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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Chlorine Organic compounds"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

Ganiev, I. M., Q. K. Timergazin, N. N. Kabalnova, V. V. Shereshovets, and G. A. Tolstikov. "Reactions of Chlorine Dioxide with Organic Compounds." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 7, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj409.

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<p>Data on the reactivity of chlorine dioxide with organic compounds from various classes are summarized. Early investigations of the reactions of chlorine dioxide were occurred in aqueous or predominantly aqueous solutions in general, because it used in drinking water treatment and in industry as bleaching agent. However, chlorine dioxide was not used widely as reagent in organic synthesis. In last decades the number of publications on the studying interaction of the chlorine dioxide in organic medium increased. In table presented the rate constants reactions of chlorine dioxide with or

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2

Kitaeva, D. Kh, A. G. Buyanovskaya, O. A. Levinskaya, and S. L. Dzvonkovski. "Determination of low chlorine content in organic compounds and polymers using an «Expert-006» coulometer." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 7 (2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-7-16-20.

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A method of visual mercurimetric titration of chloride ions is widely used in elemental microanalysis for determination of chlorine content in organic substances after their combustion in an oxygen-filled flask. However, when chlorine content is less than 0.5%, the mercurimetric method fails to provide essential accuracy, and a more sensitive method of chlorine coulometric titration by electrogenerated silver ions appeared favorable. We consider a possibility of determining the microgram content of chloride-ions in solutions using a digital coulometric analyzer («Expert-006» produced by «Econi

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3

WONGLEE, S., H. FUKUDA, J. HASEGAWA, and Y. OGURI. "CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF CHLORINE PRESENT IN PARTICULATE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF ORGANIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS BY EMPLOYING HIGH-RESOLUTION PIXE ANALYSIS." International Journal of PIXE 21, no. 01n02 (2011): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083511002161.

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The chemical speciation of chlorine ( Cl ) in particulate matter samples produced by the laboratory burning of organic Cl compounds was tested by employing the high-resolution measurement of K β X-rays based on a wavelength-dispersive proton-induced X-ray emission (WD-PIXE) technique. Targets for proton irradiation were prepared by depositing particulate burning products on aluminum foils placed on a simple barrel burner. Standard inorganic ( NaCl , MgCl 2, CaCl 2, NH 4 Cl , and AlCl 3) and organic (polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylidene chloride) Cl compounds were prepared for spectral compari

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4

Matucha, M., N. Clarke, Z. Lachmanová, S. T. Forczek, K. Fuksová, and M. Gryndler. "Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 8 (2010): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/67/2010-pse.

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Chlorine &ndash; one of the most widespread elements on the Earth &ndash; is present in the environment as chloride ion or bound to organic substances. The main source of chloride ions is the oceans while organically bound chlorine (OCl) comes from various sources, including anthropogenic ones. Chlorinated organic compounds were long considered to be only industrial products; nevertheless, organochlorines occur plentifully in natural ecosystems. However, recent investigations in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems have shown them to be products of biodegradation of soil organic matt

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5

Maatela, Paula, Jaakko Paasivirta, Jukka Särkkä, and Raija Paukku. "Organic chlorine compounds in lake sediments. II Organically bound chlorine." Chemosphere 21, no. 12 (1990): 1343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90039-v.

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6

Yetis, Ulku, Selale Ataberk, Celal F. Gokcay, and Sebnem M. Sahin. "Characterization of effluents from chlorine dioxide substitution bleaching and oxygen-reinforced extraction." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0556.

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The effects of chlorine dioxide substitution for elemental chlorine in the chlorination stage, aimed at the minimization of chlorinated organics and subsequent oxygen reinforcement in the proceeding extraction stage on the characteristics of bleaching effluents have been examined. The characteristics of the effluents were assessed in terms of molecular weight distribution by gel filtration, so that alternatives for the treatment of these effluents can be proposed. The analysis of chlorination and extraction stage effluents with different chlorine dioxide substitution levels and varying availab

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7

Rav-Acha, Ch, A. Serri, E. (Goldstein) Choshen, and B. Limoni. "Disinfection of Drinking Water Rich in Bromide with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide, While Minimizing the Formation of Undesirable By-Products." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 4-5 (1985): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0164.

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Although chlorine dioxide does not form trihalomethanes (THM) and produces very few non-volatile haloorganic materials in drinking water, intensive investigations bearing on the formation of chlorite by ClO2 disinfection reveal that the rate of chlorite formation reflects the rate of ClO2 consumption and as long as the amount of ClO2 applied is behind its demand, about 60% of the chlorine dioxide consumed is converted into chlorite. Mixtures of Cl2 and ClO2, which may successfully reduce the formation of haloorganic compounds, as well as of chlorite in the absence of bromide, fail to do this w

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8

Rosenthal, Ruth Ann, Ronald L. Schlitzen, Linda S. McNamee, Nissanake L. Dassanayake, and Roger Amass. "Antimicrobial activity of organic chlorine releasing compounds." Journal of The British Contact Lens Association 15, no. 2 (1992): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-7037(92)80044-z.

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9

Taniguchi, Shin, Masaaki Hosomi, Akihiko Murakami, Seiji Iimura, Koichi Usukura, and Sayaka Ozawa. "Chemical decomposition of toxic organic chlorine compounds." Chemosphere 32, no. 1 (1996): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00246-4.

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10

Vaisman, Ya I., A. A. Ketov, V. N. Korotaev, and M. P. Krasnovskikh. "On the Environmental Hazard of Burning Organic Waste in the Presence of Chlorine Compounds." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 9 (2018): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-9-14-17.

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The problems of formation of toxic chlororganic compounds during waste incineration in the presence of organic and inorganic chlorine compounds are considered. It is shown that the radical mechanism of pyrolysis leads to different products with different composition of the initial substances. It was found that the greatest environmental danger is the joint burning of chlororganic and aromatic compounds. When burning polyvinyl chloride together with other polymeric materials, especially the aromatic structure, not only light chlororganic compounds are formed, but also highly toxic carbonyl chlo

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11

Włodarczyk-Makuła, Maria, and Ewa Wiśniowska. "Halogenated Organic Compounds in Water and in Wastewater." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, no. 4 (2019): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0057.

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Abstract Currently, organic halogen compounds (halogen derivatives) are often identified in water. The paper presents the problem of the presence of these newly formed compounds during water treatment processes and their occurrence in sewage. The general indicator determining the content of these compounds in aqueous solutions is the concentration of halogen derivatives of organic compounds adsorbed on activated carbon AOX, which is converted to the concentration of chlorides. The groups of derivatives of halogenated organic compounds containing chlorine and/or bromine in a molecule were chara

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12

Renpenning, Julian, Axel Horst, Matthias Schmidt, and Matthias Gehre. "Online isotope analysis of 37Cl/35Cl universally applied for semi-volatile organic compounds using GC-MC-ICPMS." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 33, no. 2 (2018): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ja00404d.

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13

Narkis, N., and A. Katz-Stoller. "Back to pre-disinfection of highly polluted waters." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (2002): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0106.

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The initial pre-disinfection was one of the stages that most contributed to the formation of a large number of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs). The threat and awareness to the formation of chlorine disinfection by-products, refrained from using pre-disinfection with chlorine in the treatment of contaminated raw waters, to be used as drinking water. The main purpose of this research was to study whether chlorine dioxide can be used for pre-disinfection in the treatment of highly polluted wastewaters and surface waters. Chlorine dioxide was found suitable, as a replacement for chlori

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14

Varma, M. M., F. R. Niles, and J. H. Johnson. "The Reaction of Organic Nitrogen Compounds with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide." Journal of Environmental Systems 19, no. 1 (1989): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wtyl-696c-4bc0-cc97.

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15

Chang, H. H., and G. S. Wang. "Correlations between surrogate nitrogenous organic precursors and C-, N-DBP formation." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 12 (2011): 2395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.823.

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Nitrosamines have been emerging as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using source water impacted with domestic wastewaters. Nitrogenous organic compounds are suggested as precursors of nitrosamines, but many of them have not been identified. This study investigated the correlations between nine selected nitrogenous organic compounds with different characteristics and corresponding disinfection by-product formation potentials (nitrosamines, trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) from their reactions with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and monochloramine. Besides dimethyla

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16

Chaing, L. C., J. E. Chang, and T. Cn Wen. "Destruction of refractory humic acid by electromechanical oxidation process." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (2000): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0384.

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Electrochemical oxidation of humic acid has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the process for the destruction of high-molecular-weight (HMW) compounds. Experimental results show that the destruction of humic acid obtained by the electrolysis supported by chloride ion is much better than that obtained by sulfate ion. Accordingly, HMW compound such as humic substance is suggested to be resistant to directly anodic oxidation, but to be readily destroyed by an indirect oxidation of chlorine/hypochlorite during an electrochemical treatment process. The effects of operating parameters, incl

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17

NEGISHI, Masanori, Satoshi IMAMURA, Naoki SHINOHARA, Kazuhiro IKEGAMI, Toru SUEOKA, and Tetsuo NAGATOU. "In-situ remediation of volatile organic chlorine compounds." Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment 8 (2000): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proge.8.57.

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18

Shi, Lisheng, Jiayan Ge, Shuangxi Nie, Chengrong Qin, and Shuangquan Yao. "Effect of lignin structure on adsorbable organic halogens formation in chlorine dioxide bleaching." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (2019): 182024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182024.

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Adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) are formed in pulp bleaching as a result of the reaction of residual lignin with chlorine dioxide. The natural structure of lignin is very complex and it tends to be damaged by various extraction methods. All the factors can affect the study about the mechanism of AOX formation in the reaction of lignin with chlorine dioxide. Lignin model compounds, with certain structures, can be used to study the role of different lignin structures on AOX formation. The effect of lignin structure on AOX formation was determined by reacting phenolic and non-phenolic lignin mo

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19

Pratskova, Svetlana E., and Oksana E. Sirenko. "Spectrophotometric determination of active chlorine by the color of indophenolic compounds." Butlerov Communications 57, no. 3 (2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-57-3-93.

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Chlorination is a method of disinfection and oxidation of organic impurities in water. Chlorine is present in aqueous solutions in various forms, which are formed as a result of the chlorination of water. Spectrophotometric methods are very important for determining small amounts of chlorine and its compounds. The article presents a modification of the classical indophenolic method. Determination of active chlorine should be carried out at room temperature, maintaining the solutions for 50 minutes, the pH range is 11.9 ± 0.1. The optimal concentration of reagents: 33-fold excess of N-phenanthr

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20

Isaac, Russell A., and J. Carrell Morris. "Transfer of active chlorine from chloramine to nitrogenous organic compounds. 2. Mechanism." Environmental Science & Technology 19, no. 9 (1985): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00139a007.

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21

Achour, Samia, and Saadia Guergazi. "Potassium Permanganate and Chlorine Reactions with Natural Organic Compounds in Algerian Surface Water." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1383.

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The aim of this work is to study effect of two powerful oxidants (potassium permanganate and chlorine) on natural organic matter in surface waters. Trials are conducted out with three Algerian surface waters under controlled experimental conditions (oxidant dose applied and contact time). Permanganate was used alone in the first step, while the combination permanganate-chlorine was used in the second step.As for chlorine demand, permanganate consumption seems correlated with physicochemical characteristics of waters and particularly the nature and content of organic matter. The effect of a cou

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22

Hodin, Fredrik, Hans Borén, Anders Grimvall, and Susanne Karlsson. "Formation of Chlorophenols and Related Compounds in Natural and Technical Chlorination Processes." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0496.

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Surface water was halogenated by the addition of: (i) chloroperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and chloride; (ii) hydrogen peroxide and chloride or bromide; (iii) hypochlorite. Analysis of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), halogenated phenols and purgeable organic compounds showed that reactions (i) and (ii) produced almost the same halogenated compounds. It was also shown that active chlorine occurred as an intermedi-ate in reaction (i). Reaction (ii) implied a marked halogenation only after the addition of bromide, and this reaction was enhanced by a low pH. Existing evidence that 2,4,6-trichloro

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23

Schulz, Stefanie, and Hermann H. Hahn. "Generation of halogenated organic compounds in municipal waste water." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (1998): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0071.

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Cleaning agents and disinfectants from housekeeping, hospitals and canteen kitchens are important sources of adsorbable halogenated organic compounds (AOX) in municipal waste water. They often contain inorganic compounds which are able to release activated chlorine. Together with organic waste water compounds the activated chlorine can generate halogenated organic compounds. Within the scope of this research project the generation of AOX through these active agents is compared. The effects of concentration, pH, time, temperature, presence of other oxidizing or reducing agents and synergetic ef

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24

Bryant, C. W., G. L. Amy, R. Neill, and S. Ahmad. "Partitioning of Organic Chlorine between Bulk Water and Benthal Interstitial Water through a Kraft Mill Aerated Lagoon." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (1988): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0010.

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This paper reports the measured distribution of total and low molecular weight organic chlorine through a Kraft Hill aerated lagoon. Both benthal interstitial water and corresponding overlying water patterns were measured. Benthal solids were also analyzed for extractable organic chlorine. The extent of organic chlorine partitioning between the overlying water and benthal zone is indicative of the role of biosorption in the transport of organic chlorine compounds from the water column to the sediments and benthal zone of the lagoon. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of microbial dehalog

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25

Konstantinov, Alexandre D., Andrea N. Johnston, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Successive photocyanation of highly chlorinated aromatic compounds." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 8 (1999): 1366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-127.

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Successive photocyanation was found to be a general reaction when chlorinated aromatic compounds were photolyzed with sodium cyanide. The products were polycyanated hydroxychloro compounds with various degrees of chlorine replacement. Although the products from some substrates could be isolated, identified, and characterized, most reactions proceeded with low regioselectivity, which limits their synthetic potential. Quantum yields of substrate disappearance increased with the number of chlorine substituents on a substrate, and followed the expected relationship ϕ-1 is proportional to [CN-]-1.

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26

Yoon, Jeyong, and James N. Jensen. "Distribution of aqueous chlorine with nitrogenous compounds: chlorine transfer from organic chloramines to ammonia." Environmental Science & Technology 27, no. 2 (1993): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00039a022.

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27

YASUDA, Seiji. "Spectral changes in the chlorine K.ALPHA. and K.BETA. emission spectra of organic chlorine compounds." Bunseki kagaku 39, no. 8 (1990): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.39.8_467.

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28

Koistinen, Jaana, Jaakko Paasivirta, and Jukka Särkkä. "Organic chlorine compounds in lake sediments. IV. Dioxins, furans and related chloroaromatic compounds." Chemosphere 21, no. 12 (1990): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90041-q.

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29

Simovic, L., and J. P. Jones. "Removal of Organic Micropollutants from Contaminated Groundwater by Oxidation and Stripping." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 1 (1987): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.014.

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Abstract In 1984, Environment Canada carried out a bench scale study on the removal of organic micropollutants from contaminated groundwater. The groundwater samples were obtained from the Special Waste Compound at Gloucester Landfill Site, near Ottawa, Ontario. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical oxidation to destroy the organic micropollutants present in this groundwater. Comparison was made between the results of ozonation and the air stripping effects. The oxidants evaluated were ozone (O3), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hydro

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30

URANO, Kohei, Yoshifumi ABE, and Katsuya KAWAMOTO. "An analytical method of organic chlorine compounds in solid samples." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 9 (1989): 1635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1989.1635.

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31

Suga, Sohei, Makoto Sakurai, Noritaka Miyasaka, Kyoko Yamamoto, and Hideo Kameyama. "Decomposition of Organic Chlorine Compounds in a Discharge Photocatalyst Reactor." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 29, no. 1 (2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.29.1.

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32

Katz, Edward L. "Reactivity of nitrogenous and other organic compounds with aqueous chlorine." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36, no. 1 (1986): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01623574.

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33

Al-Abachi, Mouayed Q., and Elham S. Salih. "Indirect polarographic microdetermination of chlorine or bromine in organic compounds." Mikrochimica Acta 92, no. 4-6 (1987): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01201840.

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34

Vasyukova, Ekaterina, René Proft, Johanna Jousten, Irene Slavik, and Wolfgang Uhl. "Removal of natural organic matter and trihalomethane formation potential in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant." Water Supply 13, no. 4 (2013): 1099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.095.

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A multidisciplinary approach was applied in this work to characterise natural organic matter and evaluate the performance of a full-scale waterworks treating organic-rich surface water. It was shown that the combination of the treatment processes considered efficiently removed the dissolved organic matter, including its specific fractions. Most of the dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC and DON), biodegradable DOC and DON, as well as assimilable organic carbon were removed by coagulation/sedimentation. However, the coagulation process was not likely to be optimised for the removal of al

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35

Lu, Fagui, Chaoying Yu, Xu Meng, Jinqi Zhang, Gexin Chen, and Peiqing Zhao. "Influence of Ru precursors on the activity of Ru/Al2O3–TiO2 catalysts for catalytic wet air oxidation of high concentration organic compounds." RSC Advances 6, no. 77 (2016): 73810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13235a.

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The nature of the Ru precursors affected the performance of Ru catalysts with those prepared from chloride-free Ru precursors being more active than those prepared from chlorine-containing Ru precursors.

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36

Solomon, K. R. "Chlorine in the Bleaching of Pulp and Paper." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (1996): 1721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091721.

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The pulp and paper industry in Canada contributes significant effluent discharges to surface and marine waters. Chlorine and chlorine compounds are used in the bleaching of pulp. A large number of organochlorine chemicals of widely differing properties are, or have been, produced from this bleaching. These range from the highly hydrophobic, persistent and bioaccumulative toxic substances, such as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, to the higher molecular weight, non-hydrophobic material usually characterized by absorbable organic halogen. Chlorine dioxide and chlorine react with lignin by different chemical proces

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37

Wang, Yonghong, Matthieu Riva, Hongbin Xie, et al. "Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 8 (2020): 5145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5145-2020.

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Abstract. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) from atmospheric oxidation of alpha-pinene can irreversibly condense to particles and contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Recently, the formation of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) from heterogeneous reactions, followed by its subsequent photolysis, is suggested to be an important source of chlorine atoms in many parts of the atmosphere. However, the oxidation of monoterpenes such as alpha-pinene by chlorine atoms has received very little attention, and the ability of this reaction to form HOMs is completely unstudied. Here, cha

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38

Coates, John D., Urania Michaelidou, Royce A. Bruce, Susan M. O’Connor, Jill N. Crespi, and Laurie A. Achenbach. "Ubiquity and Diversity of Dissimilatory (Per)chlorate-Reducing Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (1999): 5234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5234-5241.1999.

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ABSTRACT Environmental contamination with compounds containing oxyanions of chlorine, such as perchlorate or chlorate [(per)chlorate] or chlorine dioxide, has been a constantly growing problem over the last 100 years. Although the fact that microbes reduce these compounds has been recognized for more than 50 years, only six organisms which can obtain energy for growth by this metabolic process have been described. As part of a study to investigate the diversity and ubiquity of microorganisms involved in the microbial reduction of (per)chlorate, we enumerated the (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria

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39

Smith, Terrence J., Ross H. Wearne, and Adrian F. A. Wallis. "Characteristics of the Chlorinated Organic Substances in Filtrates from Bleaching of Oxygen-Delignified Eucalypt Kraft Pulp." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0702.

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Oxygen-delignified kraft pulps from mature and young eucalypt woods were bleached with sequences involving chlorine (C), chlorine dioxide (D) and alkali-oxygen (EO). The bleaching filtrates were analysed for chlorinated organic compounds by gas chromatography with the use of a mass selective detector. Chlorinated compounds found included a range of chlorinated phenols, neutral compounds, aliphatic acids and phenolic acids. A total of 41 chlorinated phenols were identified, mostly in the filtrates following chlorination {(EO)[C]} and only few in the (EO)[D] filtrates. 2-Chlorosyringaldehyde was

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40

Al-Jumaili, Mohammed Hadi Ali, Ahmed Solaiman Hamed, Nihat Akkurt, and Lokman Torun. "Six-armed Structures Based on Benzene Ring, Synthesis and Characterization Via Sonogashira Coupling." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 3 (2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.49419.

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A new six-armed compounds consist of benzene ring as a central core substituted with aromatic ring and three rod-like armed of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(dodecyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine as the peripheral arms unit which obtained by sequential nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in cyanuric chloride. The substitution took place at the acetylenic periphery on the central benzene ring by Sonogashira coupling. Equimolar mixtures of the six-armed compounds based on the benzene core with the complementary 4-dodecyloxybenzoic acid, which already possessed liquid crystal property, resulted in an organic salt

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41

Henschler, Dietrich. "Toxicity of Chlorinated Organic Compounds: Effects of the Introduction of Chlorine in Organic Molecules." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 33, no. 19 (1994): 1920–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199419201.

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42

McFarlane, Paul N., Robert W. Allison, Thomas A. Clark, and Keith L. Mackie. "The Effects of Chlorination Conditions on the AOX and Chlorinated Phenol Content of Kraft Bleach Plant Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0462.

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A central composite experimental design was used to develop models of the yields of Adsorbable Organic Halide (AOX) and chlorophenolic compounds in wastewaters produced by bleaching oxygen delignified kraft pulps. The following five variables were used to control the bleaching conditions: total available chlorine, chlorine dioxide substitution, incoming kappa number, chlorination time and temperature. The total available chlorine and the chlorine dioxide substitution were the most important parameters in all the models developed. The yields (g.tonne−1) of AOX and total chlorophenolic compounds

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43

NAKAGAWA, Yasuhiro, Kiyomi KINOSHITA, and Yoshio KIMURA. "Evaluation of new Karl Fischer reagents containing no organic chlorine compounds." Bunseki kagaku 41, no. 8 (1992): T109—T112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.41.8_t109.

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44

TANABE, Kazutoshi, and Takatoshi MATSUMOTO. "Prediction of Carcinogenicity of Chlorine-containing Organic Compounds by Neural Network." Journal of Computer Chemistry, Japan 1, no. 1 (2002): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2477/jccj.1.23.

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45

Takemura, Yozo, Tatsuo Mukai, Kengo Senoo, and Motoyuki Suzuki. "Decomposition of Organic Chlorine Compounds by Fenton's Reaction on Reticulated Iron." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 21, no. 1 (1995): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.21.32.

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46

Solastiouk, Bernard, and Xavier Deglise. "Étude thermodynamique du mélange chlore – acide isocyanurique en milieu aqueux." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (1988): 2188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-348.

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A method of calculation of the equilibrium concentrations in aqueous solution of cyanuric acid and its chlorinated derivatives as a function of pH, molar ratio of chlorine/cyanuric acid, and chloride ion concentration is presented. The influence of each of these parameters is studied in conditions close to those used for these compounds in swimming pools.

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47

Shi, Lisheng, Jiayan Ge, Fuqiang Zhang, Shuangxi Nie, Chengrong Qin, and Shuangquan Yao. "Difference in adsorbable organic halogen formation between phenolic and non-phenolic lignin model compounds in chlorine dioxide bleaching." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 10 (2019): 191202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191202.

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Adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) is generally formed by the reaction of residual lignin in pulps with chlorine dioxide during bleaching. Lignin has a complex structure. Different functional groups and bonds are present in lignin structures. Phenolic hydroxyl is one of the important functional groups in lignin, and it significantly influences the chemical properties and reactivity. To study the effect of phenolic hydroxyl on AOX formation, vanillyl alcohol (VA) was selected as the phenolic lignin model compound, and veratryl alcohol (VE) was selected as the non-phenolic lignin model compound in

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48

Wang, Dongyu S., and Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz. "Secondary organic aerosol from chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 22 (2017): 13491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13491-2017.

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Abstract. Recent studies have found concentrations of reactive chlorine species to be higher than expected, suggesting that atmospheric chlorine chemistry is more extensive than previously thought. Chlorine radicals can interact with hydroperoxy (HOx) radicals and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to alter the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. They are known to rapidly oxidize a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the atmosphere, yet little is known about secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from chlorine-initiated photooxidation and its atmospheric implications. Environmenta

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49

Liu, Jingqing, Hongxi Peng, Shengwei Tan, Jianmin Wu, Hamid Bastani, and Cong Li. "Influence factors of organic compounds leaching from PE pipes and the potential toxic effects on E. coli and rat C6 glioma cell." Water Supply 16, no. 2 (2015): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.148.

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Water quality safety is always a hot topic. Recently there has been a great increase in the use of polyethylene (PE) pipes in drinking water distribution systems in China. Some organics can leach from PE pipes into drinking water, which is undoubtedly harmful for consumers. In this study, potential organics leaching from two Chinese brands of PE pipe were investigated in order to determine the potential risk to both consumers and water quality. Their released amounts are characterized by UV254 instead of total organic carbon (TOC). Organics are identified by means of gas chromatography coupled

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50

Arnold, J. T., T. O. Bayraktaroglu, R. G. Brown, et al. "Hypochlorite-induced substitution of chlorine for bromine in aromatic compounds." Journal of Organic Chemistry 57, no. 1 (1992): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00027a071.

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