Artículos de revistas: "Cathode interaction"

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Cayla, FranÇois, Pierre Freton y Jean-Jacques Gonzalez. "Arc/Cathode Interaction Model". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, n.º 4 (agosto de 2008): 1944–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.927378.

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Emelyanov, O., A. Plotnikov y E. Feklistov. "Positive corona streamer interaction with metalized dielectric: Possible mechanism of cathode destruction". Physics of Plasmas 29, n.º 6 (junio de 2022): 064501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093203.

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This paper examines the effect of pulsed positive point-to-plane corona discharge in millimeter air gaps on the surface of a metalized dielectric. A footprint method was applied to reveal the streamer–surface interaction with Al and Zn thin films (20–50 nm) as a sensitive indicator. A thin metal film-dielectric substrate system was destructed at relatively low typical average currents of 20–50 μA during exposure times of 2–200 s. Destruction occurred in local zones with a size of several μm2 per one discharge pulse, which is substantially lower than the conventional streamer size of several tens of micrometers. An offered model of electro-thermal heating of the cathode layer shows that the dielectric surface temperature can achieve 1000 K and more during the single current pulse of submicrosecond duration. The indicated mechanism is possibly responsible for the effects of the discharge plasma interaction with low heat conductivity cathodes, including biological objects. Intensive heating of the cathode layer should be considered when modeling the streamer–cathode interaction.

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Sharma, Vinit, Manoj K. Mahapatra, Sridevi Krishnan, Zachary Thatcher, Bryan D. Huey, P. Singh y R. Ramprasad. "Effects of moisture on (La, A)MnO3 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) solid oxide fuel cell cathodes: a first-principles and experimental study". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, n.º 15 (2016): 5605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00603e.

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In solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), cathode degradation in the presence of moisture is a major concern at higher temperatures. We provide a comprehensive picture of the interaction between moisture and (La, A)MnO₃ based SOFC cathodes.

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4

Anfinogentov, Vasilij y Aleksandr Hramov. "Investigation of oscillations of electron beam with virtual cathode in vircator and virtod". Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 7, n.º 2-3 (1999): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1999-7-2-33-55.

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Nonlinear dynamics of the electron beam with virtual cathode in the vacuum drift tube is investigated with the aid of nmumerical simulation. Deterministic nature of the complex virtual cathode oscillations is demonstrated. It is proved, that one of the mechanisms of the chaotic dynamics origin is connected with nonlinear interaction between forming structures in the eleciron beam (virtual cathodes). Inner structures in the beam are analyzed by the orthogonal decomposition by Karunen — Loeve method and the wavelet transform method. Effect of external delay feedback (virtod scheme) processes of structures formation in the electron beam with virtual cathode is analyzed, and it is shown, that feedback delay time variation allows controllmg charactenstlcs of high power microwave generation in vircator systems.

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5

Yang, Zhenzhen, Hongna Li, Na Li, Muhammad Fahad Sardar, Tingting Song, Hong Zhu, Xuan Xing y Changxiong Zhu. "Dynamics of a Bacterial Community in the Anode and Cathode of Microbial Fuel Cells under Sulfadiazine Pressure". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 10 (20 de mayo de 2022): 6253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106253.

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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) could achieve the removal of antibiotics and generate power in the meantime, a process in which the bacterial community structure played a key role. Previous work has mainly focused on microbes in the anode, while their role in the cathode was seldomly mentioned. Thus, this study explored the bacterial community of both electrodes in MFCs under sulfadiazine (SDZ) pressure. The results showed that the addition of SDZ had a limited effect on the electrochemical performance, and the maximum output voltage was kept at 0.55 V. As the most abundant phylum, Proteobacteria played an important role in both the anode and cathode. Among them, Geobacter (40.30%) worked for power generation, while Xanthobacter (11.11%), Bradyrhizobium (9.04%), and Achromobacter (7.30%) functioned in SDZ removal. Actinobacteria mainly clustered in the cathode, in which Microbacterium (9.85%) was responsible for SDZ removal. Bacteroidetes, associated with the degradation of SDZ, showed no significant difference between the anode and cathode. Cathodic and part of anodic bacteria could remove SDZ efficiently in MFCs through synergistic interactions and produce metabolites for exoelectrogenic bacteria. The potential hosts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) presented mainly at the anode, while cathodic bacteria might be responsible for ARGs reduction. This work elucidated the role of microorganisms and their synergistic interaction in MFCs and provided a reference to generate power and remove antibiotics using MFCs.

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Biswas, Saheli, Aniruddha P. Kulkarni, Aaron Seeber, Mark Greaves, Sarbjit Giddey y Sankar Bhattacharya. "Evaluation of novel ZnO–Ag cathode for CO2 electroreduction in solid oxide electrolyser". Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 26, n.º 3 (21 de enero de 2022): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-05103-9.

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AbstractCO2 and steam/CO2 electroreduction to CO and methane in solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOEC) has gained major attention in the past few years. This work evaluates, for the very first time, the performance of two different ZnO–Ag cathodes: one where ZnO nanopowder was mixed with Ag powder for preparing the cathode ink (ZnOmix–Ag cathode) and the other one where Ag cathode was infiltrated with a zinc nitrate solution (ZnOinf –Ag cathode). ZnOmix–Ag cathode had a better distribution of ZnO particles throughout the cathode, resulting in almost double CO generation while electrolysing both dry CO2 and H2/CO2 (4:1 v/v). A maximum overall CO2 conversion of 48% (in H2/CO2) at 1.7 V and 700 °C clearly indicated that as low as 5 wt% zinc loading is capable of CO2 electroreduction. It was further revealed that for ZnOinf –Ag cathode, most of CO generation took place through RWGS reaction, but for ZnOmix–Ag cathode, it was the synergistic effect of both RWGS reaction and CO2 electrolysis. Although ZnOinf –Ag cathode produced trace amount of methane at higher voltages, with ZnOmix–Ag cathode, there was absolutely no methane. This seems to be due to strong electronic interaction between Zn and Ag that might have suppressed the catalytic activity of the cathode towards methanation.

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7

Odrobina, Igor y Mirko Černák. "Numerical simulation of streamer–cathode interaction". Journal of Applied Physics 78, n.º 6 (15 de septiembre de 1995): 3635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359940.

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8

Anfinogentov, Vasilij. "Chaotic oscillation in the electron beam with virtual cathode". Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 2, n.º 3 (3 de marzo de 1994): 69–83. https://doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1994-2-5-69-83.

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Nonlinear oscillations of the electron beam with virtual cathode in the Pierce diode are studied by numerical simulation (PIC method). Different dynamical states including chaotic oscillations of the electron beam are recognized. Quantatively (correlation dimension and greatest Lapunov exponent) and qualitatively (autocorrelation function and unstable periodic orbits) characteristics of chaotic oscillations are obtained. Physical processes in the diode are investigated and it was shown that the second region reflecting the electrons may appear in the beam. This region was called the secondary virtual cathode. It was discovered that one mechanism of beam chaotic behavior appearence was connected with the nonlinear interaction between the virtual cathodes.

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9

Pereira, Rhyz, Anthony Ruffino, Stefan Masiuk, Neal A. Cardoza, Hussein Badr, Michel W. Barsoum, Jonathan Spanier y Vibha Kalra. "In-Operando Raman Study on the Use of 2D and Suboxide Titanium Host Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 1 (28 de agosto de 2023): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-011388mtgabs.

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While Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries have promised high capacities and low-cost material inputs, their potential has yet to be realized due to inherent issues with sulfur cathodes. In particular the polysulfide shuttle effect and sulfur’s intrinsic insulating properties stand in the way of a commercial battery, the demands of which include high sulfur loading and high cycling stability. Engineering the sulfur cathode, via the use of promising new materials has been an avenue of research pursued in the hopes of mitigating the shuttle effect via polysulfide entrapment and introducing more conductive materials. Of particular interest have been titanium oxide based materials which have shown polysulfide adsorption capabilities. However, the most common titanium oxide, anatase titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) acts as an insulator, limiting its use in high sulfur loading batteries. Therefore, the use of more conductive titanium oxide materials is an attractive avenue of research. A previously reported freestanding titanium suboxide (TiO) carbon nanofiber cathode demonstrated excellent capacities (~790 mAh/g, ~2 mg/cm2). A rare lepidocrocite phase has also been observed via Raman spectroscopy in a newly discovered titanium carbide derived titanium oxide nanofilament (1D-NF). This material demonstrates properties that makes it attractive as a sulfur host material, having a high surface area of ~1700 m2/g, improved polysulfide reduction kinetics via the formation of polythionates, and polysulfide-cathode host interactions. The inclusion of these nanofilaments in sulfur cathodes yields capacities of ~800 mAh/g with ~1 mg/cm2 sulfur loading. The proposed mechanism via which these titanium oxide based materials function has never been investigated in-operando, and herein we conduct an in-operando Raman study to understand the behavior of these materials. Principally we will investigate the Eg band whose vibration can be moderated by the interaction of terminal sulfur atoms acting as Lewis bases and titanium atoms acting as Lewis acids, due to their vacant valance electrons. This interaction has been observed via postmortem XPS. The use of in-operando Raman allows us to uniquely observe transient behavior of the host material as well as the impact of crystal structure on polysulfide host interactions.

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10

Anfinogentov, Vasilij y Aleksandr Hramov. "Influence of distributed feedback on chaotic virtual cathode oscillation". Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 6, n.º 1 (1998): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1998-6-1-93-107.

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Complex dynamics of clectron beam with virtual cathode and distributed feedback is considered with the aid of numerical simulation. Characteristics of virtual cathode complex dynamics is investigated. For the system with connection through electron beam formation of the different types of autostructures is considered. It is proved, that complications of virtual cathode oscillation are connected with an increase of interaction between structures. For е system with connection through clectromagnetic fields (vircator — BWO) structures formation processes are investigated. It is demonstrated, that second structurc suppression by the interaction of virtual cathode with backwave fields makes possiblc controlling of output radiation characteristics.

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11

Meng, Zhen, Xiaojian Tan, Shunlong Zhang, Hangjun Ying, Xufeng Yan, Huajun Tian, Guoxiu Wang y Wei-Qiang Han. "Ultra-stable binder-free rechargeable Li/I2 batteries enabled by “Betadine” chemical interaction". Chemical Communications 54, n.º 87 (2018): 12337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc06848h.

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12

Yan, Wen, Fucheng Liu, Chaofeng Sang y Dezhen Wang. "Two-dimensional modeling of the cathode sheath formation during the streamer-cathode interaction". Physics of Plasmas 21, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 013504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4861613.

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13

Ortiz-Soto, Rodrigo, Daniela Leal, Claudia Gutierrez, Alvaro Aracena, Marcelo León, Andrea Lazo, Pamela Lazo, Lisbeth Ottosen y Henrik Hansen. "Incidence of Electric Field and Sulfuric Acid Concentration in Electrokinetic Remediation of Cobalt, Copper, and Nickel in Fresh Copper Mine Tailings". Processes 11, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010108.

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In the present study, the assessment of heavy metal contaminant migration from fresh mine tailings was conducted using the electrokinetic remediation technique (EKR). In this sense, a pilot EKR cell was designed to evaluate the recovery potential of copper, nickel, and cobalt species. In particular, the focus was on the impacts of electric field intensity and pH in initial mixture and testing their interaction in copper, nickel, and cobalt migration. Experiments were made using a 22 factorial experimental design with a central point, using DC electric fields from 1.0 to 2.0 V cm−1 and H2SO4 pretreatment solutions from 1.0 to 2.0 mol L−1, along with an ANOVA test with error reduction. The metal removal rates were approximately 7% for cobalt, neglectable for copper, and 6% for nickel. In the best cases, the highest concentrations by migration at the cathodic zone were 11%, 31%, and 30%, respectively. According to ANOVA tests, factor interaction was proven for each metal in the half cell near the cathode and the closest zone from the cathode specifically. Both factors affected metal concentrations, which indicates that when the goal aims for species accumulation in a narrower section, each factor has a significant effect, and their interaction makes a proven enhancement. Thus, using 2.0 V cm−1 and 2.0 mol L−1 showed a high improvement in metal concentration in the cathodic zone.

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14

Smajic, Jasmin, Amira Alazmi, Nimer Wehbe y Pedro M. F. J. Costa. "Electrode–Electrolyte Interactions in an Aqueous Aluminum–Carbon Rechargeable Battery System". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 12 (28 de noviembre de 2021): 3235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123235.

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Being environmentally friendly, safe and easy to handle, aqueous electrolytes are of particular interest for next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices. When coupled with an abundant, recyclable and low-cost electrode material such as aluminum, the promise of a green and economically sustainable battery system has extraordinary appeal. In this work, we study the interaction of an aqueous electrolyte with an aluminum plate anode and various graphitic cathodes. Upon establishing the boundary conditions for optimal electrolyte performance, we find that a mesoporous reduced graphene oxide powder constitutes a better cathode material option than graphite flakes.

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15

Poureshghi Oskouei, Fatemeh, Nga Phuong Dong, Subhashis Das, Chris Petrich y Rajnish Kaur Calay. "Enhanced Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells Using PVDF Activated Carbon Air Cathode and Electrochemically and Chemically Treated Carbon Felt Anode". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 54 (9 de octubre de 2022): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02542037mtgabs.

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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) harness the metabolism of microorganisms, converting chemical energy into electrical energy. Improving both Anode and Cathode design is thus of great significance to enhance the MFC performance and its commercial application. For the performance improvement of MFCs, the anode becomes a breakthrough point due to its influence on bacterial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET). On the other hand, air cathodes have considerable influence on the maximum power of air-driven MFCs. The cathodes used in MFCs need to have high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction, but they should be inexpensive watertight,and easy to manufacture. As the first part of this work, carbon felt was electrochemically and chemically treated by electrolyzing in nitric acid and phosphate buffer followed by soaking in aqueous ammonia. The treated and untreated carbon felts were utilized as anodes in MFCs, and current production was compared while the cathode was stainless steel mesh (SS-316L) in both cases. The treated carbon felt displays strong interaction with the microbial biofilm of Shewanella baltica 20 facilitating electron transfer from exoelectrogens to the anode. An MFC equipped with a treated carbon felt as anode has significantly lower charge-transfer resistance and achieves considerably better performance than one equipped with an untreated carbon felt anode. The enhanced electron transfer is attributed to newly generated carboxyl containing functional groups on the treated carbon felt. In the second part of the present study, SS-316L as a cathode was modified using phase inversion process to construct a poly vinylidenefluoride (PVDF) binder and an activated carbon catalyst according to the procedure reported previously. Finally, the MFC with treated carbon felt anode and PVDF air cathode was tested. The MFC with both modified anode and cathode achieves considerably better performance than one with a traditional carbon felt anode and SS-316L cathode. The maximum current density, power density, and energy recovery, and sensitivity of the biofilm to the heavy metals are significantly improved.

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Jansen, Tobias, Maja Kandula, Sven Hartwig, Louisa Hoffmann, Wolfgang Haselrieder y Klaus Dilger. "Influence of Laser-Generated Cutting Edges on the Electrical Performance of Large Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells". Batteries 5, n.º 4 (3 de diciembre de 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040073.

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Laser cutting is a promising technology for the singulation of conventional and advanced electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Even though the continuous development of laser sources, beam guiding, and handling systems enable industrial relevant high cycle times, there are still uncertainties regarding the influence of, for this process, typical cutting edge characteristics on the electrochemical performance. To investigate this issue, conventional anodes and cathodes were cut by a pulsed fiber laser with a central emission wavelength of 1059–1065 nm and a pulse duration of 240 ns. Based on investigations considering the pulse repetition frequency, cutting speed, and line energy, a cell setup of anodes and cathodes with different cutting edge characteristics were selected. The experiments on 9 Ah pouch cells demonstrated that the cutting edge of the cathode had a greater impact on the electrochemical performance than the cutting edge of the anode. Furthermore, the results pointed out that on the cathode side, the contamination through metal spatters, generated by the laser current collector interaction, had the largest impact on the electrochemical performance.

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17

Eremin, Roman, Pavel Zolotarev y Ivan Bobrikov. "Delithiated states of layered cathode materials: doping and dispersion interaction effects on the structure". EPJ Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817702001.

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Here we present results of density functional theory (DFT) study of delithiated structures of layered LiNiO2 (LNO, Li12Ni12O24 model) cathode material and its doped analogue LiNi0.833Co0.083Al0.083O2 (N10C1A1, Li12Ni10CoAlO24 model). The paper is aimed at independent elucidation of doping and dispersion interaction effects on the structural stability of cathode materials studied. For this purpose, the LNO and N10C1A1 configurational spaces consisting of 87 and 4512 crystallographically independent configurations (obtained starting from 2×2×1 supercell of R-3m structure of LNO) are optimized within a number of DFT models. Based on a comparison of the calculated dependencies for the lattice parameters with the results of in situ neutron diffraction experiments, the most pronounced effect of cathode material stabilization is due to the dispersion interaction. In turn, the doping effect is found to affect cathode structure behavior at the latest stages of delithiation only.

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18

Roy, Indrani y Jordi Cabana. "Investigation of the Redox Activity in Mn-Based Oxyfluorides". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 2 (7 de julio de 2022): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012305mtgabs.

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Li-ion batteries offer excellent electrochemical performance, are widely used in vehicle electrification and portable devices, and have huge potential for grid storage applications. Their electrochemical behavior relies primarily on transition metal oxide cathodes. In a recent development, Mn has been used in Li-rich cathode materials with a cationic disordered rock-salt (DRX) structure [1,2]. These Mn-based DRX materials are promising candidates for next-generation Li-ion battery cathodes because of their large energy densities and basic favorable features of Mn, such as sustainability. Along with the use of Mn in a DRX structure, substitution of some of the oxygen by fluorine imparts improved cyclability [1-6]. It has been proposed that Li-site distribution played an important role in the initial capacity of these materials and the metal-redox capacity and reversibility was improved by fluorination [5,6]. However, the contribution of the different ions to this improvement has not been fully elucidated. Fluorine and oxygen have different bonding interactions with transition metals, raising the question of how they may comparatively participate in redox compensation. To address this question and determine the role of a mixture of anions in improving the energy density in such cathode materials, we conducted a deep dive into Li2MnO2F as a model cathode material [6]. We interrogated the covalent interaction between the oxygen 2p states, fluorine 2p states, and the transition metal 3d orbitals, and their respective contribution to the charge compensation mechanism using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). XAS allowed us to resolve the role of both oxygen and fluorine in the electrochemical activity and how covalent interactions are affected by redox, both in extent and in their reversibility. References: Gerbrand Ceder et. al. "The Configurational Space of Rocksalt‐Type Oxides for High‐Capacity Lithium Battery Electrodes." Advanced Energy Materials 4, no. 13 (2014): 1400478. Lee, Jinhyuk et.al. "Unlocking the potential of cation-disordered oxides for rechargeable lithium batteries." science 343, no. 6170 (2014): 519-522. Freire, Melanie et. al. "A new active Li-Mn–O compound for high energy density Li-ion batteries." Nature materials 15, no. 2 (2016): 173-177. Reed, J., G. Ceder, and A. Van Der Ven. "Layered-to-spinel phase transition in Li x MnO2." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 4, no. 6 (2001): A78. Lee, Jinhyuk, et al. "Reversible Mn 2+/Mn 4+ double redox in lithium-excess cathode materials." Nature 556, no. 7700 (2018): 185-190. 7/8 Lun, Zhengyan, et al. "Design Principles for High-Capacity Mn-Based Cation-Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes." Chem 6, no. 1 (2020): 153-168.

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Devia Narvaez, D. F., L. F. Alvarez, S. Ramirez Ramirez y And E. Restrepo-Parra. "Numerical analysis of the cathodic material influence on the arc plasma jet". Revista Mexicana de Física 65, n.º 3 (7 de mayo de 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.65.291.

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The cathodic arc discharge is a deposition technique widely used to synthesize hard coatings and thin films. The structure of the plasma generated by the electrical discharge and its interaction with neutral particles was studied using numerical simulations. Typical plasma parameters were characterized considering their spatial and temporal dependence, as well as several cathode materials that are commonly used in these systems. For the evolution of the ion density, it was observed the formation of Knudsen layer, and also a dependence of pressure gradients in the global behavior. With respect to the kinetic energy, it was found a deceleration of ions, which is represented by a shock front produced in the plasma−neutrals interaction. On the other hand, the energy releasing was generated due to the heat transference between electrons and ions. The plasma potential follows a behavior, which is similar to that of the ion density, and it is caused by the dynamics of charged particles which is directly affected by the concentration of neutrals and ions. In general, the physical quantities are directly affected by electrical and thermal conductivity of the cathode material. Our results can be applied to understand the plasma phenomena produced in a cathodic arc discharge

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Ferrari, Mario L. y Aristide F. Massardo. "Cathode–anode side interaction in SOFC hybrid systems". Applied Energy 105 (mayo de 2013): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.01.029.

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21

Yamamoto, Kentaro, Manabu Tanaka, Tashiro Shinichi, Kazuhiro Nakata, Keiichi Suzuki y Kei Yamazaki. "Numerical Modeling of Welding Arc with Complex System between Arc Plasma and Molten Electrode". Materials Science Forum 580-582 (junio de 2008): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.311.

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It is important to consider the interaction between arc plasma and electrodes because melting of electrodes strongly affects arc plasma. Therefore, a GMA model will be developed, based on the unified model of TIG arc. As a first step, a TIG arc model with a calculation for molten cathode shape has been proposed. This model is calculated in two cases; molten W cathode and Calculation result of W cathode. In the case of W cathode, cathode shape change was found to affect the arc plasma property strongly. Calculated results of radial temperature distributions on electrode surface and arc pressure distributions at the anode surface are very similar to the experimental results.

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22

Lim, Tae Hyoung, Seung-Hyeon Shin y Jeong-Hun Won. "A FRAM-based Case Study on Leakage Accidents in Cathode Material Manufacturing Process". Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 13, n.º 10 (31 de octubre de 2023): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2023.10.43.

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In this study, the interrelationships among accident prevention functions targeting leakage accidents in cathode material manufacturing process were analyzed using the FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) method. 17 system functions of accident prevention were derived from the target accidents. Each function was connected and developed into six aspects such as input, output, prerequisites, resources, control, and time. And, the causes of leakage accidents in complex interactions were analyzed in detail. Results showed that the complex interaction and ripple effects of functional variability were analyzed as the cause of the accident unlike the existing root cause analysis (RCA) that deals with simple cause-effect relationships. Specific response plans were derived, including systematic management of operation plans, continuous monitoring of facilities, and strengthening of worker training and information sharing mechanisms. The FRAM method confirmed that it can serve as an effective tool for accident prevention in considered new chemical processes. It is expected to be used as an important tool that can significantly reduce human casualties, property damage, and environmental accidents in the cathode active material manufacturing process.

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Wroński, Z. "Plasma of the cathode zone of glow discharges and its interaction with the cathode surface". Vacuum 63, n.º 4 (agosto de 2001): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(01)00235-4.

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Filatov, А. А. "Potentiostatic electrolysis of fluoride melts with zirconium oxide additives". Rasplavy, n.º 5 (27 de noviembre de 2024): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0235010624050081.

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Currently, the demand for zirconium-based alloys and materials is growing significantly due to their high thermal and corrosion resistance combined with mechanical strength. Existing technologies for producing zirconium and its alloys are complicated by the high temperature of the process, or labor intensity and multi-stage nature, which significantly increases the cost of the target material up to the loss of profitability of the process. Electrochemical synthesis of zirconium and its alloys in fluoride-based melts, using zirconium oxides as the main metal-containing consumable component, seems more profitable. In this work, a series of electrolysis tests were carried out to deposit Al-Zr alloy at a potential of 1.6 V on graphite and molybdenum cathodes. According to the previously obtained results, in the presence of ZrO2 in the KF-AlF3-Al2O3 melt, a plateau and a discharge peak of electroactive ions appear on the cathode branch of the voltammograms at potentials of -1.4 and -1.7 V, ZrI and ZrII, respectively. Similar responses appear on tungsten at potentials of -1.3 and -1.6 V, respectively, and in the potential region of -1.9 V there is a clear peak (Al) of electroreduction of aluminum ions. As a result of electrolysis, it was found that the graphite anode was consumed, and a fairly well-bonded deposit was formed on the cathode. Part of the cathode deposit was mechanically separated from the cathode for analysis of its chemical and phase composition. Based on the results of X-ray phase analysis, it was found that the cathode deposit mainly consists of Al3Zr and aluminum compounds with molybdenum impurities, with the composition Al12Mo, which is consistent with known ideas about the formation of intermetallic compounds during the interaction of aluminum with other metals. Electrolysis of the melt on the graphite cathode was carried out under similar conditions. Based on a microphotograph of the cathode cross section, it was found that during electrolysis, a layer of deposit containing both zirconium and aluminum was formed at the electrode-electrolyte phase boundary.

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Gull, Sanna, Shao-Chu Huang, Chung Sheng Ni, Shih Liu, Wei-Hsiang Lin y Han-Yi Chen. "(Digital Presentation) Mn-VOH Micro Flakes Interconnected with CNT As Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 4 (7 de julio de 2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014564mtgabs.

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With increasing energy consumption and environmental awareness, the demand for next-generation energy storage systems has grown. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have received considerable attention among various types of energy storage devices due to their high safety standards and low cost. Herein, we present a sustainable synthesis approach for synthesizing MnVOH@CNT composite material and its application as the cathode material for aqueous Zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) by using a low-temperature (120 °C) hydrothermal process. Moreover, with a continuous network structure and expanded interlayer spacing, such a configuration can provide rapid electron transfer kinetics (DZn 2+: 10 ̶ 11−10−12 cm2 s−1) while ensuring close interaction between MnVOH and CNT during cycling. The materials have excellent electrochemical properties as cathodes in the AZIBs. The resultant batteries exhibit a high intercalation storage capacity of c.a. 380 mAh g−1 at acurrent density of 0.1 A g−1, minimized polarization, and excellent capacity retention of c.a. 90% after 300 cycles. Furthermore, operando synchrotron X-ray absorption, near-edge spectroscopy was used for the first time to confirm the Zn2+ charge-storage mechanism. Operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction, studies were also done to better understand the structural changes of the MnVOH@CNT nanocomposite during the discharge/charge processes. Meanwhile, the ZIBs using MnVOH@CNT as cathode can maintain an energy density of c.a. 190 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 3.2 kW kg−1, demonstrating that MnVOH@CNT is a promising cathode material for high-performance cathode material for low-cost and environment-friendly AZIB applications. KEYWORDS: AZIB, MnVOH@CNT, operando XANES, operando XRD, cathode material

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Guo, Juchen, Zichao Yang, Yingchao Yu, Héctor D. Abruña y Lynden A. Archer. "Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathode Enabled by Lithium–Nitrile Interaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, n.º 2 (28 de diciembre de 2012): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja309435f.

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27

Iess, L. y M. Dobrowolny. "The interaction of a hollow cathode with the ionosphere". Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 1, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1989): 1880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858921.

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28

Galdeckiy, Anatoliy. "On Prospects of Output Power Increasing in Low-Voltage Multibeam Klystrons for Electron Accelerators". Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 5, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2022): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2022.05.1.07.

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Physical principles of output power limitation in low-voltage multibeam klystrons are considered. It is demonstrated that metamaterial consisting of array of metal inductive inserts and located in the cavity’s interaction region makes possible significant increasing of phase velocity of transversal wave in the gap. This reveals the opportunity to enhance uniformity of the RF field interacting with the beams in the gap, interaction region diameter, beams current and power of the klystron without cathode voltage increase. Resonators in S and Ka bands are analyzed.

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29

Vranchev, A. I. y G. H. Popov. "Model calculation of the cathode double sheath-plasma interaction in low-current thermionic cathode argon discharges". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 19, n.º 9 (14 de septiembre de 1986): 1685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/19/9/013.

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30

Weber, Andreas y Werner Bauer. "The Effects of the Binder’s Surface Free Energy on the Properties of Aqueously Processed LNMO Cathodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, n.º 5 (22 de noviembre de 2024): 553. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-025553mtgabs.

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Herein we investigate the influence of surface free energy (SFE) on the processing and the resulting properties of water-based LNMO cathodes using a blend of PVDF latex and CMC. Starting with the examination of surface free energy through Sessile Drop and Washburn method the interaction or lack thereof between the different components inside the aqueous slurries can be explained. Four different PVDF latices were applied with particular focus on their SFE. The influence of surface free energy was investigated with regard to adhesion strength, interface resistance, bulk resistivity and water retention of the cathodes. The electrochemical performance (rate capability and long-term capacity retention over 1000 cycles) of the different cathode compositions was compared in full-cell configuration. The electrodes were subsequently analyzed post-mortem by EDS analysis.

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31

Wang, Lizhou, Yiting Wu, Jun Jiang, Shuai Tang, Yanlin Ke, Yu Zhang y Shaozhi Deng. "Field-Emission Energy Distribution of Carbon Nanotube Film and Single Tube under High Current". Nanomaterials 14, n.º 10 (20 de mayo de 2024): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14100888.

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A narrow energy distribution is a prominent characteristic of field-emission cold cathodes. When applied in a vacuum electronic device, the cold cathode is fabricated over a large area and works under a high current and current density. It is interesting to see the energy distribution of the field emitter under such a working situation. In this work, the energy distribution spectra of a single carbon nanotube (CNT) and a CNT film were investigated across a range of currents, spanning from low to high. A consistent result indicated that, at low current emission, the CNT film (area: 0.585 mm2) exhibited a narrow electron energy distribution as small as 0.5 eV, similar to that of a single CNT, while the energy distribution broadened with increased current and voltage, accompanied by a peak position shift. The influencing factors related to the electric field, Joule heating, Coulomb interaction, and emission site over a large area were discussed to elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results provide guidance for the electron source application of nano-materials in cold cathode devices.

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32

Cristiani, Pierangela, Laura Malavola, Silvia Franz, Massimiliano Bestetti, Giuliana D’Ippolito, Nunzia Esercizio, Mariamichela Lanzilli y Angelo Fontana. "The different behaviour of Thermotoga neapolitana in the anodic and cathodic compartment of a bioelectrochemical system". E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233408008.

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Thermotoga neapolitana is a hyperthermophilic bacterium that can metabolize glucose and several organic wastes in hydrogen and lactate at a temperature of 80°C. Their high performance in producing hydrogen at so high a temperature as 80°C suggests a potential energy application of them where hydrogen is an important element of the process. In this view, experimentation of a T.neapolitana strain is carried out in double-chamber electrochemical systems. The aim is to explore the interaction of these bacteria with the anode and the cathode, stressing their capability to survive in presence of a polarized electrode which can drastically change the pH of the media. A culture enriched of 5 g/L of glucose, under CO2 pressure (80 °C) was used to fill both the anodic and cathodic compartments of the electrochemical system, applying a voltage of 1.5 V between the anode and the cathode. The test lasted ten days. Results clearly indicate that bacteria colonize both electrodes, but the glucose metabolism is completely inhibited in the anodic compartments. On the contrary, metabolism is stimulated in the cathodic compartment. Bacteria are alive on the electrodes in the pH interval of 3 - 9.

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33

Sgroi, Mauro Francesco, Daniele Pullini y Alina Iuliana Pruna. "Lithium Polysulfide Interaction with Group III Atoms-Doped Graphene: A Computational Insight". Batteries 6, n.º 3 (12 de septiembre de 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6030046.

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The development of long lifetime Li–S batteries requires new sulfur–carbon based composite materials that are able to suppress the shuttle effect—namely, the migration of soluble lithium polysulfides from the cathode to the anode of the cell. Graphene is one of the most promising carbon supports for sulfur, thanks to its excellent conductivity and to the possibility of tailoring its chemical–physical properties, introducing heteroatoms in its structure. By using first principle density functional theory simulations, this work aims at studying the effect of doping graphene with group III elements (B, Al, Ga) on its electronic properties and on its chemical affinity towards lithium polysulfides. Our results show that Al and Ga doping strongly modify the local structure of the lattice near heteroatom site and generate a charge transfer between the dopant and its nearest neighbor carbon atoms. This effect makes the substrate more polar and greatly enhances the adsorption energy of polysulfides. Our results suggest that Al- and Ga-doped graphene could be used to prepare cathodes for Li–S cells with improved performances and lifetime.

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34

Nichelson, A., S. Thanikaikarasan, K. Karuppasamy, S. Karthickprabhu, T. Mahalingam, X. Sahaya Shajan y Edgar Valenzuela. "Synthesis and Characterization of Li(Li0.05Ni0.6Fe0.1Mn0.25)O2 Cathode Material for Lithim Ion Batteries". Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 21, n.º 1 (18 de abril de 2018): 051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v21i1.523.

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A new type of lithium enriched cathode material Li (Li0.05Ni0.6Fe0.1Mn0.25)O2 was synthesized by sol-gel method with citric acid as a chelating agent. The structural and morphological studies were systematically investigated through X-ray diffraction, SEM with EDS, FT-IR and Raman analyses. The crystallite size of the Li (Li0.05Ni0.6Fe0.1Mn0.25)O2 cathode material was found to be 45 nm thereby leads to the feasible movement of lithium ion all through the material. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to confirm the metal-oxygen interaction in the prepared cathode material. The electrical properties of the Li (Li0.05Ni0.6Fe0.1Mn0.25)O2 cathode material were studied by impedance and dielectric spectral analyzes. Li (Li0.05Ni0.6Fe0.1Mn0.25)O2 showed a maximum ionic conductivity of 10-6 S/cm at ambient temperature.

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35

Liu, Jingyuan, Si Chen, Dewen Kong, Meiyuan Wu y Haijing Liu. "Interaction between LMFP and NCMA and Its Effect on Blending Cathode-Based Cells". Energies 17, n.º 4 (8 de febrero de 2024): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040808.

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Li-ion cells with a LiMnxFe1−xPO4 (LMFP) and LiNi1−x−y−zCoxMnyAlzO2 (NCMA) blending cathode show their benefits of lower cost and higher safety compared to barely NCMA cathode-based cells. However, the rate capability of LMFP material is relatively poor compared to NCMA or even LiFePO4, which is because of the low electronic conductivity of LMFP material and the 1D diffusion channel in its structure. This work discusses the effect on electrochemical performance when blends of various ratios of LMFP are used in an NCMA cathode, with data verified by a 5 Ah pouch cell. This work further investigated the interaction between NCMA and LMFP during charge/discharge. Combining results from experiment and simulation, it evidences that blending more LMFP does not always lead to worse discharge rate but reduces charge rate. Moreover, it is found that, in a constant current discharge/charge process, although the system is under continuous discharge/charge, LMFP works intermittently. This leads to different diffusion polarization states of LMFP in the discharge/charge process and further results in a difference in discharge/charge rate capability. Therefore, to improve rate capability, especially charging rate, using smaller-sized or doped LMFP to improve its diffusion coefficient is an optimized strategy.

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36

Ans, Muhammad, Satish Bolloju, Ashok S. Menon, Paolo Melgari, Galo Paez Fajardo y Louis F. Piper. "Mitigating Capacity Degradation and Surface Oxygen Loss of Single-Crystalline LiNiO₂ Cathodes Via Al₂O₃ Surface Coating". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, n.º 5 (22 de noviembre de 2024): 576. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-025576mtgabs.

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The performance of next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicle applications relies on energy-dense and low-cost lithium-ion chemistries. Single-crystalline LiNiO2 (SC-LNO) cathodes are regarded as promising materials for high-energy-density applications owing to their high practical capacity, resistance to particle cracking and competitive cost [1]. However, under high voltage operation (≥ 4.4 vs. graphite), they experience rapid capacity loss, owing to parasitic electrode-electrolyte reactions expedited by surface oxygen loss [2]. Overcoming this, stabilising the long-duration performance of SC-LNO cathodes to operate at high voltages while maintaining capacity retention is critical for their integration into commercial batteries. Surface engineering by coating could provide an effective approach to tune the electrochemistry of Ni-rich cathodes while inhibiting degradation pathways [3,4]. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coating is used as a barrier to eliminate highly reactive electrolyte species (HF) from the cathode surface, thereby enhancing long-term stability and improving high voltage performance [5,6]. It offers a viable strategy to control the surface of SC-LNO from O loss (O-n, n > 2) and protect it from electrolyte attack. In this study, we employ an ultrathin and conformal film of AlOx on SC-LNO powder via Powder Atomic Layer Deposition (P-ALD). To minimise moisture exposure, the slurry and casting processes were performed in a controlled dry room environment. Electrochemical testing was carried out in balanced coin cells (vs. commercial graphite) at 25 oC and cycled between a voltage range of 2.5–4.2 V and 2.5–4.4 V. Following two formation cycles performed at a C/20 rate, the cells were cycled 100 times at C/3 rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were also performed before and after 100 cycles to assess any impedance changes. The electrochemical data revealed that AlOx coated SC-LNO cathodes provide significantly higher capacity retention (94.5%) than uncoated ones (66.3%) after 50 cycles at 4.4 V (vs. graphite). Regarding the rate capability test, the coated cathode delivers improved and stable capacities at faster rates compared with uncoated SC-LNO cathodes. Online electrochemical mass spectroscopy (OEMS) analysis of the AlOx coated cathodes indicates that the onset potential for oxygen loss related gas evolution is > 4.4 V vs. Li/Li+. In contrast, for the uncoated SC-LNO sample, this was found to be ~4.2 V. Hence, the AlOx coating serves as a protective layer, for the cathode against electrolyte-induced degradation and transition metal dissolution at high voltage by forming Al-O-F species at the surface [6]. This beneficial interaction enhances the electrochemical performance by effectively inhibiting impedance growth and improving the cycling life and stability of SC-LNO cathodes. This study highlights the crucial role of AlOx coatings in mitigating surface oxygen loss, which is a key factor contributing to the deterioration of cell performance and issues related to Li+ kinetics. Our findings significantly contribute to advancing the development of high-performance SC-LNO cathode materials, offering valuable insights into the application of ALD coatings for enhancing the performance of Li-ion battery cells. [1]. Lee, Dong-hee, Maxim Avdeev, Dong-il Kim, Weon Ho Shin, John Hong, and Minkyung Kim. "Regulating Single-Crystal LiNiO2 Size and Surface Coating toward a High-Capacity Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Energy Materials 6, no. 10 (2023): 5309-5317. [2]. Zhang, Hanlei, Hao Liu, Louis FJ Piper, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Guangwen Zhou. "Oxygen loss in layered oxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries: Mechanisms, effects, and mitigation." Chemical reviews 122, no. 6 (2022): 5641-5681. [3]. Shi, Yang, Yingjie Xing, Kitae Kim, Taehwan Yu, Albert L. Lipson, Arrelaine Dameron, and Justin G. Connell. "Communication—reduction of DC resistance of Ni-rich lithium transition metal oxide cathode by atomic layer deposition." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 168, no. 4 (2021): 040501. [4]. Haworth, Abby R., Beth IJ Johnston, Laura Wheatcroft, Sarah L. McKinney, Nuria Tapia-Ruiz, Sam G. Booth, Alisyn J. Nedoma, Serena A. Cussen, and John M. Griffin. "Structural Insight into Protective Alumina Coatings for Layered Li-Ion Cathode Materials by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2024). [5]. Chen, Zonghai, Yan Qin, Khalil Amine, and Y-K. Sun. "Role of surface coating on cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of materials chemistry 20, no. 36 (2010): 7606-7612. [6]. Lebens-Higgins, Zachary W., David M. Halat, Nicholas V. Faenza, Matthew J. Wahila, Manfred Mascheck, Tomas Wiell, Susanna K. Eriksson et al. "Surface Chemistry Dependence on Aluminum Doping in Ni-rich LiNi0. 8Co0. 2− y Al y O2 Cathodes." Scientific reports 9, no. 1 (2019): 17720. Figure 1

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37

Desta, Halefom G., Quan Yang, Dong Tian, Shiyue Zhu, Xiaoyong Lu, Kai Song, Yang Yang, Yonghong Chen, Baihai Li y Bin Lin. "BaCO3 Nanoparticles-Modified Composite Cathode with Improved Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Kinetics for High-Performing Ceramic Fuel Cells". Catalysts 12, n.º 9 (14 de septiembre de 2022): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12091046.

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The effects of the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the surface of single-phase perovskite cathodes are well understood, but its potential for use in a complex system consisting of different material types is unexplored. Herein, we report how BaCO3 nanoparticles-modified La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ-Gd0.2Ce0.8O2-δ (LSCF–GDC)-composite cathodes improved the electrochemical oxygen reduction kinetics for high-performing ceramic fuel cells. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies reveal that BaCO3 is stable, and that it does not show any solid-state reaction with LSCF–GDC at SOFCs’ required operating temperature. The electrochemical conductivity relaxation (ECR) study reveals that during the infiltration of BaCO3 nanoparticles into LSCF–GDC, the surface exchange kinetics (Kchem) are enhanced up to a factor of 26.73. The maximum power density of the NiO-YSZ anode-support cell is increased from 1.08 to 1.48 W/cm2 via surface modification at 750 °C. The modified cathode also shows an ultralow polarization resistance (Rp) of 0.027 Ω.cm2, which is ~4.4 times lower than that of the bare cathode (~0.12 Ω.cm2) at 750 °C. Such enhancement can be attributed to the accelerated oxygen surface exchange process, possibly through promoting the dissociation of oxygen molecules via the infiltration of BaCO3 nanoparticles. The density functional theory (DFT) illustrates the interaction mechanism between oxygen molecules and the BaCO3 surface.

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38

ROTH, BRADLEY J. y JUN CHEN. "MECHANISM OF ANODE BREAK EXCITATION IN THE HEART: THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF MEMBRANE AND ELECTROTONIC FACTORS". Journal of Biological Systems 07, n.º 04 (diciembre de 1999): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339099000310.

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Two hypotheses for the mechanism of anode break excitation in cardiac tissue are electrotonic interaction between adjacent regions of depolarization and hyperpolarization, and a hyperpolarization-activated membrane current, if. We incorporate membrane kinetics proposed for if into the bidomain model with unequal anisotropy ratios. During unipolar stimulation, we find that: (1) The mechanisms of cathode make, cathode break, and anode make excitation are insensitive to if. (2) Both electrotonic interactions and if contribute to anode break excitation. In our simulations, if makes the dominant contribution. (3) Electrotonic interactions cause the "dip" in the anodal strength-interval curve. (4) Following anode break excitation, the wave front propagates in the direction perpendicular to the fibers. (5) if improves the agreement between the measured and calculated strength-interval curves. We suggest three experiments to determine the mechanism of anode break excitation: measure the site and timing of initial excitation, or use drugs to suppress if.

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39

Zhou, X. y J. Heberlein. "Analysis of the arc-cathode interaction of free-burning arcs". Plasma Sources Science and Technology 3, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 1994): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/3/4/014.

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40

Zeng, Cuiping, Yan Li, Anhuai Lu, Hongrui Ding, Xin Wang y Changqiu Wang. "Electrochemical Interaction of a Heterotrophic BacteriaAlcaligenes faecaliswith a Graphite Cathode". Geomicrobiology Journal 29, n.º 3 (abril de 2012): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2011.589488.

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41

Gonzalez, J. J., F. Cayla, P. Freton y P. Teulet. "Two-dimensional self-consistent modelling of the arc/cathode interaction". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, n.º 14 (29 de junio de 2009): 145204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/14/145204.

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42

Simner, S. P., J. P. Shelton, M. D. Anderson y J. W. Stevenson. "Interaction between La(Sr)FeO3 SOFC cathode and YSZ electrolyte". Solid State Ionics 161, n.º 1-2 (julio de 2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(03)00158-9.

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43

Naoumidis, A., A. Ahmad-Khanlou, Z. Samardzija y D. Kolar. "Chemical interaction and diffusion on interface cathode/electrolyte of SOFC". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 365, n.º 1-3 (8 de septiembre de 1999): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051488.

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44

Vannaroni, G., C. B. Cosmovici, U. Guidoni, L. Iess y L. Scandurra. "Interaction of a hollow-cathode source with an ionospheric plasma". Advances in Space Research 10, n.º 7 (enero de 1990): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(90)90289-c.

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45

Емельянов, О. А., А. П. Плотников y Е. Г. Феклистов. "Воздействие импульсного тлеющего разряда атмосферного давления на алюминиевые пленки нанометровой толщины". Письма в журнал технической физики 47, n.º 6 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.06.50752.18539.

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The effect of a positive pulsed corona discharge on the thin-film cathode surface was studied in atmospheric pressure air gaps of 2–8 mm at voltages of 5–15 kV. Observed current pulses had the following parameters: repetition rate about 10-15 kHz, pulse duration of 300-500 ns, and amplitude of 10-20 mA. It was shown that at relatively low average currents of 20–50 μA, the discharge transforms into the glow one near the cathode. Due to the discharge channel radial contraction to micrometer scale, Joule heating of the formed cathode layer can lead to a temperature increase up to 1000 K and cause local erosion of the cathode surface. This mechanism should be taken into account when analyzing the interaction of discharge plasma with biological objects.

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46

Tsebesebe, N., K. Kgatwane, P. Ngoepe y R. Ledwaba. "Empirical Force Field Derivation and Implementation for LiMO2 (M: Ni, Mn, Co) Cathode Materials". Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 40, n.º 1 (24 de enero de 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/satnt.2021cosaami.02.

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Layered transition metal oxides LiMO2 (M= Mn, Ni, Co), exhibit good electrochemical performances and are considered as the prototype materials in the first commercial lithium-ion products. However, their performance as individual cathode has shown drawbacks and ignited interest in transition metal doping to form highly efficient cathodes. Such interest has driven efforts towards development of interatomic potentials to help provide information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of the interaction between atoms and allow accurate modelling of structures. Developing force fields is a tedious process as such cost functions often feature several competing minima. This work aims to obtain interatomic interactions (Ni-Ni, Ni-O, Co-Co and Co-Co) suitable for large scale simulations. The potentials are fitted from the cross-platform, streaming task runner (code-based) GULP. The procedure fits the ionic size (Aij), dispersion parameter (Cij), and the hardness of ions (ρij), according to the Buckingham potentials. The fitted interactions produced structures with lattice constants with a difference of less than 1% in NiO and 8.75% in CoO in comparison to experimental data. Furthermore, they yielded elastic constants with a difference of 0.35% in NiO and 2.01% in CoO. The high temperature molecular dynamic calculations validated the potentials through the melting temperatures. The nanostructures and their radial distribution curves confirmed melting temperatures of 2250K and 2000K in NiO and CoO, respectively. These are in good agreement accord with the experimental melting temperatures of 2206K and 2228K for NiO and CoO, respectively. Moreover, the derived interatomic potential accurately simulates the structural properties and behavior of and LiCoO2. The findings of the current study will enable the implementation of these potentials into LiMO2 (M: Ni, Co and Mn) structures for incorporation as dopants into the LiMnO2 cathode material.

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47

Cui, Zehao y Arumugam Manthiram. "Unveiling the Roles of Key Dopant Elements in Tuning Electrochemical, Thermal, and Air Stabilities of High-Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 2 (28 de agosto de 2023): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012494mtgabs.

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High-nickel (Ni) layered oxides, LiNixM1–xO2 (M = Mn, Co, Al, etc.), are regarded as promising cathode candidates for next-generation lithium-based batteries in electric vehicles. Current successfully adopted LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes with an energy density of nearly 750 Wh kg–1 will be inadequate for easing the driving range anxiety of customers in the foreseeable future. Increasing the Ni content further to > 90% is deemed as a feasible solution as it can simultaneously provide more energy density and reduce the raw material cost. Unfortunately, as the Ni content increases, structural, interfacial, thermal, and air stabilities of high-Ni cathodes become significantly worse, hindering their practical applications.1 In this regard, a rational compositional design with a precise use of dopant elements and their concentrations is needed to achieve the best stabilities of a high-Ni cathode. Evidently, this cannot be realized without a clear understanding of the roles of key dopant elements, such as Co, Mn, and Al, in tuning the stabilities of high-Ni cathodes. In this work, three cathode materials with a 5% single-element doping, viz., LiNi0.95Co0.05O2 (NC), LiNi0.95Mn0.05O2 (NM), and LiNi0.95Al0.05O2 (NA), along with undoped LiNiO2 (LNO) are synthesized in-house to systematically examine the influences of Co, Mn, and Al on cycle, thermal, and air stabilities of high-Ni cathodes. From the aspect of cycle stability, it is unveiled that a critical role of dopants is regulating the state-of-charge and, more importantly, the extent of H2-H3 phase transition, which have a dominate role in dictating the cycle stability. In addition, Co offers important benefits of reducing irreversible capacity/energy loss and facilitating Li+ diffusivity. With respect to thermal stability, although Co, Mn, and Al doping can all mitigate the heat release of thermal runaway reactions, only Al doping can effectively delay the onset of thermal runaway reactions. Furthermore, Al doping can also delay the onset of outgassing (mainly O2 and CO2) at deep charge due to its ability to perturb long-range metal-metal interaction and make the metal-O bonds more ionic and stronger.2 Finally, in terms of air stability, compared to Co and Al, Mn doping can more effectively reduce the formation and accumulation of surface residual Li species (LiOH and Li2CO3) due to a higher concentration of stable Ni2+ in NM counterbalancing Mn4+. Our systematic investigation into the roles of key dopant elements can help precisely predict the most effective high-Ni cathode compositions according to the specific application requirements. References W. Li, E. M. Erickson, and A. Manthiram, Nat. Energy, 5, 26 (2020). A. Manthiram, Nat. Commun., 11, 1550 (2020).

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48

Kang, Duan y Jian Hua Chen. "Effects of Galvanic Interaction on Collectorless Flotation Behavior of Galena and Pyrite". Advanced Materials Research 402 (noviembre de 2011): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.514.

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Galvanic interactions between sulfide minerals have significant effects on their electrochemistry and flotation behavior. The effects of galena and pyrite on their collectorless flotation behavior have been studied in this paper. The results showed that galvanic interaction between galena and pyrite would occur when they were mixed. In the galvanic-couple , pyrite forms a cathode due to the higher rest potential, and is reduced, which results in its floatability decreased; while galena forms a anode due to the lower rest potential, and is oxidized, which results in its floatability increased.

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49

Fuks, Mikhail, Dmitrii Andreev, Artem Kuskov y Edl Schamiloglu. "Low-Energy State Electron Beam in a Uniform Channel". Plasma 2, n.º 2 (27 de mayo de 2019): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2020016.

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In our earlier work, we showed that a low-energy state of an electron beam exists in a nonuniform channel between two virtual cathodes in a magnetron with diffraction output, which consists of three uniform sections with increasing radius. A uniform axial magnetic field fills the interaction space. This led to magnetron operation with >90% efficiency when combined with a magnetic mirror field at the output end. In this present paper, we show that a low-energy state of an electron beam can be realized in a uniform channel in which an increasing magnetic field is used in order to create a magnetic mirror at the output end. We consider two cases, one where the injected beam current slightly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current and the other where the injected beam current greatly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current. On the time scale of relevance to planned experiments (∼30 ns), when the injected current slightly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current a stationary virtual cathode forms and when the injected current greatly exceeds the space-charge-limiting current the virtual cathode oscillates back and forth.

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50

Anfinogentov, Vasilij y Aleksandr Hramov. "Nonauthonomous oscillations of electron beam with virtual cathode in the planar diode region". Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 5, n.º 6 (1998): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-1997-5-6-61-75.

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The influence of external action on the oscillations of electron beam with virtual cathode in the planar diode is investigated. The results of numerical simulations are shown for model with modulated electron beam and model with action of external signal on the virtual cathode oscillation. It is shown that system demonstrates different nonlinear oscillations, including deterministic chaos and synchronization regimes. Features of both types of external action are considered and it is shown that modulation is the most effective method of control of the virtual cathode oscillation. The investigation of physical processes in the system demonstrates appearance of complex behaviour as а result of structure interaction in the beam. Synchronization regimes are connected with suppression of structure growth. Phase correlations between external signal and virtual cathode oscillations obtained from numerical simulations and physical experiments are in the good agreement.

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