Artículos de revistas: "Cecil G"

1

O'Toole, O. "Cecil Peter Royall". BMJ 325, n.º 7369 (19 de octubre de 2002): 906g—906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7369.906/g.

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LÉZÉ, SAMUEL. "Medical anthropology edited by Helman, Cecil G." Social Anthropology 17, n.º 4 (23 de octubre de 2009): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2009.00088_10.x.

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Robbins, Keith. "Johnson, G. (2013).Lord Robert Cecil: Politician and Internationalist". Diplomacy & Statecraft 26, n.º 3 (3 de julio de 2015): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2015.1068017.

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4

Macciò, Daniela Donnini. "Arthur Cecil Pigou, by N. Aslanbeigui and G. Oakes". European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 24, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2017): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2016.1270576.

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5

Oland, Maxine. "Maya Worldviews at Conquest. Leslie G. Cecil , Timothy W. Pugh". Journal of Anthropological Research 67, n.º 1 (abril de 2011): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.67.1.41304132.

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6

Bhugra, Dinesh. "Cecil G. Helman (2007). Culture health and illness (5th edition)". International Review of Psychiatry 21, n.º 5 (enero de 2009): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540260701284588.

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7

Landy, David. ": Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals . Cecil G. Helman." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 1992): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.1992.6.1.02a00090.

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8

Rugeley, Terry. "Maya Worldview at Conquest - edited by Cecil, Leslie G. and Pugh, Timothy W." Bulletin of Latin American Research 30, n.º 4 (2 de septiembre de 2011): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2011.00573.x.

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9

Qureshi, Bashir. "Culture, Health and Illness (2nd Edition). By Cecil G. Helman London: Butterworth. 1990. 344 pp. £12.95." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, n.º 1 (julio de 1991): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000024727.

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10

Mueller, Thomas C., Philip A. Banks, Parshall B. Bush y William C. Steen. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of 5-(Methylamino)-2-Phenyl-4-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(2H)-Furanone in Soil". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 1990): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.298.

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Abstract A rapid, sensitive method is described for the determination of5-(methylamlno)-2-phenyl-4-[3-(trlfluoromethyl)phenyl]-3- (2M)-furanone (RE-40885) concentrations in 3 soil types. The method consists of extraction of soil samples with methanol, filtration, liquid chromatographic separation of methanolsoluble components using a C18 column, and UV detection at 275 nm. Recoveries were 94, 96, and 94% from the Greenville, Cecil, and Dothan soils, respectively. Average relative standard deviation was 8.0% in the Greenville soil. The qualitative limit of detection was 20 ppb and the limit of quantitation was 40 ppb in 25 g soil samples.

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11

Talbot, John. "York Bowen's Viola Concerto". Tempo 60, n.º 238 (octubre de 2006): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298206260315.

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YORK BOWEN: Viola Concerto in C minor, op.25. CECIL FORSYTH: Viola Concerto in G minor. Lawrence Power (vla), BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra c. Martyn Brabbins. Hyperion CDA67546.BOWEN: Viola Concerto; Viola Sonata No.2 in F major; Melody for the C string, op.51 no.2. Doris Lederer (vla), with Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra c. Paul Polivnick, Bruce Murray (pno). Centaur CRC 2786.BOWEN: Viola Concerto. WALTON: Viola Concerto in A minor. HOWELLS: Elegy for viola, string quartet and string orchestra. VAUGHAN WILLIAMS: Suite for viola and orchestra (Group I). Helen Callus (vla), New Zealand Symphony Orchestra c. Marc Taddei. ASV CD DCA 1181.

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12

Mueller, Thomas C. y Thomas B. Moorman. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Fluometuron and Metabolites in Soil". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 1991): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.671.

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Abstract A rapid, sensitive method Is described for the determination of fluometuron and Its soil metabolites In 4 soil types. The method consists of extraction of moist soil samples with methanol, filtration, liquid chromatographic separation of methanol-soluble components using a C18 column, and fluorescence detection with excitation at 292 nm and emission measured at 345 nm. Fluometuron recoveries from fortified soils were >90% from the Dundee, Okalona, Cecil, and Ships soils. Recoveries from a Dundee silt loam for desmethyl fluometuron, 3-(trlfluoromethyl)phenyl urea, and 3- (trifluoromethyl)anillne were 77, 77, and 35%, respectively. Average percent relative standard deviations of Dundee soil extracts were 5.3% for fluometuron and <8.0% for each metabolite. The limit of detection for fluometuron and each of its soil metabolites was 25 ng/g soil.

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13

Like, Robert C. "Culture, health and illness: An introduction for health professionals, 4th edition, Cecil G. Helman, Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 2000, 336 pages; $37.50". Public Health Reports 116, n.º 4 (julio de 2001): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3549(04)50059-6.

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14

Li, Xiao, Timothy Grey, William Vencill, James Freeman, Katilyn Price, George Cutts y Andrew Price. "Evaluation of Cotton Responses to Fomesafen-Based Treatments Applied Preemergence". Weed Technology 32, n.º 4 (3 de mayo de 2018): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.31.

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AbstractFomesafen provides effective control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton. However, cotton seedlings can be injured when fomesafen is applied PRE. Therefore, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at Athens, GA, and at six locations in Alabama and Georgia in 2013 and 2016 to evaluate cotton growth and yield response to fomesafen applied PRE at 70, 140, 280, 560, 1,120, or 2,240 g ai ha−1, and in combination with pendimethalin, diuron, acetochlor, and fluridone at 1×label rates. Greenhouse bioassays indicated that fomesafen reduced cotton height and dry weight with increasing rate in Cecil sandy loam and Tifton loamy sand but not in Greenville sandy clay loam––possibly as a result of this soil’s higher organic matter (OM) and clay content. Fomesafen applied at 2,240 g ai ha−1 reduced cotton stand by as much as 83% compared to the nontreated check (NTC) at all field locations except Alabama’s Macon and Baldwin counties, and 1,120 g ai ha−1 reduced cotton stand only at Pulaski County, GA, by 52%. Cotton height was reduced by the two highest rates of fomesafen at all locations except Clarke County, GA, and Baldwin County, AL. Injury data indicated more visual injury followed increasing fomesafen rates, and high-rate treatments produced more injury in sandier soils. Cotton yield was unaffected by herbicide treatments at any location, except for the 1,120 g ai ha−1 rate at Pulaski County (49% yield loss compared to NTC), 2,240 g ai ha−1 at Pulaski County (72% yield loss), and Tift County (29% yield loss). These data indicated cotton yield should not be negatively affected by fomesafen applied PRE alone within label rates or in combination with pendimethalin, diuron, acetochlor, and fluridone at 1×label rates, although some visual injury, or stand or height reduction may occur early in the growing season.

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15

RESTALL, MATTHEW. "Leslie G. Cecil and Timothy W. Pugh (eds.), Maya Worldviews at Conquest (Boulder CO: University Press of Colorado, 2009), pp. xviii+426, $60.00, hb." Journal of Latin American Studies 42, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2010): 846–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x10001422.

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16

Lebedeva, Ekaterina S. "Review of Nelson, Cecil L., Zoya G. Proshina & Daniel R. Davis. 2020. The Handbook of World Englishes. 2nd edn. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley - Blackwell. 816 p. + xxx p." Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-3-730-734.

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17

Lyon, Cecil G. "Imitators of Epilepsy: The Seizure Disorder Spectrum - Imitators of Epilepsy: The Seizure Disorder Spectrum, By Cecil G. Lyon Review of Robert S. Fisher's Imitators of Epilepsy, Demos Publications, 1994." CNS Spectrums 2, n.º 6 (junio de 1997): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900010841.

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18

Goldwyn, Shana. "Educational Administration: Theory, Research, and Practice20083Wayne K. Hoy and Cecil G. Miskel. Educational Administration: Theory, Research, and Practice. The McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2008. 490 pp., ISBN: 978‐0‐07‐340374‐8 $108.75". Journal of Educational Administration 46, n.º 1 (febrero de 2008): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578230810849862.

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19

Frasure-Smith, Nancy. "Abstracts and Reviews : Heart Disease and the Cultural Construction of Time: the Type a Behaviour Pattern as a Western Culture-Bound Syndrome by Cecil G. Helman. Social Science and Medicine 25 (1987):969-979". Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 25, n.º 2 (junio de 1988): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136346158802500206.

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20

Halperin, Christina T. "Maya Worldviews at Conquest, edited by Leslie G. Cecil & Timothy W. Pugh, 2009. Boulder (CO): University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-945-2 hardback £49.99 & $60; xviii+426 pp., 311 figs., 6 tables". Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20, n.º 3 (27 de septiembre de 2010): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774310000569.

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21

Deane, Bradley. "IMPERIAL BARBARIANS: PRIMITIVE MASCULINITY IN LOST WORLD FICTION". Victorian Literature and Culture 36, n.º 1 (marzo de 2008): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080121.

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Cecil Rhodes, the “Colossus” of late Victorian empire, proudly proclaimed himself a barbarian. He spoke of his taste for things “big and simple, barbaric, if you like,” and boasted that he conducted himself “on the basis of a barbarian” (Millin 165, 242). His famous scholarships designed to turn out men fit for imperial mastery required success in “manly outdoor sports,” a criterion Rhodes privately called the proof of “brutality” (Stead 39). Yet while Rhodes celebrated qualities he called barbaric or brutal, his adversaries seized upon the same rhetoric to revile him. During the Boer War, for instance, the tactics by which Rhodes and his friends tightened their grip on South Africa were boldly condemned by Henry Campbell-Bannerman as “methods of barbarism.” Similarly, G. K. Chesterton denounced Rhodes as nothing more than a “Sultan” who conquered the “East” only to reinforce the backward “Oriental” values of fatalism and despotism (242–44). This strange consensus, in which Rhodes and his critics could agree about his barbarity, reflects a significant uncertainty about late Victorian imperial ambitions and their relationship to “barbarism.” Clearly, the term was available both to the empire's critics as a metaphor for unprincipled or indiscriminate violence and to imperialists as a justification for their efforts to bring civilization to the Earth's dark places, to spread the gospel, and to enforce the progress of history that the anthropologist E. B. Tylor called “the onward movement from barbarism” (29). But Rhodes's cheerful assertion of his own barbarity represents something altogether different: the apparent paradox of an imperialism that openly embraces the primitive. Nor was Rhodes alone in sounding this particularly troubling version of the barbaric yawp. During the period of the New Imperialism (1871–1914), Victorian popular culture became engrossed as never before in charting vectors of convergence between the British and those they regarded as primitive, and in imagining the ways in which barbarians might make the best imperialists of all. This transvaluation of savagery found its most striking expression in the emergence of a wildly popular genre of fiction: stories of lost worlds.

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22

FARRINGTON, LEIGH A., ROGER B. HARVEY, SANDRA A. BUCKLEY, ROBERT E. DROLESKEY, DAVID J. NISBET y PETER D. INSKIP. "Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonellae Isolated from Market-Age Swine". Journal of Food Protection 64, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2001): 1496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1496.

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Antimicrobial resistance levels were examined for 365 Salmonella isolates recovered from the lymph nodes (n = 224) and cecal contents (n = 141) of market-age swine at slaughter. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by disk diffusion using 13 antibiotics common in the treatment of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Although none of the antibiotics tested were used subtherapeutically within the last 5 years on the farms sampled, resistance to chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was common. Penicillin G resistance was significantly more frequent (P = 0.03) and sulfisoxazole resistance was significantly less frequent (P < 0.01) in lymph node versus cecal isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed among 94.7% of the lymph node isolates and 93.5% of the cecal isolates. The most frequent multidrug resistance pattern included three antibiotics—penicillin G, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline. Isolates in somatic serogroup B, and more specifically, Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolates, were often resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than were isolates in the other serogroups. Streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin (lymph node isolates), and nitrofurantoin (cecal isolates) resistance levels differed significantly between somatic serogroups. The prevalence of penicillin G-, streptomycin-, and sulfisoxazole-resistant isolates differed significantly between serovars for both lymph node and cecal isolates. Results of this study suggest that a correlation exists between the somatic serogroup or serovar of a Salmonella isolate and its antimicrobial resistance status, which is specific to the antibiotic of interest and the source of the isolate (lymph node versus cecal contents).

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23

HUME, MICHAEL E., DONALD E. CORRIER, DAVID J. NISBET y JOHN R. DeLOACH. "Reduction of Salmonella Crop and Cecal Colonization by a Characterized Competitive Exclusion Culture in Broilers during Grow-Out†". Journal of Food Protection 59, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1996): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.7.688.

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Broiler chicks were inoculated by gavage on the day of hatch with a characterized continuous-flow (CF3) competitive-exclusion culture that contained 29 different bacterial isolates to determine the effects on Salmonella cecal and crop colonization during grow-out. Chicks at 3 days old were challenged by gavage with 104 Salmonella typhimurium. Propionic acid significantly increased (P ≤ 0.001) in the ceca of 3-day-old CF3-treated chicks compared to control chicks. Ceca from market-age control chickens in two trials contained log 2.6 and log 1.4 Salmonella CFU/g of cecal contents, respectively, while log 0.4 Salmonella CFU/g of cecal contents were detected in both trials in ceca from CF3-treated chickens. Percentages of Salmonella culture-positive ceca in the two trials, respectively, were 80% and 60% in controls and 27% in treated chickens in both trials. Crops from market-age control chickens in the two trials averaged log 0.7 Salmonella CFU/g of cecal contents, while crops from treated chickens averaged log 0.4 CFU/g of cecal contents. In trial 1, 60% of control chick crops and 27% of treated chick crops tested Salmonella culture positive. Litter contamination by Salmonella spp. at 5 weeks was reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.01) in pens of CF3-treated groups compared to litter from control pens. Results indicate that CF3 reduced cecal and crop colonization by S. typhimurium during grow-out, which may reduce the number of Salmonella cells entering the processing plant and decrease the potential for carcass contamination during processing.

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24

Halpin, Michael Y., James Drouillard, Teresa Douthit, Qinghong Ran, Barry J. Bradford, Douglas Marthaler, Patricia Ochonski y James M. Lattimer. "246 Effect of increasing levels of dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.036.

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Abstract An experiment was conducted with 6 cecally cannulated horses (524 ± 65.5 kg BW) to evaluate effects of increasing dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota. Starch was supplied via corn pellets and was increased by 0.5 g starch/kg BW/meal every 7 d until horses received 3.5 g starch/kg BW/meal. Throughout the experiment, Smooth Bromegrass hay and water were offered ad libitum. Meals were fed every 6 h, starting at 0600 h. On d 7 of each period, cecal digesta was collected every 2 h for 12 h. Within period, cecal samples for each horse were pooled and DNA was extracted for PCR amplification of the 16 S rRNA gene (V3 and V4 regions) and sequencing via Illumina MiSeq. Alpha and beta diversity were measured. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with fixed effect of starch level and random effect of horse (SAS version 9.4). If a horse presented with colic, it was removed from the experiment. Parameters when feeding 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal were compared between horses which completed the trial and those removed using covariate of 0 g starch/kg BW/meal. Feeding 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal elicited the greatest changes in microbiota, indicated by reduced (P ≤ 0.02) operational taxonomical units and Faith phylogenetic diversity and different (P ≤ 0.017) beta diversity compared to all other treatments. Across treatments, Firmicutes was the most abundant phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes. Feeding 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal led to lowest (P ≤ 0.0342) relative abundance (RA) of Prevotella, Treponema, Phascolarctobacterium, and [Prevotella]. Horses that persisted throughout the experiment had reduced (P = 0.0163) RA of Ruminococcus and greater RA of Phascolarctobacterium (P = 0.0057) when consuming 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal compared to those removed. This is the first report describing effects of gradually increasing dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota in vivo.

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25

Liu, L., Y. Xu y X. Xu. "Effect of supplementation with two combinations of alternative to antimicrobials by stages on cecal fermentation in rabbits". Czech Journal of Animal Science 63, No. 10 (27 de septiembre de 2018): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/121/2017-cjas.

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Antimicrobials inhibit cecal fermentation when preventing rabbit from infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with two combinations of alternative to antimicrobial (combination I: 1 × 10<sup>9 </sup>cfu/kg Bacillus subtilis + 2 g/kg fructooligosaccharide; combination II: 2 g/kg acidifier and 0.6 g/kg essential oil) by stages on rabbit’s growth performance and cecal fermentation. Two hundred and forty 15-day-old male kits with similar body weight were distributed randomly to five groups, which were control (basal diet), ZnB (addition of 0.1 g/kg bacitracin zinc in basal diet), II (addition of combination II), I-II (addition of combination I during days 15–35, addition of combination II during days 36–77), and I-II-I (supplemented with combination I during days 15–35 and 57–77, supplemented with combination II during days 36–56). Each group had 6 replicates. One healthy rabbit from each replicate was slaughtered at day 35 and day 77. The results showed: (1) at day 35, the two combinations and bacitracin zinc all inhibited ileal Escherichia coli (P < 0.05), decreased cecal pH, and increased total volatile fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05). Combination І decreased duodenal crypt depth and increased duodenal villi height to crypt depth ratio (VCR) (P < 0.05); (2) at day 77, I-II-I group had more cecal total bacteria than control (P < 0.05). Mode I-II or I-II-I increased cecal Bacteroides-Prevotella (P < 0.05) compared with ZnB. Mode I-II-I shortened duodenal crypt depth and increased VCR compared with control or ZnB (P < 0.05); (3) after weaning, modes I-II-I and I-II had better or similar effect on decreasing diarrhoea and mortality rate compared with ZnB. In conclusion, both modes had better or similar effect on decreasing diarrhoea and mortality rate compared with inclusion of antimicrobial or combination II alone during the whole trial, and mode I-II-I showed better effect than mode I-II.

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26

Alagawany, Mahmoud, Mohamed Abd El-Hack, Adham Al-Sagheer, Mohammed Naiel, Islam Saadeldin y Ayman Swelum. "Dietary Cold Pressed Watercress and Coconut Oil Mixture Enhances Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbiota, Antioxidant Status, and Immunity of Growing Rabbits". Animals 8, n.º 11 (17 de noviembre de 2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8110212.

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The present study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation with coconut oil (CNO), watercress oil (WCO), and their mixture as promoters of growth, antioxidant status, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in growing rabbits. A total of 120 rabbits were distributed into six groups (20 rabbits/group) receiving a basal diet without supplementation (G1) or diet supplemented with 2 g CNO (G2), 2 g WCO (G3), 0.5 g CNO plus 1.5 g WCO (G4), 1 g CNO plus 1 g WCO (G5), or 1.5 g CNO plus 0.5 g WCO/kg (G6). Live body weight and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher in the G4 and G5 groups than in the other groups. Superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione concentration were significantly improved in the CNO or WCO diets. Supplemental CNO plus WCO at all tested levels produced the best lysozyme and complement 3 activities. Cecal lactobacilli, coliform, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridium spp. populations were lower in the group who received the 1 g CNO + 1 g WCO/kg diet than that in the control group. Dietary supplementation of 1 g CNO + 1 g WCO or 0.5 g CNO + 1.5 g WCO/kg had the potential to improve growth, feed utilization, antioxidant status, and immunity, and reduce cecal pathogenic bacteria in rabbits.

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HARVEY, ROGER B., ROBIN C. ANDERSON, COLIN R. YOUNG, M. MICHAEL SWINDLE, KENNETH J. GENOVESE, MICHAEL E. HUME, ROBERT E. DROLESKEY, LEIGH A. FARRINGTON, RICHARD L. ZIPRIN y DAVID J. NISBET. "Effects of Feed Withdrawal and Transport on Cecal Environment and Campylobacter Concentrations in a Swine Surgical Model". Journal of Food Protection 64, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2001): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.5.730.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate how feed withdrawal and transportation influenced the cecal environment and cecal populations of Campylobacter in swine. Four miniature Yucatan gilts (8.8 kg), naturally infected with Campylobacter jejuni, were surgically implanted with cecal cannulas. The gilts were fasted for 48 h. Samples of cecal contents were collected for 7 days prior to and for 7 days after the fast, and mean values were determined for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and CFU enumeration of C. jejuni. This was replicated three times. In another trial, gilts (full-fed) were transported in a livestock trailer for 4 h and cecal samples were collected before and after transport and analyzed for pH, VFA, and CFU. Following a 48-h fast, cecal pH increased (P < 0.05) by 1 unit; acetic and propionic acids decreased (P < 0.05) by 61% and 71%, respectively; and there was a twofold log10 increase (P < 0.05) in CFU/g cecal content of C. jejuni. Values of pH, VFA, and CFU of C. jejuni did not change in cecal samples from gilts following transportation. These data are important for food safety considerations because feed withdrawal, commonly associated with shipping and slaughter, can increase Campylobacter concentrations in the pig intestinal tract.

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NATTRESS, F. M. y A. C. MURRAY. "Effect of Antemortem Feeding Regimes on Bacterial Numbers in the Stomachs and Ceca of Pigs†". Journal of Food Protection 63, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2000): 1253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.9.1253.

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Three groups, each of 45 pigs, were either not fasted, fasted for 15 h during lairage at the abattoir, or fasted for 15 h before dispatch from the piggery to the abattoir. Three subgroups, each of 15 pigs from each group, were held at the abattoir for additional times of either 0 to 1 h, 2 to 3 h, or 4 to 5 h. Immediately after slaughter, stomach and cecal contents were collected for pH measurement and enumeration of coliforms, Escherichia coli biotype 1 and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Stomach pH changed from 4.1 to 3.1 as additional abattoir holding time increased from 0 to 1 h to 4 to 5 h but was unaffected by feed withdrawal (mean pH, 3.5). Cecal pH (range 6.4 to 7.2) increased in response to both treatments. Coliform and E. coli biotype 1 numbers in the stomach, means 4.6 and 4.5 log CFU/g, respectively, were not affected by feed withdrawal but decreased 0.8 log units as additional abattoir holding time increased from 0 to 1 to 4 to 5 h. LAB in the stomach decreased in response to both feed withdrawal and holding at the abattoir. Cecal numbers of coliforms and E. coli biotype 1 increased 0.8 and 1.0 log units to 7.8 and 7.6 log CFU/g, respectively, as a result of feed withdrawal, and 0.6 log units to 7.6 and 7.5 log CFU/g, respectively, as additional abattoir holding time increased to 4 to 5 h. The LAB in the cecum (mean 9.4 log CFU/g) increased slightly with increasing abattoir holding time. In the event of release of stomach or cecal contents onto the meat during carcass dressing, larger numbers of E. coli per g would be released from the ceca and fewer per g from the stomachs of pigs that have had feed withdrawn as compared to pigs not subjected to feed withdrawal.

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29

Kneeshaw, Stephen, Richard Harvey, D'Ann Campbell, Robert W. Dubay, John T. Reilly, James F. Marran, Ann W. Ellis et al. "Book Reviews". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 10, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2020): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.10.2.82-96.

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Robert William Fogel and G. R. Elton. Which Road to the Past? Two Views of History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983. Pp. vii, 136. Cloth, $14.95. Review by Stephen Kneeshaw of The School of the Ozarks. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie. The Mind and Method of the Historian. Translated by Sian Reynolds and Ben Reynolds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Pp. v, 310. Paper, $9.95. Review by Richard Harvey of Ohio University. John E. O'Connor, ed. American History/ American Television: Interpreting the Video Past. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1983. Pp. 463. Cloth, $17.50; Paper, $8.95. Review by D' Ann Campbell of Indiana University. Foster Rhea Dulles & Melvyn Dubofsky. Labor in America: A History. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1984. 4th edition. Pp. ix, 425. Cloth, $25.95. Paper, $15.95. Review by Robert W. Dubay of Bainbridge Junior College. Karen Ordahl Kupperman. Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984. Pp. viii, 182. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $12.50. Review by John T. Reilly of Mount Saint Mary College. Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: Exploration to Constitution. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1983. Pp. 86. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guides: Pp. 180. Paper, $12.95; Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: New Republic to Civil War. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1984. Pp. 106. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guide: Pp. 190. Paper, $12.95. Review by James F. Marran of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Michael J. Cassity, ed. Chains of Fear: American Race Relations Since Reconstruction. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xxxv, 253. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Ann W. Ellis of Kennesaw College. L. P. Morris. Eastern Europe Since 1945. London and Exeter, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, 1984. Pp. 211. Paper, $10.00. Review by Thomas T. Lewis, Mount Senario College. John Marks. Science and the Making of the Modern World. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc., 1983. Pp. xii, 507. Paper, $25.00. Review by Howard A. Barnes of Winston-Salem State University. Kenneth G. Alfers, Cecil Larry Pool, William F. Mugleston, eds. American's Second Century: Topical Readings, 1865-Present. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Co., 1984. Pp. viii, 381. Paper, $8.95. Review by Richard D. Schubart of Phillips Exeter Academy. Sam C. Sarkesian. America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevoltuionary Past and Lessons for the Future. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xiv, 265. Cloth, $29.95. Review by Richard Selcer of Mountain View College. Edward Wagenknecht. Daughters of the Covenant: Portraits of Six Jewish Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1983. Pp. viii, 192. Cloth, $17.50. Review by Abraham D. Kriegel of Memphis State University. Morton Borden. Jews, Turks, and Infidels. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pp. x, 163. Cloth, $17.95. Review by Raymond J. Jirran of Thomas Nelson Community College. Richard Schlatter, ed. Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1984. Pp. xiii, 524. Cloth, $50.00. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Simon Hornblower. The Greek World, 479-323 B.C. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. xi, 354. Cloth, $24.00; Paper, $11.95. Review by Dan Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. H. R. Kedward. Resistance in Vichy France. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Paper edition 1983. Pp. ix, 311. Paper, $13.95. Review by Sanford J. Gutman of the State University of New York at Cortland.

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Andreatti Filho, R. L., E. T. Lima, A. S. Okamoto y H. M. Sampaio. "Uso de microbiota cecal congelada com crioprotetores em pintos infectados experimentalmente com Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 59, n.º 3 (junio de 2007): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352007000300015.

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Pintos de corte com um dia de idade foram tratados com microbiota cecal cultivada em condição de aerobiose, nos tempos de congelamento de 90, 200, 290 e 360 dias, e associada aos crioprotetores sacarose, trealose, dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e glicerol. Posteriormente as aves foram desafiadas com Salmonella Enteritidis, visando determinar a eficácia dos tratamentos em relação à quantidade de bactérias viáveis da microbiota que foi maior aos 90 dias (10,58 Log10 UFC/ml), quando as aves foram tratadas com sacarose, e menor aos 290 dias, quando tratadas com glicerol (7,73 Log10 UFC/ml). No tempo zero, todas as aves apresentaram Salmonella (100%) quando tratadas com DMSO e glicerol, com colonização cecal de 4,9 e 5,2 Log10 UFC/g do conteúdo cecal, respectivamente; aos 360 dias nenhuma ave foi infectada, independente do tratamento. A microbiota cecal, independente de tratamento, sempre determinou menor quantidade de S. Enteritidis em qualquer um dos parâmetros pesquisados, quando comparada com a das aves não tratadas. O congelamento em nitrogênio líquido foi eficaz na manutenção da viabilidade da microbiota cecal até 360 dias.

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Dominguez-Vara, Ignacio Arturo, Adriana Emilia Gómez-Galeana, Nazario Pescador-Salas y Manuel González-Ronquillo. "Fermentación cecal in vitro de cerdos Pelón Mexicano y Cuino Mexicano suplementados con cromo". Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios 4, n.º 11 (28 de abril de 2017): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.19136/era.a4n11.1116.

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Los cerdos Pelón Mexicano (CPM) y Cuino Mexicano (CCM) son nativos de México. El cromo (Cr) es un nutriente esencial en el metabolismo de carbohidratos, lípidos y aminoácidos, pero su efecto en cerdos a nivel de la fermentación cecal se desconoce. El objetivo fue evaluar la fermentación cecal in vitro y el nitrógeno (N) digestible en el intestino del CPM y CCM, mediante la adición de Cr en la dieta. Se sacri caron 48 cerdas con peso vivo de 104±0.5 kg, 24 por cada genotipo, de las cuales se colectó contenido cecal e ileal. Las muestras de contenido ileal se incubaron in vitro y se evalúo la fermentación (ml gas g-1 MS) a las 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 y 36 h y la composición química. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2. No hubo diferencias entre genotipos (p >0.1), la dieta sin Cr mostró mayor fermentación (p < 0.001), la producción de gas acumulada (ml gas g-1 MS) no mostro diferencias ( p >0.1) por efecto del genotipo o dieta. Hubo mayor contenido de N total y N-NH3 en íleon para el genotipo CCM (p < 0.05). No hubo diferencia (p >0.05) en el contenido de N-total, N-NH3 y N aminoacidico a nivel cecal. Se concluye que los CCM mostraron un mayor contenido de N-Total y N-NH3 en íleon que los CPM; el Cr dietario no in uyó en el contenido de nitrógeno en intestinos delgado y grueso, ni en la fermentación cecal microbiana de los cerdos.

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Madigan-Stretton, Jacoba, Deirdre Mikkelsen y Elham Assadi Soumeh. "Multienzyme Super-Dosing in Broiler Chicken Diets: The Implications for Gut Morphology, Microbial Profile, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization". Animals 11, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010001.

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Optimizing gut health has a large impact on nutrient digestibility and bioavailability, and super-dosing feed enzymes may be one solution to achieve this. A 42-day grow-out trial was conducted using 192 Ross 308 broilers to determine if super-dosing Natuzyme at 0 g/t, 350 g/t, 700 g/t, and 1000 g/t dose rates could improve the gut morphology, alter the cecal microbial profile, enhance bone mineralization, and improve nutrient digestibility of a wheat–corn–soybean diet (six replicates per treatment, eight birds per pen). One bird per pen was slaughtered at day 42 and gut morphology, cecal microbial profile, and nutrient digestibility were studied. The addition of enzymes tended to increase the villus height in the duodenum, villus height, width, and crypt depth in the jejunum, and villus width and the number of goblet cells in the ileum. Microbial profiling revealed diverse communities; however, they did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Yet, 700 g/t Natuzyme promoted microbes belonging to the genus Romboutsia and Ruminococcus gauvreauii, while 1000 g/t Natuzyme promoted Barnesiella species. The nutrient digestibility demonstrated a significant improvement in all enzyme doses compared to the control. In conclusion, based on the outcomes of this study, a dose rate of 700 g/t Natuzyme is recommended to improve gut morphology and nutrient digestibility, and promote unique microbes which aid in feed efficiency.

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Adnan, Sareema, James W. Nelson, Nadim J. Ajami, Venugopal R. Venna, Joseph F. Petrosino, Robert M. Bryan y David J. Durgan. "Alterations in the gut microbiota can elicit hypertension in rats". Physiological Genomics 49, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2017): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00081.2016.

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Gut dysbiosis has been linked to cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that hypertension could be induced in a normotensive strain of rats or attenuated in a hypertensive strain of rats by exchanging the gut microbiota between the two strains. Cecal contents from spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP) were pooled. Similarly, cecal contents from normotensive WKY rats were pooled. Four-week-old recipient WKY and SHR rats, previously treated with antibiotics to reduce the native microbiota, were gavaged with WKY or SHRSP microbiota, resulting in four groups; WKY with WKY microbiota (WKY g-WKY), WKY with SHRSP microbiota (WKY g-SHRSP), SHR with SHRSP microbiota (SHR g-SHRSP), and SHR with WKY microbiota (SHR g-WKY). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly using tail-cuff plethysmography. At 11.5 wk of age systolic blood pressure increased 26 mmHg in WKY g-SHRSP compared with that in WKY g-WKY (182 ± 8 vs. 156 ± 8 mmHg, P = 0.02). Although the SBP in SHR g-WKY tended to decrease compared with SHR g-SHRSP, the differences were not statistically significant. Fecal pellets were collected at 11.5 wk of age for identification of the microbiota by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We observed a significant increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in the hypertensive WKY g-SHRSP, as compared with the normotensive WKY g-WKY ( P = 0.042). Relative abundance of multiple taxa correlated with SBP. We conclude that gut dysbiosis can directly affect SBP. Manipulation of the gut microbiota may represent an innovative treatment for hypertension.

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Iugai, O. M., D. A. Mtvralashvili, A. A. Likutov y Yu E. Vaganov. "Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection for a giant adenoma of the cecum (case report)". Koloproktologia 20, n.º 1 (18 de marzo de 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33878/2073-7556-2021-20-1-41-45.

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Endoscopic removal of giant adenomas of the cecum is associated with high risk of perforation and conversion to laparoscopic procedure. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for cecal adenomas had technical limitations due to the adjacent ileocecal valve and appendix opening, perpendicular operating angle. Case presentation of the possibility of successful removal of a large laterally spreading cecal adenoma by the method of endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) never been described before for this tumor site and size. Patient 54 years old, an LST-G adenoma (5 cm in diameter, according to Kudo – IIIL, according to Sano – II) was detected in the dome of the cecum during colonoscopy. ESTD. The postoperative period without any unfavorable events; the patient was discharged on the 5th day after surgery. The morphological conclusion: tubulo-villous adenoma with moderate epithelial dysplasia, R0. ESTD is suitable for cecal giant adenomas.

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Drażbo, Aleksandra Alicja, Jerzy Juśkiewicz, Agata Józefiak y Paweł Konieczka. "The Fermentation Process Improves the Nutritional Value of Rapeseed Cake for Turkeys—Effects on Performance, Gut Bacterial Population and Its Fermentative Activity". Animals 10, n.º 9 (22 de septiembre de 2020): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091711.

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This experiment investigated the potential inclusion of fermented rapeseed cake (FRC) in turkey diets. The turkeys received diets either not supplemented (C) or supplemented with raw rapeseed cake (RRC) or FRC at 150 g/kg diet. In comparison with RRC, turkeys receiving FRC achieved significantly higher final BW comparable with that noted in the control group. The dietary inclusion of FRC increased the concentrations of propionic and valeric acid in the cecal digesta compared with the control group, and increased the proportion of butyric acid in SCFA profile compared with RRC group. The activities of glycolytic bacterial enzymes in the cecal digesta, were lowest in turkeys fed FRC. Experimental diets did not cause a shift in the relative abundances of the main bacterial phyla or orders in the cecal digesta. FRC increased the abundance of Bacteroidaceae at the family level, but decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level compared with birds fed RRC. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of FRC at 150 g/kg did not compromise bird performance, did not excessively stimulate bacterial activity, and did not cause shifts in the bacterial composition in the cecum. Actually, FCR exerted several beneficial effects that contributed to maintaining gut health in turkeys, which points to its advantage over RRC.

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Kiener, J. L., T. M. Saba, E. Cho y F. A. Blumenstock. "Clearance and tissue distribution of fibronectin in septic rats: relationship to synthetic rate". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 251, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1986): R724—R734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.251.4.r724.

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Fibronectin is a glycoprotein found in a soluble form in plasma and in an insoluble form in many tissues. We evaluated the influence of postoperative intraperitoneal sepsis on the clearance, tissue distribution, and synthesis of plasma fibronectin in rats (300-400 g). Experimental sepsis was induced by cecal ligation following laparotomy, whereas control animals underwent laparotomy (5 cm) alone. At 24 and 48 h after laparotomy, plasma fibronectin levels were normal. After laparotomy plus cecal ligation, plasma fibronectin increased by 47% at 24 h and remained elevated (52% above 0 time) at 48 h. At 24 h postsurgery the disappearance and tissue distribution of 75Se-plasma fibronectin and 75Se-plasma albumin was evaluated. Tissue distribution was quantified at 2 and 24 h after intravenous injection of both tracer proteins in separate groups. Both fibronectin and albumin demonstrated an initial distribution between vascular and extravascular sites and then a progressive decrease in plasma. In control (laparotomy) rats the half-life (t1/2) for plasma clearance of 75Se-plasma fibronectin was 25.33 +/- 2.53 h compared with 13.21 +/- 0.78 h in the septic rats. Septic rats manifested decreased sequestration of 75Se-fibronectin at the area of surgical incision (laparotomy), increased sequestration at the focus of intraperitoneal infection, and increased uptake in the nonviable portion of the cecum. The synthetic rate for plasma fibronectin in laparotomized control rats was 3.03 +/- 0.29 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1, whereas after laparotomy plus cecal ligation the synthetic rate increased to 4.58 +/- 0.35 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1. In contrast the synthetic rate for albumin decreased from 84.70 +/- 1.66 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1 in controls to 52.38 +/- 1.77 mg X 100 g-1 X 24 h-1 in the septic animals. Thus intraperitoneal sepsis in the rat will enhance the vascular clearance, alter the distribution, and increase the synthetic rate for plasma fibronectin.

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Hino, Shingo, Takayasu Mizushima, Katsunori Kaneko, Erika Kawai, Takashi Kondo, Tomomi Genda, Takahiro Yamada, Koji Hase, Naomichi Nishimura y Tatsuya Morita. "Mucin-Derived O-Glycans Act as Endogenous Fiber and Sustain Mucosal Immune Homeostasis via Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in Rat Cecum". Journal of Nutrition 150, n.º 10 (14 de abril de 2020): 2656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa097.

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ABSTRACT Background Intestinal mucins escape digestion and enter the large bowel where they are degraded by the microbiota. To what extent and how mucins impact large-bowel physiology remain unclear. Objective This study examined the large-bowel fermentation characteristics of mucins and mucin-derived O-glycan sugars and whether they affect gut immunity. Methods Mucin secretion from the terminal ileum was determined from feces of ileorectostomized male Wistar rats (age 6 wk) fed an AIN76-based control diet (CD) for 15 d (experiment 1). Normal male Wistar rats (age 6 wk; 4 wk for experiment 4) were fed CD ± porcine stomach mucin (PM) at 6 or 12 g/kg diet, equivalent to 1.5 and 3 times the daily mucin secretion, for 14 d (experiment 2); CD ± N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, or N-acetylneuraminic acid at 10 g/kg diet for 14 d (experiment 3); or CD ± PM (15 g/kg diet) or GlcNAc (10 g/kg diet) for 29 d (experiment 4). SCFAs, microbial composition, and cecal O-glycan content were assessed. IgA+ plasma cells and regulatory T cells and inflammatory cytokine expression in the cecum were evaluated (experiment 4). Results Daily mucin secretion corresponded to 43.2 μmol of O-glycans. Cecal O-glycan contents were comparable between CD- and PM-fed rats. PM-fed rats harbored more mucin-degrading bacteria. Cecal concentrations of acetate (+37%) and n-butyrate (+73%) were higher in 12-g/kg PM diet–fed rats versus CD (P < 0.05). Among O-glycan sugars, only GlcNAc produced higher n-butyrate concentrations (+68%) versus CD (P < 0.05), with increased numbers of butyrate-producing bacteria. GlcNAc increased the abundance of IgA+ plasma cells (+29%) and regulatory T cells (+33%) versus CD, whereas PM increased IgA+ plasma cells (+25%) (all P < 0.05). GlcNAc and PM decreased expression of Tnfa (−30%, −40%) and Ifng (−30%, −70%) versus CD (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Mucin-derived O-glycans act as endogenous fiber and maintain mucosal immune homeostasis via large-bowel SCFA production in rats.

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Remesy, C., M. A. Levrat, L. Gamet y C. Demigne. "Cecal fermentations in rats fed oligosaccharides (inulin) are modulated by dietary calcium level". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 264, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1993): G855—G862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.5.g855.

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The influence of Ca on the fermentation of dietary oligosaccharides in the large intestine has been investigated in four groups of rats fed different semipurified diets: 1) fiber free, 3 g Ca/kg; 2) fiber free, 8 g Ca/kg; 3) 15% inulin, 3 g Ca/kg; or 4) 15% inulin, 8 g Ca/kg. The cecal fermentations were very low in rats fed the fiber-free diets and were not affected by the dietary Ca level. Rats fed the inulin diets had enlarged cecum with acidic fermentations, relatively rich in propionic acid. In this diet group rats adapted to the 3 g Ca/kg level had very acidic fermentations and depressed volatile fatty acid concentrations together with an accumulation of lactic acid (L and D isomers). Inulin diets brought about a rise in the crypt column height and in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in cecal mucosa, especially in the 3 g Ca/kg diet group. There was considerable accumulation of insoluble Ca and Pi in the cecum of rats fed high-Ca diets. Inulin feeding increased the percentage of soluble Ca and Pi; Ca absorption from the cecum was also markedly higher in rats fed inulin and was influenced by the dietary Ca level. The concentrations of soluble bile acids were depressed in rats fed inulin diets, which enhanced the fecal excretion of bile acids. These effects were poorly altered by changes in the dietary Ca level. In vitro it appears that CaPi is effective in decreasing the solubility of bile salts, chiefly in acidic conditions. In conclusion there is in the large intestine a system of control of luminal pH, which involves the presence of insoluble Ca and Pi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Zaborin, Alexander, Monika Krezalek, Sanjiv Hyoju, Jennifer R. Defazio, Namrata Setia, Natalia Belogortseva, Vytautas P. Bindokas, Qiti Guo, Olga Zaborina y John C. Alverdy. "Critical role of microbiota within cecal crypts on the regenerative capacity of the intestinal epithelium following surgical stress". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 312, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2017): G112—G122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2016.

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Cecal crypts represent a unique niche that are normally occupied by the commensal microbiota. Due to their density and close proximity to stem cells, microbiota within cecal crypts may modulate epithelial regeneration. Here we demonstrate that surgical stress, a process that invariably involves a short period of starvation, antibiotic exposure, and tissue injury, results in cecal crypt evacuation of their microbiota. Crypts devoid of their microbiota display pathophysiological features characterized by abnormal stem cell activation as judged by leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) staining, expansion of the proliferative zone toward the tips of the crypts, and an increase in apoptosis. In addition, crypts devoid of their microbiota display loss of their regenerative capacity as assessed by their ability to form organoids ex vivo. When a four-member human pathogen community isolated from the stool of a critically ill patient is introduced into the cecum of mice with empty crypts, crypts become occupied by the pathogens and further disruption of crypt homeostasis is observed. Fecal microbiota transplantation restores the cecal crypts’ microbiota, normalizes homeostasis within crypts, and reestablishes crypt regenerative capacity. Taken together, these findings define an emerging role for the microbiota within cecal crypts to maintain epithelial cell homeostasis in a manner that may enhance recovery in response to the physiological stress imposed by the process of surgery. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides novel insight into the process by which surgical injury places the intestinal epithelium at risk for colonization by pathogenic microbes and impairment of its regenerative capacity via loss of its microbiota. We show that fecal transplant restores crypt homeostasis in association with repopulation of the microbiota within cecal crypts.

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Møller, Annette K., Mary P. Leatham, Tyrrell Conway, Piet J. M. Nuijten, Louise A. M. de Haan, Karen A. Krogfelt y Paul S. Cohen. "An Escherichia coli MG1655 Lipopolysaccharide Deep-Rough Core Mutant Grows and Survives in Mouse Cecal Mucus but Fails To Colonize the Mouse Large Intestine". Infection and Immunity 71, n.º 4 (abril de 2003): 2142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.4.2142-2152.2003.

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ABSTRACT The ability of E. coli strains to colonize the mouse large intestine has been correlated with their ability to grow in cecal and colonic mucus. In the present study, an E. coli MG1655 strain was mutagenized with a mini-Tn5 Km (kanamycin) transposon, and mutants were tested for the ability to grow on agar plates with mouse cecal mucus as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. One mutant, designated MD42 (for mucus defective), grew poorly on cecal-mucus agar plates but grew well on Luria agar plates and on glucose minimal-agar plates. Sequencing revealed that the insertion in MD42 was in the waaQ gene, which is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core biosynthesis. Like “deep-rough” E. coli mutants, MD42 was hypersensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), bile salts, and the hydrophobic antibiotic novobiocin. Furthermore, its LPS core oligosaccharide was truncated, like that of a deep-rough mutant. MD42 initially grew in the large intestines of streptomycin-treated mice but then failed to colonize (<102 CFU per g of feces), whereas its parent colonized at levels between 107 and 108 CFU per g of feces. When mouse cecal mucosal sections were hybridized with an E. coli-specific rRNA probe, MD42 was observed in cecal mucus as clumps 24 h postfeeding, whereas its parent was present almost exclusively as single cells, suggesting that clumping may play a role in preventing MD42 colonization. Surprisingly, MD42 grew nearly as well as its parent during growth in undiluted, highly viscous cecal mucus isolated directly from the mouse cecum and, like its parent, survived well after reaching stationary phase, suggesting that there are no antimicrobials in mucus that prevent MD42 colonization. After mini-mariner transposon mutagenesis, an SDS-resistant suppressor mutant of MD42 was isolated. The mini-mariner insertion was shown to be in the bipA gene, a known regulator of E. coli surface components. When grown in Luria broth, the LPS core of the suppressor mutant remained truncated; however, the LPS core was not truncated when the suppressor mutant was grown in the presence of SDS. Moreover, when the suppressor mutant was grown in the presence of SDS and fed to mice, it colonized the mouse large intestine. Collectively, the data presented here suggest that BipA may play a role in E. coli MG1655 LPS core biosynthesis and that because MD42 forms clumps in intestinal mucus, it is unable to colonize the mouse large intestine.

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Ippolito, James, David Barney, Prashant Singh y Stephen Hennigar. "Oral Iron Supplementation Increases Severity of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de mayo de 2020): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa067_039.

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Abstract Objectives Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether unabsorbed iron in the cecum of mice increases the severity of S. Typhimurium infection. Methods Three-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were fed diets containing 300 (iron supplemented, FeS) or <4 ppm iron (iron deficient, FeD) for 6 weeks (n = 30/diet). Following feeding, mice were given an oral gavage of streptomycin 24 h prior to oral gavage of 108 CFU S. Typhimurium (FeSS.Tm or FeDS.Tm, n = 15/diet/treatment). Mice were monitored for up to 1-week post-infection prior to euthanasia and tissue collection. Severity of infection was assessed by cecal weight, spleen index, and change in bodyweight post-infection. Data are presented as means ± SD. Results Hematocrits were greater in FeS (51.3 ± 0.8%) compared to FeD (43.8 ± 2.7%), FeSS.Tm (40.3 ± 3.8%) and FeDS.Tm (40.2 ± 7.3%, P < 0.01 for all comparisons). FeS had higher cecal iron (331.3 ± 59.3 μg Fe/mg tissue) compared to FeD (5.7 ± 2.4 μg Fe/mg tissue), FeSS.Tm (64.6 ± 26.4 μg Fe/mg tissue) and FeDS.Tm (6.7 ± 3.3 μg Fe/mg tissue, P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Cecal weight was ∼40% lower in FeSS.Tm (0.3 ± 0.1 g) compared to FeD (0.5 ± 0.1 g), FeS (0.5 ± 0.2 g) and FeDS.Tm (0.5 ± 0.1 g, P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Spleen index was greater in FeSS.Tm (15.3 ± 7.2 A.U.) compared to FeS (4.3 ± 0.5 A.U.), FeD (4.0 ± 0.5 A.U.) and FeDS.Tm (8.8 ± 5.2 A.U., P < 0.01 for all comparisons). FeSS.Tm lost more bodyweight (−21.7 ± 5.4%) compared to FeDS.Tm (−14.5 ± 6.3%, P < 0.01) post-infection. Conclusions Findings suggest that unabsorbed iron in the cecum of mice promotes a more severe S. Typhimurium infection. Alternative iron supplementation strategies should be considered in countries where S. Typhimurium infections are common. Funding Sources Intramural funds to S.R.H.

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Wise, Mark G. y Gregory R. Siragusa. "Quantitative Detection of Clostridium perfringens in the Broiler Fowl Gastrointestinal Tract by Real-Time PCR". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, n.º 7 (julio de 2005): 3911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3911-3916.2005.

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ABSTRACT Strains of Clostridium perfringens are a frequent cause of food-borne disease and gas gangrene and are also associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens. To detect and quantify the levels of C. perfringens in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, a quantitative real-time PCR assay utilizing a fluorogenic, hydrolysis-type probe was developed and utilized to assay material retrieved from the broiler chicken cecum and ileum. Primers and probe were selected following an alignment of 16S rDNA sequences from members of cluster I of the genus Clostridium, and proved to be specific for C. perfringens. The assay could detect approximately 50 fg of C. perfringens genomic DNA and approximately 20 cells in pure culture. Measurements of the analytical sensitivity determined with spiked intestinal contents indicated that the consistent limit of detection with ileal samples was approximately 102 CFU/g of ileal material, but only about 104 CFU/g of cecal samples. The decreased sensitivity with the cecal samples was due to the presence of an unidentified chemical PCR inhibitor(s) in the cecal DNA purifications. The assay was utilized to rapidly detect and quantify C. perfringens levels in the gut tract of broiler chickens reared without supplementary growth-promoting antibiotics that manifested symptoms of necrotic enteritis. The results illustrated that quantitative real-time PCR correlates well with quantification via standard plate counts in samples taken from the ileal region of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Cheng, Yeong-Hsiang, Yi-Bing Horng, Wei-Jung Chen, Kuo-Feng Hua, Andrzej Dybus y Yu-Hsiang Yu. "Effect of Fermented Products Produced by Bacillus licheniformis on the Growth Performance and Cecal Microbial Community of Broilers under Coccidial Challenge". Animals 11, n.º 5 (26 de abril de 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051245.

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This study investigated the effects of fermented products produced by Bacillus licheniformis (fermented products) on the growth performance and cecal microbial community in broilers exposed to coccidial challenge. A total of 108 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to one of three treatments. Each treatment was distributed into six replicate cages with six birds each. The treatments consisted of a basal diet without treatment (NC), basal diet plus coccidial challenge (PC), and basal diet plus the coccidial challenge and 1 g/kg of fermented products (FP). The results indicated that FP increased the average daily gain of broilers at 21 to 35 days of age compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). The anti-coccidia index in the FP group was elevated compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed significant segregation in bacterial community composition in the cecal digesta among the groups. The genus Lactobacillus was more abundant in the cecal digesta of the FP group compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in the cecal digesta and growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, and average feed intake). Furthermore, the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in the cecal digesta was positively associated with the cecal short-chain fatty acid levels (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isobutyric acid). These findings suggest that fermented products produced by B. licheniformis can ameliorate the average daily gain of broilers exposed to coccidial challenge. B. licheniformis-fermented product supplementation increases anti-coccidial activity and modulates gut microbiota composition by increasing beneficial microbes and decreasing harmful microbes in broilers under coccidial challenge.

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Huang, Ya-Ling y I.-Ting Hsieh. "Physicochemical Properties and Intestinal Health Promoting Water-Insoluble Fiber Enriched Fraction Prepared from Blanched Vegetable Soybean Pod Hulls". Molecules 24, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2019): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091796.

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Different methods can be used to change the fiber compositions of food, and they consequently affect the physicochemical properties and physiological activities. The present study compared the effects of a blanching treatment on the physicochemical properties of water-insoluble fiber enriched fraction (WIFF) from three varieties of vegetable soybean pod hulls (tea vegetable soybean pod hull, TVSPH; black vegetable soybean pod hull, BVSPH; 305 vegetable soybean pod hulls, 305VSPH) and evaluated their effects on intestinal health in hamsters. Blanching may increase the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of WIFF in the 305VSPH variety by solubilizing cell wall components and releasing water-soluble sugars. Thus, the WIFF in the 305VSPH variety after blanching may be composed of cellulose and pectic substances. The WIFF of the blanched 305VSPH (B-305VSPH) variety exhibited the highest physicochemical properties, such as a water-retention capacity (11.7 g/g), oil-holding capacity (9.34 g/g), swelling property (10.8 mL/g), solubility (12.2%), and cation-exchange capacity (221 meq/kg), of the three varieties examined. The supplementation of B-305VSPH WIFF in the diet resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower cecal and fecal ammonia; activities of fecal β-d-glucosidase, β-d-glucuronidase, mucinase, and urease; as well as higher cecal total short-chain fatty acids relative to other diets. In addition, microbial analysis suggested that fecal bifidobacteria growth was enhanced by the consumption of B-305VSPH WIFF. Therefore, B-305VSPH WIFF may be applicable as a potential functional ingredient in the food industry for the improvement of intestinal health.

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Apajalahti, Juha H. A., Anu Kettunen, Michael R. Bedford y William E. Holben. "Percent G+C Profiling Accurately Reveals Diet-Related Differences in the Gastrointestinal Microbial Community of Broiler Chickens". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 5656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.12.5656-5667.2001.

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ABSTRACT Broiler chickens from eight commercial farms in Southern Finland were analyzed for the structure of their gastrointestinal microbial community by a nonselective DNA-based method, percent G+C-based profiling. The bacteriological impact of the feed source and in-farm whole-wheat amendment of the diet was assessed by percent G+C profiling. Also, a phylogenetic 16S rRNA gene (rDNA)-based study was carried out to aid in interpretation of the percent G+C profiles. This survey showed that most of the 16S rDNA sequences found could not be assigned to any previously known bacterial genus or they represented an unknown species of one of the taxonomically heterogeneous genera, such as Ruminococcus or Clostridium. The data from bacterial community profiling were analyzed byt-test, multiple linear regression, and principal-component statistical approaches. The percent G+C profiling method with appropriate statistical analyses detected microbial community differences smaller than 10% within each 5% increment of the percent G+C profiles. Diet turned out to be the strongest determinant of the cecal bacterial community structure. Both the source of feed and local feed amendment changed the bacteriological profile significantly, whereas profiles of individual farms with identical feed regimens hardly differed from each other. This suggests that the management of typical Finnish farms is relatively uniform or that hygiene on the farm, in fact, has little impact on the structure of the cecal bacterial community. Therefore, feed compounders should have a significant role in the modulation of gut microflora and consequently in prevention of gastrointestinal disorders in farm animals.

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46

Hori, Tetsuji, Keisuke Matsumoto, Masakazu Ikeda, Rika Moriyama-Ebina, Yukiko Sakaitani-Kado y Masami Morotomi. "Comparison of the Water-Holding Capacity of Wheat Bran Products Prepared by Wet and Dry Smashing Methods in vitro and Effect on the Gastrointestinal Retention Time in Rats in vivo". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 70, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2000): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.70.4.178.

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Microfibril wheat bran (MFW) prepared by wet smashing of wheat bran using a colloidal mill has the advantages of being more palatable than other wheat bran and easier to apply to various foods. In this study, we investigated water-holding capacity (WHC) and physiological effects of a novel food material, MFW, focusing on shortening of the retention time of the gastrointestinal contents compared to those of dry smashing of wheat bran (DWB) prepared by conventional method, and wheat bran (WB), which is the raw materials. The mean particle size of MFW was 35mum, and WHC was 5.1 g/g. In contrast, those of DWB were 61 mum and 3.0 g/g, respectively. Those of WB were 420 mum and 5.0 g/g, respectively. The WHC of MFW was 1.7 times greater than that of DWB and comparable to that of WB. The dietary fiber content in MFW, DWB, and WB were 73.5, 66.9 and 70.2%, respectively. Six-week-old Fisher rats were divided into three groups, and fed for 20 days with AIN-76 chow supplemented with MFW, DWB, or WB to a dietary fiber content of 10%. On days 14–16 of the experimental period, the mean retention time (MRT) of gastrointestinal content and fecal weight were measured using solid phase and liquid phase markers. On day 20 of the experimental period, animals were killed, and the water content, pH, composition of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecal content and total amounts of SCFAs in the cecum were investigated. MRT in the MFW group was 15.2 ± 0.8 h in the solid phase, which was significantly shorter than that in the DWB group (18.0 ± 0.9 h) (p < 0.05), and comparable to that in the WB (15.5 ± 2.4 h). MRT in the liquid phase was almost the same as that in the solid phase: 14.7 ± 1.0, 18.4 ± 0.8, and 16.0 ± 2.5 h in the MFW, DWB, and WB groups, respectively. The fecal weight, pH, the concentration of SCFA in the cecal content and total amounts of SCFAs in the cecum did not differ among the groups, but the cecal water content was in the order of MFW > WB > DWB, showing a significant difference between each group (p > 0.05). The above finding suggested that MFW is a novel food material with a greater WHC and the ability of shortening the retention time of the gastrointestinal contents compared to DWB.

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47

Zhou, Zhiwen, Xiang Ren, Aiping Li, Wensheng Zhou y Li Huang. "Floroindole confers protection against cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis via inhibition of NF-kB p65 phosphorylation". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, n.º 6 (27 de mayo de 2021): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i6.2.

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Purpose: To investigate the protective effect of floroindole against cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)- induced sepsis, as well as the underlying mechanism of action. Methods: Thirty-five 10–week-old male Wistar rats weighing 190 - 210 g (mean: 200.00 ± 10.10 g) were used for this study. The rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five rats each, viz, normal control group, and six CLP groups. The CLP groups were those subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The first 5 CLP groups received 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 mg/kg floroindole, respectively, 1 h after CLP, via intraperitoneal route (i.p.) while the 6th CLP group served as untreated control. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used for the assessment of the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), interleukn-6 (IL-6), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and p-NF-κB p65. Results: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) significantly and time-dependently upregulated the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and NOD2 in intestinal tissues of rats (p < 0.05). However, treatment with floroindole significantly, and dose-dependently down-regulated CLP-induced expressions of these proteins (p < 0.05). Treatment of rats with floroindole also significantly and dose-dependently inhibited CLP-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in rat ileum (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that floroindole confers some degree of protection against CLP-induced sepsis via inhibition of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation.

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48

Rudi, Knut, Hilde Kristin Høidal, Tone Katla, Birgit Klungseth Johansen, John Nordal y Kjetill S. Jakobsen. "Direct Real-Time PCR Quantification of Campylobacter jejuni in Chicken Fecal and Cecal Samples by Integrated Cell Concentration and DNA Purification". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, n.º 2 (febrero de 2004): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.790-797.2004.

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ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrheal disease and food-borne gastroenteritis. The main reservoir of C. jejuni in poultry is the cecum, with an estimated content of 6 to 8 log10 CFU/g. If a flock is infected with C. jejuni, the majority of the birds in that flock will harbor the bacterium. Diagnostics at the flock level could thus be an important control point. The aim of the work presented here was to develop a complete quantitative PCR-based detection assay for C. jejuni obtained directly from cecal contents and fecal samples. We applied an approach in which the same paramagnetic beads were used both for cell isolation and for DNA purification. This integrated approach enabled both fully automated and quantitative sample preparation and a DNA extraction method. We developed a complete quantitative diagnostic assay through the combination of the sample preparation approach and real-time 5′-nuclease PCR. The assay was evaluated both by spiking the samples with C. jejuni and through the detection of C. jejuni in naturally colonized chickens. Detection limits between 2 and 25 CFU per PCR and a quantitative range of >4 log10 were obtained for spiked fecal and cecal samples. Thirty-one different poultry flocks were screened for naturally colonized chickens. A total of 262 (204 fecal and 58 cecal) samples were analyzed. Nineteen of the flocks were Campylobacter positive, whereas 12 were negative. Two of the flocks contained Campylobacter species other than C. jejuni. There was a large difference in the C. jejuni content, ranging from 4 to 8 log10 CFU/g of fecal or cecal material, for the different flocks tested. Some issues that have not yet promoted much attention are the prequantitative differences in the ability of C. jejuni to colonize poultry and the importance of these differences for causing human disease through food contamination. Understanding the colonization kinetics in poultry is therefore of great importance for controlling human infections by this bacterium.

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Fry, Michael. "Itza Maya - Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Itzas of Petén, Guatemala. Edited by Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice, with contributions from Mark Brenner, Leslie G. Cecil, Charles Andrew Hofling, Nathan J. Meissner, Timothy W. Pugh, and Yuko Shiratori. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2018. Pp. xxvi, 477. Appendix. References Cited. Index. $90.00 cloth." Americas 76, n.º 2 (27 de marzo de 2019): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2019.5.

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Arruda, Alex Martins Varela de, Ronaldo Dessimoni Carregal y Renato Gonçalves Ferreira. "Desempenho produtivo e atividade microbiana cecal de coelhos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de amido". Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29, n.º 3 (junio de 2000): 762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982000000300018.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do amido dietético sobre o rendimento produtivo e a atividade microbiana cecal de coelhos em crescimento, quatro dietas experimentais foram elaboradas de forma a conter níveis crescentes de amido (23, 28, 33 e 38% de amido total na base da MS), os quais foram fornecidos a 32 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, distribuídos em gaiolas de engorda individuais, seguindo um delineamento em blocos casualizados. Houve efeito linear decrescente para consumo e conversão alimentar, em que valores de 108,67 g/d e 3,216, respectivamente, foram obtidos para os animais alimentados com 38% de amido dietético. No entanto, o ganho de peso e o rendimento de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Por outro lado, os valores de pH, as concentrações totais e as proporções molares dos ácidos graxos voláteis não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, porém, para o ácido propiônico, houve efeito linear decrescente, sendo a maior proporção molar (12,06%) verificada no conteúdo cecal de coelhos alimentados com 23% de amido dietético. O milho-grão apresentou maior influência sobre a atividade microbiana cecal que o amido de milho purificado, porém, sem alterar o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça.

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