstability under a changing conditions from time to time and thisperiod depends on the nature and use of field in which used devices.A comparison study was done to a (451P) (ionization chambersurvey meter) and this showed the variation of calibration factor infive different years. This study also displayed the concept ofradiation instrument calibration and necessity of every yearcalibration of them.In this project we used the five years calibration data for ionizationchamber survey meter model Inspector (451P) to get that the valuesof Calibration Factor (CF) and Response (1/CF). The value deviation(Δ%) of CFs for four years of calibration in comparison of CF for theyear 2007 are very high and the device under research is not good touse in field and reliable because the ionization chamber is verysensitive to humidity and must calibrate a year or less, or duringevery two years and must maintain carefully to reduce the discardedeffects to the measurements.

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14

Jeske, T., D. McSpadden, N. Kalra, T. Britton, N. Jarvis y D. Lawrence. "AI for Experimental Controls at Jefferson Lab". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n.º 03 (1 de marzo de 2022): C03043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/c03043.

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Abstract The AI for Experimental Controls project is developing an AI system to control and calibrate detector systems located at Jefferson Laboratory. Currently, calibrations are performed offline and require significant time and attention from experts. This work would reduce the amount of data and the amount of time spent calibrating in an offline setting. The first use case involves the Central Drift Chamber (CDC) located inside the GlueX spectrometer in Hall D. We use a combination of environmental and experimental data, such as atmospheric pressure, gas temperature, and the flux of incident particles as inputs to a sequential Neural Network (NN) to recommend a high voltage setting and the corresponding calibration constants in order to maintain consistent gain and optimal resolution throughout the experiment. Utilizing AI in this manner represents an initial shift from offline calibration towards near real time calibrations performed at Jefferson Laboratory.

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15

Zhang, Wenming, Yuanchun Liu, Haiyan Du, Ke Han, Heng Lin, Tao Li, Lingyin Luo et al. "Calibration of a Micromegas-based gaseous time projection chamber using cosmic ray muons". Journal of Instrumentation 18, n.º 07 (1 de julio de 2023): P07038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07038.

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Abstract We report the calibration of a gaseous Time Projection Chamber based on Micromegas charge readout modules with cosmic ray muons, utilizing their penetrating power and relatively uniform energy deposition per unit length. Muon events were selected through track reconstruction to characterize detector performances, such as the drift velocity, electron lifetime, detector gain, and electric field distortion. The evolution of detector performances over a 50-day data-taking cycle was measured with the muon calibration method. For instance, the drift velocity degraded from 3.40 ± 0.07 cm/μs to 3.06 ± 0.06 cm/μs without gas purification, and then recovered with gas purification. A 137Cs calibration source was also placed inside the detector as a reference for muon calibrations.

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16

Suits, L. D., T. C. Sheahan, Adel M. El-Kelesh y Tamotsu Matsui. "Calibration Chamber Modeling of Compaction Grouting". Geotechnical Testing Journal 31, n.º 4 (2008): 100792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj100792.

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17

Knodel, PG, BP Sweeney y GW Clough. "Design of a Large Calibration Chamber". Geotechnical Testing Journal 13, n.º 1 (1990): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj10144j.

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18

Drnevich, VP, A.-B. Huang, RD Holtz y J.-L. Chameau. "A Calibration Chamber for Cohesive Soils". Geotechnical Testing Journal 11, n.º 1 (1988): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj10641j.

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19

Becker, Ulrich J., Yuan Hann Chang, James F. Donahue, Miltiadis E. Sarakinos, Gerald E. Sasser y Bryan R. Smith. "Calibration setup for drift chamber gases". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 306, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 1991): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90319-l.

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20

De-Ling Pang, Zhi-Xin Zhou, Lan-Di Li y Zhu Bin. "An integrating concentration radon calibration chamber". Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 22, n.º 1-4 (enero de 1993): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8078(93)90099-p.

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21

Anashkin, E. V., D. V. Chernyak, G. V. Fedotovich, B. I. Khazin, P. A. Lukin, A. V. Maksimov, A. A. Ruban, I. G. Snopkov, E. P. Solodov y V. G. Zavarzin. "Calibration of CMD-2 drift chamber". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 379, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1996): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(96)00516-5.

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22

Qi, L., W. Liu, H. Zhao, M. Talesnick y Mason Ghafghazi. "CPT calibration chamber testing on tailings". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1330, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2024): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1330/1/012001.

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Abstract The cone penetration test (CPT) is a widely used technique for on-site investigations. In the field, interpretation correlations of CPT can be established using laboratory calibration chamber tests. Empirical and theoretical correlations were developed for clay and sand under undrained and drained conditions, respectively. However, interpreting these results can be more challenging for intermediate soils that exhibit partial drainage during penetration and lie between fully undrained and drained conditions. Tailings, which are the by-products of mining and are often rich in fine particles, are a typical example of such intermediate soils. To gain a deeper understanding of the behavior of the tailings during CPT, a calibration chamber test was performed at a standard rate of 2 cm/s and subsequently at a slow rate of 0.02 cm/s, and the obtained results were analyzed.

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23

Drewry, Jessica L., J. Mark Powell y Christopher Y. Choi. "Design and Calibration of Chambers for the Measurement of Housed Dairy Cow Gaseous Emissions". Transactions of the ASABE 60, n.º 4 (2017): 1291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12046.

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Abstract. The increased global demand for milk and other dairy products over the past decade has heightened concerns about the potential for increased environmental impacts. Accurate measurement of gas emissions from dairy cows is essential to assess the effects of cow diets and other management practices on both the composition and rate of gas emissions. In this article, methodologies are described to instrument, calibrate, and assess the uncertainty of gas emissions by cows housed in chambers that simulate production settings. The supply and exhaust ducts of each chamber were equipped with pitot tubes, temperature and relative humidity probes, and gas samplers to monitor airflow rates, gas composition, and gas emission rates. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument was used to quantify gaseous concentrations in the gas samples on a semi-continuous basis. The measurement uncertainty of the rate of gaseous emission from the chambers was quantified, and gas concentration and differential pressure, as measured by the pitot tubes, were identified as the primary parameters contributing to gas emission uncertainties. Mass recovery tests determined that the recovery of methane from each chamber was within 10% of the released mass. Fan operating curves were experimentally determined to identify optimum differential chamber pressures to minimize gas leakage from the chambers. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to assess air mixing patterns and define steady-state conditions. The model was validated with experimental data of air velocity within each chamber. These procedures will facilitate accurate measurement of gas emissions from housed dairy cows and provide a laboratory to test various gas mitigation treatments. Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics, Dairy, Emission chamber.

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Ishii, Junya, Tadahiro Kurosawa y Kato Masahiro. "The NMIJ air kerma primary standard for high energy x-ray beams in 300–450 kV". Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express 8, n.º 1 (16 de diciembre de 2021): 015021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ac3e89.

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Abstract Accurate radiation dosimetry is required for radiation protection in various environments. Therefore, dosemeters and dose-rate meters must be calibrated in standard radiation fields. The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) expands the energy range of x-ray reference field measurement up to 450 kV using a cylindrical graphite-walled cavity ionization chamber. Departure from the condition of the Spencer-Attix cavity theory was evaluated by comparing the measurement results obtained using the cavity ionization and the free-air ionization chambers, which are used as the primary standard up to a tube voltage of 250 kV. The calibration coefficients found using the spherical ionization chamber were in good agreement with those obtained by the free-air ionization chamber within relative standard uncertainties (k = 1) for N-200 and N-250 x-ray fields. Consistent calibration coefficients were obtained in the energy range 300–450 kV.

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Rofi'i, Mohammad, Syafudin Syaifudin, Dyah Titisari y Bedjo Utomo. "Waterbath Calibrator with Nine Channels Sensor". Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 1, n.º 1 (22 de agosto de 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v1i1.1.

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Water bath is a laboratory equipment that contains water or special liquid that can maintain the temperature under certain conditions during the specified time interval. For this reason, calibration is needed so that the temperature in the chamber waterbath is stable or not. calibration is carried out by comparing measuring instruments and measuring materials to be calibrated to traceable standards that are traceable to national and / or international standards. Based on the results of the identification of the problems mentioned above, the author makes a waterbath calibrator entitled "Waterbath Calibrator (9 channel)" which is very practical, and easy to operate. .This calibration tool uses a K type thermocouple sensor and also the output is displayed to the character LCD to make it easier for users to retrieve data, the reason for choosing a thermocouple sensor is because the error rate is +/- 1,1C while the LM35 is +/- 1,4C. The thermocouple temperature sensor can detect the chamber temperature quite well where the biggest error is obtained with a comparator of 2%, and the lowest error is 0%.

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LALAU, I., M. ZADEHRAFI, S. PATRASCU y M. R. IOAN. "Experimental and Monte Carlo Evaluation of Spherical Ionization Chambers’ Response to 137Cs Radioactive Source". Romanian Journal of Physics 69, n.º 1-2 (15 de marzo de 2024): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/romjphys.2024.69.301.

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Measurements were performed for the calibration of an ionization chamber in the secondary standard dosimetry laboratory of IFIN-HH. A 10-liter spherical ionization chamber was calibrated using a 1-literspherical reference standard ionization chamber. The ionization chamber’s response to 137Cs was also evaluated computationally by MCNP and FLUKA Monte Carlo codes. The models of the experimental setup are validated and can be used for further studies, especially in cases where the real experiment is hard or impossible to perform

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Gomà, C., S. Lorentini, P. Trnková, M. Mumot, J. Hrbácek, S. König, D. Meer y S. Safai. "OC-0250: Proton beam monitor chambers calibration: Faraday cup vs ionization chamber". Radiotherapy and Oncology 106 (marzo de 2013): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(15)32556-1.

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Spasic-Jokic, Vesna. "Actual metrological conditions for ionizing chamber calibration in radiotherapy". Archive of Oncology 12, n.º 2 (2004): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0402100s.

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BACKGROUND: Since 1976 it has been recognized that an accuracy of ?5% in the delivery of an absorbed dose to a target volume is necessary for successful therapy treatment. Recent studies have concluded that combined standard uncertainty in dose delivery should be smaller than ?3.5 %. The basic radiotherapy requirements initiated some changes in calibration approach. New approach included beam as vital part of calibration chain and also insisted on realization of measurement quality assurance through legal metrology, international key and supplementary intercomparisons, national comparisons, and routine calibration. METHODS: In past twenty years there were three various protocols for absorbed dose determination in radiotherapy that had been based on various principles and various calibration concepts. As there were three conversions in air kerma concept the basic national protocol was changed. We gave up air kerma concept and developed absorbed dose primary standard by ionometric approach and assured appropriate transfer of calibration through four various laboratory levels. The primary standard was realized with combined uncertainty better than 0.3%, 1 s. Transfer of calibration was realized through calibration coefficient determination. RESULTS: Before Code of Practice IAEA 398 was adopted some steps were made in verification of absorbed dose to water primary standard. This standard was established after bilateral intercomparison with Hungarian National Office of Measure (OMH) in 1999 and also after international supplementary comparison organized by International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sevres, in 2001. Results of the BIPM intercomparison were presented in this paper and they are recognized as national input true value of absorbed dose. Verification of national absorbed dose true value gave us the opportunity to establish new calibration protocol in our radiotherapy centers. We also introduced the new regulatory paper for determination of ionization chamber calibration coefficient. New metrological conditions and calibration manual for radiotherapy chamber were presented in this paper. CONCLUSION: As the method for in-water calibration for gamma and high-energy photons generated in accelerators has been established in our country it gives us possibility to join regional EUROMET program for high-energy photon beam calibration. The first step of calibration in gamma beam quality included also users of high-energy beam in order to fulfill the main metrology goal: calibration in conditions similar to those of users as much as it is possible.

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Sindhu Tistomo, Arfan, Aditya Achmadi y Suprijadi. "Thermal radiation effect measurement in enclosure calibration". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2498, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2498/1/012022.

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Abstract The effect of thermal radiation could be the biggest issue in enclosure calibration. Reducing it by taking accurate measurements can improve the calibration uncertainty or calibration measurement capability (CMC). However, there is still less information related to the measurement procedure that can be taken from references such as DKD-R 5-7: Calibration of Climatic Chambers, DKD-R 5-8: Calibration of Hygrometers for Direct Measurement of Relative Humidity, and KAN Pd-02.04: Pedoman Kalibrasi Enklosur Suhu. Moreover, one of those reference documents suggests a value of 0.35 °C as the standard uncertainty contributed by thermal radiation for enclosure temperatures up to about 30 °C above ambient. This large value can be understood as an attempt to produce secure uncertainty since it is not measured directly. Therefore, this study describes the detailed measurement of the effect of thermal radiation. Two enclosures, which are an oven and a climatic chamber, are used as the samples. The oven represents an enclosure with natural thermal convection while the climatic chamber represents an enclosure with flowing air at a certain relative humidity. The thermal radiation effect is measured by two small PRTs class A with a diameter of 3 mm and length of 15 mm. Those PRTs are wrapped in aluminum foil to have low emissivity (ɛ=0.4) and one of them is then painted by Nextel 811-21 to have high emissivity (ɛ=0.97). The resistance outputs from the PRTs are measured by 34401A 6½ Digital Multimeter manufactured by Keysight. Before being used, those PRTs were calibrated in a stirred bath having uncertainty U=0.06 °C with a confidence level of 95 % and coverage factor k=2. The temperature range for the oven is from 60 °C to 140 °C while for the climatic chamber is from 40 %rh to 90 %rh at 20 °C and is from 40 %rh to 90 %rh at 25 °C. A mathematical model is proposed and the results are presented graphically where for the oven the higher temperature is the higher the thermal radiation effect, ranging from ±0.1 °C to ±0.4 °C. Variation of relative humidity inside the climatic chamber does not change the thermal radiation effect since the difference is 0.05 °C which is still within the uncertainty of PRTs

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30

Fagherazzi, Matteo, Marco Santi, Francesco Barato y Marco Pizzarelli. "A Simplified Thermal Analysis Model for Regeneratively Cooled Rocket Engine Thrust Chambers and Its Calibration with Experimental Data". Aerospace 10, n.º 5 (26 de abril de 2023): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10050403.

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An essential part of the design of a liquid rocket engine is the thermal analysis of the thrust chamber, which is a component whose operative life is limited by the maximum allowable wall temperature and heat flux. A simplified steady-state thermal analysis model for regeneratively cooled rocket engine thrust chambers is presented. The model is based on semi-empirical correlations for the hot-gas and coolant convective heat transfer and on an original multi-zone approach for the wall conduction. The hot-gas heat transfer is calibrated with experimental data taken from an additively manufactured water-cooled nozzle that is connected to a combustion chamber either fed with decomposed hydrogen peroxide or decomposed hydrogen peroxide and automotive diesel. The thrust chamber (i.e., combustion chamber and nozzle) is designed to produce about 450 N of thrust when operating with a chamber pressure of 11 bar. For this application, the calibrated model predicts the total wall heat transfer rate very accurately and the temperature distribution within the wall structure with an uncertainty of a few tens of kelvins. This level of accuracy can be considered more than adequate for the design, and generally for engineering-type thermal analysis, of similar thrust chambers.

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31

Palmans, Hugo y Stanislav M. Vatnitsky. "Comment on ‘Proton beam monitor chamber calibration’". Physics in Medicine and Biology 61, n.º 17 (18 de agosto de 2016): 6585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/61/17/6585.

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32

Samui, Pijush y T. G. Sitharam. "Design of a piezovibrocone and calibration chamber". Geomechanics and Engineering 2, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2010): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2010.2.3.177.

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33

Lee, Jong-Man, Kil Hoon Ahn, Ha Seok Chai y Tae Soon Park. "Development of radon calibration chamber at KRISS". Applied Radiation and Isotopes 61, n.º 2-3 (agosto de 2004): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.03.052.

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34

Li, Xin, Hao Li y Pengfei Li. "Phase external calibration in interferometric microwave radiometer". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2761, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2024): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2761/1/012026.

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Abstract The receiver error of the interferometric microwave radiometer can be calibrated by injecting the correlated noise into the receiver’s calibration port. However, in the antenna part without the internal calibration link, the residual phase error can be calibrated by an external noise source in an anechoic chamber and the significance of phase external calibration [1][2] is also verified by imaging the anechoic chamber.

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35

Elbashir, Fawzia E. M., Wassim Ksouri, Farouk Habbani, Ahmed M. El-Khayatt, Mohamed Hassan Eisa y Ibrahim I. Suliman. "Analysis of Uncertainties in Clinical High-Energy Photon Beam Calibrations Using Absorbed Dose Standards". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 8 (11 de abril de 2022): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083857.

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We compared the results of absorbed dose measurements made using the TRS-398, TG-51, and DIN protocols and their associated uncertainties to reduce discrepancies in measurement results made using the three protocols. This experiment was carried out on two Varian Medical linear accelerators with 4, 6, 10, and 20 MV photon energies using FC65-G and CC15 (cylindrical) and NACP-02-type (plane-parallel) ion chambers in water phantoms. The radiation beam quality index (Q) was determined from the measurement of percentage depth dose. It was used to determine the photon beam quality factor required with the ionization chamber calibration factor to convert the ion chamber reading into the absorbed dose to water. For the same beam quality, the TRS-398/TG-51 varied from 0.01% to 1.8%, whereas the ratio for TRS-398/DIN 6800-2 varied from 0.1% to 0.88%. The chamber-to-chamber variation was 0.09% in TRS-398/TG-51, 0.03% in TRS-398/DIN, and 0.02% in TG-51/DIN 6800-2. The expanded uncertainties (k = 1) were 1.24 and 1.25 when using TRS-398 and DIN 6800-2, respectively. Using the aforementioned three protocols, the results showed little chamber-to-chamber variation and uncertainty in absorbed dose measurements. The estimated uncertainties when using cylindrical ion chambers were slightly lower than those measured using plane-parallel chambers. The results are important in facilitating comparisons of absorbed dose measurements when using the three protocols.

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36

Gibbons, David. "Environmental Chamber Temperature Calibration: Which Method to Use?" Journal of the IEST 49, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2006): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.49.2.2603362qtt442142.

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Calibration of environmental simulation temperature test chambers is anything but simple. This article addresses factors that complicate attempts to calibrate these machines, and discusses strengths and weaknesses of various calibration approaches.

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37

Ahmadi, M. M., P. M. Byrne y R. G. Campanella. "Cone tip resistance in sand: modeling, verification, and applications". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2005): 977–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-030.

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A numerical modeling procedure is presented to evaluate cone tip resistance in sand. The procedure involves a moving boundary simulating cone penetration. The soil is modeled as a MohrCoulomb elasticplastic material with stress-dependent parameters. The procedure is verified by comparing predicted numerical values of cone tip resistance with published experimental measurements from calibration chamber tests. The selected database consists of 59 calibration chamber tests on Ticino sand with different relative densities, overconsolidation ratios, stresses, and boundary conditions. Several applications of the modeling procedure are also presented. The computer program FLAC is used to carry out the analysis.Key words: cone tip resistance, numerical modeling, sand, calibration chamber, Mohr-Coulomb, in situ horizontal stress.

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38

van Iersel, M. W. y B. Bugbee. "A Multiple Chamber, Semicontinuous, Crop Carbon Dioxide Exchange System: Design, Calibration, and Data Interpretation". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.1.86.

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Long-term, whole-crop CO2 exchange measurements can be used to study factors affecting crop growth. These factors include daily carbon gain, cumulative carbon gain, and carbon use efficiency, which cannot be determined from short-term measurements. We describe a system that measures semicontinuously crop CO2 exchange in 10 chambers over a period of weeks or months. Exchange of CO2 in every chamber can be measured at 5 min intervals. The system was designed to be placed inside a growth chamber, with additional environmental control provided by the individual gas exchange chambers. The system was calibrated by generating CO2 from NaHCO3 inside the chambers, which indicated that accuracy of the measurements was good (102% and 98% recovery for two separate photosynthesis systems). Since the systems measure net photosynthesis (Pnet, positive) and dark respiration (Rdark, negative), the data can be used to estimate gross photosynthesis, daily carbon gain, cumulative carbon gain, and carbon use efficiency. Continuous whole-crop measurements are a valuable tool that complements leaf photosynthesis measurements. Multiple chambers allow for replication and comparison among several environmental or cultural treatments that may affect crop growth. Example data from a 2 week study with petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr.) are presented to illustrate some of the capabilities of this system.

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39

Shang, Jinkui, Ronghuan Zhao, Zhaonan Xu y Hongjie Zhong. "Research on global calibration technology of pressure sensitive paint based on airtight chamber". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2364, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2364/1/012022.

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Abstract Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technology has been widely applied in wind-tunnel test. Generally, PSP calibration data are obtained using a calibration sample in laboratory priori calibration device, which the sample is sprayed at the same time with the test model.In this study, taking the real test model as the calibration object, a global calibration technology of PSP coating on the surface of the test model is proposed, which is verified in the airtight chamber, and the effective PSP calibration data are obtained. A two-component fast response PSP coating was used in the study. In the validation test, a flying wing model is used, the flying wing model sprayed with PSP coating was placed in the airtight chamber. 11 groups of calibration tests were carried out in the environment of 0.06 MPa ~ 0.14 MPa and 30°C ~50°C, and the calibration curves obtained showed good consistency.

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40

Grgec Bermanec, L., I. Matas y D. Zvizdic. "Traceable calibration of pressure based water level data loggers". ACTA IMEKO 9, n.º 5 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.998.

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This paper investigates accuracy, influence of temperature variations and time drift of water level data loggers, operating on a principle of hydrostatic pressure measurement. The laboratory setup for calibration of such devices, equipped with self-designed pressure chamber and commercial climatic chamber is presented. Calibration procedure for logger’s built-in pressure transducer, with ensured traceability to the primary standards of pressure and temperature, is proposed. Influence of temperature on the pressure reading was examined by conducting calibration at 10 °C, 15 °C and 25 °C.

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41

Bressler, M., N. Lamb, R. Neilson y S. Windle. "A direct test of Auger cascade induced nucleation from heavy element contamination in C₃F₈ bubble chambers". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n.º 03 (1 de marzo de 2022): P03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/p03004.

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Abstract Understanding and quantifying the gamma-induced bubble nucleation background in clean nuclear recoil detection bubble chambers is of utmost importance to bubble chamber based dark matter searches. We present data confirming the hypothesis that large Auger cascades from high-Z elements such as iodine and xenon dramatically increase the response of C3F8 bubble chambers to gamma rays. These tests, performed with a small calibration bubble chamber filled with C3F8+𝒪(10) ppm xenon, show that the probability of bubble nucleation scales with the rate of xenon inner-shell vacancies, reaching values >10% per K-Shell vacancy for Seitz thresholds of interest to future dark matter searches in bubble chambers. We also place an upper limit on bubble nucleation probability for argon Auger events, relevant to large future bubble chambers which may contain some residual atmospheric argon after the active fluid fill.

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42

Straż, Grzegorz. "Preliminary investigations of organics soil in a new calibration chamber with the use of the FVT and DPL probe". E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900109.

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The proposal of investigations of soft organic soils in a new calibration chamber performed at the Rzeszow University of Technology has been presented in this paper. The unique feature of this chamber is the possibility of simultaneous soil testing with the use of two penetrometers: FVT (Field Vane Test) and DPL (Dynamic Probing Light). It has been possible due to the large size of the cylindrical soil sample: 62.5 cm in diameter and max. 80 cm high. Additionally, a construction with a new calibration chamber has been described, concerning potential capabilities and restrictions when conducting researches. The presented calibration chamber ensures the stability of the parameters set during the tests, which allows one to compare the test results and search for the relationship between the analyzed parameters. Shear strength from the FVT test was adopted as reference. The results of preliminary research were presented and a detailed research plan was prepared, which will be implemented in the next stages of the investigations.

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43

Ridwan, M. y T. Taryo. "Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Pressure Sensor Calibration Chamber". International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 18, n.º 2 (26 de julio de 2021): 8825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.18.2.2021.20.0676.

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Atmospheric pressure is a weather element that must be observed in the field of meteorology. Electronic barometers, aneroid barometers, mercury barometers are generally instruments for atmospheric pressure measurement. The barometer must be calibrated periodically to ensure the performance of the instrument. To achieve the best target uncertainty during calibration, besides using an accurate primary standard barometer, a stable pressure controller is also needed. Pressure calibration media using a pressurised test chamber is more beneficial due to its capability to accommodate all types of pressure sensors. However, pressurise test chamber still requires an operator to control and stabilise pressure inside the test chamber. In this study, fuzzy logic has been programmed into a microcontroller to control the solenoid valve and vacuum pump for regulating air pressure inside a pressurised test chamber automatically. Fuzzy logic changes the solenoid valve states periodically by varying the opening and closing times. The final result of this study is a comparison between the calibration results using pressure controller with fuzzy logic and without fuzzy logic with the same primary standard and unit under test. The result of expanded uncertainty without a fuzzy logic controller is 13.06 hectopascal. Meanwhile, the pressure calibration process using fuzzy logic to control pressure in pressurised test chamber achieve 0.09 hectopascal of expanded uncertainty in 1000 hectopascal pressure value with coverage factor, k=2, and confidence level of no less than 95 %.

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44

FURUTA, Sadaaki, Kimio ITO y Yuu ISHIMORI. "Radon Reference Chamber for Calibration of the Monitors". RADIOISOTOPES 48, n.º 12 (1999): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.48.725.

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45

ARROYO, M., J. BUTLANSKA, A. GENS, F. CALVETTI y M. JAMIOLKOWSKI. "Cone penetration tests in a virtual calibration chamber". Géotechnique 61, n.º 6 (junio de 2011): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.p.067.

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46

SHIMO, Michikuni, Takao IIDA y Yukimasa IKEBE. "Calibration of Ionization Chamber for Measuring Radon-222." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 33, n.º 1 (1998): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.33.25.

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47

Hayashi, Takao, Takeo Nishitani, Atsuhiko M. Sukegawa, Masao Ishikawa y Kouji Shinohara. "Absolute calibration of microfission chamber in JT-60U". Review of Scientific Instruments 79, n.º 10 (octubre de 2008): 10E506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2968709.

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48

Knodel, PC, WF Anderson, IC Pyrah y SJ Fryer. "A Clay Calibration Chamber for Testing Field Devices". Geotechnical Testing Journal 14, n.º 4 (1991): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj10212j.

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49

Schulz, M. W. "On-line calibration of the H1 jet chamber". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 315, n.º 1-3 (mayo de 1992): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90745-p.

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50

da Silva, Carlos J., Estela M. de Oliveira, A. Iwahara, José U. Delgado, R. Poledna, Antônio E. de Oliveira, Denise S. Moreira, Ronaldo L. da Silva, Regio dos Santos Gomes y Eduardo V. de Veras. "Calibration of ionization chamber for 18F and 68Ga". Applied Radiation and Isotopes 87 (mayo de 2014): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.137.

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