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Leah, Jessica, Willy Pradel, Donald C. Cole, Gordon Prain, Hilary Creed-Kanashiro y Miluska V. Carrasco. "Determinants of household food access among small farmers in the Andes: examining the path". Public Health Nutrition 16, n.º 1 (21 de febrero de 2012): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000183.
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AbstractObjectiveHousehold food access remains a concern among primarily agricultural households in lower- and middle-income countries. We examined the associations among domains representing livelihood assets (human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital) and household food access.DesignCross-sectional survey (two questionnaires) on livelihood assets.SettingMetropolitan Pillaro, Ecuador; Cochabamba, Bolivia; and Huancayo, Peru.SubjectsHouseholds (n570) involved in small-scale agricultural production in 2008.ResultsFood access, defined as the number of months of adequate food provisioning in the previous year, was relatively good; 41 % of the respondents indicated to have had no difficulty in obtaining food for their household in the past year. Using bivariate analysis, key livelihood assets indicators associated with better household food access were identified as: age of household survey respondent (P= 0·05), participation in agricultural associations (P= 0·09), church membership (P= 0·08), area of irrigated land (P= 0·08), housing material (P= 0·06), space within the household residence (P= 0·02) and satisfaction with health status (P= 0·02). In path models both direct and indirect effects were observed, underscoring the complexity of the relationships between livelihood assets and household food access. Paths significantly associated with better household food access included: better housing conditions (P= 0·01), more space within the household residence (P= 0·001) and greater satisfaction with health status (P= 0·001).ConclusionsMultiple factors were associated with household food access in these peri-urban agricultural households. Food security intervention programmes focusing on food access need to deal with both agricultural factors and determinants of health to bolster household food security in challenging lower- and middle-income country contexts.
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Razavi, Nasya S. "‘Social Control’ and the Politics of Public Participation in Water Remunicipalization, Cochabamba, Bolivia". Water 11, n.º 7 (14 de julio de 2019): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071455.
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During the Water War in 2000, residents of Cochabamba, Bolivia, famously mobilized against water privatization and gained back public control of the city’s water utility. Nearly two decades later, the water movement’s vision of democratic water provision under the participatory management of ‘social control’ remains largely unfulfilled. This paper points to the difficulties in rebuilding a strong public water service in Cochabamba, focusing on the different—and often incompatible—understandings and interpretations of public participation. Addressing the concept’s malleability to a spectrum of ideologies, this paper builds a typology of different kinds of participation according to their intentionality, outcomes, tools, and practices. Applying this framework to the water politics in Bolivia serves to untangle competing perspectives of participation, uncover whose interests are served, and which groups are included or excluded from access to water and decision-making. This analysis reveals how transformative participation has failed to take hold within the municipal service provider in Cochabamba.
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Oporto Sánchez, Jhohan Braxton. "Desarrollo, planificación territorial y soportes materiales en Bolivia". Observatorio del Desarrollo. Investigación, Reflexión y Análisis 2, n.º 8 (6 de diciembre de 2013): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/od.0208.jbos.
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El siguiente texto caracteriza brevemente la relación entre los proyectos de desarrollo del Estado nación boliviano, la planificación territorial y el sistema de soportes materiales de la vida social en Cochabamba, particularmente a partir de tres procesos: 1) la Revolución Nacional, 1952-1984; 2) el régimen neoliberal, 1985-2005; y 3) el “proceso de cambio” impulsado por Evo Morales y su partido, el Movimiento Al Socialismo (MAS), de 2006 al presente.
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Torres López, Teresa Margarita, Carolina Reynaldos Quinteros, Aldo Favio Lozano González y Jazmín Aranzazú Munguía Cortés. "Concepciones culturales del VIH/Sida de adolescentes de Bolivia, Chile y México". Revista de Saúde Pública 44, n.º 5 (octubre de 2010): 820–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102010000500007.
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OBJETIVO: Comprender las dimensiones culturales del VIH/Sida de estudiantes adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudio antropológico cognitivo. Realizado en Cochabamba (Bolivia), Talca (Chile) y Guadalajara (México) entre 2007 y 2008. Un total de 184 jóvenes (de 14 y 19 años de edad) fueron seleccionados por muestreo propositivo en centros de estudios de educación media superior de cada país. Fueron utilizadas las técnicas de listados libres y el sorteo de montones. Se indagaron términos asociados al concepto VIH/Sida y grupos de dimensiones conceptuales. Posteriormente se aplicó análisis de consenso mediante factorización de componentes principales y análisis dimensional mediante conglomerados jerárquicos y escalas multidimensionales. RESULTADOS: Las diferencias entre los contextos fueron en el grado de consenso en relación al término de VIH/Sida, ya que fue mayor en Cochabamba. En Talca y Guadalajara los jóvenes mencionaron metáforas de lucha frente a la enfermedad, mientras en Cochabamba se refirieron a la ayuda, apoyo y amor que las personas infectadas deberían recibir. Las coincidencias entre las conceptualizaciones de los jóvenes de los tres países fueron: los riesgos (las prácticas sexuales desprotegidas y el contacto con algunos grupos poblacionales específicos), las consecuencias (muerte física y social, entendida ésta última como el rechazo de la sociedad hacia los enfermos) y la prevención de la enfermedad (con base en la información así como uso del condón). CONCLUSIONES: Para los estudiantes adolescentes el VIH/Sida es una enfermedad causada por prácticas sexuales y consumo de drogas que implica daño, dolor y muerte. Los programas preventivos del VIH/Sida para los adolescentes deben promover la búsqueda de información sobre el tema con bases científicas, y no centrarse en las consecuencias emocionales y sociales de la enfermedad.
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Zimmerer, Karl S. "Soil Erosion and Social (Dis)Courses in Cochabamba, Bolivia: Perceiving the Nature of Environmental Degradation". Economic Geography 69, n.º 3 (julio de 1993): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143453.
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Cabrera Quispe, Juan Edson. "Fragmentación urbana por medio de redes de agua: el caso de Cochabamba, Bolivia". Territorios, n.º 39 (1 de julio de 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/territorios/a.6313.
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Ante la limitada capacidad del sector público en Bolivia para dotar de servicios básicos e infraestructuras al interior del área metropolitana de Cochabamba, decenas de organizaciones vecinales desarrollan prácticas y estrategias dirigidas a la autogestión de diferentes servicios, entre ellos el agua para consumo humano. estas estrategias alrededor de la autogestión del servicio de agua son desarrolladas por una serie de operadores locales de pequeña escala, pequeñas organizaciones barriales cuyo fin principal es garantizar el acceso a servicios de agua mediante la administración de pequeños sistemas y redes de servicio de agua. Su acción permite el equitativo y permanente acceso al recurso; sin embargo, sus estrategias devienen en escenarios de fragmentación urbana donde cunden fuertes procesos de dislocación social, con pérdida de solidaridad entre vecinos y la división de la ciudad en centenares de fragmentos.
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McGoldrick, Terence A. "El agua como derecho humano". Estudios: filosofía, historia, letras 17, n.º 130 (2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5347/01856383.0130.000295791.
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Las guerras de agua en Bolivia en el año 2000 por los contratos de Bechtel para privatizar su suministro en la ciudad de Cochabamba impulsaron a la Conferencia Episcopal Boliviana a responder con dos importantes aplicaciones teológicas del pensamiento social católico a las cuestiones del agua como un derecho humano y a la administración ambiental. El carácter sacramental del agua, así como su importancia para la vida misma, se aplican de manera única en estas declaraciones que sostienen con argumentos teológicos que nunca se puede permitir que el agua sea una mercancía. La nueva constitución de Bolivia y las leyes de la madre tierra buscan aplicar aún más el principio del agua como un derecho humano a los derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas del país a poseer sus tierras ancestrales e incluso a otorgar personalidad jurídica a la naturaleza misma. La conexión de sus pueblos indígenas con la madre tierra, Pachamama, en armonía con sus ecosistemas, tiene una dimensión sagrada que está detrás de la nueva constitución de Bolivia, donde estos ideales han sido consagrados y, en última instancia, una visión social en desacuerdo con el neoliberalismo que tiene beneficios y peligros para la Bolivia moderna
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Jimeno, I., N. Mendoza, F. Zapana, L. de la Torre, F. Torrico, D. Lozano, C. Billot y M. J. Pinazo. "Social determinants in the access to health care for Chagas disease: A qualitative research on family life in the “Valle Alto” of Cochabamba, Bolivia". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2021): e0255226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255226.
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Introduction Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi infection. It is a neglected tropical disease with considerable impact on the physical, psychological, familiar, and social spheres. The Valle Alto of Cochabamba is a hyperendemic region of Bolivia where efforts to control the transmission of the disease have progressed over the years. However, many challenges remain, above all, timely detection and health-care access. Methods Following the Science Shop process, this bottom-up research emerged with the participation of the civil society from Valle Alto and representatives of the Association of Corazones Unidos por el Chagas from Cochabamba. The aim of this study is to explore the social determinants in the living realities of those affected by Chagas disease or the silent infection and how families in the Valle Alto of Cochabamba cope with it. An interdisciplinary research team conducted a case study of the life stories of three families using information from in-depth interviews and performed a descriptive qualitative content analysis and triangulation processes. Findings Findings provide insights into social circumstances of the research subjects’ lives; particularly, on how exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi infection affects their daily lives in terms of seeking comprehensive health care. Research subjects revealed needs and shared their experiences, thus providing an understanding of the complexity of Chagas disease from the socioeconomic, sociocultural, political, and biomedical perspectives. Results enlighten on three dimensions: structural, psychosocial, and plural health system. The diverse perceptions and attitudes toward Chagas within families, including the denial of its existence, are remarkable as gender and ethnocultural aspects. Findings support recommendations to various stakeholders and translation materials. Conclusions Intersectional disease management and community involvement are essential for deciding the most appropriate and effective actions. Education, detection, health care, and social programs engaging family units ought to be the pillars of a promising approach.
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Sanz Galindo, Camilo. "Una fallida privatización del agua en Bolivia: El estado, la corrupción y el efecto neoliberal". Revista Colombiana de Antropología 42 (30 de enero de 2006): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22380/2539472x.1192.
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En 1999, el gobierno boliviano vendió la empresa de agua de Cochabamba a un grupo de inversionistas nacionales y extranjeros. Sólo tres meses después se produjo un levantamiento popular sin precedentes en respuesta a los dramáticos incrementos en las tarifas del servicio, las relaciones íntimas, y subterráneas, entre el estado y el nuevo consorcio, y las formas de riqueza que están sujetas a las apropiaciones del estado y las firmas privadas. Este artículo analiza la intersección del estado, el mercado y la corrupción bajo las nuevas contradicciones de jurisdicción producidas bajo las condiciones neoliberales. Aborda al neoliberalismo como un proceso que borra la frontera entre el estado y el mercado y genera un simulacro de orden social, en el cual la corrupción y el robo no van en contra del estado, sino que, por el contrario, hacen parte del mismo.
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Imhof, S., J. H. May, H. Veit, C. Kull y M. Grosjean. "Temperature reduction and local last glaciation maximum (LLGM) : the example of the east-Andean Cordillera around Cochabamba, Bolivia (17°S)". Geographica Helvetica 61, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2006): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-61-91-2006.
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Abstract. This study presents results from a glacier-climate model that reconstructed glacio-climatological conditions during the last local glaciation maximum (LLGM) in the Cordillera to the north of Cochabamba (17°15'S, 66°15'W), Bolivia. Results emphasize the temperature-sensitivity of glaciers on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental. Maximum glacier advances appear to have been caused by a massive cooling of about 6.5°C while annual preeipitation was about 300 mm higher than today (850 mm/yr). Modeling results indicate maximum glacial advances during cold phases such as MIS 2 (25–18 kyr B.P.) and minor advances during late glacial cool events (12–10 kyr B.P.). This chronology is supported by exposure age dating results. Further evidence may be found in the low AAR-values (accumulation area ratio) which indicate low mass balance gradients and therefore cold climate conditions. Modeled basal shear stresses smaller than 1 bar exelude extremely «cold-dry» or «warm-wet» conditions. The spatial pattern of regional paleo-ELA's (equilibrium line altitude). with higher ELAs in the western part of the study area, reflects a strong east-west gradient in paleoprecipitation. Easterly summer preeipitation is suggested to be the reason for this phenomenon. These results are in agreement with other studies of the east-Andean slope, indicating temperature as the driving factor for maximum glacier advances in northwestern Argentina.
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Saignes, Thierry. "Brooke Larson, Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia. Cochabamba, 1550-1900, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1988, 375 p., 40 cartes et figures." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 44, n.º 3 (junio de 1989): 624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900144592.
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Díaz-Aristizabal, Urko, Silvia Sanz-Victoria, Milton Sahonero-Daza, Sandra Ledesma-Ocampo, Mesías Cachimuel-Vinueza y Marisabel Torrico. "Reflexiones sobre la estrategia de rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (RBC): la experiencia de un programa de RBC en Bolivia". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 17, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232012000100019.
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La Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad (RBC) es una estrategia de desarrollo comunitario avalada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), que persigue la rehabilitación, la igualdad de oportunidades y la integración social de las Personas con Discapacidad (PD) en sus entornos. Con este objetivo promueve la colaboración entre las PD, sus familias y los diferentes actores de la comunidad involucrados, así como el liderazgo comunitario y la participación de las PD mediante el impulso de la colaboración multisectorial. Este artículo expone los antecedentes históricos y las características fundamentales de la estrategia de RBC a partir de un programa llevado a cabo por una fundación del departamento de Cochabamba (Bolivia), para después incidir en algunos aspectos referentes al contexto sociocultural, que especialmente en situaciones de interculturalidad, pueden determinar que un programa de RBC tenga éxito o esté abocado al fracaso.
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van Bath, B. H. Slicher. "Larson, Brooke. Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia, Cochabamba, 1550–1900. Princeton University Press, Princeton (NJ)1988. xv, 376 pp. $65.00. (Paper: $25.00.)". International Review of Social History 34, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1989): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000009500.
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Simmons, Erica S. "Market Reforms and Water Wars". World Politics 68, n.º 1 (20 de noviembre de 2015): 37–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887115000337.
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Responses to the imposition of market-oriented economic policies have varied. This article asks two questions: (1) How can we better understand when marketization will or will not prompt resistance? And (2) when people do mobilize, why are some movements broad-based while others draw on particular segments of society? The author argues that these questions can best be answered by focusing not only on the political contexts and resources available to potential social movements, but also on what is perceived to be at stake during marketization. These perceptions influence mobilization processes and the kinds of groups available for mobilization. When people understand markets as threatening to material wellbeing, as well as to widely shared community relationships, understandings, and commitments, heightened feelings of group belonging can contribute to broad-based mobilization. The author develops this argument through analysis of the broad-based, widespread movement that emerged to protest water privatization in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in 1999 and 2000. In the context of a history of agriculture, irrigation, drought, and conflict, water helped to produce and reproduce imagined communities of nation, region, and ethnic group, as well as quotidian communities revolving around the routine production and consumption of water. These meanings help to explain the dynamics of the resistance that emerged.
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Vergara, Alberto. "United by Discord, Divided by Consensus: National and Sub-national Articulation in Bolivia and Peru, 2000–2010". Journal of Politics in Latin America 3, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2011): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1100300303.
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From 2000 to 2010, Bolivia and Peru underwent similar processes of political decentralization toward the meso level of the government. Three elections later in Peru and two in Bolivia, the ability of national political parties to articulate interests differs markedly between the two countries. Peru tends toward fragmentation with national parties incapable of participating or successfully competing in subnational elections, while in Bolivia, the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) – and other parties to a lesser extent – are increasingly capable of participating and winning subnational offices. This paper argues that, despite having undergone very similar institutional reforms, the difference between the cases can largely be explained by two “society-side” variables: the caliber of the political ideas in debate and political social density. The substantive quality of ideas in debate and a greater political social density have been crucial to the Bolivian trend, while their absence has lessened the possibility of anything similar occurring in Peru. In general terms, the article sheds light on the social conditions that favor party-building in a context of decentralization reform.
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Arrueta, José Antonio y Helen Avery. "Education Reform in Bolivia: Transitions Towards Which Future?" Research in Comparative and International Education 7, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 2012): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2012.7.4.419.
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This article concerns the impact of educational reforms on young people in Bolivian society as they transition into adulthood, against the backdrop of globalisation and far-reaching structural changes. Ethnicity and cultural capital are linked in complex ways with social stratification in Bolivia. In a pluricultural society, the language of instruction and curricular content are among the most fundamental conditions that determine which social or linguistic groups will be excluded or disadvantaged during formal education. Language and content are particularly significant in identity formation and in the shaping of cultural capital. Each contributes to the formation of specific intercultural skills and opportunities for communication within national or international communities. Additionally, each of these components helps determine which educational paths are open for young people, and which activities they can engage with later in life. In Bolivia, various education reforms have attempted to reshape these parameters. Intercultural Bilingual Education and other key aspects of the reforms will be described along with the historical context in which they emerged. Some conclusions are put forward related to their implementation.
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Poupeau, Franck y Sébastien Hardy. "The social conditions of self-organized utilities: water cooperatives in La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia". Water International 42, n.º 1 (13 de septiembre de 2016): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1219196.
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Yáñez, Leonel Álvarez y Héctor De la Fuente Limón. "The Social Appropriation of Science as Counter-Hegemony: Technology Challenges Facing Bolivia and Venezuela". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 11, n.º 3 (2012): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914912x651569.
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Abstract In this paper we discuss the challenges that confront a national strategy that favors sovereign, progressive and counter-hegemonic development projects. The social appropriation of science plays a prime role in such a strategy and can be contrasted with its logical opposite, the capitalist appropriation of science. Never before has so much knowledge been accumulated with potential to transform the surrounding environment in favor of humanity. Nevertheless, the fact that this knowledge has been placed in the service of the interests of a minority who control political and economic power is far from creating the conditions for achieving a humane and just society, and instead is tending towards an abyss of terrifying proportions. The future of life itself on this planet is threatened by the ravages of hunger, poverty, unemployment, insecurity, and environmental degradation, which now touch millions.
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Balderacchi, Claudio. "Participatory Mechanisms in Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela: Deepening or Undermining Democracy?" Government and Opposition 52, n.º 1 (16 de noviembre de 2015): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2015.26.
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Through the comparative analysis of the participatory mechanisms established in Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela, this study explores under which conditions such mechanisms are more likely to deepen or undermine democracy. While the informal participatory mechanisms established in Bolivia have produced, though imperfectly, significant democratic benefits, in Ecuador and Venezuela crucial participatory mechanisms have appeared to favour the concentration of power in the executive, contributing to the strangulation of representative institutions, the erosion of the separation of powers and the development of government-dominated social groups. By shedding light on the undemocratic manipulation of participatory mechanisms, an area still largely unexplored, this study contributes to a better understanding of the risks and opportunities associated with the deepening of democracy.
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Rice, Roberta. "How to Decolonize Democracy: Indigenous Governance Innovation in Bolivia and Nunavut, Canada". Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 22 (27 de marzo de 2017): 220–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2016.169.
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This paper analyzes the successes, failures, and lessons learned from the innovative experiments in decolonization that are currently underway in Bolivia and Nunavut, Canada. Bolivia and Nunavut are the first large-scale tests of Indigenous governance in the Americas. In both cases, Indigenous peoples are a marginalized majority who have recently assumed power by way of democratic mechanisms. In Bolivia, the inclusion of direct, participatory, and communitarian elements into the democratic system, has dramatically improved representation for Indigenous peoples. In Nunavut, the Inuit have also opted to pursue self-determination through a public government system rather than through an Inuit-specific self-government arrangement. The Nunavut government seeks to incorporate Inuit values, beliefs, and worldviews into a Canadian system of government. In both cases, the conditions for success are far from ideal. Significant social, economic, and institutional problems continue to plague the new governments of Bolivia and Nunavut. Based on original research in Bolivia and Nunavut, the paper finds that important democratic gains have been made. I argue that the emergence of new mechanisms for Indigenous and popular participation has the potential to strengthen democracy by enhancing or stretching liberal democratic conceptions and expectations.Este artículo analiza los éxitos, fracasos y lecciones aprendidas de los innovadores experimentos de descolonización que se están llevando a cabo actualmente en Bolivia y Nunavut, Canadá. Bolivia y Nunavut son los primeros experimentos de gobernanza indígena a gran escala en las Américas. En ambos casos, los pueblos indígenas son mayorías marginadas que recientemente han asumido el poder por medio de mecanismos democráticos. En Bolivia, la inclusión de elementos directos, participativos y comunitarios en el sistema democrático ha mejorado dramáticamente la representación de los pueblos indígenas. En Nunavut, los inuit también han optado por gestionar la autodeterminación a través de un sistema de gobierno público en lugar de un acuerdo de autogobierno específicamente inuit. El gobierno de Nunavut intenta incorporar valores, creencias y visiones del mundo inuit en el sistema de gobierno canadiense. En ambos casos, las condiciones para el éxito están lejos de ser ideales. Considerables problemas sociales, económicos e institucionales siguen afectando a los nuevos gobiernos de Bolivia y Nunavut. Pese a ello, y en base a investigaciones realizadas en Bolivia y Nunavut, el artículo da cuenta de importantes ganancias democráticas y propone que el surgimiento de nuevos mecanismos para la participación indígena y popular tiene el potencial de fortalecer la democracia al ampliar las concepciones y expectativas democráticas liberales.
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Padoan, Enrico. "The role of social movements in the ‘second incorporation’ of popular sectors in Bolivia and Argentina". Revista Española de Sociología 29, n.º 3 - Sup2 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2020.80.
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Latin American ‘Pink Tide’ has been functionally interpreted as a ‘second wave of incorporation’ of the popular sectors in the polity domain after their ‘disincorporation’ and/or exclusion by authoritarian regimes and/or neoliberal reforms. This contribution proposes a comparative analysis of the roles played by social movements in Bolivian and Argentinean “second incorporations”, by relying on fifty in-depth interviews with partisan and movement leaders in both countries, in order to assess the different characteristics and consequences of the processes of “second incorporation” in the two countries. The paper argues that the extent to which such actors provide an encompassing representation of ‘excluded sectors’ is key to understand how different forms of political incorporation shaped different ‘social blocs’ either supporting or contrasting progressive political projects in power, and eventually created the conditions, in the medium term, for the electoral rise of right-wing opponents.
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Dalenz, Christian. "Evo-lución: The Economic Situation of Evo Morales’ Bolivia Under Scrutiny". Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 23 (19 de diciembre de 2018): 67–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2018.177.
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This paper deals with economic changes in the last 12 years in Bolivia under the presidency of Evo Morales. After a short introduction about the political landscape of the country, I will explain how Morales’ party, Movimiento al Socialismo, planned to change Bolivia’s economic model. Here I will rely on the works by former Bolivian Ministry of Economics and Public Finances, Luis Arce Catacora. Then I will show the improvements in social conditions of the Bolivian population during the Morales’ presidency, and I will relate them to the Cash Conditional Transfers adopted by the government, otherwise known as bonos. Finally, I will assess the intricate issue of economic and environmental sustainability of this model. My point of view is that since Bolivia will soon face less revenue from its gas exports, efforts in diversifying its economy will have to improve. At the same time, no major crisis should happen.
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Juanico, M., H. Weinberg y N. Soto. "Process design of waste stabilization ponds at high altitude in Bolivia". Water Science and Technology 42, n.º 10-11 (1 de noviembre de 2000): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0668.
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The Altiplano, located at 15°–20°S, has an altitude of about 4000 m above sea level which determines extreme climatic conditions that may affect the performance of stabilization ponds: strong solar radiation due to a thin atmosphere of rarefied, clean, dry air; low mean temperatures of water and air; strong differences in temperature between day and night; low oxygen pressure. The oxygen pressure at 4000 m altitude is only 60% of that at sea level. However, lower water temperatures increase oxygen solubility in water compensating for the effect of altitude in the actual concentration of dissolved oxygen in water. Lack of oxygen is not a crucial limiting factor for sewage treatment at high altitudes. Anaerobic ponds are effective in the Altiplano, in spite of the low water temperatures (7–9°C). Design criteria for WSP at different altitudes in Bolivia are presented. An important conclusion with social connotations is that the communities of the Altiplano will need to construct waste stabilization ponds which are 3–5 times larger (and more expensive) than those of the “Los Llanos”.
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Calderón Collazos, Cristian. "REINVENCIÓN DE LA MUJER EMPRENDEDORA: UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE SU AUTONOMÍA ECONÓMICA EN BOLIVIA". Investigación & Negocios 14, n.º 23 (30 de abril de 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.38147/invneg.v14i23.132.
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La coyuntura actual trasciende las características de la economía tildada como normal hasta antes del shock COVID-19, pone en descubierto la fragilidad socioeconómica de las personas, afectadas por variables macroeconómicas, ante estos eventos se habla de reinvención empresarial, de una nueva adaptación, sin considerar las estructuras sociales y las características que han limitado el desarrollo de la mujer, si bien se ha intentado que la mujer logre su autonomía con ciertas alternativas entre ellas, el de llevar adelante un emprendimiento, es necesario analizar las condiciones y características con las que se desenvuelven y llevan adelante un negocio, muchos de supervivencia, siendo estas las bases de este proceso investigativo-reflexivo. “Se habla de reinvención pero no de un cambio social”. Palabras Clave: Autonomía económica, patriarcado, género.
AbstractThe current situation transcends the characteristics of the economy classified as normal until before the COVID-19 shock, it reveals the socioeconomic fragility of people, affected by macroeconomic variables, before these events there is talk of business reinvention, a new adaptation, without Consider the social structures and characteristics that have limited the development of women, although it has been tried that women achieve their autonomy with certain alternatives among them, that of carrying out an enterprise, it is necessary to analyze the conditions and characteristics with which they develop and carry out a business, many for survival, these being the bases of this investigative-reflective process. “There is talk of reinvention but not of social change.”Key words: Economic autonomy, patriarchy, gender
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Iudici, Antonio. "Can a prison be self-managed? A study of the informal organisation of a bolivian prison". Crime, Law and Social Change 76, n.º 2 (13 de abril de 2021): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-021-09962-1.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the unique prisons of Bolivia. Their main features include the presence of wives and children, self-management of activities within the prison and the opportunity for inmates to take part in various activities. In particular, the general organisation of the prisons and the inmates’ experience, especially on an interpersonal level, is described in this study. The obtained data shows that functional and effective experiences of social rehabilitation can be promoted even under extreme conditions and, in some cases, this provides important insights into the prison systems of most developed countries.
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Antonini de Souza, Paulo César y Derick Trindade Bezerra. "Representação e simbolismo: artes visuais na fronteira Brasil/Bolívia". MOTRICIDADES: Revista da Sociedade de Pesquisa Qualitativa em Motricidade Humana 4, n.º 3 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.29181/2594-6463.2020.v4.n3.p286-296.
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ResumoTendo por campo de investigação o Festival da América do Sul Pantanal (FASP) em 2018, na cidade de Corumbá (Brasil), objetiva-se identificar a materialidade e conceitos que permeiam as manifestações artísticas bidimensionais nesta região de fronteira, a partir da percepção de artistas da Bolívia. A pesquisa se organizou em duas fases: na primeira foi realizado um levantamento em plataformas online de produções acadêmicas em artes visuais, com foco no trabalho bidimensional, utilizando os descritores “arte popular” e “estética latina” resultando em três artigos. Na segunda fase foram selecionados dois trabalhos de uma artista da Bolívia, participante da mostra “Conexão Santa Cruz”, realizada durante o FASP 2018, que foram analisados em seus níveis representacional e simbólico. Pela interpretação das imagens foi possível construir uma leitura sobre a perspectiva da artista a respeito de suas condições culturais dentro da ordenação social em que se encontra situada.Palavras-chave: Artes Visuais. Arte Popular. Arte Regional. América Latina. Representation and symbolism: visual arts on the Brazil/Bolivia frontierAbstractHaving as research field the Festival da América do Sul Pantanal (FASP) in 2018, in the city of Corumbá (Brazil), the objective is to identify the materiality and concepts that permeate the two-dimensional artistic manifestations in this border region, from the perception of artists from Bolivia. The research was organized in two phases: in the first, a survey was carried out on online platforms of academic productions in visual arts, focusing on two-dimensional work, using the descriptors “arte popular” and “estética latina” resulting in three articles. In the second phase, two works were selected by an artist from Bolivia, participating in the exhibition “Conexão Santa Cruz”, held during FASP 2018, which were analyzed at their representational and symbolic levels. Through the interpretation of the images, it was possible to construct a reading on the artist’s perspective regarding her cultural conditions within the social order in which she is located.Keywords: Visual Arts. Folk Art. Regional Art. Latin America.Representación y simbolismo: artes visuales en la frontera de Brasil/BoliviaResumenTeniendo como campo de investigación el Festival de Sudamérica Pantanal (FASP) en 2018, en la ciudad de Corumbá (Brasil), el objetivo es identificar la materialidad y conceptos que permean las manifestaciones artísticas bidimensionales en esta región fronteriza, desde la percepción de artistas de Bolivia. La investigación se organizó en dos fases: en la primera, se realizó una encuesta en plataformas online de producciones académicas en artes visuales, con foco en el trabajo bidimensional, utilizando los descriptores “arte popular” y “estética latina” dando como resultado tres artículos. En la segunda fase, dos obras fueron seleccionadas por un artista de Bolivia, participante de la exposición “Conexão Santa Cruz”, realizada durante FASP 2018, que fueron analizadas en sus niveles representativos y simbólicos. A través de la interpretación de las imágenes, fue posible construir una lectura sobre la perspectiva de la artista sobre sus condiciones culturales dentro del orden social en el que se ubica.Palabras clave: Artes Visuales. Arte Popular. Arte Regional. América Latina.
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Williams, Dana M. y Matthew T. Lee. "Aiming to Overthrow the State (Without Using the State): Political Opportunities for Anarchist Movements". Comparative Sociology 11, n.º 4 (2012): 558–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341236.
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Abstract The anarchist movement utilizes non-statist and anti-statist strategies for radical social transformation, thus indicating the limits of political opportunity theory and its emphasis upon the state. Using historical narratives from present-day anarchist movement literature, we note various events and phenomena in the last two centuries and their relevance to the mobilization and demobilization of anarchist movements throughout the world (Bolivia, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Greece, Japan, Venezuela). Labor movement allies, failing state socialism, and punk subculture have provided conditions conducive to anarchism, while state repression and Bolshevik success in the Soviet Union constrained success. This variation suggests that future work should attend more closely to the role of national context, and the interrelationship of political and non-political factors.
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Shesko, Elizabeth. "Constructing Roads, Washing Feet, and Cutting Cane for the Patria: Building Bolivia with Military Labor, 1900–1975". International Labor and Working-Class History 80, n.º 1 (2011): 6–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547911000056.
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AbstractThis article reveals the range of tasks performed by military laborers in twentieth-century Bolivia, distinguishing between martial and nonmartial labor to understand how productive tasks became central to the military's mission. The detailed exploration of soldiers' laboring lives shows that their work as strikebreakers, builders, agriculturalists, and domestic servants reinforced social hierarchies and supported private capital. Despite hopes that military service would unify a diverse populace, soldiers on the indigenous end of the spectrum disproportionally performed the more abject labors. The first section charts the development of nonmartial labor and shows how some soldiers objected to working conditions by invoking the dissonance between martial discourse and nonmartial experiences. The article then turns to the increasing legibility of nonmartial labor in the aftermath of the Chaco War (1932–1935). The final section details the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement's efforts to fold the army into the 1952 Revolution by emphasizing soldiers' productive labor.
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Gross-Camp, Nicole, Iokine Rodriguez, Adrian Martin, Mirna Inturias y Glory Massao. "The Type of Land We Want: Exploring the Limits of Community Forestry in Tanzania and Bolivia". Sustainability 11, n.º 6 (19 de marzo de 2019): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061643.
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We explore local people’s perspectives of community forest (CF) on their land in Tanzania and Bolivia. Community forest management is known to improve ecological conditions of forests, but is more variable in its social outcomes. Understanding communities’ experience of community forestry and the potential benefits and burdens its formation may place on a community will likely help in predicting its sustainability as a forest and land management model. Six villages, two in Tanzania and four in Bolivia, were selected based on the presence of community forestry in varying stages. We found that communities were generally supportive of existing community forests but cautious of their expansion. Deeper explorations of this response using ethnographic research methods reveal that an increase in community forest area is associated with increasing opportunity costs and constraints on agricultural land use, but not an increase in benefits. Furthermore, community forests give rise to a series of intra- and inter-community conflicts, often pertaining to the financial benefits stemming from the forests (distribution issues), perceived unfairness and weakness in decision–making processes (procedure/participation), and also tensions over cultural identity issues (recognition). Our findings suggest that communities’ willingness to accept community forests requires a broader consideration of the multifunctional landscape in which it is embedded, as well as an engagement with the justice tensions such an intervention inevitably creates.
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Tuastad, Svein y Katya Nogales Crespo. "A Matter of Politics". Journal of Comparative Social Work 12, n.º 1 (21 de abril de 2017): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v12i1.146.
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To which extent do dysfunctional political systems lead to everyday challenges for social workers? Moreover, how do social workers benefit from working in well-ordered democracies? The purpose of this paper is to gain insights into how the interplay between the political context and social work actually operates. Our main question is: How do accountability and state capacity levels affect daily social work? This interplay frequently becomes associated with levels of democracy and redistribution. We also draw attention to how social workers’ are dependent on the capacity of the state to implement policies.
We compare social work and the political and legal contexts in two widely different polities – Norway and Bolivia.
Our primary findings indicate that the effects of generally unfavourable political conditions permeate the possibilities for effective social work in previously unforeseen ways. Coordination problems, clientelism and political rivalry lead to everyday challenges on the ground, as many problems seem to reflect the overall institutional system and political culture. In well-ordered political systems, these problems are hardly an issue.
In our concluding discussion, we address how the nature of the institutional system and political culture apparently might call for a differentiated approach towards reform strategies. For instance, progressive politicians, citizens and social workers advocating a policy transfer could face severe hindrances in polities, thus comprising weak state capacities.
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Henshaw, Tony, Edward H. Owens, Vicky Copeman y Alfio Mianzan. "THE OSSA II PIPELINE SPILL, BOLIVIA: CLEANUP CRITERIA, CLEANUP OPERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, AND COMMUNITY ISSUES". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2001): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1455.
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ABSTRACT An estimated 29,000 bbl of mixed crude oil and condensate was spilled from the OSSA II pipeline, which was damaged during summer flood conditions, at the Río Desaguadero river crossing on the Bolivian Altiplano. The oil was deposited as far as 250 km downstream along a total of approximately 400 km along the banks of river channels, meander floodplains, and irrigation ditches, as well as on several hundred hectares of low-lying floodplain. Residual oil samples had sediment contents as high as 80%, which indicates that considerable mixing took place during the transport process. The combination of the mixing processes with evaporation resulted in high depletion rates of oil (60%). The region has a rural population of about 30,000 whose primary activity is subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry (mainly sheep, llama, and cows). Downstream, the Lago ?oopó area is an extremely important habitat for aquatic birds. Following an initial assessment, and despite repetitive ground and aerial surveys throughout the entire region, no dead or oiled fish, birds or other animals were found as a result of the spill, hence the ecological concern was low. Water samples collected soon after the spill showed no detectable hydrocarbons in either the river or in potable water sources. Cleanup endpoints were established early in the response, and most of the cleanup was completed over a 2-month period. Cleanup operations were constrained by few crossing points over the river (bridges or hand-drawn ferries) and by the problems of access in the wetlands of the floodplain zone during the summer season. The response involved an outreach program through Community Liaison Officers, and 3,200 local inhabitants were hired to remove the oil from their individual village areas. A team of agronomists, veterinarians, and doctors was established to deal with the social and human-use issues.
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Dorninger, Christian y Nina Eisenmenger. "South America's biophysical involvement in international trade: the physical trade balances of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil in the light of ecologically unequal exchange". Journal of Political Ecology 23, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20240.
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International trade is becoming increasingly important in the strategies of industrialized economies ('core' countries) to meet their physical needs and maintain their social metabolism. Less industrialized ('non-core') countries, in particular those with low population densities such as countries in South America, provide a large share of the natural resources currently being used by the 'core' countries. This article analyzes the relations of biophysical exchange of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil with global 'core' and 'non-core' countries in order to add to a discussion of possible relations of different national economic policies, such as import substituting industrialization or neoliberal adjustment, on the countries' physical trade balances (PTBs). By that we will provide a biophysical reading of ecologically unequal exchange; by investigating whether there is a physical net trade flow from 'non-core' to 'core' countries, whether primary products dominate exports of 'non-core' countries in exchange for processed products from 'core' countries, and whether the notion of unfavorable mass-to-price relation for the trading 'non-core' countries applies (Hornborg 2012; Martinez-Alier 2007). The magnitudes, type of material, stage of processing and monetary value of the traded goods are analyzed for the time period from 1962 to 2011. The evaluations have been carried out for trade relations with the 'core' and the 'non-core' countries separately. Additionally, in order to trace the so-called China Effect, which led to the period of new extractivism, the quantities exported to China are shown separately. The results indicate that the three countries examined are net exporters of physical quantities. The physical involvement in 'core'- and 'non-core'-related international trade differs greatly, but at the same time the relative importance of the 'core' as trading partner has decreased steadily over the five decades. Still, 'core'-related trade involves the most unfavorable mass-to-price relation. These conditions, i.e. high importance of unprocessed export commodities, low average unit prices, and an unfavorable monetary trade balance (MTB), reveal many characteristics of an ecologically unequal exchange. This is especially true for Argentina and Brazil. Due to its lower economic performance and limited involvement in international trade, Bolivia to some extent represents an exception.Keywords: Ecologically unequal exchange, physical trade balance, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil.
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Jacobi, Johanna, Monika Schneider, Patrick Bottazzi, Maria Pillco, Patricia Calizaya y Stephan Rist. "Agroecosystem resilience and farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts on cocoa farms in Alto Beni, Bolivia". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, n.º 2 (19 de agosto de 2013): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051300029x.
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AbstractCocoa-based small-scale agriculture is the most important source of income for most farming families in the region of Alto Beni in the sub-humid foothills of the Andes. Cocoa is grown in cultivation systems of varying ecological complexity. The plantations are highly susceptible to climate change impacts. Local cocoa producers mention heat waves, droughts, floods and plant diseases as the main impacts affecting plants and working conditions, and they associate these impacts with global climate change. From a sustainable regional development point of view, cocoa farms need to become more resilient in order to cope with the climate change related effects that are putting cocoa-based livelihoods at risk. This study assesses agroecosystem resilience under three different cocoa cultivation systems (successional agroforestry, simple agroforestry and common practice monocultures). In a first step, farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts were assessed and eight indicators of agroecological resilience were derived in a transdisciplinary process (focus groups and workshop) based on farmers’ and scientists’ knowledge. These indicators (soil organic matter, depth of Ah horizon, soil bulk density, tree species diversity, crop varieties diversity, ant species diversity, cocoa yields and infestation of cocoa trees with Moniliophthora perniciosa) were then surveyed on 15 cocoa farms and compared for the three different cultivation systems. Parts of the socio-economic aspects of resilience were covered by evaluating the role of cocoa cooperatives and organic certification in transitioning to more resilient cocoa farms (interviews with 15 cocoa farmers combined with five expert interviews). Agroecosystem resilience was higher under the two agroforestry systems than under common practice monoculture, especially under successional agroforestry. Both agroforestry systems achieved higher cocoa yields than common practice monoculture due to agroforestry farmers’ enhanced knowledge regarding cocoa cultivation. Knowledge sharing was promoted by local organizations facilitating organic certification. These organizations were thus found to enhance the social process of farmers’ integration into cooperatives and their reorientation toward organic principles and diversified agroforestry.
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Winking, Jeffrey, Hillard Kaplan, Michael Gurven y Stacey Rucas. "Why do men marry and why do they stray?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n.º 1618 (24 de abril de 2007): 1643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0437.
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Humans are quite unusual compared to other great apes in that reproduction typically takes place within long-term, iteroparous pairings—social arrangements that have been culturally reified as the institution of marriage. With respect to male behaviour, explanations of marriage fall into two major schools of thought. One holds that marriage facilitates a sexual division of labour and paternal investment, both important to the rearing of offspring that are born helpless and remain dependent for remarkably long periods (provisioning model). And the other suggests that the main benefits which men receive from entering into marriage derive from monopolizing access to women's fertility (mating effort model). In this paper, we explore extramarital sexual relationships and the conditions under which they occur as a means of testing predictions derived from these two models. Using data on men's extramarital sexual relationships among Tsimane forager–horticulturists in lowland Bolivia, we tested whether infidelity was more common when men had less of an opportunity to invest in their children or when they risked losing less fertility. We found that Tsimane men appear to be biasing the timing of their affairs to when they are younger and have fewer children, supporting the provisioning model.
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Wright, Glenn D., Krister P. Andersson, Clark C. Gibson y Tom P. Evans. "Decentralization can help reduce deforestation when user groups engage with local government". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n.º 52 (12 de diciembre de 2016): 14958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610650114.
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Policy makers around the world tout decentralization as an effective tool in the governance of natural resources. Despite the popularity of these reforms, there is limited scientific evidence on the environmental effects of decentralization, especially in tropical biomes. This study presents evidence on the institutional conditions under which decentralization is likely to be successful in sustaining forests. We draw on common-pool resource theory to argue that the environmental impact of decentralization hinges on the ability of reforms to engage local forest users in the governance of forests. Using matching techniques, we analyze longitudinal field observations on both social and biophysical characteristics in a large number of local government territories in Bolivia (a country with a decentralized forestry policy) and Peru (a country with a much more centralized forestry policy). We find that territories with a decentralized forest governance structure have more stable forest cover, but only when local forest user groups actively engage with the local government officials. We provide evidence in support of a possible causal process behind these results: When user groups engage with the decentralized units, it creates a more enabling environment for effective local governance of forests, including more local government-led forest governance activities, fora for the resolution of forest-related conflicts, intermunicipal cooperation in the forestry sector, and stronger technical capabilities of the local government staff.
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Pérez-Cueto, F. J. Armando, Androniki Naska, Javier Monterrey, Magaly Almanza-Lopez, Antonia Trichopoulou y Patrick Kolsteren. "Monitoring food and nutrient availability in a nationally representative sample of Bolivian households". British Journal of Nutrition 95, n.º 3 (marzo de 2006): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051661.
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The study objective was to estimate food and nutrient availability in Bolivian households using data from the nationally representative under the Programme for the household surveys undertaken yearly from 1999 to 2002 Improvement of Surveys and the Measurement of Living Conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean (MECOVI). In the present study, we analysed data from four repeated, cross-sectional surveys and applied European Data Food Networking (DAFNE) methodology for post-harmonising the data. Raw data of 19 483 households in Bolivia (3035 in 1999, 4857 in 2000, 5845 in 2001 and 5746 in 2002) were retrieved from the databases of the national household surveys. Results showed that the Bolivian diet is characterised by higher availability of foods of plant origin (cereals, fruits, potatoes and vegetables). Meat, milk and their products follow in the dietary preferences of Bolivians. Disparities in food availability within the country were also observed. Rural households systematically recorded lower amounts of food available, in comparison with the urban ones. Households of higher social status recorded higher availability values for all food groups, except for potatoes and cereals. Findings suggest that Bolivian households of lower socio-economic status prefer energy-dense and cheaper food sources. We concluded the dietary and socio-demographic data collected in the MECOVI household surveys could serve nutrition surveillance purposes. In addition, the application of DAFNE methodology for post-harmonising the data allows both national and international comparisons.
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Bernasconi, Andrés y Sergio Celis. "Higher education reforms: Latin America in comparative perspective". education policy analysis archives 25 (3 de julio de 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.3240.
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This article introduces a special issue of EPAA/AAPE devoted to recent higher education reforms in Latin America. The last two decades have seen much policy development in higher education in the region, examined and discussed by scholars in each country, but dialog with the international literature on higher education reform, or an explicit comparative focus, have been mostly absent from these works. By way of presentation of the papers included in this issue, we first provide an overview of major policy changes in higher education in the Latin American region since the 1990s. We then turn to the six works in this special issue to describe the theories and methods supporting them. Next, we illustrate how general analytic categories can be derived from single or multi country case studies to illuminate themes capable of cutting across the particulars of national contexts, with their unique traditions, policy paths, and politics. Our three common threads are, first, the types of drivers for reform, that is, how policy change originates, either bottom-up from the institutions, or top-down from the government, and various possibilities in between. Second, understanding challenges to institutional autonomy in a continuum of intensity of state intended intervention in higher education. Third, explaining different levels of strain between public and private sectors in higher education based on conditions of competition for economic resources. While the papers in this special issue do not cover all countries, nor all issues on which policy has been crafted in the last two decades across the region, the collection of articles herein account for topics of enduring importance: faculty work in Ecuador, financial aid in Colombia, public policy decentralization in Argentina, quality assurance models in Colombia and Uruguay, the emerge of new institutions and universities in Argentina and Uruguay, and social justice, access, and inclusion in higher education, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. The articles presented in this special issue provide much insight onto higher education policy in Latin America and, additionally, offer ample opportunity to develop social science knowledge on the basis of strong comparative work.
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Silva, Marcela De Almeida, Ronaldo José Neves y Sandra Mara Alves da Silva Neves. "ASSENTAMENTOS RURAIS NA FRONTEIRA BRASIL/BOLÍVIA: DIAGNÓSTICO SOCIOECONÔMICO E PRODUTIVO NA REGIÃO SUDOESTE MATO-GROSSENSE - RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN BRAZIL/BOLIVIA BORDERING: SOCIOECONOMIC DIAGNOSIS AND PRODUCTIVE IN THE REGION SOUTHWESTERN MATO GROSSO". Raega - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise 39 (27 de abril de 2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/raega.v39i0.44460.
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Nesse artigo são caracterizados os assentamentos localizados na região Sudoeste do Estado de Mato Grosso, abordando os aspectos sociais, econômicos e produtivos dos assentados. O tema escolhido apresenta uma particularidade, pois quando se fala de economia no Mato Grosso são abordados os latifúndios e as questões voltadas ao agronegócio. Esse estudo teve como objetivo diagnosticar as atividades socioeconômicas e produtivas realizadas nos assentamentos da região Sudoeste mato-grossense, visando à geração de informações que contribuam para o seu fortalecimento, o acesso às políticas públicas e a geração de emprego e renda. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram a pesquisa exploratória, bibliográfica e levantamento de dados secundários. Os resultados mostraram que a base econômica dos assentamentos pauta-se na pluriatividade, com comercialização de excedentes. Organizam-se em grupos como forma de fortalecimento da produção e comercialização. Recebem assistência técnica dos sindicatos municipais, de órgãos não governamentais e outras instituições. Concluiu-se que apesar da incipiência de infraestrutura e investimentos, que fomentem ações para a melhoria das condições de vida, as famílias assentadas têm conseguido permanecer e sobreviver na terra conquistada, por meio de estratégias de sobrevivência criadas no processo de consolidação dos assentamentos, como é o caso dos grupos ligados a associações, sendo essa forma alternativa para continuar sua vida no campo, encontrando sua função na economia local.ABSTRACTIn this article are characterized the settlements located in the southwest region of the State of Mato Grosso, addressing the social, economic and productive aspects of the settlers. The theme chosen presents a particularity, because when we talk about economics in Mato Grosso are covered the land and agribusiness issues. This study aimed at diagnosing the socio-economic and productive activities carried out in the settlements in the southwest region of Mato Grosso, aimed at generating information that will contribute to its strengthening, the access to public policies and the generation of employment and income. The methodological procedures adopted were exploratory research, and secondary data collection. The results showed that the economic base of the settlements is guided on pluriativity, with marketing of surpluses. Organize in groups as a way of strengthening of production and marketing. Receive technical assistance from the municipal unions, non-governmental agencies and other institutions. It was concluded that despite the effects of infrastructure and investments, to promote actions for the improvement of living conditions, families settled have managed to stay and survive on Earth conquered by means of survival strategies created in the process of consolidation of settlements, as is the case of groups linked to associations, being this alternative way to continue their life in the country, and its role in the local economy.
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Horta, Isabela Taici Lopes Gonçalves y Gustavo Zen de Figueiredo Neves. "Condições Climáticas e Meteorológicas Associadas aos Desastres Naturais em São Luiz do Paraitinga – SP: análise dos verões de 1982 a 2014". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, n.º 6 (16 de diciembre de 2019): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.6.p2008-2022.
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O estudo aqui apresentado teve como objetivo descrever as condições climáticas e meteorológicas que favoreceram a ocorrência de desastres e os respectivos danos causados pelos impactos no município de São Luiz do Paraitinga – SP, na ocorrência de nove eventos desastrosos deflagrados por chuvas. Localizado no Vale do Paraíba, o município tem um clima que se caracteriza por elevada pluviosidade, geneticamente relacionado ao litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. Sua geomorfologia é determinada pela ação das chuvas abundantes e pela alta amplitude térmica. O resultado das características climáticas e geomorfológicas é o constante extravazamento do rio Paraitinga, causando inundações constantes no município. Para análise da problemática foi realizada uma consulta ao Banco de Desastres do IPMet – Centro de Meteorologia de Bauru que possibilitou as informações detalhadas sobre os desastres ocorridos., foi utilizado os Boletins Climanálise e os dados de pluviometria do banco de dados Hidroweb. A partir da estatística descritiva foi possível verificar que os eventos desastrosos foram deflagrados por chuvas que estavam, na maioria das vezes, acima da média ou média referente à escala temporal analisada (verões de 1982 a 2014), destaca-se que esses valores altos de precipitação são considerados recorrentes para o período analisado. Quanto aos sistemas atmosféricos, tem-se que as chuvas fortes foram formadas no domínio da ZCAS em atuação conjunta com os VCANs e a Alta da Bolívia, comportamento já observado na literatura há tempo. Os apontamentos realizados no presente estudo podem embasar políticas de prevenção a desastres naturais do tipo inundação. Climate and Meteorological Conditions Associated With Natural Disasters in São Luiz do Paraitinga municipality, Brazil: analysis of summers from 1982 to 2014 A B S T R A C TThe present study aimed to describe the climatic and meteorological conditions that favors the occurrence of disasters and the respective damages caused by the impacts in the municipality of São Luiz do Paraitinga - SP, in the occurrence of nine disastrous events triggered by rainfall. Located in the Paraíba Valley, the municipality has a climate characterized by high rainfall, genetically related to the northern coast of the state of São Paulo. Its geomorphology is determined by the action of abundant rains and the high thermal amplitude. The result of the climatic and geomorphological characteristics is the constant extravasation of the river Paraitinga, causing constant floods in the municipality. In order to analyze the problem, the consultation was carried out with the Disaster Database of the IPMet - Bauru Meteorological Center, which enabled the detailed information on the disasters that occurred, using the Climanálise Bulletins and the pluviometric data of the Hydroweb database. From the descriptive statistics it was possible to verify that the disastrous events were triggered by rains that were, more often than not, above the average or relative to the time scale analyzed (summers from 1982 to 2014), it is noted that these high values of precipitation are considered recurrent for the period analyzed. As for the atmospheric systems, it has been observed that heavy rains were formed in the domain of south atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) in conjunction with the high level cyclonic vortex (HLCV) and Alta of Bolivia, a behavior already observed in the literature for some time. The notes made in the present study may support flood prevention natural disaster prevention policies.Keywords: Climatology, Precipitation, Flood, Natural Disasters, Social Security
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Domínguez, J. Carlos. "Social Movement Discourses and Conditions of Possibility in Bolivia and Mexico". Convergencia Revista de Ciencias Sociales, n.º 69 (27 de agosto de 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v22i69.3641.
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This work presents a comparative analysis of two Latin American social movements. The first case is the movement of opposition against the privatisation of water and sanitation services (ESS) in Cochabamba, Bolivia in 2000 and the second case is the movement of opposition against the project for a new international airport in Mexico City between 2001 and 2002. Both case studies illustrate how the study of collective discourses or collective action frames (CAFs) can be used to improve our understanding of social movements that emerge in the context of large infrastructure projects. The work argues that an important determinant in the development and life-span of a social movement is the extent to which the dialogical relation between collective discourses and processes of identity formation at the micro sociological level is allowed or hampered by other contextual and organisational variables.
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Mamani Ortiz, Yercin, Per E. Gustafsson, Miguel San Sebastián Chasco, Ada Ximena Armaza Céspedes, Jenny Marcela Luizaga López, Daniel Elving Illanes Velarde y Paola A. Mosquera Méndez. "Underpinnings of entangled ethnical and gender inequalities in obesity in Cochabamba-Bolivia: an intersectional approach". International Journal for Equity in Health 18, n.º 1 (15 de octubre de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1062-7.
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Abstract Background Social inequalities in obesity have been observed not only by gender but also between ethnic groups. Evidence on combined dimensions of inequality in health, and specifically including indigenous populations, is however scarce, and presents a particularly daunting challenge for successful prevention and control of obesity in Bolivia, as well as worldwide. Objective The aims of this study were i) to examine intersectional inequalities in obesity and ii) to identify the factors underlying the observed intersectional inequalities. Methods An intersectional approach study was employed, using the information collected in a cross-sectional community-based survey. The sample consisted of youth and adults with permanent residence in Cochabamba department (N = 5758), selected through a multistage sampling technique. An adapted version of the WHO-STEPS survey was used to collect information about Abdominal obesity and risk factors associated. Four intersectional positions were constructed from gender (woman vs. men) and ethnic group (indigenous vs. mestizo). Joint and excess intersectional disparities in obesity were estimated as absolute prevalence differences between binary groups, using binomial regression models. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was applied to estimate the contributions of explanatory factors underlying the observed intersectional disparities, using Oaxaca command in Stata software v15.1. Results The prevalence of abdominal obesity had a higher prevalence in mestizos (men 35.01% and women 30.71%) as compared to indigenous (men 25.38% and women 27.75%). The joint disparity was estimated at 7.26 percentage points higher prevalence in the doubly advantaged mestizo men than in the doubly disadvantaged indigenous women. The gender referent disparity showed that mestizo-women had a higher prevalence than indigenous-women. The ethnic referent disparity showed that mestizo-men had a higher prevalence than indigenous men. The behavioural risk factors were the most important to explain the observed inequalities, while differences in socioeconomic and demographic factors played a less important role. Conclusion Our study illustrates that abdominal obesity is not distributed according to expected patterns of structural disadvantage in the intersectional space of ethnicity and gender in Bolivia. In the Cochabamba case, a high social advantage was related to higher rates of abdominal obesity, as well as the behavioural risk factors associated with them.
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Ramoneda Martí, Anna. "LA GESTIÓN DEL AGUA COMO BIEN COMÚN EN EL MUNICIPIO DE COCHABAMBA (BOLIVIA). A 19 AÑOS DE LA GUERRA DEL AGUA". Anuario del Conflicto Social, n.º 8 (9 de diciembre de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/acs2019.8.10.
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La siguiente investigación es el resultado de un estudio sobre la gestión del agua en el municipio de Cochabamba (Bolivia), a 19 años de la Guerra del Agua. En concreto, se analiza si tal movimiento social sirvió para reavivar la idea de gestionar el agua bajo los principios de bien común, a la vez que se expone cómo ha ido evolucionando esta gestión y cuáles son los retos actuales. Los resultados apuntan a un resurgimiento de la idea de agua gestionada como bien común durante la Guerra del Agua, la cual se va perdiendo con el tiempo hasta llegar a desaparecer por completo en el momento actual. En gran medida, la razón por la que se diluye resulta de una pérdida de influencia por parte de los movimientos sociales y sociedad civil frente a los órganos de toma de decisión formales.
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Webber, Jeffrey. "Dynamite in the Mines and Bloody Urban Clashes: Contradiction, Conflict and the Limits of Reform in Bolivia's Movement towards Socialism". Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes 4, n.º 1 (19 de junio de 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.18740/s4002m.
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<p>This paper critiques common depictions of the Evo Morales government in Bolivia as revolutionary socialist or radically reformist. It introduces the concept of indigenous ascendant populism to better understand the character of the Morales administration. It summarizes the historical significance of the electoral victory of the Movement Towards Socialism (MAS); situates contemporary Bolivian politics within the broader theoretical debates occurring within the Latin American left; and explains the trajectory of Latin American populism and the particularities of Bolivia's experiences within that trajectory. Against this theoretical and historical backdrop two popular mobilizations occurring in 2006 and 2007 are examined: a conflict in a Huanuni mine in October 2006 and the ‘Cochabamba Conflict' of December 2006 and January 2007. Both events are found to substantiate the thesis of indigenous ascendant populism. The contention is made that a renewal of independent self-organization and strategic mobilization of the popular classes and indigenous nations is necessary so that social movements will not be trapped within the limited political horizons of the current government. </p><p> </p>
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Hernández, Francisco. "Mensaje del Presidente ALOP". Revista de Odontopediatría Latinoamericana 4, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47990/alop.v4i2.19.
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Es muy grato cuando vemos que el esfuerzo desinteresado y el trabajo en equipo de tantos odontopediatras a lo largo del tiempo se vé reflejado en miles de grandes resultados. En 1971 cuando se decidió crear ALOP después de un congreso en Lima, Perú y desde 2004 cuando en Cochabamba, Bolivia un grupo de odontopediatras decidimos empezar a renovar ALOP pasando de un congreso cada dos años donde se reunían unos cuantos amigos a aprender y compartir grandes momentos, a desarrollar hoy una gran Asociación totalmente incluyente sin ningún ánimo de lucro ni económico ni personal ni profesional para nadie, a desarrollar una Asociación que solo busca el mayor un compromiso profesional y social con todos los que trabajamos por la sonrisa de nuestros niños latinoamericanos. Esta es la primera vez que logramos que una Asociación Científica de este tamaño, ya que integramos a todas las sociedades de odontopediatría de toda Latinoamérica, logre ser totalmente independiente, auto gestionable y sin ningún tipo de conflicto de intereses con ninguna compañía del mercado. Esto nos permite poder crecer y trabajar desde un punto de vista totalmente neutral hoy y hacia el futuro para solo buscar el beneficio de todos sin interés a cambio.
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"Community Based Chagas Control Program". Archives of Infectious Diseases & Therapy 2, n.º 2 (29 de octubre de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/aidt.02.02.06.
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In 2012, World Health Organization published the first ever Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Roadmap, entitled “Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Roadmap for Implementation.” This report brought international attention to Chagas and other NTDs and provided a framework to guide implementation of policies and strategies set out in the Global Plan to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases 2008-2015. Chagas disease, endemic to Bolivia, is considered the third most common parasitic disease globally, after malaria and schistosomiasis. It is estimated that six to seven million persons are infected worldwide. [1] Bolivia has the highest rate of endemic Chagas disease in the Americas. Chagas disease is both a disease of poverty and, like other neglected tropical diseases, poverty promoting. [2] Chagas disease is associated with multiple social and environmental determinants in communities marked by poverty. Salient among the main determinants are poor-quality dwellings, social instability, the combined presence of certain environmental factors, such as the Chagas vectors, mammals that serve as reservoirs of the disease and human exposure, creating the conditions for perpetuating the effective transmission of the infection and its endemicity. These challenges put pregnant women, young children and children with disabilities at especially high risk for contracting Chagas disease. Left untreated, Chagas disease can lead to serious heart, digestive and neurological conditions.
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Ungar, Benjamin, Jakob Vögerl, Nora Medrano Mercado y Noemi Stadler-Kaulich. "The importance of mycorrhiza in agroforestry systems for the stability of ecosystems in semi-arid zones and simple quantification of soil fungi - A study at the Mollesnejta research center for Andean Agroforestry in the valley of Cochabamba, Bolivia". Humboldt kolleg Ibarra 2019 02, Bionatura Conference Serie (19 de febrero de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/cs/2019.02.01.4.
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Soil erosion and poor production conditions in developing countries are a major problem for local primary care. It is therefore even more important to ensure a functioning and stable ecosystem from which agricultural plants profit, too. Trees have found a brilliant way to gather enough nutrients for their survival. They enter a symbiosis with special types of fungi, the so-called mycorrhiza. This leads to more resistance of the crops, especially against drought. There is a method that can be used with the simplest means to prove that mycorrhizae are found in tree roots and thus assure improvement of soil fertility.
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Castro Torres, Andrés Felipe. "Analysis of Latin American Fertility in Terms of Probable Social Classes". European Journal of Population, 3 de noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-020-09569-7.
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Abstract Theories of demographic change have not paid enough attention to how factors associated with fertility decline play different roles across social classes that are defined multidimensionally. I use a multidimensional definition of social class along with information on the reproductive histories of women born between 1920 and 1965 in six Latin American countries to show the following: the enduring connection between social stratification and fertility differentials, the concomitance of diverse fertility decline trajectories by class, and the role of within- and between-class social distances in promoting/preventing ideational change towards the acceptance of lower fertility. These results enable me to revisit the scope of theories of fertility change and to provide an explanatory narrative centred on empirically constructed social classes (probable social classes) and the macro- and micro-level conditions that influenced their life courses. I use 21 census samples collected between 1970 and 2005 in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay.
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Mercado, Alejandro F. y Tirza J. Aguilar. "Market and Inequality Revisited". Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico, 1 de abril de 2006, 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35319/lajed.20066247.
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The great controversy regarding the results of the application of market-oriented policies on the population's conditions of life, especially about the inequality in the distribution of income, has constituted the concern that has given origin to this paper.With the objective to test the hypothesis that a free market structure promotes a better income distribution, we have carried out several quantifications of inequality indices in the different structures of the labor market in Bolivia; also, a microsimulation model has been applied, to see whether change toward a market-oriented structure can improve the distribution of income and, lastly, we have carried out an exercise to link income inequality with social mobility.The reached results, although they are not the sufficiently strong to validate the hypothesis, are sufficiently clear to show us that the free market policies do not act in a negative way on the income distribution.
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Bastos Lopes, Danielle. "A reviravolta dos sentidos e das coisas: um movimento Guarani - Mbyá em busca de escolarização indígena". #Tear: Revista de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia 8, n.º 1 (5 de julio de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.35819/tear.v8.n1.a3414.
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Resumo: O movimento institucional indígena tem ganhado variadas expressões desde sua criação nos anos 1980, período de abertura política no Brasil. Este artigo analisa uma dessas expressões. Analisa-se a busca da escolarização indígena pelo movimento social Guarani, criado por dois irmãos na década de 1990, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Grande parte das sociedades Guarani são oriundas do Paraguai, Bolívia, Uruguai e Argentina, cujas famílias mantêm uma circulação não fixa por todos esses territórios. A noção de escolarização é atravessada por ritos, seres cósmicos e lógicas sensíveis que desconstroem os sentidos puramente racionais dos modelos de educação indígena que têm povoado a América Latina. Conclui-se que há um mundo invisível e cosmológico que subsume os processos de escolarização e o movimento popular indígena. Os mundos invisíveis são, portanto, condições essenciais e indivisíveis ao entendimento de política, organização e humanidade Guarani.Palavras-Chave: Educação Indígena. Movimento Social Guarani. Cosmologia. THE REVOLUTION OF SENSES AND THINGS: A GUARANI - MBYÁ MOVEMENT IN SEARCH OF INDIGENOUS SCHOOLING Abstract: The indigenous institutional movement has gained varied expressions since its creation in the 1980s, a period of political beginning in Brazil. This paper studies one of these expressions. This study analyzes the search for indigenous schooling based on the popular Guarani movement, created by two brothers in the 1990s in the state of Rio de Janeiro / Brazil. The most Guarani societies came from Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina, where families maintained a non-fixed circulation for all these territories. The notion of schooling is crossed by rites, cosmic beings and sensible logics that deconstruct the purely rational meanings of the models of intercultural education that have populated Latin America. It’s possible to conclude that there is an entire invisible and cosmological world, which subsumes the processes of schooling and the indigenous movements. The invisible worlds are, therefore, essential and its indivisible conditions are mandatory to the understanding of Guarani politics, organization and humanity.Keywords: Indigenous Education. Guarani Social Movement. Cosmology.
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Urbina, Dante A. y Gabriel Rodríguez. "The effects of corruption on growth, human development and natural resources sector: empirical evidence from a Bayesian panel VAR for Latin American and Nordic countries". Journal of Economic Studies ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (9 de marzo de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2020-0199.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of corruption on economic growth, human development and natural resources in Latin American and Nordic countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing the hierarchical prior of Gelman et al. (2003), a Bayesian panel Vector AutoRegression (VAR) model is estimated. In addition, two alternative approaches are considered, namely, a panel error correction VAR model and an asymmetric panel VAR model.FindingsThe results reveal some relevant contrasts: (1) in Latin America there is support for the sand the wheels hypothesis in Bolivia and Chile, support for the grease the wheels hypothesis in Colombia and no significant impact of corruption on growth in Brazil and Peru, while in Nordic countries the response of growth to shocks in corruption is negative in all cases; (2) corruption negatively affects human development in all countries from both regions; (3) corruption tends to spur natural resources sector in Latin American countries, while it is detrimental for natural resources sector in Nordic countries.Research limitations/implicationsThe panel VAR approach uses recursive scheme identification. The authors have analyzed robustness using alternative ordering of the variables. The authors also have followed two alternatives suggested by the Referee: a panel error correction VAR model and a panel asymmetric VAR model. However, another more sophisticated identification scheme could be used. Also other variables could be introduced in the VAR model.Practical implicationsRegardless of the issue of the “grease” vs the “sand the wheels” debate, corruption should be reduced because it is anyway harmful for human development. The differences in the results for Latin American and Nordic countries show that the effects of corruption have to be assessed considering the different institutional and economic conditions of the countries analyzed.Social implicationsGovernments should seek to reduce corruption because, despite corruption can have mixed effects on economic growth in some contexts, it is anyway harmful for human development. Besides, the finding that in some Latin American countries more activity in the extractive industries is generated by means of corruption confirm the association between corruption and extractivism found by Gudynas (2017) and can explain why there are issues of environmental damage and social conflict linked to natural resources in those countries.Originality/valueThe present study contributes to the literature by presenting evidence on the effects of corruption on growth, human development and natural resources sector in Latin American and Nordic countries. It is the first study on economics of corruption which directly compares Latin American and Nordic countries. This is relevant because there are important differences between both regions since Latin American countries tend to suffer from widespread corruption, while the Nordic ones have a high level of transparency. It is also the first in using a Bayesian panel VAR approach in order to evaluate the effects of corruption.