Tesis sobre el tema "Cause interne"

Nul ne peut s'enrichir aux depens d'autmi. L'enrichissement sans cause fut reconnu en fiance en tant que source autonome d'obligations en 1892 (arret boudier}. Son evolution technique en droit francais connut un essor considerable au debut du xxeme siecle. Apres la derniere these de francois gore en 1949, plus aucun travail ne fut consacre sur le probleme des obligations nees d'un enrichissement injuste. A la meme epoque, les autres droits continentaux, principalement ceux d'inspiration germanique, connurent un renouveau du mecanisme interdisant de s'enrichir aux depens d'autmi. Une distinction fondamentale, reposant sur la nature des choses, permit de sepa, rer les enrichissements nes par prestation de ceux nes sans prestation. Outre son caractere fonc, tionnel, cette distinction s'evertue a attribuer des definitions differentes aux elements constitutifs de l'enrichissement injuste dont notamment celui de "cause". La tentative d'introduire en droit francais la distinction entre les enrichissements nes par prestation et ceux nes sans prestation, en meme temps que d'accorder une image plus moderne a l'institution, constitue l'objectif essentiel de cet essai
Enrichment without cause was recognized in france as an autonomous source of obligations in 1892 (case boudier). Its technical evolution in french law had a significant rise at the beginning of 20th century. After the last thesis from francois gore in 1949, no more essays were dedicated to the problem of unjust enrichment. At that period, though the other continental laws, mainly those of germanic inspiration, this mechanism, which does not allow somebody to get rich at the expense of others, sprang back to life. A fundamental distinction, based on the nature of things, made it possible to separate the benefits conferred with payment from benefits acquired "in any other manner". Besides its functional aspect, this distinction strives to attach different definitions to the constitutive elements of unjust enrichment, especially that of "cause". The attempt to intro, duce the distinction between benefits conferred with payment and benefits acquired "in any other manner" in french law, and at the same time to bring this institution up-to-date, is the essential purpose of our essay

L'influence du droit communautaire sur le service public francais marque une evolution de ces elements constitutifs. Cependant cette influence indique que loin de remettre en cause la notion de service public, le droit communautaire permet au contraire de reflechir sur cette notion ancienne. Ainsi, le service public se trouve redefini dans ses elements constitutifs. En effet, l'element organique est rationalise mais preserve en tant que tel, il en est de meme pour l'element materiel qui se trouve circonscrit par l'intermediaire de l'interet general. Ce dernier subissant une redefinition plus objective au travers des concepts de consommateurs et de citoyens
The influence of the communautary law on the french public utilities shows a evolution of the constitutves elements. This influence indicate that the communautary law makes it possible a reflexion and a questioning on the ancien notion in france. Then, the french public utilities undergoing a redefinition in its constitutives elements. Then, the organic element is protected but rationalized. Its the same thing for the material element whitch is circumbscribe thru the general interest. The latter undergoing a more objective definition thru the concepts ofconsummers and citizen

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux trois types d’expressions dont la structure s’écarte du modèle de la proposition transitive canonique, à savoir les constructions : anticausatives, à causalité interne, et impersonnelles en polonais et en russe. Leur point commun est que l’écart par rapport à une phrase transitive porte sur la référence du sujet de la proposition. Dans tous les cas, le référent du sujet est non-agentif. Dans certains cas, le marquage morphologique reflète cette absence, tant sur le prédicat qui est marqué à la troisième personne du singulier neutre que par l’absence d’un sujet nominatif. Ailleurs, la morphologie ne laisse rien, ou presque rien apparaître, le prédicat s’accordant avec l’argument Thème ou le Patient. Ces expressions feront l’objet d’une étude comparative, dans laquelle seront étudiées : la nature de chaque participant non-canonique qui apparaît dans la proposition, les caractéris¬tiques de chaque prédicat présent, et enfin, les propriétés combinatoires entre les participants et les prédicats. Il sera montré que la nature et la structure et enfin la manière dont sont légi¬timés les sujets non-canoniques ne sont pas seulement liées aux propriétés du réfé¬rent de sujet, mais aussi dépendent de la nature du prédicat. Tout comme cela a été proposé pour les constructions anticausatives et à causalité interne (cf. Alexiadou & Anagnostopou¬lou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), nous avancerons que les constructions impersonnelles comportent un prédicat Cause qui est responsable de la légitimation thématique des caus(at)eurs nominatifs et obliques. Les différences entre ces structures sont dues à la présence ou à l’absence de la tête Voice. Vues sous cet angle, les constructions impersonnelles sont une sorte de causativisation. Le caus(at)eur indéfini (cf. Kibort (2004)) présent dans les constructions impersonnelles d’une part, et la possible présence des causeurs obliques d’autre part, sont des preuves qui étaient cette hypothèse
In this dissertation we study three kinds of expressions that deviate from the model of canonical transitive sentences, namely anticausative, internal causation and impersonal constructions in Polish and in Russian. The common point is that the deviation from a transitive sentence has to do with the subject’s reference. In all cases, the referent of the subject is non-agentive. In some cases, the morphological marking reflects this absence, both on the predicates which is frozen in the third person singular (neuter), and by the absence of a nominative subject. In the other two cases, the non-canonicity is not morpologically revealed because the inflected verb agrees with the nominative argument whose referent is the Theme or the Patient.A comparative study of these expressions will be given, in so far as the nature of the non-canonical participants that appear in the sentence, the characteristics of each predicate, and finally, the combinatorial properties between participants and predicates are concerned.It will be shown that the nature, the structure and ultimately the way that non-canonical subjects are licensed are not only related to the properties of the subject’s reference, but also depend on the nature of the predicate. Just as it was proposed for anticausatives and internal causal constructions (Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), it will be shown that impersonal constructions include a Cause predicate that is responsible for the thematical licensing of nominative and oblique causers. The differences between these structures are due to the presence or absence of a Voice head. From this perspective, impersonal constructions encode a kind of causativisation. The indefinite causer (analysed in Kibort (2004)), which is present in impersonal constructions on the one hand, and the possible presence of other oblique causer, are thus deemed to be evidence that supports this hypothesis

Cette thèse examine le phénomène complexe de la sélection des auxiliaires dans deux langues romanes, à savoir l'italien et le français. L'objectif principal est d'élucider les facteurs qui influencent le choix entre les auxiliaires être et avoir dans la formation du passé composé. L'étude se concentre sur les verbes susceptibles de sélectionner les deux auxiliaires, communément appelés verbes périphériques (Sorace 2000), qui, malgré de nombreuses analyses individuelles, n'ont pas été étudiés de manière exhaustive (Giancarli 2015). Les questions de recherche centrales sont les suivantes : quelles caractéristiques permettent à ces verbes de sélectionner les deux auxiliaires ? Quels facteurs déterminent la prédominance d'un auxiliaire par rapport à l'autre ? Quel est le poids relatif des facteurs tels que l'agentivité et la télicité dans le choix des auxiliaires (Sorace 2000) ? Pour la première fois, cette recherche explore systématiquement la sélection des auxiliaires en italien et en français en utilisant l'analyse de corpus et le traitement automatique des langues (TAL). En intégrant ces méthodes, l'étude vise à identifier les facteurs les plus significatifs influençant le choix des auxiliaires pour les verbes intransitifs présentant une double auxiliaire. La recherche combine une analyse qualitative d'occurrences annotées manuellement à partir de SketchEngine (Kilgarriff et al., 2014) avec une analyse quantitative basée sur des modèles statistiques pour déterminer les paramètres les plus importants dans la sélection des auxiliaires. Les résultats révèlent l'importance primordiale des aspects sémantiques, syntaxiques et morphologiques dans le choix entre être et avoir. Notamment, la télicité s'avère moins pertinente pour ces verbes. L'étude met également en lumière des différences significatives entre l'italien et le français. En italien, les verbes sont catégorisés en verbes pleins et semi-auxiliaires. Pour les verbes pleins, la cause interne et les traits humains constituent des facteurs cruciaux dans la sélection des auxiliaires. Pour les verbes semi-auxiliaires, le type d'infinitif et les traits humains associés à certains infinitifs se révèlent significatifs. En français, le type de construction joue un rôle déterminant dans le choix de l'auxiliaire. En apportant des réponses approfondies à des questions encore peu explorées, cette étude s'aligne sur les travaux existants tout en les enrichissant. Elle améliore considérablement notre compréhension de la catégorisation des verbes et de la sélection des auxiliaires, avec des implications majeures pour la linguistique théorique et appliquée. De plus, elle souligne l'importance des approches méthodologiques intégratives dans l'analyse des phénomènes linguistiques complexes
This thesis investigates the intricate phenomenon of auxiliary selection in two Romance languages, namely Italian and French. The primary objective is to elucidate the factors that influence the choice between the auxiliaries ‘be' and ‘have' in the formation of the perfect tense. The study focuses on verbs that can select both auxiliaries, commonly known as peripheral verbs (Sorace 2000), which, despite extensive individual examination, have not been comprehensively analyzed (Giancarli 2015).The central research questions addressed are: What characteristics enable these verbs to select both auxiliaries? Which factors determine the predominance of one auxiliary over the other? What is the relative weight of factors such as agentivity and telicity in auxiliary selection (Sorace 2000)? For the first time, this research systematically explores auxiliary selection in Italian and French using corpus analysis and natural language processing (NLP). By integrating these methods, the study aims to identify the most significant factors influencing auxiliary choice in intransitive verbs with double auxiliation. The research combines qualitative analysis of manually annotated occurrences from SketchEngine (Kilgarriff et al., 2014) with quantitative analysis using statistical models to determine the most significant parameters in auxiliary selection. The findings reveal the paramount importance of semantic, syntactic, and morphological aspects in the choice of ‘be' or ‘have'. Notably, telicity is found to be less relevant for these verbs. The study also highlights significant differences between Italian and French. Italian verbs are categorized into full verbs and semi-auxiliaries. For full verbs, internal cause and human traits are crucial factors in auxiliary selection. For semi-auxiliary verbs, the type of infinitive and the human trait associated with particular infinitives are shown to be significant. In French, the type of construction heavily influences auxiliary choice.By providing comprehensive answers to previously unexplored areas, this study aligns with and extends the existing literature. It significantly enhances our understanding of verb categorization and auxiliary selection, with substantial implications for both theoretical and applied linguistics. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of integrative methodological approaches for analyzing complex linguistic phenomena

Beaucoup de services vitaux de la vie quotidienne dépendent de systèmes d'ingénierie hautement complexes et interconnectés; Ces systèmes sont constitués d'un grand nombre de capteurs interconnectés, d'actionneurs et de composants du système. L'étude des systèmes interconnectés joue un rôle important dans l'étude de la fiabilité des systèmes dynamiques; car elle permet d'étudier les propriétés d'un système interconnecté en analysant ses sous-composants moins complexes. Le diagnostic des pannes est essentiel pour assurer des opérations sûres et fiables des systèmes de contrôle interconnectés. Dans toutes les situations, le système global et / ou chaque sous-système peuvent être analysés à différents niveaux pour déterminer la fiabilité du système global. Dans certains cas, il est important de déterminer les informations anormales des variables internes du sous-système local, car ce sont les causes qui contribuent au fonctionnement anormal du processus global. Cette thèse porte sur les défis de l'application de la théorie inverse du système et des techniques FDD basées sur des modèles pour traiter le problème articulaire du diagnostic des fautes et de l'analyse des causes racines (FD et RCA). Nous étudions ensuite le problème de l'inversibilité de la gauche, de l'observabilité et de la diagnosticabilité des fauts du système interconnecté, formant un algorithme FD et RCA multi-niveaux basé sur un modèle. Ce système de diagnostic permet aux composants individuels de surveiller la dynamique interne localement afin d'améliorer l'efficacité du système et de diagnostiquer des ressources de fautes potentielles pour localiser un dysfonctionnement lorsque les performances du système global se dégradent. Par conséquent, un moyen d'une combinaison d'intelligence locale avec une capacité de diagnostic plus avancée pour effectuer des fonctions FDD à différents niveaux du système est fourni. En conséquence, on peut s'attendre à une amélioration de la localisation des fauts et à de meilleurs moyens de maintenance prédictive. La nouvelle structure du système, ainsi que l'algorithme de diagnostic des fautes, met l'accent sur l'importance de la RCA de défaut des dispositifs de terrain, ainsi que sur l'influence de la dynamique interne locale sur la dynamique globale. Les contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes: Tout d'abord, nous proposons une structure de système non linéaire interconnecté inversible qui garantit le fauts dans le sous-système de périphérique de terrain affecte la sortie mesurée du système global de manière unique et distincte. Une condition nécessaire et suffisante est développée pour assurer l'inversibilité du système interconnecté qui nécessite l'inversibilité de sous-systèmes individuels. Deuxièmement, un observateur interconnecté à deux niveaux est développé; Il se compose de deux estimateurs d'état, vise à fournir des estimations précises des états de chaque sous-système, ainsi que l'interconnexion inconnue. En outre, il fournira également une condition initiale pour le reconstructeur de données et le filtre de fauts local une fois que la procédure FD et RCA est déclenchée par tout fauts. D'une part, la mesure utilisée dans l'estimateur de l'ancien sous-système est supposée non accessible; La solution est de la remplacer par l'estimation fournie par l'estimateur de ce dernier sous-système
Many of the vital services of everyday life depend on highly complex and interconnected engineering systems; these systems consist of large number of interconnected sensors, actuators and system components. The study of interconnected systems plays a significant role in the study of reliability theory of dynamic systems, as it allows one to investigate the properties of an interconnected system by analyzing its less complicated subcomponents. Fault diagnosis is crucial in achieving safe and reliable operations of interconnected control systems. In all situations, the global system and/or each subsystem can be analyzed at different levels in investigating the reliability of the overall system; where different levels mean from system level down to the subcomponent level. In some cases, it is important to determine the abnormal information of the internal variables of local subsystem, in order to isolate the causes that contribute to the anomalous operation of the overall process. For example, if a certain fault appears in an actuator, the origin of that malfunction can have different causes: zero deviation, leakage, clogging etc. These origins can be represented as root cause of an actuator fault. This thesis concerns with the challenges of applying system inverse theory and model based FDD techniques to handle the joint problem of fault diagnosis & root cause analysis (FD & RCA) locally and performance monitoring globally. By considering actuator as individual dynamic subsystem connected with process dynamic subsystem in cascade, we propose an interconnected nonlinear system structure. We then investigate the problem of left invertibility, fault observability and fault diagnosability of the interconnected system, forming a novel model based multilevel FD & RCA algorithm. This diagnostic algorithm enables individual component to monitor internal dynamics locally to improve plant efficiency and diagnose potential fault resources to locate malfunction when operation performance of global system degrades. Hence, a means of acombination of local intelligence with a more advanceddiagnostic capability (combining fault monitoring anddiagnosis at both local and global levels) to performFDDfunctions on different levels of the plantis provided. As a result, improved fault localization and better predictive maintenance aids can be expected. The new system structure, together with the fault diagnosis algorithm, is the first to emphasize the importance of fault RCA of field devices, as well as the influences of local internal dynamics on the global dynamics. The developed model based multi-level FD & RCA algorithm is then a first effort to combine the strength of the system level model based fault diagnosis with the component level model based fault diagnosis. The contributions of this thesis include the following: Firstly, we propose a left invertible interconnected nonlinear system structure which guarantees that fault occurred in field device subsystem will affect the measured output of the global system uniquely and distinguishably. A necessary and sufficient condition is developed to ensure invertibility of the interconnected system which requires invertibility of individual subsystems. Second, a two level interconnected observer is developed which consists of two state estimators, aims at providing accurately estimates of states of each subsystem, as well as the unknown interconnection. In addition, it will also provide initial condition for the input reconstructor and local fault filter once FD & RCA procedure is triggered by any fault. Two underlyingissues are worth to be highlighted: for one hand, the measurement used in the estimator of the former subsystem is assumed not accessible; the solution is to replace it by the estimate provided by the estimator of the latter subsystem. In fact, this unknown output is the unknown interconnection of the interconnected system, and also the input of the latter subsystem

Quoi qu'en dise la légende, Hppocrate et ses disciples n'ont pas inventé la médecine, et, si la collection hippocratique porte le titre de premier recueil de médecine scientifique ce n'est pas pour ses découvertes et réussites. Pourtant la médecine hippocratique fait partie, sans aucun doute, du "miracle grec", mieux elle l'explique en partie. En effet par delà toute polémique, malgré les errements et les bizarreries des doctrines, le lecteur moderne se doit avant tout de retenir la démarche intellectuelle de ces medecins qui participaient a l'élaboration de la science en fondant l'art médical sur un savoir causal. Souvent délaissée par les commentateurs, l'étiologie mérite un regard attentif : elle montre les rapports étroits qui unissent la philosophie présocratique et la médecine grecque qui lui emprunte ses théories micromacrocosmiques ; elle présente une conception de la maladie qui reste unique dans l'histoire médicale : les hippocratiques affirment l'analogie de tous les êtres vivants, leur concordance constitutive avec le cosmos ; la maladie est basée sur un préjuge cosmologique, elle est toujours l'expression d'une dissension entre l'organisme humain (les causes internes) et le monde exterieur (les causes externes)

Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of doctors in relation to death certification and also assess whether an educational intervention can improve the accuracy of death certificate completion and thereby improve mortality information.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Dentre as ferramentas mais utilizadas para conquistar a fidelidade do consumidor, destacam-se os programas de fidelidade que, em sua maioria, dão recompensas pelo relacionamento dos clientes com as empresas. Na Internet não é diferente, dado que as empresas virtuais tiveram que se adaptar a nova realidade, na qual o lucro operacional é fundamental à saúde financeira. Nessa dissertação aplicase a teoria de análise conjunta, com o objetivo de apontar o conjunto de características consideradas desejáveis pela classe de consumidores pesquisada acerca de um programa de multi-fidelidade na Internet. O desenvolvimento do trabalho é composto de duas etapas básicas: escolha dos atributos a serem avaliados pelos respondentes e análise dessa avaliação. Para escolher o conjunto de atributos a serem julgados foi utilizada uma entrevista com um grupo de foco. A formação desse conjunto de estímulos foi desenvolvida utilizando-se o software SPSS, versão windows. Em seguida, realizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de questionários, os quais foram enviados por correio eletrônico, sendo que alguns foram entregues pessoalmente. Por fim, também com o auxílio do software SPSS versão windows, o estudo atingiu seu objetivo, identificando o conceito de produto considerado o mais adequado, fruto da combinação de estímulos que gerou maior nível de utilidade.
Among the most common tools used to gain customer s loyalty, companies give a great importance to loyalty programs which, in most cases, give rewards for consumers expenses. It is no different in the internet, as virtual companies had to adapt themselves to a new reality, in which operational profits are essential to their economic health. In this research the conjoint analysis theory is used with the objective of showing the group of characteristics understood as desirable by the class of consumers researched about a multi-loyalty program in the internet. This work is composed of two main basic steps: the choice of the attributes to be evaluated by the respondents and the analysis of this evaluation. The group of stimulus to be evaluated was chosen based on the information collected through the focus group interview. The group of stimulus presentation was developed making use of the SPSS software, for windows. Right after, the data collection was implemented with the questionnaries, sent by e-mail. Some of them were handled personnally. In the last step, also using the SPSS software for windows, this study reached its objective, identifying the concept of product considered the most adequate, as a result of the stimulus combination which generated the highest utility level.

A alteração no sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada teve como marco principal a mudança do foco no trabalho da auditoria interna, que começou a desempenhar suas atividades de forma estruturada e seguindo uma metodologia específica; além, de perseguir um objetivo estratégico da organização. A auditoria interna, antes do processo de certificação do sistema de controles internos exigido pela seção 404 da SOX, era apenas um instrumento de detecção de erros e compliance fiscal, que baseava seus trabalhos somente em fatos passados, com a constatação de deficiências de controles. Todavia, sem assessorar a alta a administração da empresa na resolução das deficiências, objetivando a implementação das melhorias dos controles internos. Com a necessidade de certificação da eficácia dos controles internos, a partir do ano de 2005, o foco dos trabalhos de auditoria interna foi direcionado para lograr melhorias nos métodos de controle, gestão de riscos, prevenção de fraudes e erros, nos processos operacionais, contábeis e financeiros da organização. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi, por meio de estudo de caso único, mensurar os principais procedimentos realizados para a implantação do sistema de controles internos da empresa estudada, incluindo a metodologia adotada, o modelo escolhido, o processo de controle estabelecido, a identificação e avaliação dos principais riscos e controles, bem como a forma de seleção, avaliação e teste dos controles internos existentes. Buscou-se coletar dados preconizados pela literatura de autores renomados e analisar as diversas bibliografias, com o objetivo de comparar com a pesquisa que foi realizada nos documentos fornecidos pela empresa analisada. Este estudo levantou pontos importantes sobre o processo de gestão da empresa e da forma como se utilizou da auditoria interna como ferramenta para a melhoria de seus controles internos. Destacam-se a geração de valor empresarial que um bom ambiente de controle interno traz e os motivos que levam uma organização a implementar uma área de auditoria interna, com especial atenção ao foco de assessoramento e consultoria, alinhado as práticas internacionais de auditoria interna. Entretanto, apesar de observar melhorias na atuação da auditoria interna da organização, constata-se a necessidade de alinhamento de algumas práticas internacionais, ainda não implementadas. Descobriu-se, também, que a auditoria interna, com o devido emporwerment da alta administração, e utilizando-se das técnicas atuais e internacionais, aumentam a confiabilidade do sistema de controles internos e com isso geram valor às suas organizações. Nesta pesquisa pôde-se constatar a utilização da auditoria interna como ferramenta de gestão de recursos organizacionais, ocasionando melhorias no sistema de controles internos da empresa, e ficando constatada, por meio de auditoria executada por firma independente, a irrefutável melhoria dos controles internos da organização estudada.
The change in the internal control system in the company studied has initiated with the modification of the audit scope from the internal audit department, which started to perform their activities in a more structured way and following a specific methodology, in addition, to pursue strategic objectives of the organization. Before the certification of the internal controls system required by Section 404 of SOX, the internal audit was viewed as a tool to detect mistakes and to attend tax compliance, based only on past events and pointing out the deficiencies in the controls, but without advising the senior management and board of directors on what to do to improve the internal control environment. The need for certification of the effectiveness of internal control in 2005 changed the focus of the internal audit works, which was now directed to achieve improvement in the methods of control, risk management, prevention of fraud and mistakes in the operation, accounting and financial process of the rganization. The aim of this study was, through a study of a case, to measure the main procedures performed for the deployment of the internal control system of the company object of this study, including the methodology, the model chosen, the process of control established, the identification and assessment of key risks and controls, and how to select, evaluate and test internal controls. We tried to collect data from renowned author of specific literature and analyze the various bibliographies, in order to compare with the research that was carried out in the documents provided by the studied company. This study raised important points about the management process in the company and how internal audit is used as a tool for the improvement of their internal controls. It is to add value for the business that companies seek for a good internal control environment and that provides the reason to lead an organization to implement an internal audit department, with particular attention to the outbreak of advice and consultancy, international practices aligned internal audit. However, we observed several improvements in the performance of internal audit department in the organization there is still a need to align with some international practices, which it will be implemented. It was also found that the internal audit department with proper empowerment from senior management, and using the current and international techniques, increased the reliability of the internal controls system and thereby add value to their organization. In this research it was noted the use of the internal audit department as a management tool for better use of resources, for improvement in the internal controls system, and the irrefutable improvement in the internal control environment of the organization studied, which could be noted by the external audit performed by an independent firm.

Mobile Internet is currently considered as the future for the Internet. Apparently the number of mobile handset sold as compared to desktop PCs is noticeable. These hints depict the potential of mobile Internet and the future market strongly relying on mobile devices. But at the same time mobile internet users are growing slower in numbers. Particularly in market where the internet access is very simple through computers, mobile internet users seems not very enthusiastic to use internet on mobile phones. Author of this study supposed on the basis of literature findings that this lack of interest is due to an unsatisfactory mobile internet user experience. This thesis work is an effort into the complex area of mobile internet and shed some light on how to improve user experience for mobile internet. The main focus of this research work is the identification of hurdles/challenges for mobile internet user experience and explores the concepts present in academia. In order to understand it properly, the author performed a systematic literature review (SLR). The overall objective of SLR is to examine the existing work on thesis study topic. This in depth study of literature revealed that mobile internet user experience is categorized into aspects, elements and factors by different researchers and considered as a central part of mobile internet user experience. There are few other factors that affect and make this job complicated and difficult such as usage context and user expectations. In this work current problems of the mobile internet user experience are identified systematically that never happened before and then discussed in a way that provide a better understanding of mobile internet user experience to academia. To fulfill the aim and objectives author of this study conducted the detailed systematic review analysis of the empirical studies from year 1998 to 2012. The research studies were identified from the most authentic databases that are scientifically and technically peer reviewed such as Scopus, Evillage, IEEE Xplore, ACM digital library. From SLR results, we have found different aspects, elements, factors and challenges of mobile internet user experience. The most common challenge faced by user and reported in academia was screen size, input facilities, usability of services, and data traffic costs. The information attained during this thesis study through academia (literature) is presented in a descriptive way which reflects that there is an emerging trend of using internet on mobile devices. Through this study author presented the influencing perspective of mobile internet user experience that needs to be considered for the advancement of mobile internet. The presented work adds contribution in a sense as to the best of knowledge no systematic review effort has been done in this area.
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The Internet, undoubtedly, is the most influential technical invention of the 20th century that affects and constantly changes all aspects of our day-to-day lives nowadays. Although it is hard to predict its long-term consequences, the potential future of the Internet definitely relies on future Internet research. Prior to every development and deployment project, an extensive and comprehensive research study must be performed in order to design, model, analyze, and evaluate all impacts of the new initiative on the existing environment. Taking the ever-growing size of the Internet and the increasing complexity of novel Internet-based applications and services into account, the evaluation and validation of new ideas cannot be effectively carried out over local test beds and small experimental networks. The gap which exists between the small-scale pilots in academic and research test beds and the realize validations and actual deployments in production networks can be bridged by using virtual infrastructures. FEDERICA is one of the facilities, based on virtualization capabilities in both network and computing resources, which creates custom-made virtual environments and makes them available for Future Internet Researchers. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research projects that have been using the virtual infrastructure slices of FEDERICA in order to validate their research concepts, even when they are disruptive to the test bed’s infrastructure, to obtain results in realistic network environments.
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FEDERICA

Background: Around the world, markets deregulates, which leads to increased competition. Meetings between the consumer and the employees of a company determine how the customer perceives the company and / or its brand. This has result in that many companies have realized the importance of internal using the same marketing skills that are used externally. In 2009, pharmacy market went from being a monopoly market to be a regulated competitive market.

Problem: Is there any internal conditions for a private company, whose culture and structure was formed under a state monopoly, to create a strong corporate brand?

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to, through a case study, analyze and evaluate the internal marketing in a company which has undergone a change of ownership and retained the same staff.

Method: Through interviews with key personnel and staff , data was gathered for the case study, which means that the method is qualitative. Only one of the company's pharmacies has been included in the study.

Conclusions: The authors of this paper perceive that company has the required internal conditions to create a strong corporate brand, since the company i.e. has taken into consideration the history of the pharmacy staff, the management shows a personal commitment, campaigns are communicated internally, staff and customers consciously or unconsciously may be involved in shaping the content of the corporate brand, and that dialogue exists between staff and management so that management can have an understanding of how staff perceive the company's vision and corporate brand, which in turn leads the company to form a brand that staff can accept and understand because their norms and values has been taken into consideration.

The nature of citizenship has evolved considerably since ancient times. No longer content to leave participation to the few, new modes of political discourse are taking place through the use of Internet forums. Using a combination of critical discourse analysis and content analysis to examine the postings to the "Issues and Causes" forum on the Phayul.com Tibetan news site during the two-week period leading up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, this thesis investigates how global citizen identity manifests itself online when the cause is state-building. Three key findings emerge from the study. First, the themes and values of global citizenship are present only to a very limited degree. Second, the users employed pronouns to discursively connect themselves to the Tibetan community, and disconnect themselves from outsiders. Third, the forum displayed a significant amount of "flaming" or disruptive discourse. Taken together these results suggest that in this case much of global citizenship theory does not appear to stand up to empirical scrutiny.

The Internet and World Wide Web have become dominant newsgathering tools in a sholi period of time. While the body of research, particularly in the First World, has developed quickly along with the Web, many unanswered questions remain on how journalists in developing countries make use of the Internet for newsgathering purposes. This study combined social constructivist theory with the socio-organisational and cultural approaches to news production in order to critically investigate how journalists at The Post newspaper in Zambia relate to, and make use of, the Internet as a newsgathering resource, in the context of Third World conditions. The study critiqued technological detelminism perspectives on journalists' use of the new information technology. The technological determinism theory, which has largely been advanced by some scholars from the developed world, takes a celebratory approach to journalists' use of the Internet in the newsroom. Using qualitative semi-structured interviews and observations, the study established that while journalists at The Post acknowledged the lnternet's potential in news gathering, factors such as unreliable telecommunications infrastructure, poor Internet skills, lack of local content on the World Wide Web, and organisational and occupational demands inhibited the use of the Internet as a journalistic newsgathering resource. The study established further that online reporting is only a tool within the broader news gathering and production process; and in the case of The Post, it does not replace the traditional news gathering techniques used by journalists, particularly direct contacts with human sources. The respondents cited face-to-face interviews, a traditional means of newsgathering, as the main driving force in news gathering routines at the newspaper. However, although the respondents saw some mixed blessings in the Internet as a reporting tool, they also believed that the benefits outweighed the problems.
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This article provides an overview of Internet shutdowns in Pakistan, which have become an increasingly common phenomenon, with 41 occurring between 2012 and 2017. It argues that to understand how shutdowns became normalized in Pakistan, it is necessary to look at the specific dynamics of how the shutdowns take place. In doing so, the concept of communicative ruptures develops to better understand intentional government shutdowns of communications. The article argues that strategic prevention of mobilization is key for short-term shutdowns, whereas long-term shutdowns can be better explained by looking at disciplinary mechanisms and denying the existence of "others". The article then discusses Internet shutdowns in the wider context of authoritarian practices before concluding with the urgent need for further research on this topic, both in Pakistan and beyond.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação explora alguns aspectos relacionados ao desenvolvimento colaborativo de sistemas de informação na Internet. E apresentado o Editor Diagramático na Internet (EDI), que suporta a especificação colaborativa de aplicações. Este editor utiliza tecnologia e funcionalidade dos hiperdocumentos, oferecendo características como: compartilhamento de informações, colaboração entre vários autores e varias visões dos dados conceituais armazenados. EDI foi implementado utilizando a linguagem de programação Java e projetada de forma genérica para permitir a criação de editores de diferentes notações diagramáticas. Este trabalho propõe a utilização de anotações em documentos de desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação na Internet. Estas anotações auxiliam no desenvolvimento colaborativo de sistemas, tornando o processo mais colaborativo e com um produto resultante de qualidade superior. As anotações estão baseadas em dois tipos de usuários: o usuário proprietário, responsável pela criação do documento, e o usuário colaborador, que inclui anotações nos documentos. Anotações (identificadas por uma especifica cor) podem ser de inclusão, alteração, remoção de conceitos (visões) ou registro de comentários.
The main goal of this work is to explore some issues related to collaborative development of information systems on the Internet. A Diagrammatic Editor on the Internet (EDI) that supports collaborative specification of applications is described. This editor uses hyperdocument technology and funcionalities, offering features such as information sharing, collaboration between several authors, multiple views of the stored conceptual data, among others. EDI was implemented using the Java language, and designed with the purpose of being generic to enable the easy creation of specific editors for different diagrammatic notations. The use of annotations for the joint development of information systems on the Internet is proposed. With these annotations the development process becomes more collaborative and the quality of the final product may increase. Annotations are based on two types of users: the owner, who is an author responsible for the creation of a document, and the collaborator, who makes annotations on those documents. Annotations (identified by one specific colour) can be of inclusion, change and removal of concepts (views), or recording of comments.

Konceptet Intern marknadsföring (IM) har utvecklats mycket och ses inom forskningen som tillämpbart inom alla organisationer. En stor blandning av idéer, modeller och teorier har blivit samlade under detta begrepp men trots det är det enligt teoretiker få organisationer som använder sig av och arbetar utifrån konceptet i praktiken. Det finns enligt flera forskare i nuläget ingen riktigt klar och överenskommen definition av IM, vilket har gjort att det även finns en stor variation på hur detta bör tillämpas praktiskt i organisationer. Många olika definitioner och modeller som beskriver IM har jobbats fram och utvecklats av flertalet forskare, men det finns fortfarande inget enatkoncept. Forskare hävdar att en klarhet av konceptet är av vikt för att underlätta tillämpningen i praktiken. En precis specificering av vilka aktiviteter som kan användas för att etablera IM krävs då definition och klassificering är en viktig del av marknadsföringsanalyser.Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda den forskning som gjorts inom vårt avgränsningsområde och jämföra detta med de praktiska fall vi undersökt för att se i vilken utsträckning IM som teori används. För att få den praktiska synen på IM och kunna genomföra denna jämförande studie har vi undersökttre företag med olika egenskaper. Utifrån jämförelsen av teori och praktik har vi sedan fått fram en slutsats.Poängen med denna uppsats var därmed att jämföra teori och praktik för att se likheter och skillnader, om och i sådana fall hur och i vilken utsträckning teorin tillämpas och om företagets egenskaper påverkar denna tillämpning. Detta gjorde vi genom att i första hand göra en omfattande litteraturgranskning inom ämnet. Därefter valde vi att avgränsa oss till fem forskare som har varit betydande då de har stått för både grundandet av teorin som den främsta utvecklingen av den fram till idag. För att få fram den pratiska aspekten gjorde vi tre fallstudier där vi intervjuade ledningen i tre företag i Västerås. Företagen var av olika storlek och befann sig i olika branscher, ett mikroföretag i transportbranschen, ett litet företag i färgbranschen och ett medelstort företag inom bostadsbranschen. Det vi kom fram till av vår undersökning var att IM i motsats till vad forskningen säger tillämpas i företag idag, hur och i vilken omfattning beror dock på företagets egenskaper. Motivation och kommunikation anses som viktigt av alla tre fallföretagen, men tillämpningen inom dessa faktorer ser olika ut i de tre företagen. Att företagen inte använder sig av allt som forskarna anser som viktigt för IM behöver enligt vår undersökning inte betyda något negativt och kanske behövs det ingen generell gemensam definition för IM utan istället kan teorin utvidgas och anpassas efter företags olika egenskaper för att ytterligare underlätta tillämpningen i framtiden.

The concept of internal Marketing (IM) has developed a lot and is in research seen as applicable in allorganizations. A big mixture of ideas, models and theories have been gathered in this concept butdespite that there are few organizations that use the concept in practice. Today there is according to several researchers no clear and unified definition of IM, which has resulted in a great variety of howthe concept should be applicable in organizations. A number of different definitions and models thatdescribe IM have been developed but there is still no unified definition. Researchers claim that clarityof the concept is of great importance to facilitate the application. A precise specification of whichactivities that can be used to establish IM is needed when definition and classification is an importantpart of marketing analyses.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the research that has been done within our chosen area and tocompare this with case studies to examine in what extent the theory of IM is used in organizations.This is a thesis where we aim to compare theory and practice to examine if, and then in what extentthe theory is applicable in organizations.

We started our work by doing an extensive literature research within IM. Our second step was todelimit our theory to five researchers that have meant a lot in the way that they have both foundedthe theory as well as developed it the most until today. To get the practical aspect we did three caseswhere we interviewed the management of three companies in Västerås. The three companies wereof different sizes and worked in different branches, one micro company in the transport business,one small company in retailing and one middle-sized company that mediate accommodations.

The conclusion of our research was that IM in the opposite of what the researchers say actually isutilized in companies today, but how and to what extent is depending on the companies'characteristics. Motivation and communication are considered important by all three companies, butthe application of IM within these factors looks different in the three companies. That the companiesdo not use everything that is considered important by the researchers for IM, does not have to benegative and might instead show that a general definition of IM not is required. Our suggestion isthat the theory instead might be expanded and adjusted for the different characteristics oforganizations to facilitate the application further in the future.

The purpose of this report is to review the current conditions exsisting for the implementation of Internet of Things in apartment buildings and how insight can be accomplished for these conditions in real estate companies. Internet of Things is a technology which has increased in popularity in later years and builds on objects connecting to each other or the internet. In conjunction with the reduction of implementation costs for the technology and the increase of possible applications, an interest has grown in many different business sectors. This study concerns the real estate company FinaHem, where the conditions for measurement of different values using connected sensors is analyzed. To answer the formulated questions regarding technological efficiency, financial factors and how a potential solution using Internet of Things would be recieved by tenants, this paper is designed as a case study. The case study evaluates the operations of FinaHem and utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as a business case method. The result and the analysis from the study indicates important factors for the company’s conditions to implement Internet of Things. Technological solutions regarding energy savings, detections of water damage, and visualisation has exhibited business value. Furthermore, the importance of evaluating opinions from residents, and creating a positive experience for them, is established.

This research is a case study of the way students at a Further Education College are making use of computer technology, in particular their use of the Internet, both at home and at college. The research used a multi-method approach that involved the collection of data by use of questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire was completed by two hundred students drawn from a range of courses offered at the college. The students invited to complete the questionnaire represented both full time and part time students. From the students who completed the questionnaire twenty were invited to take part in individual interviews. From the data collected the researcher has been able to establish a link between a student's cultural background and their use of computers and the Internet. The researcher has been able to gather data to support the theory that for students from some cultural backgrounds there is a likelihood that they will use Infonnation Technology for certain tasks more than students with a different cultural background. As a means of identifying groups of students who could be described as having the same cultural background the data gathered was analysed by comparing students by gender, ethnic group and religion. This research has shown that the use of computers and the Internet has become part of everyday life and as such part of our society's culture. However the research has shown that different cultural groups within our society are using the Internet in different ways and for different purposes. The data showed that male students had a more positive attitude towards computers than female students; it was also found that male students made more use of email at college than female students. The researcher has found two significant differences regarding students' use of the Internet, namely that males use the Internet more than females for entertainment and that students from a Pakistani ethnic origin use the Internet more than white students for private use. Students from Pakistani ethnic origins were also found to use email at home more than students from other ethnic backgrounds. Part of the questionnaire was used as a student self-assessment of Infonnation Technology (IT) skills and the training they had received. Analysis of this section of data showed that whilst the amount of training of students in the use of IT is independent of gender, religion and ethnicity the level of skills claimed was not. Male students claimed a higher level of IT skills than female students and the level of skill in IT claimed by Christians is significantly less than that claimed by both Muslims and those of no religion. The questionnaire results led the researcher to believe that students from different cultural backgrounds were using computers and the Internet differently. The interviews were used to probe the implications of these differences with students from particular ethnic groups. The results showed that, at the college where the study took place there were Muslim Pakistani females students who were using the Internet as their main means of social interaction, when not at college. For these students this level of social interaction would not have been available to them they did not have access to the Internet. These students were making extensive use of chat rooms on the Internet. They prearranged to talk on line to people they knew, and they did this on a regular basis. This is in contrast to female students from other cultural groups who did not use chat rooms to the same extent, and when they did it was to talk to people they did not know. The research also found that some computer use was independent of a student's cultural background. One such area related to students having difficulties or problems when using the Internet. From the students interviewed the researcher believes that for many of the students the instruction they are receiving, particularly with reference to using the Internet, is inadequate to meet their needs. In addition to the lack of IT training, some students saw the monitoring of computer use as problematic. Parental monitoring students' use of computers at home was mainly done by having the home computer located in a family room. Few of the students said that content monitoring software was being used on these machines. All students accepted this monitoring within the home environment but many were unhappy with the monitoring arrangements that the college had put in place. This research project has shown that it is not sufficient for future education researchers to investigate computer use in terms of type of use alone, as has been the case in many previous studies. This research has shown that how students choose to use computers needs to be interpreted in terms of their gender and cultural background.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis has explored a new idea: viewing standards as interdependent artifacts and studying them with network analysis tools. Using the set of Internet standards as an example, the research of this thesis includes the citation network, the author affiliation network, and the co-author network of the Internet standards over the period of 1989 to 2004. The major network analysis tools used include cohesive subgroup decomposition (the algorithm by Newman and Girvan is used), regular equivalence class decomposition (the REGE algorithm and the method developed in this thesis is used), nodal prestige and acquaintance (both calculated from Kleinberg's technique), and some social network analysis tools. Qualitative analyses of the historical and technical context of the standards as well as statistical analyses of various kinds are also used in this research. A major finding of this thesis is that for the understanding of the Internet, it is beneficial to consider its standards as interdependent artifacts. Because the basic mission of the Internet (i.e. to be an interoperable system that enables various services and applications) is enabled, not by one or a few, but by a great number of standards developed upon each other, to study the standards only as stand-alone specifications cannot really produce meaningful understandings about a workable system. Therefore, the general approaches and methodologies introduced in this thesis which we label a systems approach is a necessary addition to the existing approaches. A key finding of this thesis is that the citation network of the Internet standards can be decomposed into functionally coherent subgroups by using the Newman-Girvan algorithm.
(cont.) This result shows that the (normative) citations among the standards can meaningfully be used to help us better manage and monitor the standards system. The results in this thesis indicate that organizing the developing efforts of the Internet standards into (now) 121 Working Groups was done in a manner reasonably consistent with achieving a modular (and thus more evolvable) standards system. A second decomposition of the standards network was achieved by employing the REGE algorithm together with a new method developed in this thesis (see the Appendix) for identifying regular equivalence classes. Five meaningful subgroups of the Internet standards were identified, and each of them occupies a specific position and plays a specific role in the network. The five positions are reflected in the names we have assigned to them: the Foundations, the Established, the Transients, the Newcomers, and the Stand-alones. The life cycle among these positions was uncovered and is one of the insights that the systems approach on this standard system gives relative to the evolution of the overall standards system. Another insight concerning evolution of the standard system is the development of a predictive model for promotion of standards to a new status (i.e. Proposed, Draft and Internet Standards as the three ascending statuses). This model also has practical potential to managers of standards setting organizations and to firms (and individuals) interested in efficiently participating in standards setting processes. The model prediction is based on assessing the implicit social influence of the standards (based upon the social network metric, betweenness centrality, of the standards' authors) and the apparent importance of the standard to the network (based upon calculating the standard's prestige from the citation network).
(cont.) A deeper understanding of the factors that go into this model was also developed through the analysis of the factors that can predict increased prestige over time for a standard. The overall systems approach and the tools developed and demonstrated in this thesis for the study of the Internet standards can be applied to other standards systems. Application (and extension) to the World Wide Web, electric power system, mobile communication, and others would we believe lead to important improvements in our practical and scholarly understanding of these systems.
by Mo-Han Hsieh.
Ph.D.

This thesis is an empirical legal investigation into regulatory chilling effects in online contexts. Internet censorship is on the rise globally and state surveillance and cyber-policing capabilities are rapidly evolving. Understanding regulatory "chilling effects" - the idea that laws, regulations, or state surveillance can deter people from exercising their freedoms or engaging in legal activities - has thus today taken on greater urgency and public importance. Yet, the notion is not uncontroversial; many commentators have questioned the existence and impact of regulatory chilling effects, particularly in online contexts. It does not help that previous studies on regulatory chilling effects are generally narrow in methodological and theoretical approach and concern traditional media contexts, shedding little light on how chilling effects may work online. Drawing on a theoretical framework that synthesizes traditional chilling effects theory - forged largely by legal theorists Frank Schauer and Daniel Solove - and informed by insights from both online privacy and computer mediated communications (CMC) research, this thesis addresses this gap in the literature with an innovative research design that explores regulatory chilling effects online, with case studies exploring its comparative, regulatory, and surveillance-related dimensions. In concrete terms, this thesis provides empirical and theoretical foundations not only for the notion of regulatory chilling effects online but also factors that influence them. The first case study, a first-of-its-kind online survey with over 1200 respondents, provides general empirical support for the existence of regulatory chilling effects in online contexts, including comparative insights, that is, how some forms of regulation or surveillance may have more significant regulatory chilling effects than others, and why. The second case study examines whether widely covered revelations in June 2013 concerning NSA/PRISM online surveillance has had a chilling effect on Wikipedia users. The third case study is an investigation of the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)'s controversial notice and takedown copyright enforcement system, a scheme often criticized for creating chilling effects online. This DMCA study is carried with a sample of 500 Google Blogs and 500 Twitter accounts and offers insights into how regulatory chilling effects work in practice, along with insights and implications of automated or "robotized" legal enforcement and the DMCA's international impact. Ultimately, this thesis addresses substantial gaps in existing research and literature concerning the existence, scope, impact, and permanence of regulatory chilling effects, and factors that influence them, while helping lay the foundation for a theory of regulatory chilling effects for online contexts. It also has substantial methodological contributions, offering unique and innovative methods for measuring and exploring regulatory chilling effects that can be re-deployed or built upon in future research.

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Phillip Merrill College of Journalism. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

The thesis is focused on testing the banking software. The first part is contained introduction to the topic, introduced the project, including its objectives, the nature of the application, my role in it. Further described is a method Case study used throughout the work. The company is a researcher of the project for the client. The first objective is to describe the company's testing methodology by which the project progressed during, compare it with other methodologies with regard to their robustness, the degree of organization of work and domestic allocation. The second objective is to determine the bottlenecks including the determination of improvement. Each project is unique, so is suitable, another degree of organization. A control method of the project is agile. It is therefore expected framework anticipating complications and subsequent resolution of other areas to occur. The work defines the cause bottlenecks as the internal factor (human labor), external factors (legislative changes). Mapped was not only the current situation but also outlined the cause of the problem. And the third in terms of value-added most important goal is to design verification solutions experts. At work I described ways of solving problems. I woke them both employees solver side, so people from client companies. Experts from the client know good practices in the company and are able to assess the suitability due to the nature of society. Collaborators supply side, meanwhile, have extensive experience from similar projects. Their opinion on the issue can bring effective application of the Recommendation. The biggest benefit is not only the approval but also the subsequent implementation in the course of the entire project.

Internet business valuation is a challenge because internet business has unique features and thus, needs to consider other issues than the traditional income statement and balance sheet numbers. Furthermore, many of the internet companies have generated negative accounting income in spite of extraordinarily high stock price. Given these circumstances, the advanced valuation model for internet business with consideration of the high growth potential capacity is apparently needed. This paper is designed primarily to review previous researches on the corporate valuation models as the theoretical background and then to select a possibly best suited valuation model for internet business among the presented models. Secondly, I apply the selected valuation model to two Swedish and two Korean leading internet businesses in order to check out the reliability of this valuation model as the empirical study. When it comes to the internet business, both countries have a pretty good internet infrastructure and a high internet penetration in both private life and business environment. Therefore, it could be interesting to compare how different the value of internet companies which have such common conditions is estimated with each other. For the empirical study, I employ the adjusted DCF valuation model and select four internet companies. Two Swedish internet Companies – Net on Net and Unibet - and two Korean internet companies – Interpark and Neowiz – are selected and each company is listed on the respective stock exchange – OMXS and KOSDAQ. The adjusted DCF valuation model is the traditional DCF model with capitalization of R&D costs and marketing expenses as investments. the adjusted DCF valuation model suits best for the valuation of the selected internet companies since they are online gambling provider and online retailer which put large sums in marketing expenditures. This intensive marketing effort in the end contributes to the high future growth. In this sense, the marketing expenditures should be considered as investment rather than costs. By the calculation of the NPV and the comparison with the stock price, I found that the companies with the high growth potential generate the higher NPV than the value derived from the stock price. On the other hand, the NPV of the companies with the moderate growth rate and the mature market situation remains at the almost same level of the stock price value. This empirical result shows that the adjusted DCF model gives the reasonable number and so indicates the high forecast capacity. Except Net on Net of which the NPV seems to be too high, the NPVs of the companies are well-consistent with the present stock price and the stock price change.

Today's Internet usage is changing from host-to-host communication to user-to-content interaction which proves a challenge for Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Repeated requests lead to transfers of large amounts of traffic containing the same content often over costly inter-ISP connections. Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) contribute to solving this issue, but do not directly address the problem. This thesis project explores how content based addressing could minimize inter-ISP traffic due to repeated requests for content by caching content within the ISP's network. We implemented CCNx 0.6.0 in a network testbed in order to simulate scenarios with multiple ISPs interconnected to each other. This testbed is used to illustrate how caching of popular content minimizes inter-ISP traffic as well as how content independence minimizes the effect of other network problems such as link failures and congestion. These tests shows that the large overhead of the CCNx implementation due to the additional headers brings a 16% performance reduction compared to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) transfers. However, these tests also shows that the cost from the inter-ISP traffic of CCNx transfers are constant regardless of the number of repeated requests, due to content caching in the ISP's network. As soon as there is more than one request for the same content there is a gain in using CCNx rather than HTTP for content transfer.
Dagens användning av internet ändrar form från dator-till-dator kommunikation till användaretill- innehålls interaktion vilket innebär nya utmaningar för internetleverantörer vilka måste överföra stora mängder upprepade förfrågningar av innehåll via kostsamma länkar mellan internetleverantörer. Lösningar som innehållsdistribuerande nätverk (Content Distribution Network) hjälper idag till men addresserar inte kärnan av problemet. Det här examensarbetet undersöker hur innehållsbaserad addressering kan minimera mängden trafik mellan internetleverantörer genom att cachning, att lagra kopior av innehåll, i internetleverantörers nätverket. I det här examensarbetet implementerade vi CCNx 0.6.0 i en testbädd för att simulera scenarion med nätverk mellan internetleverantörer. Denna testbädd används för att illustrera hur cachning av populärt innehåll kan minimera trafik mellan internetleverantörer samt hur innehållets oberoende av plats även hjälper till med andra problem i nätverket såsom länkfel och stockning. Dessa test visar att CCNx implementationen har stor overhead information på grund av ytterligare, extra headers vilket medför en 16% reducering i prestanda jämfört med överföringar som använder Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Vidare visar dessa tester även att kostnaden från trafik mellan internetleverantörer är konstant oberoende av antalet upprepade förfrågningar, på grund av cachning av innehåll i internetleverantörens nätverk. Så snart det finns fler än en begäran för samma innehåll finns det en vinst i att använda CCNx istället för HTTP för överföringar av innehåll.

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo discutir como um dado sistema de gerenciamento de EaD baseada na Internet pode revelar aplicabilidade pedagógica a um determinado conteúdo trabalhado a distância. Discutiu-se, também, de que forma este tipo de sistema pode contribuir para uma mediação pedagógica adequada dos conteúdos por ele veiculados, bem como jogar algumas luzes sobre as facilidades e dificuldades vivenciadas pelos seus usuários. Finalmente, tivemos por objetivo discutir a extensão e a direção do hiato de qualidade entre a proposta dos autores e patrocinadores de uma iniciativa específica de EaD baseada na Internet a e a qualidade percebida pelos seus usuários. Logo após a Introdução, esta pesquisa apresenta uma discussão sobre a Cibercultura e seus reflexos sobre a Educação a Distância, confrontando diferentes pontos de vista sobre o assunto. Prossegue-se com uma análise da EaD baseada na Internet no Brasil e com uma apresentação dos principais gerenciadores de EaD baseada na Internet. Por fim, descreve-se brevemente o Curso Pós-Médio em Informática da Fundação Bradesco, realizado em convênio com a Cisco Systems do Brasil, sobre o qual aplicou-se um modelo empírico de avaliação de percepção de qualidade, a saber, o modelo ServQual, proposto em 1985 por Parasuraman et al.. A dissertação finaliza-se com algumas conclusões decorrentes do confronto de visões dos diversos atores do processo, sugerindo direções para pesquisa futura.
The present research intends to discuss how a certain Internet Learning Management System may be pedagogicly applied to a content delivered at distance. It is also discussed how this kind of system may contribute to an adequate pedagogic mediation of the contents that it delivers. The work also spreads some light over the facilities and difficulties that its users face. The final goal is to discuss the extent and the direction of the quality gap between the authors and sponsors propositions of a given iniciative of Distance Learning though the Internet and the quality perceived by its users. Right after the Introduction, this research presents a discussion about the Cyberculture and its reflexions on the Distance Education, comparing different points of view about the subject. Then the Distance Learning through the Internet in Brazil is analysed, presenting the main learning management systems. Finaly, the Fundação Bradesco Computer Science Course is described, on which it was applied an empiric model of quality perception evaluation, the ServQual, created in 1985 by Parasuraman et al.. The research ends with some conclusions derived from the confrontation of points of view of the different actors involved, suggesting directions for future research.

This research uses observation, interviews and content analysis to examine the perceived and actual risks arising from Internet use in eight educational establishments. The majority of staff interviewed expressed concern about online pornography and the dangers of web based chat rooms. Additionally staff were anxious about the risks posed by hate engendering sites, websites encouraging experimentation, copyright infringement and threats to network security. In considering these school Internet risk narratives I make a distinction between concern that the student is "at risk" and that they are "dangerous”, posing a threat to the institution. I point out that in the primary schools staff talked about students solely as being "at risk", whereas in secondary schools this concern was tempered with the view that students misusing the school Internet also posed a danger to the institution. In the post-16 college Internet risks were almost solely expressed in terms of the "dangerous student". While only a sparse student risk narrative existed, with a few students anxious about on-line pornography, chat-lines and security there was non-verbal evidence indicating that students were worried about being punished for misusing the Internet. In assessing the "student- at-risk", I argue that exposure to pornography via the school Internet was not likely to pose an actual risk, while undesirable others in chat rooms, hateful websites and sites encouraging experimentation all posed actual, though statistically remote, risks. Considering the Internet activities of the "dangerous student", I found little evidence to suggest that the issues of school image, staff authority and copyright should be a source of great concern, although I note that school network security was an actual risk which deserves more attention. Finally, I consider institutional attempts to control Internet use and alleviate some of these perceived and actual risks through the use of rhetoric, exclusion and surveillance.

This study focuses on how the country embraces the new technology of the Internet and its attendant effects while at the same time protecting the values and traditions which define the Saudi identity. This study also examines a range of theoretical and contextual debates that are relevant to the issues addressed in this research. Among the debates examined are: globalisation, Internet influence, censorship and regulation, sovereignty as well as the tensions emanating from interactions between political spaces and cultural flows. Materials for the study were collected through the use of in-depth interviews with top policy makers in Saudi Arabia as well as through the use of questionnaires to collect data on the views of the citizens of Saudi Arabia about their use of the Internet and views on Internet regulation in Saudi Arabia. The findings in the study indicate that while there is widespread adoption of the Internet in Saudi Arabia, there is still a wide range of debates on the extent to which it should be allowed a free reign in the society. While the arguments continue, the introduction of the Internet in Saudi Arabia has opened up a number of social and political spaces that might not be available without the Internet.

Internet marketing is critical for meeting changing consumer needs and staying competitive in the business environment. Small business owners need strategies on how to use Internet marketing to promote their products or services. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore how 5 small business owners in Maryland developed and implemented an online marketing strategy. Participants were recruited for their roles as the chief decision maker of their business; additional prerequisites for their participation were that they used Internet marketing, represented different industries, and had fewer than 20 employees. Data came from semi-structured interviews with the small business owners, direct observations of the firms' online marketing processes and technology, and evaluation of companies' use of different Internet marketing channels. The data analysis strategy drew on resource-based view theory propositions, examinations of conflicting explanations discovered during the literature review, and cross-case synthesis. The 5 emergent themes encompassed unstructured planning, limited Internet marketing knowledge and expertise, use of Internet marketing channels and tools, lack of systematic approach to the management of Internet marketing, and inadequate measurement of Internet marketing efforts. By engaging in Internet marketing strategy planning, acquiring specialized Internet marketing knowledge, measuring marketing performance, and extending their Internal marketing resources through outsourcing, small business owners may develop and implement successful online marketing strategies. These findings may influence positive social change by contributing to more effective and efficient marketing practices in small firms that can lead to better financial performance, higher survival rates, and a healthier economic system.

Questo studio ha l’obiettivo di restituire una visione il più possibile completa e reale dell’organizzazione non-profit Save Venice Inc., delle sue attività (I restauri, le pubblicazioni, gli eventi etc.) e delle politiche adottate nel tempo. Per perseguire tale fine si è scelto di analizzare e confrontare due diverse tipologie di documenti. I primi, le Newsletter, sono documenti pubblici prodotti dall’organizzazione dal 1971 al 2018, hanno un carattere complessivo e mirano a restituire l’immagine che l’organizzazione desidera comunicare di sé ai suoi stakeholder. I secondi, i verbali del CdA, sono documenti privati e confidenziali capaci, attraverso la voce dei membri del CdA e alle decisioni prese, di far emergere la politica dell’organizzazione (le preoccupazioni, gli obiettivi a breve, medio e lungo termine etc.). La ricerca si compone di tre fasi. La prima è descritta nel capitolo 3 e consiste in: analisi e codificazione delle newsletter, creazione di un database, analisi del database e descrizione dei risultati. La seconda fase è descritta nel capitolo 4 e consiste in: analisi e codifica dei verbali prodotti dal 1997 al 2006, creazione di un database, analisi del database e descrizione dei risultati. La terza fase infine cerca di confrontare le prospettive emerse dalle precedenti fasi circoscrivendo la discussione all’arco temporale 1997-2006 con l’obiettivo di restituire una visione il più possibile completa dell’organizzazione e delle sue attività.

O propósito desta tese é estudar os conectores de causa e condição em fóruns eletrônicos de comunidades do Orkut. Esta pesquisa integra o projeto Gramática contrastiva alemão-português: conectores, realizado no Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), em Mannheim (Alemanha), e apresenta os primeiros resultados da aplicação do modelo teórico que fundamenta as investigações para a constituição dessa gramática em um corpus inteiramente em língua portuguesa. A natureza argumentativa do fórum eletrônico propicia uma grande incidência de conectores de causa e condição e viabilizou a aplicação do modelo para a investigação desses recursos. Além disso, ao analisar os conectores textuais presentes em fóruns eletrônicos do Orkut, esta tese procura contribuir com os trabalhos destinados à caracterização da versão digital do gênero discursivo fórum de discussão e intensificar os estudos sobre as interações virtuais realizadas na rede de relacionamentos Orkut. Dessa forma, este estudo vincula-se também a um segundo projeto de pesquisa: Oralidade e escrita: características e usos dos gêneros midiáticos, desenvolvido no Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Os resultados encontrados a partir da análise dos dados demonstram a aplicabilidade do modelo teórico adotado para estudos em língua portuguesa e as contribuições que pode oferecer para a compreensão do funcionamento sintático, semântico e discursivo dos conectores de causa e condição. Em relação ao gênero discursivo fórum eletrônico, a análise evidencia que algumas características já identificadas por outros pesquisadores, como a argumentatividade e a escolha do registro informal em interações virtuais, também podem ser observadas nos fóruns eletrônicos do Orkut. No entanto, a característica essencial dos fóruns de promover a discussão em torno de uma questão social controversa em busca de uma solução coletiva (cf. Xavier e Santos, 2005) parece estar mais rarefeita nos fóruns que se realizam nessa rede de relacionamentos.
The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate the cause and conditional connectors in e-forums within the Orkut social network service, under the frame of the project German-Portuguese Contrastive Grammar: connectors, carried out at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), in Mannheim (Germany). It presents the first results of the application of the theoretical model of this grammar to a corpus entirely in Portuguese language. The argumentative nature of the e-forum provides a great incidence of cause and condition connectors, particularly attractive for the investigation of the resources and limitations of the model under evaluation. Moreover, by analyzing the textual connectors in Orkut\"s e-forums, this thesis aims to contribute to the recent investigation trend on the characterization of the electronic version of discussion forums and to intensify the studies of virtual interactions carried out in Orkut. Therefore, this research fits also to a second research project: Orality and writing: characteristics and uses of media genres, developed at the Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Data analysis demonstrates the applicability of the model under evaluation to studies on the Portuguese language and the contribution that it can offer to the understanding of the syntactic, semantic and discursive functions of the cause and condition connectors. Regarding the e-forum genre, some characteristics which have already been identified by other researchers, such as the argumentativeness and informality of the texts, were observed in Orkut\"s e-forums as well. However, the forums essential characteristic of promoting a discussion around a controversial social issue in search of a collective solution to a given problem (Xavier e Santos, 2005) seems to be dissipated in the forums of this particular social network service.

Os direitos decorrentes do despedimento declarado ilícito é uma das matérias mais sensíveis e delicadas do nosso ordenamento jurídico, apesar da aparente calmaria doutrinal. A solução legal tem sido alvo de muitas críticas, quer por parte das associações sindicais, de parte da doutrina e jurisprudência, que entendem que o modelo consagrado no CLCV fragilizou bastante a posição dos trabalhadores. Trata-se de um modelo que tem como princípio orientador a proibição dos despedimentos sem justa causa e que é amplamente acolhido no nosso ordenamento jurídico. A justa causa aparece definida de forma indeterminada, sendo o seu preenchimento apreciado caso a caso. Assim, independentemente do motivo, um despedimento declarado ilícito no nosso ordenamento jurídico dá lugar, à reintegração do trabalhador no seu posto de trabalho, com a mesma categoria e antiguidade, tudo se passando como se não tivesse sido despedido. Conjuntamente com a reintegração surgem os direitos aos salários intercalares, à indemnização substitutiva e ainda a indemnização por danos não patrimoniais (apesar de não ter consagração expressa no CL, tem tido acolhimento jurisprudencial). Ainda associado a esses direitos aparece o direito de oposição patronal à reintegração do trabalhador. Trata-se de um direito que, no nosso ordenamento laboral, é conferido ao empregador que dispõe de um direito ilimitado do qual pode fazer uso sempre que entender e sem necessidade de qualquer justificação ou fundamentação. Trata-se de um direito potestativo do empregador que desde que pague a indemnização devida ao trabalhador pode sempre recusar a sua reintegração.
The rights arising from the dismissal is declared illegal is one of the most sensitive and delicate matters of our legal system, despite the apparent calm doctrinal. The legal solution has been heavily criticized both by the unions, part of the doctrine and jurisprudence, who understand that the model set out in CLCV quite weakened the position of workers. It is a model that has as its guiding principle the prohibition of unfair dismissal, which is widely accepted in our legal system. The just cause appears set of indeterminate form, being your filling assessed in each individual case. Thus, regardless of the reason, a dismissal declared unlawful in our present legal system in place, the reintegration of the worker at their place of work, with the same category and seniority, everything is passing as if he had not been dismissed. Jointly with the reintegration appear around the rights to wages, the interim surrogate compensation and even compensation for non-material damage (despite not having consecration expressed in CL, has had jurisprudential host). Also associated with these rights appears the right of opposition to reintegration of the worker. It is a right that, in our planning, labor is conferred to the employer that offers an unlimited right of which can make whenever he understand and without any justification or validity. It is a right potestative from the employer who provided they pay the compensation due to the employee can always refuse to their reintegration.

M.Com. (Business Management)
The sector of the economy in which service providers compete, has undergone much change during tho last two decades. Successful service providers followed specific tactics to ensure that the needs of clients were satisfied. Customer satisfaction became more important as competition increased. Although the internal audit department of ABSA has never had to face competition, this situation is rapidly changing. External audit firms are attempting to expand their businesses by providing the internal and the external audit functions to a company. ABSA's internal audit department is not only faced with the increase in competition but is also under pressure to improve its level of service to clients who no longer receive its service free of charge.

O estudo deste trabalho insere-se na implementação de uma estratégia de Employer Branding, onde uma das preocupações seria a retenção e a motivação dos colaboradores. Perante o Enquadramento teórico, este assume que o Employer Branding assenta em algumas áreas, tais como, a Marca Interna da empresa, Comunicação, Recrutamento, Cultura, Valores e Políticas, Aprendizagem, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Reconhecimento, Segurança e Responsabilidade Social. Em cada uma destas áreas foram inseridas outras dimensões para existir uma maior sedimentação. Neste estudo foram abordados conceitos, tais como, Branding, Marketing Relacional, motivação, entre outros, onde todos estes conceitos se relacionam com o Employer Branding e o E.V.P (Employer Brand Preposition).

碩士
元智大學
資訊社會學研究所
98
Behavior via new media such as Internet is likely to challenge current laws. Different courts may come up with different interpretation about how to apply current laws to behavior on Internet. For most of Internet libel cases, the present criminal law is applicable. However, we need to know more about the nature of Internet communications so that we may apply the libel law in real cases in a more appropriate manner. In this thesis, the author analyzes the application of law with respect to libel cases on Internet in the following dimensions: (1) The element of “attempt to publish”(2) aggravated libel, and (3) cyber reputation. (1) The element of “attempt to publish” What kinds of action of the doer may constitute “attempt to publish” a libel. (2) Aggravated libel Whether to publish a libel speech via the form of electromagnetic signal may constitute an aggravated libel. (3) Cyber reputation Whether a user’s reputation on Internet should be protected by law in the same way as to his or her real reputation.

碩士
淡江大學
管理科學研究所企業經營碩士在職專班
95
Since Web banner was introduced to the public in 1994, internet advertisement had become the first profit model on internet. Because of the websites were relying on the internet advertisement too much and no clear business model, the burst of internet bubble happened by the end of 2000. Nowadays, online business models undoubtedly become the critical issue for website operators. The population of top 15 nations has reached 934 million by 2004, and internet user has reached 67.69% of population in Taiwan in 2006. The internet users are gradually growing globally and some creative websites even seize the traditional business channels and media advertisement from giant enterprises. Internet membership fees and advertisement revenue come from the website members and their loyalty, therefore, internet community is the basis for the internet profit. In this research, we summarized the internet business models on related literatures, had WRETCH.CC a community case study, randomly chose internet community members to have questionnaire, and finally analyzed the Key Success Factors for internet community. This research had factor analysis based on 27 impact factors, and got 8 Key Successful Factors, importantly ranked and named by creative content and safe personal information, basic community space, members’ development and incentive, platform feature, business activity and provider contact, the security and honesty for social environment, marketing activity, and branding and image.

碩士
東吳大學
企業管理學系
93
Sales Promotion (SP) traditionally is one of the most important tools of marketing communication or promotion. Recently, internet marketing is used widely across the business world. Due to the fact that power of personal selling is strictly reduced and restricted in internet or on-line marketing, the role of sales promotion has increased a lot. Many internet stores choose various sales promotion practices and even formulate sales promotion strategy to guide their SP practices. While most of the existing internet marketing papers study single SP practice, this research tries to study integrated internet SP practice and use it as the main construct. This research tries to develop suitable classification of internet SP strategy. Furthermore, this research explores main influencing factors of internet SP strategy, including characteristics of internet uers. The SP effects include short effect, consumer value, satisfaction and loyalty will also be investigated. The research findings are as follows: 1. Internet SP types are related to internet SP effectiveness, including short-term effect, consumer value, satisfaction and loyalty. 2. SP duration is related to internet SP effectiveness. 3. Some fits between internet SP types and SP duration are significantly related to internet SP effectiveness, including attractiveness of short-term effects and consumer value. 4. Internet user characteristics are significantly related to preferred internet SP categories. 5. Internet user characteristics are significantly related to internet SP effectiveness, including sex and average monthly income.

M.Bibl. (Information Studies)
Traditionally it is part of the library or information service to provide clients with access to current and relevant information through current awareness services. It is part of the information professional's task to apply new technology and necessary services to the advantage of the clients. The purpose of this study was to establish, by means of empirical research, the effectiveness of CoMIC - an abstracting journal service currently provided to the mining industry. Other institutions providing a similar abstracting journal service should be able to use this methodology as a basis when evaluating their own service. Both a literature survey (to gain basic information about current awareness services in general and more specifically abstracting journals) and a postal questionnaire (to establish clients' opinions about the CoMIC service) were used during the study. From the literature survey it was established that the use of an effective current awareness service holds a variety of advantages. There are however also a few problems associated with the provision of current awareness services. These problems are surpassable providing the necessary precautions are taken in time. The criteria to which abstracting journals are to adhere were established. The purpose of the questionnaire was to give clients the oportunity to express their personal views with regard to the CoMIC service. The most important information extrapolated from the questionnaire was that respondents were satisfied with most aspects of the service. Recommendations with regard to alleviating a few minor problems were provided. After an analysis of the research results, it was concluded that CoMIC should be classified as an effective abstracting journal service.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
105
The internet economy grows up quickly, so shopping on the internet is not strange for everybody. In the meanwhile, the internet also made many entrepreneurs. No matter why they want to have their own business on the internet, the internet is just a tool; it cannot make you fly. Many companies realize the reason, so they try hard to weave the net. O2O becomes O2O2O gradually, but how to survive in the platform also test every entrepreneur’s wisdom. Mr. Yang set up a company in Taipei 2008, as the food provider on the internet. Food safety issues happened in Taiwan every year, and everybody ask cost down, so many suppliers change the mark labels in order to get more profits. These problems made the company did not get any profit, so some shareholders want to withdraw their money. At that time, the company did not what kind of business model they should change. Mr. Yang just can try his best to find out the way. When Mr. Yang met such big problem, he knew his friends who are non-toxic cultivation farmer met marketing problem, and he want to help these friends. His company change O2O model to O2O2O and focus on offline instead of online, so he start to wave the green internet. After they built up the O2O2O platform, there are bunch of resources, which can be modeling, how to find out the best model test Mr. Yang’s intelligence again. Many companies will also get in the same trouble when they want to change the business model how to re-modelling their own resource and get better profit is a big problem.