Artículos de revistas: "Configuration en pipeline"

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WANG, CHENG, and HOWARD M. HEYS. "PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF PIPELINED S-BOX IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR THE ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 03 (2014): 1450036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500364.

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In this paper, we present a comprehensive investigation of the influence of pipeline configurations on the performance of ASIC implementations of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) substitution box (S-box) based on a composite field structure. We consider pipeline configurations for the S-box with a typical composite field structure by varying the number of pipeline stages and the placement approach of pipeline registers. Besides the conventional placement approach at the component level of the S-box, we adopt a new placement approach at the gate level to achieve a fine-grained pipeline. The performance of the pipelined S-boxes is characterized based on a 90-nm standard cell CMOS technology. The characterization shows that there is notable performance improvement in timing, area, power and/or energy efficiency by using an appropriate configuration compared with other configurations including non-pipelined implementations. These results are strong evidence that pipelined S-box implementations are not only suitable for high throughput AES implementations, but also valuable to resource-efficient AES implementations. In addition, it is also shown that pipelining provides many more performance options that allow more flexible implementation of the AES S-box compared with non-pipelined implementations.

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J.S., Shijo, and Niranjana Behera. "Modelling and analysis of flow of powders through long pipelines." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 5 (2020): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2020-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on predicting the pressure drop in fluidized dense phase pneumatic conveying of fine particles through pipelines by modelling the solids friction factor in terms of non-dimensional parameters using experimental data of definite pipeline configuration. Finally, the model is to be tested for a different pipeline configuration. Design/methodology/approach Solids friction factor has been expressed in terms of certain non-dimensional parameters such as density ratio, solids loading ratio and mean particle diameter to pipe diameter ratio, and a certain number of coefficients and exponents. Experimental data of five conveying materials (two types of fly ash, two types of alumina and one type of cement meal) for a pipeline configuration of diameter 53 mm and length 173 m and another conveying material EPS dust for two pipeline configurations (69-mm diameter, 168-m long; 105-mm diameter, 168-m long) have been used to calculate the unknown coefficients or exponents of the mathematical model for solids friction factor. Findings The developed model gives the best results in predicting the pressure drop for the pipelines that are less than 173-m long, but the model shows a large error for the pipelines more than 173-m long. Research limitations/implications Current research will be helpful for the researchers to model the process of pneumatic conveying through long distances. Practical implications The method will be helpful in conveying powder materials through long distances in cement or brick industry, alumina industry. Social implications Fly ash piles over at the nearby places of thermal power plants. Pneumatic conveying is the best method for transporting the fly ash from the location of power plants to the nearby brick industries or cement industries. Originality/value Solid friction factor has been presented in terms of four non-dimensional parameters and evaluated the accuracy in predicting the pressure drop for two different pipeline configurations.

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Zhang, Jiayi, Lin Cui, Hualing Zhai, and Dong-Sheng Jeng. "Assessment of Wave–Current-Induced Liquefaction under Twin Pipelines Using the Coupling Model." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7 (2023): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071372.

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Although twin pipelines in series have been used to transport hydrocarbons in engineering practice, most previous studies focused on the dynamic response of the seabed around a single pipeline. A two-way coupling model of fluid–structure–seabed interaction (FSSI) is proposed for the study of the soil response and liquefaction caused by waves and currents around twin pipelines. The present model integrates the flow model and the seabed model by introducing a boundary condition of velocity continuity in addition to the continuity of pressures at the seabed surface. Then, the inconsistency between the physical process and numerical simulation can be overcome in the one-way coupling model. Through a series of numerical simulations, the influence of different flow characteristics, soil properties, and pipeline configurations on the seabed response under the two-way coupling process were explored, and compared with the results of the single pipeline. The numerical results indicate that the twin pipeline configuration significantly alters the relevant responses compared to the single pipeline configuration, including the after-consolidation state, amplitude of velocity at the seabed surface, and distribution of pore pressure in the seabed. The parametric studies show that the amplitudes of the wave and current have significant impacts on the distribution of pore pressure in the seabed. The pore pressure in the seabed increases with the increase of forward wave current, while the results of reverse wave current are the opposite. In addition, the liquefaction range around the pipeline increases with the increase of Hw and Tw, and increases with the decrease of Sr and ks. At the same time, the gaps (G) and the ratio of pipe radius (R1/R2) between the twin pipelines also significantly affect the seabed response and liquefaction distribution around the pipeline.

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4

Allain, Fabrice, Julien Roméjon, Philippe La Rosa, Frédéric Jarlier, Nicolas Servant, and Philippe Hupé. "Geniac: Automatic Configuration GENerator and Installer for nextflow pipelines." Open Research Europe 1 (July 2, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13861.1.

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With the advent of high-throughput biotechnological platforms and their ever-growing capacity, life science has turned into a digitized, computational and data-intensive discipline. As a consequence, standard analysis with a bioinformatics pipeline in the context of routine production has become a challenge such that the data can be processed in real-time and delivered to the end-users as fast as possible. The usage of workflow management systems along with packaging systems and containerization technologies offer an opportunity to tackle this challenge. While very powerful, they can be used and combined in multiple ways thus increasing their usage complexity. Therefore, guidelines and protocols are required in order to detail how the source code of the bioinformatics pipeline should be written and organized to ensure its usability, maintainability, interoperability, sustainability, portability, reproducibility, scalability and efficiency. Capitalizing on Nextflow, Conda, Docker, Singularity and the nf-core initiative, we propose a set of best practices along the development life cycle of the bioinformatics pipeline and deployment for production operations which address different expert communities including i) the bioinformaticians and statisticians ii) the software engineers and iii) the data managers and core facility engineers. We implemented Geniac (Automatic Configuration GENerator and Installer for nextflow pipelines) which consists of a toolbox with three components: i) a technical documentation available at https://geniac.readthedocs.io to detail coding guidelines for the bioinformatics pipeline with Nextflow, ii) a linter to check that the code respects the guidelines, and iii) an add-on to generate configuration files, build the containers and deploy the pipeline. The Geniac toolbox aims at the harmonization of development practices across developers and automation of the generation of configuration files and containers by parsing the source code of the Nextflow pipeline. The Geniac toolbox and two demo pipelines are available on GitHub. This article presents the main functionalities of Geniac.

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5

Tan, Yohei, Daiki Oki, Yu Liu, et al. "Self-Calibration Techniques of Pipeline ADCs Using Cyclic Configuration." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.181.

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This paper proposes a digital self-calibration technique for pipelined ADC. In this technique, the pipelined ADC is composed of a series of cyclic ADCs and each stage has independent digital self-calibration. Because of this, our technique achieves higher accuracy calibration than the conventional method that calibrates by using later stages. Applying the proposed method, we simulated the pipelined ADC with MATLAB and showed that higher accuracy calibration can be achieved with a smaller number of pipeline stages.

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Allain, Fabrice, Julien Roméjon, Philippe La Rosa, Frédéric Jarlier, Nicolas Servant, and Philippe Hupé. "Geniac: Automatic Configuration GENerator and Installer for nextflow pipelines." Open Research Europe 1 (February 21, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13861.2.

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With the advent of high-throughput biotechnological platforms and their ever-growing capacity, life science has turned into a digitized, computational and data-intensive discipline. As a consequence, standard analysis with a bioinformatics pipeline in the context of routine production has become a challenge such that the data can be processed in real-time and delivered to the end-users as fast as possible. The usage of workflow management systems along with packaging systems and containerization technologies offer an opportunity to tackle this challenge. While very powerful, they can be used and combined in many multiple ways which may differ from one developer to another. Therefore, promoting the homogeneity of the workflow implementation requires guidelines and protocols which detail how the source code of the bioinformatics pipeline should be written and organized to ensure its usability, maintainability, interoperability, sustainability, portability, reproducibility, scalability and efficiency. Capitalizing on Nextflow, Conda, Docker, Singularity and the nf-core initiative, we propose a set of best practices along the development life cycle of the bioinformatics pipeline and deployment for production operations which target different expert communities including i) the bioinformaticians and statisticians ii) the software engineers and iii) the data managers and core facility engineers. We implemented Geniac (Automatic Configuration GENerator and Installer for nextflow pipelines) which consists of a toolbox with three components: i) a technical documentation available at https://geniac.readthedocs.io to detail coding guidelines for the bioinformatics pipeline with Nextflow, ii) a command line interface with a linter to check that the code respects the guidelines, and iii) an add-on to generate configuration files, build the containers and deploy the pipeline. The Geniac toolbox aims at the harmonization of development practices across developers and automation of the generation of configuration files and containers by parsing the source code of the Nextflow pipeline.

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7

Mardonov, B., I. Mirzaev, N. A. Nishonov, E. V. An, and E. A. Kosimov. "Upheaval buckling of underground pipelines of complex configuration located in liquefied soils." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340102041.

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The problem of loss of stability of underground pipelines with a middle part in the form of a straight or П-shaped part located in liquefied soils is considered in the article. The pipeline lifting process occurs under the action of buoyancy force in the liquefied soil zone and then under the action of the longitudinal compressive force that appears due to the temperature of the transported product and its pressure. The problem is solved by the finite element method. The results are presented as a table and graphs of changes in the values of transverse displacements along the coordinate depending on the pipeline geometric characteristics and the soil rheological properties. It is established that the П-shaped part is a damper against pipeline buckling.

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8

Cheng, Xiaofei, Jun Yang, Tiaojian Xu, and Qianyuan Xu. "Study on Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Submarine Piggyback Pipeline under the Action of Waves and Current." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101118.

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In this study, physical model tests are used to investigate the effects of a varying number of wave and current parameters, the gap ratios between the pipeline and seabed, the spacing ratios between the two pipelines and the diameter ratios on the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large, small pipeline and pipeline system (bundle) in a piggyback configuration under the combined action of waves and current. The results show that, compared with the pure wave field, the existence of the steady current will lead to a decrease in hydrodynamic coefficients. In addition, the results indicate clear differences between the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large pipeline, small pipeline and piggyback pipeline system. The experimental results on hydrodynamic coefficients can be used as an important basis for the safety design of a submarine piggyback pipeline.

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9

Cheng, Xiaofei, Jun Yang, Tiaojian Xu, and Qianyuan Xu. "Study on Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Submarine Piggyback Pipeline under the Action of Waves and Current." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101118.

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In this study, physical model tests are used to investigate the effects of a varying number of wave and current parameters, the gap ratios between the pipeline and seabed, the spacing ratios between the two pipelines and the diameter ratios on the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large, small pipeline and pipeline system (bundle) in a piggyback configuration under the combined action of waves and current. The results show that, compared with the pure wave field, the existence of the steady current will lead to a decrease in hydrodynamic coefficients. In addition, the results indicate clear differences between the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large pipeline, small pipeline and piggyback pipeline system. The experimental results on hydrodynamic coefficients can be used as an important basis for the safety design of a submarine piggyback pipeline.

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10

Hwang, Woongik, and Jong Seh Lee. "Analytical Model for the Structural Behavior of Pipelines During Lowering-In." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (2019): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132595.

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Since pipelines experience the largest deformation during lowering-in, structural analysis for this construction sequence should be performed to ensure structural safety. In this study, a new analytical model named the “segmental pipeline model” was developed to predict the structural behavior of the pipeline. This analytical model consists of several segmental elements to represent various boundary and contact conditions. Therefore, the segmental pipeline model can consider the geometric configuration and characteristics of pipelines that appear during lowering-in. Adopting the Euler-Bernoulli beam and two-parameter beam on elastic foundation theory, the new model takes the effect of the soil and axial forces acting on the pipelines into account. This paper compares the displacements, sectional bending moments and shear forces of the pipeline obtained from the analytical model and finite element (FE) analysis, where good agreement was demonstrated. Also, the paper presents three examples to demonstrate the applicability of the analytical model.

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Petrescu, L., B. C. Cheşca, V. Ioniţă, E. Cazacu, and Maria-Cătălina Petrescu. "3D Analysis of Pipeline with Cathodic Corrosion Protection." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 22, no. 2 (2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbeef-2022-0014.

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Abstract Natural gas is an indispensable resource for human life. Its transport is usually done through underground pipelines. Due to the environment in which they are placed, the pipelines are subjected to a continuous process of corrosion. This paper aimed a 3D numerical analysis using specialized software (COMSOL Multiphysics) to study several parameters that influence the corrosion of underground pipelines. Starting from real geometric and environmental data, a comparative analysis was performed, considering the pipeline coating (e.g., with HDPE - high- density polyethylene), the placement of the cathode protection electrode, and the soil conductivity near the pipeline. The results confirm the need to cover the pipelines and can be a starting point for choosing the final configuration of the cathodic protection system.

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Sun, Li Ping, De Jun Wang, Shang Mao Ai, and Xiang Zheng. "The Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis of S-Lay Installation in Deep Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.59.

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Pipelines being laying is subjected the high external water pressure, axial tension and bending moment, influencing the large deformation and the stability of pipelines. It is a key problem about the pipeline deformation and stress analysis under installation. The paper is focused on the analysis of the S-Lay method in deep water, modeling the deepwater S-lay installations considering interactions among the pipeline and stinger and the barge, which make the simulations more realistic. The large work of the paper issues the sensitivity analysis in the installation procedure, several examples are presented to calculate the pipeline configuration and mechanical analysis for different laying water depth, pipe diameter, thickness of wall and concrete weighted coating layer and stinger radius. Some results are presented as well.

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Sekacheva, Antonina, Lilia Pastukhova, and Alexandr Noskov. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX PIPELINE SYSTEM." Akustika, VOLUME 41 (2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20214165.

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The article discusses the results of studies of the dynamic parameters of a pipeline connected to a pump, carried out in order to obtain data in full-scale conditions. At this stage of the study, the stationary process of the pump operation, which forms a turbulent flow in the pipeline, was studied. A computational and experimental technique for studying natural frequencies and vibration modes of pipelines of complex spatial configuration has been developed. The adequacy of the developed methods of finite element modeling of dynamic processes in pipeline systems in the frequency range up to 400 Hz has been confirmed.

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Wen, Kai, Jing Gong, and Yan Wu. "The Cascade Control of Natural Gas Pipeline Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030481.

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With the boost of natural gas consumption, an automatic gas pipeline scheduling method is required to replace the dispatchers in decision making. Since the state space model is the fundamental work of modern control theory, it is possible that the classical controller synthesis method can be used for the complicated gas pipeline controller design. In this paper, a cascade control algorithm is proposed based on the state space model that is used for the transient flow simulation of the natural gas pipelines. A linear quadratic regulator is designed following the classical optimal control theory. Finally, the transient process with different control methods shows the effectiveness of the cascade control using information of the entire pipeline. According to the hardware configuration of natural gas pipelines, automatic scheduling process is ready to deploy as one step to the intelligent natural gas pipelines.

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Bodei, Chiara, Lorenzo Ceragioli, Pierpaolo Degano, et al. "FWS: Analyzing, maintaining and transcompiling firewalls." Journal of Computer Security 29, no. 1 (2021): 77–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcs-200017.

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Firewalls are essential for managing and protecting computer networks. They permit specifying which packets are allowed to enter a network, and also how these packets are modified by IP address translation and port redirection. Configuring a firewall is notoriously hard, and one of the reasons is that it requires using low level, hard to interpret, configuration languages. Equally difficult are policy maintenance and refactoring, as well as porting a configuration from one firewall system to another. To address these issues we introduce a pipeline that assists system administrators in checking if: (i) the intended security policy is actually implemented by a configuration; (ii) two configurations are equivalent; (iii) updates have the desired effect on the firewall behavior; (iv) there are useless or redundant rules; additionally, an administrator can (v) transcompile a configuration into an equivalent one in a different language; and (vi) maintain a configuration using a generic, declarative language that can be compiled into different target languages. The pipeline is based on IFCL, an intermediate firewall language equipped with a formal semantics, and it is implemented in an open source tool called FWS. In particular, the first stage decompiles real firewall configurations for iptables, ipfw, pf and (a subset of) Cisco IOS into IFCL. The second one transforms an IFCL configuration into a logical predicate and uses the Z3 solver to synthesize an abstract specification that succinctly represents the firewall behavior. System administrators can use FWS to analyze the firewall by posing SQL-like queries, and update the configuration to meet the desired security requirements. Finally, the last stage allows for maintaining a configuration by acting directly on its abstract specification and then compiling it to the chosen target language. Tests on real firewall configurations show that FWS can be fruitfully used in real-world scenarios.

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Lazebnik, Teddy, Amit Somech, and Abraham Itzhak Weinberg. "SubStrat." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 16, no. 4 (2022): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3574245.3574261.

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Automated machine learning (AutoML) frameworks have become important tools in the data scientist's arsenal, as they dramatically reduce the manual work devoted to the construction of ML pipelines. Such frameworks intelligently search among millions of possible ML pipelines - typically containing feature engineering, model selection, and hyper parameters tuning steps - and finally output an optimal pipeline in terms of predictive accuracy. However, when the dataset is large, each individual configuration takes longer to execute, therefore the overall AutoML running times become increasingly high. To this end, we present SubStrat, an AutoML optimization strategy that tackles the data size, rather than configuration space. It wraps existing AutoML tools, and instead of executing them directly on the entire dataset, SubStrat uses a genetic-based algorithm to find a small yet representative data subset that preserves a particular characteristic of the full data. It then employs the AutoML tool on the small subset, and finally, it refines the resulting pipeline by executing a restricted, much shorter, AutoML process on the large dataset. Our experimental results, performed on three popular AutoML frameworks, Auto-Sklearn, TPOT, and H2O show that SubStrat reduces their running times by 76.3% (on average), with only a 4.15% average decrease in the accuracy of the resulting ML pipeline.

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17

Steyaert, M. "High accuracy pipeline D/A convertor configuration." Electronics Letters 24, no. 5 (1988): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19880182.

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Temes, G. C. "High-accuracy pipeline A/D convertor configuration." Electronics Letters 21, no. 17 (1985): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850537.

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Gong, Shun-feng, Kai Chen, Yuan Chen, Wei-liang Jin, Zhi-gang Li, and Dong-yan Zhao. "Configuration analysis of deepwater S-lay pipeline." China Ocean Engineering 25, no. 3 (2011): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-011-0042-5.

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20

Skafel, M. G., and C. T. Bishop. "Wave forces on a pipeline in a trench." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (1990): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-057.

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Wave forces on a model pipeline have been measured. The pipeline was located in a trench, the configuration of which is similar to that proposed for oil and gas production in the Beaufort Sea. It was found that the drag and inertia coefficients were similar to the results reported in the literature for flat beds, assuming the water depth was that of the total water column including the trench. Flow visualization tests confirmed that the horizontal velocities were about the same as those that would be found on a flat bed with the same total depth. Key words: wave forces, pipelines, trenches.

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Carkeet, M. L. "CHANGES TO GAS ACCESS LEGISLATION—POLICY RATIONALE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 47, no. 1 (2007): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06028.

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The introduction of a national gas access regime has coincided with a rapid expansion in the Australian market for gas transportation services. The threat of regulation and the approach of regulators, however, have influenced both the configuration of pipelines and the nature of transportation contracts. The recent introduction of reforms to the National Third Party Access Regime for Natural Gas Pipelines (Gas Access Regime), and to part IIIA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), has the effect of introducing part but not all of the reforms recommended by the Council of Australian Governments’ Independent Review of Energy Market Directions, and the Productivity Commission’s Review of the Gas Access Regime. The principal amendments, relating to the insertion of an objects clause and the introduction of regulatory holidays for certain greenfield projects are also likely to influence the configuration of pipelines and the nature of pipeline contracts. These amendments are precursors to a major restatement of National Gas Access legislation that will, if enacted, have the effect of creating greater uniformity between the National Electricity Law and the regulatory environment that will apply to gas, but, will also open up the opportunity for pipeline owners and operators to submit to a lighter form of regulation.

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Liu, Sijia, Parikshit Ram, Deepak Vijaykeerthy, et al. "An ADMM Based Framework for AutoML Pipeline Configuration." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (2020): 4892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5926.

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We study the AutoML problem of automatically configuring machine learning pipelines by jointly selecting algorithms and their appropriate hyper-parameters for all steps in supervised learning pipelines. This black-box (gradient-free) optimization with mixed integer & continuous variables is a challenging problem. We propose a novel AutoML scheme by leveraging the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The proposed framework is able to (i) decompose the optimization problem into easier sub-problems that have a reduced number of variables and circumvent the challenge of mixed variable categories, and (ii) incorporate black-box constraints alongside the black-box optimization objective. We empirically evaluate the flexibility (in utilizing existing AutoML techniques), effectiveness (against open source AutoML toolkits), and unique capability (of executing AutoML with practically motivated black-box constraints) of our proposed scheme on a collection of binary classification data sets from UCI ML & OpenML repositories. We observe that on an average our framework provides significant gains in comparison to other AutoML frameworks (Auto-sklearn & TPOT), highlighting the practical advantages of this framework.

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Folarin, Amos A., Richard JB Dobson, and Stephen J. Newhouse. "NGSeasy: a next generation sequencing pipeline in Docker containers." F1000Research 4 (October 5, 2015): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7104.1.

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Motivation: Bioinformatic pipelines often use large numbers of components and deploying them incurs substantial configuration and maintenance burden that remains a significant barrier to reproducible research. Our aim is to define a new paradigm and best practices for developing, distributing and running pipelines encapsulated in Docker containers (lightweight virtualization), with a focus on next generation sequencing (NGS) workflows. This approach provides several advantages, namely: efficiency, portability, versioning and reproducibility. Using the NGSeasy pipeline, a user can quickly deploy any pipeline version in any environment (e.g. operating systems, workstations, clusters, clouds). While this might also be achieved with a virtual machine (VM); VMs lack portability, have substantial overhead (disk, CPU, RAM), and require allocated resources to be provisioned statically – Docker, to a large extent, solves these issues.Results: We demonstrate best practices for packaging and execution of a multicomponent pipeline for NGS using a set of container building blocks which are versioned, modular and reusable. We present a basic ”proof of concept” evaluation of a next generation sequencing pipeline in Docker containers, capable of producing meaningful results, that are comparable with public and ”best practice” workflows, with little to no impact on standard computing performance.Availability: Both versioned Dockerfiles and container images for each component are published on GitHub and Docker Hub, respectively. The pipeline and containers can be pulled from Docker Hub and executed on any environment capable of running the Docker platform with minimum hardware requirements for running an NGS pipeline.

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Reed, Mark, Ben Hetland, Øistein Johansen, Boye Høverstad, Morten H. Emilsen, and Sharon Buffington. "Numerical Model for Estimation of Pipeline Oil Spill Volumes." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 1073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1073.

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ABSTRACT The Minerals Management Service Pipeline Oil Spill Volume Estimation Model (POSVEM) is a computer-based methodology to estimate discharges from seafloor pipelines. The system is composed of a Release Module and a Near Field Module, linked together with necessary databases through a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI allows the user to sketch a platform – pipeline layout, enter characteristic parameters, and run a quasi-3-phase flow model to estimate the volume of potential or actual leaks. Inputs to the model are parameters describing the configuration and characteristics of a pipeline system, the fluid it contains, and the leak or break from which the discharge occurs. Key outputs are the evolution of the release rate over time, the total mass of oil released, and the mean thickness of any eventual surface slick being formed. Test applications of the software are described.

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Xu, Ying, and Tao Li. "Research on the Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Flow Experimental Apparatus." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 2023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.2023.

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The oil-gas-water three-phase flow experimental apparatus in key laboratory of process monitoring and control in Tianjin University is a set of indoor small experimental device, which can simulate oil wells, simulate the pipeline transport of multiphase flow and study the experiment of multiphase flow. The device includes energy power dynamic systems, measurement pipelines systems, multiphase flow test pipelines system, control valves, sampling and control system platform. The software of the control system is mixed programming between the configuration software MCGS and the Visual Basic.

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Alkhalifeh, Khaldoun, Hatem Rmili, Bandar Hakim, Nebras Sobahi, and Youssef AL-Turki. "Design of Microwave Antenna Array for Imaging of Multiphase Flows in Polypropylene Pipes." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (May 24, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6636885.

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The oil and gas industry requires accurate sensors to control fluid flow in pipelines during the production process from horizontal and near horizontal wells. The extracted crude oil is usually a multiphase mixture of oil, water, and gas, and the accurate measurement of the ratio of each multiphase within the pipeline is an important parameter to manage wells efficiently by maximizing the hydrocarbons that can be extracted. Various methods have been developed for determining the phase ratio including mechanical, optical, X-ray or gamma ray, ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and rarely microwave techniques. However, these methods do not permit the knowledge of the real-time evolution of the phase ratio and are less precise. Here, we propose and develop by simulation two microwave systems, in horizontal and vertical polarizations, to choose the optimal configuration for crude pipeline imaging applications. First, the pipeline containing crude oil was modeled and its thermal and dielectric properties are proposed. Then, the antennas array performances were optimized and assembled to the pipeline. Different numbers of antenna elements were successfully investigated using CST simulation in both vertical and horizontal polarizations to find the optimal number of antenna elements for the pipeline applications.

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Hoo Fatt, M. S., and Z. B. Wang. "Fracture of Ductile Pipelines Subjected to Bending and Reverse Bending Loads." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120, no. 3 (1998): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829539.

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Closed-form solutions for the elastic-plastic deformation and fracture responses of an offshore pipeline during reeling and unreeling operations are derived. As an example, an API 5L X52 pipeline of thickness 25.4 mm (1 in.) and outer diameter 406 mm (16 in.) bent over a drum radius of 16.5 m (54 ft) and then straightened back to its original configuration is considered. It was found that the pipeline underwent significant plastic deformation during bending and reverse bending. The plastic zone extended from the top (bottom) of the pipe to 16.46 mm above (below) the neutral axis during bending. Modified J-integral and JR resistance curves were compared to evaluate through-thickness crack growth and stability. The difference between predicted crack growth and experimental results varied from 30 to 140 percent. J-integral-based crack growth predictions were significantly lower and much closer to experimental results than previous predictions based on crack tip opening displacement. Finally, a failure assessment diagram (FAD) for the pipeline was presented. The FAD would enable one to assess the propensity to fracture in pipelines.

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28

Kim, Young Pyo, Cheol Man Kim, Woo Sik Kim, and Kwang Seon Shin. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in Girth Weld of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.303.

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A clear understanding of fatigue properties for the pipeline steel and its weld is important to provide information for pipeline design during pipeline construction and predict pipeline fatigue life during pipeline operation. The materials used in this study are API 5L X65 pipeline steel generally used for natural gas transmission. This pipeline was welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with V-groove configuration. The fatigue crack growth behaviors of pipeline steel and its girth weld according to crack growth directions and stress ratios were investigated over a wide range of stress intensities in laboratory air.

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29

Sarychev, I. L., A. S. Kuzbozhev, I. N. Birillo, and I. V. Shishkin. "Analysis of the Danger of Lateral Exposure of the Gas Pipeline." Oil and Gas Technologies 147, no. 4 (2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2023-147-4-39-44.

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This article presents the results of assessing the influence of the structural and technological parameters of the gas pipeline section (length, presence and height of soil above the pipe, operating pressure, temperature drop) on the value of the critical longitudinal compressive force determining its longitudinal stability at the initial rectilinear axis configuration. The article also discusses the features of the behavior of a section of a gas pipeline with a curved axis configuration during its operation and the conditions of longitudinal stability of such a section of the gas pipeline after the removal of soil along one of the lateral surfaces of the pipe, which caused its complete exposure.

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30

Schoch, Nicolai, Mario Hoernicke, and Katharina Stark. "Semantic function module pipeline generation." at - Automatisierungstechnik 69, no. 12 (2021): 1040–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2021-0090.

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Abstract With modular automation, modular industrial plants use a functional engineering approach, and modules enable plug & produce plant engineering. However, plant configuration is still a largely manual process and often not optimized with respect to the available information. In this contribution, we propose a system and algorithm to support the automation engineer in the process of joining together modules into process pipelines and in their optimization. Our solution is built upon an abstract semantic data model that facilitates the automated matching of pre- and post-condition of modules and of the things that are processed by these modules. The pipeline generation engine is further extended by means of an optimization and ranking algorithm, and thus enables automated inter-module pipeline generation and plant optimization. We evaluate our system by means of a simple fictional use case scenario and prove feasibility, applicability as well as the huge potential for time and cost savings.

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Strohschein, Jan, Andreas Fischbach, Andreas Bunte, Heide Faeskorn-Woyke, Natalia Moriz, and Thomas Bartz-Beielstein. "Cognitive capabilities for the CAAI in cyber-physical production systems." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 115, no. 11-12 (2021): 3513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07248-3.

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AbstractThis paper presents the cognitive module of the Cognitive Architecture for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI) in cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). The goal of this architecture is to reduce the implementation effort of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in CPPS. Declarative user goals and the provided algorithm-knowledge base allow the dynamic pipeline orchestration and configuration. A big data platform (BDP) instantiates the pipelines and monitors the CPPS performance for further evaluation through the cognitive module. Thus, the cognitive module is able to select feasible and robust configurations for process pipelines in varying use cases. Furthermore, it automatically adapts the models and algorithms based on model quality and resource consumption. The cognitive module also instantiates additional pipelines to evaluate algorithms from different classes on test functions. CAAI relies on well-defined interfaces to enable the integration of additional modules and reduce implementation effort. Finally, an implementation based on Docker, Kubernetes, and Kafka for the virtualization and orchestration of the individual modules and as messaging technology for module communication is used to evaluate a real-world use case.

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32

Yang, Lin, Xinhua Wang, Tao Sun, Naixiang Hu, and Zisheng Guo. "Design of differential probe with harmonic magnetic field and its data process method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2724, no. 1 (2024): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2724/1/012021.

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Abstract To identify the condition of steel pipelines beyond the line of sight during operation, this study presents a design methodology for a differential probe, along with a harmonic magnetic field excitation technique and its corresponding data processing methodology. The coaxial arrangement of the excitation coils in a planar configuration generates a potent induced magnetic field, ensuring a sufficient standoff distance. Under the influence of harmonic excitation, the magnetic permeability of the pipeline surface decreases, resulting in an increased detection depth. Periodic alterations in the magnetic permeability of the pipeline surface enhance the amplitude of defects. Adjusting the position of the induction coil minimizes interference from the excitation magnetic field, thereby obtaining a pure induced magnetic field. Differential processing is applied to the two induction coils to counteract interference from the background magnetic field. Finally, the effectiveness and reliability of this probe are validated through three experiments: pipeline positioning, weld seam inspection, and damage detection.

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33

Aranda, Luis, Pedro Reviriego, and Juan Maestro. "Protecting Image Processing Pipelines against Configuration Memory Errors in SRAM-Based FPGAs." Electronics 7, no. 11 (2018): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110322.

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Image processing systems are widely used in space applications, so different radiation-induced malfunctions may occur in the system depending on the device that is implementing the algorithm. SRAM-based FPGAs are commonly used to speed up the image processing algorithm, but then the system could be vulnerable to configuration memory errors caused by single event upsets (SEUs). In those systems, the captured image is streamed pixel by pixel from the camera to the FPGA. Certain local operations such as median or rank filters need to process the image locally instead of pixel by pixel, so some particular pixel caching structures such as line-buffer-based pipelines can be used to accelerate the filtering process. However, an SRAM-based FPGA implementation of these pipelines may have malfunctions due to the mentioned configuration memory errors, so an error mitigation technique is required. In this paper, a novel method to protect line-buffer-based pipelines against SRAM-based FPGA configuration memory errors is presented. Experimental results show that, using our protection technique, considerable savings in terms of FPGA resources can be achieved while maintaining the SEU protection coverage provided by other classic pipeline protection schemes.

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34

Fischbach, Andreas, Jan Strohschein, Andreas Bunte, et al. "CAAI—a cognitive architecture to introduce artificial intelligence in cyber-physical production systems." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 111, no. 1-2 (2020): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06094-z.

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Abstract This paper introduces CAAI, a novel cognitive architecture for artificial intelligence in cyber-physical production systems. The goal of the architecture is to reduce the implementation effort for the usage of artificial intelligence algorithms. The core of the CAAI is a cognitive module that processes the user’s declarative goals, selects suitable models and algorithms, and creates a configuration for the execution of a processing pipeline on a big data platform. Constant observation and evaluation against performance criteria assess the performance of pipelines for many and different use cases. Based on these evaluations, the pipelines are automatically adapted if necessary. The modular design with well-defined interfaces enables the reusability and extensibility of pipeline components. A big data platform implements this modular design supported by technologies such as Docker, Kubernetes, and Kafka for virtualization and orchestration of the individual components and their communication. The implementation of the architecture is evaluated using a real-world use case. The prototypic implementation is accessible on GitHub and contains a demonstration.

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35

Karabaić, Damir, Marko Kršulja, Sven Maričić, and Lovro Liverić. "The Optimization of a Subsea Pipeline Installation Configuration Using a Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 (2024): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010156.

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The most commonly used subsea pipeline installation method is the S-Lay method. A very important and complex task in an S-Lay installation engineering analysis is to find the optimal pipelay vessel installation configuration for every distinctive pipeline route section. Installation loads in the pipeline are very sensitive to small changes in the configuration of the pipeline supports during laying and other influential parameters, such as the tensioner force, stinger angle, trim and draft of the pipelay vessel. Therefore, the process of an engineering installation analysis is very demanding, and there is a need for an automated optimization process. For that purpose, installation engineering methodology criteria and requirements are formalized into a nonlinear optimization problem with mixed continuous and discrete variables. A special tailored multi-objective genetic algorithm is developed that can be adjusted to any desired combination of criteria and offshore standards’ requirements. The optimization algorithm is applied to the representative test cases. The optimization procedure efficiency and quality of the achieved solution prove that the developed genetic algorithm operators and the whole optimization approach are adequate for the presented application.

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36

Mohammad, Nourhan El Gharieb, Yassmen Youssef Rawash, Said Mohamed Aly, Mostafa El Sayed Awad, and Mostafa Hassanein Hussein Mohamed. "Enhancing gas pipeline network efficiency through VIKOR method." Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering 6, no. 2 (2023): 853–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/dmame622023868.

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The optimization of gas pipeline networks is critical for efficient and cost-effective transportation of natural gas. This study develops a mathematical model capable of analyzing different network configurations, including branched and branched-cyclic topologies, to explore the optimization of gas pipeline network conditions. The research provides valuable insights into the gas pipeline network optimization process, empowering industry stakeholders to make informed decisions and enhance performance in terms of efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. To attain these objectives, this study utilizes advanced simulation tools, state-of-the-art optimization algorithms, and sophisticated mathematical models that accurately represent the network's behavior. The optimization process aims to minimize the network's power requirements while simultaneously maximizing gas flow rate and optimizing line pack, ensuring optimal utilization of the pipeline infrastructure. The VIKOR (VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje) method is identifying the most optimal network configuration and operating conditions. Our analysis applies this approach to three case studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying the best network configurations. Additionally, the calculations of total cost and fuel consumption coincide with relative closeness, which confirms the accuracy of our proposed method, whereas optimal scenarios of the three cases have the minimum total cost among all scenarios. In conclusion, this research successfully develops a mathematical model and optimization approach to tackle the complexities of gas pipeline network optimization. The application of The VIKOR method and the analysis of case studies offer substantial evidence of its effectiveness.

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37

Welle, Michael C., Anastasiia Varava, Jeffrey Mahler, Ken Goldberg, Danica Kragic, and Florian T. Pokorny. "Partial caging: a clearance-based definition, datasets, and deep learning." Autonomous Robots 45, no. 5 (2021): 647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-021-09969-6.

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AbstractCaging grasps limit the mobility of an object to a bounded component of configuration space. We introduce a notion of partial cage quality based on maximal clearance of an escaping path. As computing this is a computationally demanding task even in a two-dimensional scenario, we propose a deep learning approach. We design two convolutional neural networks and construct a pipeline for real-time planar partial cage quality estimation directly from 2D images of object models and planar caging tools. One neural network, CageMaskNN, is used to identify caging tool locations that can support partial cages, while a second network that we call CageClearanceNN is trained to predict the quality of those configurations. A partial caging dataset of 3811 images of objects and more than 19 million caging tool configurations is used to train and evaluate these networks on previously unseen objects and caging tool configurations. Experiments show that evaluation of a given configuration on a GeForce GTX 1080 GPU takes less than 6 ms. Furthermore, an additional dataset focused on grasp-relevant configurations is curated and consists of 772 objects with 3.7 million configurations. We also use this dataset for 2D Cage acquisition on novel objects. We study how network performance depends on the datasets, as well as how to efficiently deal with unevenly distributed training data. In further analysis, we show that the evaluation pipeline can approximately identify connected regions of successful caging tool placements and we evaluate the continuity of the cage quality score evaluation along caging tool trajectories. Influence of disturbances is investigated and quantitative results are provided.

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38

Osiadacz, Andrzej J., Ferdinand E. Uilhoorn, and Maciej Chaczykowski. "Non-linear optimization of high-pressure gas networks with respect to hydrate control / Nieliniowa optymalizacja sieci gazowej wysokiego ciśnienia z uwzględnieniem zapobieganiu hydratów." Archives of Mining Sciences 57, no. 3 (2012): 627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10267-012-0040-3.

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Abstract In this paper, gas pipeline optimization includes constraints resulting from hydrate prevention. The key is to seek for the optimal settings of both: the compressor units and hydrate combating method at minimum fuel consumption subject to security of supply and hydrate prevention. A case study is conducted on the Polish section of the Yamal pipeline and an arbitrarily selected partial onshore and offshore pipeline. Three different configurations are investigated: (i) cooling the compressed gas, (ii) no cooling and (iii) line heating immediately after the compressor station. For each configuration, the fuel consumption of the compressors is minimized and in order to prevent hydrate formation, the outlet temperature of the line heater, allowable water vapour in the gas and methanol concentration are calculated for each pipe section. The hydrate model is based on the statistical mechanical approach of Van der Waals and Platteeuw and applicable for systems that contain water (free or dissolved in gas), methanol and mixed gases both hydrate and non-hydrate formers.

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39

Krieger, Kurt L. "Gathering and Transporting Marcellus and Utica Shale Natural Gas to the Market and the Regulation of Midstream Pipeline Companies - The Case for a Uniform Federal and State Definition of "Gathering" in the Context of Economic and Siting Regulation." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 19, no. 1 (2012): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v19.i1.4.

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Much has been written about the major natural gas reserves in the Marcellus and even Utica Shale formations located in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. But much of the focus has been on the law and regulation around producing the gas-drilling and getting it out of the ground. Related, but serving a very different function, is the role of pipeline companies in their various business models to transport that gas to market. This is a different and equally robust and growing segment of the natural gas industry where large amounts of shale exploration take place. In fact, without pipelines and regulatory certainty for those constructing pipelines, natural gas has no value as it cannot be transported to the market place in any practical manner without pipelines. When planning to construct or acquire natural gas pipelines, a major question to consider is, "Will the pipelines be regulated?" For purposes of this Article, "regulated" refers to regulation of the siting and construction of pipeline facilities as well as economic regulation of the prices (or rates) charged and the terms and conditions (or tariffs) for services offered to customers (or shippers) transporting on those pipelines. Depending upon the physical configuration of the pipelines, the manner in which they are used to transport natural gas, and the type of customer transporting the gas on the pipeline, the correct answer could be (1) no regulation, (2) regulation by a state or commonwealth public service or utility commission, or (3) possible regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC"). Moreo- ver, with respect to state or commonwealth regulation, as one might imagine, the extent of that regulation varies by state or commonwealth.

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40

Oliinyk, A. P., B. S. Nezamay, and L. I. Feshanych. "PECULIARITIES OF MODELING OF STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF PIPELINES THROUGH WHICH GAS-LIQUID MIXTURES WITH AGGRESSIVE COMPONENTS ARE TRANSPORTED." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(43) (December 24, 2019): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2(43)-128-135.

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The task of estimating the stress-strain state of pipelines through which gas-liquid mixtures with aggressive components are transported is considered, the purpose, object and object of research are established. The analysis of the current state of scientific and technical researches on the given subject is carried out, the circle of unresolved problems is revealed. The combined effect on the pipelines through which gas-liquid mixtures with aggressive components are transported stress – strained state change is estimated by two models - the model for determining the change of the stress-strain state of the pipeline by data on the surface points certain set displacement taking into account the quasi-stationarity of the process. The device uses interpolation smoothing splines and methods of differential geometry, 6 components of strain and stress tensors are determined. In order to substantiate the method of estimation of annular stresses at the wear of the pipeline walls due to the action of the aggressive components of the transported mixtures, systems of equilibrium equations for pipeline sections and for quasi-rectilinear sections with altered cross-section configuration have been derived. Boundaryt conditions for equilibrium equations are established. Calculation formulas for estimation of annular stresses arising under the action of internal pressure for sections with shape defects caused by the action of aggressive components are established. The results of calculations that allow to quantify the change of the most significant ring stresses arising in the pipeline material under the action of internal pressure in the pipeline cross sections, which were exposed to the aggressive components, are presented. It is assumed that the deformed sections are little different from the shape of the circle.

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41

Oliinyk, A. P., B. S. Nezamay, and L. I. Feshanych. "PECULIARITIES OF MODELING OF STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF PIPELINES THROUGH WHICH GAS-LIQUID MIXTURES WITH AGGRESSIVE COMPONENTS ARE TRANSPORTED." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(43) (December 24, 2019): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2020-2(43)-128-135.

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The task of estimating the stress-strain state of pipelines through which gas-liquid mixtures with aggressive components are transported is considered, the purpose, object and object of research are established. The analysis of the current state of scientific and technical researches on the given subject is carried out, the circle of unresolved problems is revealed. The combined effect on the pipelines through which gas-liquid mixtures with aggressive components are transported stress – strained state change is estimated by two models - the model for determining the change of the stress-strain state of the pipeline by data on the surface points certain set displacement taking into account the quasi-stationarity of the process. The device uses interpolation smoothing splines and methods of differential geometry, 6 components of strain and stress tensors are determined. In order to substantiate the method of estimation of annular stresses at the wear of the pipeline walls due to the action of the aggressive components of the transported mixtures, systems of equilibrium equations for pipeline sections and for quasi-rectilinear sections with altered cross-section configuration have been derived. Boundaryt conditions for equilibrium equations are established. Calculation formulas for estimation of annular stresses arising under the action of internal pressure for sections with shape defects caused by the action of aggressive components are established. The results of calculations that allow to quantify the change of the most significant ring stresses arising in the pipeline material under the action of internal pressure in the pipeline cross sections, which were exposed to the aggressive components, are presented. It is assumed that the deformed sections are little different from the shape of the circle.

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42

Mathieu, Antoine, Tim Nagel, Cyrille Bonamy, et al. "Application of a Eulerian two-phase flow model to scour processes." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005015.

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In this paper, the application of a two-phase flow model to scour processes is presented. The model is first calibrated against experimental data of unidirectional sheet-flow (one-dimensional configuration). The model is then applied to multi-dimensional configurations for the scour under a submarine pipeline and around a vertical pile. The results show that quantitative results can be obtained at the upstream sides of structures, the lee-wake erosion driven by the vortex shedding deserves further research.

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43

Modi, Aditya, Debadeepta Dey, Alekh Agarwal, et al. "Metareasoning in Modular Software Systems: On-the-Fly Configuration Using Reinforcement Learning with Rich Contextual Representations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (2020): 5207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5965.

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Assemblies of modular subsystems are being pressed into service to perform sensing, reasoning, and decision making in high-stakes, time-critical tasks in areas such as transportation, healthcare, and industrial automation. We address the opportunity to maximize the utility of an overall computing system by employing reinforcement learning to guide the configuration of the set of interacting modules that comprise the system. The challenge of doing system-wide optimization is a combinatorial problem. Local attempts to boost the performance of a specific module by modifying its configuration often leads to losses in overall utility of the system's performance as the distribution of inputs to downstream modules changes drastically. We present metareasoning techniques which consider a rich representation of the input, monitor the state of the entire pipeline, and adjust the configuration of modules on-the-fly so as to maximize the utility of a system's operation. We show significant improvement in both real-world and synthetic pipelines across a variety of reinforcement learning techniques.

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44

Osiadacz, Andrzej J., and Maciej Chaczykowski. "Dynamic Control for Gas Pipeline Systems." Archives of Mining Sciences 61, no. 1 (2016): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2016-0006.

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Abstract An algorithm for optimal control of a gas network with any configuration based upon hierarchical control and decomposition of the network is described. Local problems are solved using a gradient technique. The subsystems are coordinated using „good coordination” method to find the overall optimum. Discrete state equation for the case in which output pressures are treated as elements of the control vector has been formulated. Results of investigations are included.

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45

Knoope, M. M. J., W. Guijt, A. Ramírez, and A. P. C. Faaij. "Improved cost models for optimizing CO2 pipeline configuration for point-to-point pipelines and simple networks." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 22 (March 2014): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.12.016.

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46

Cheng, Xiaofei, Yongxue Wang, and Guoyu Wang. "Hydrodynamic Forces on a Large Pipeline and a Small Pipeline in Piggyback Configuration under Wave Action." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 138, no. 5 (2012): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000144.

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47

Klochko, Aleksey, and Viktor Zhila. "Determination of high-pressure pipeline cyclization degree with exploratory technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 03030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825103030.

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The article examines the issues of determining the network configuration, which ensures the maximum reliability of the gas distribution system. Rationally designed configuration of the gas distribution network with the adopted gas supply scheme can provide reliable operation for a long time. Results are recommended to be used in the design of gas distribution networks, as well as in determining the reserve for improving the reliability of the network for the adopted gas supply scheme for users.

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48

Wu, Qishi, Jinzhu Gao, Mengxia Zhu, Nageswara S. V. Rao, Jian Huang, and Sitharama Iyengar. "Self-Adaptive Configuration of Visualization Pipeline Over Wide-Area Networks." IEEE Transactions on Computers 57, no. 1 (2008): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.2007.70777.

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49

Balakin, B. V., A. C. Hoffmann, P. Kosinski, and S. Høiland. "Turbulent flow of hydrates in a pipeline of complex configuration." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 17 (2010): 5007–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.06.005.

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50

Zhang, Hong-Quan, Eissa M. Al-Safran, Subash S. Jayawardena, Clifford L. Redus, Cem Sarica, and James P. Brill. "Modeling of Slug Dissipation and Generation in Gas-Liquid Hilly-Terrain Pipe Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 3 (2003): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1580847.

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Hilly-terrain pipelines consist of interconnected horizontal, uphill and downhill sections. Slug flow experiences a transition from one state to another as the pipe inclination angle changes. Normally, slugs dissipate if the upward inclination becomes smaller or the downward inclination becomes larger, and slug generation occurs vice versa. Appropriate prediction of the slug characteristics is crucial for the design of pipeline and downstream facilities. In this study, slug dissipation and generation in a valley pipeline configuration (horizontal-downhill-uphill-horizontal) were modeled by use of the method proposed by Zhang et al. The method was developed from the unsteady continuity and momentum equations for two-phase slug flow by considering the entire film zone as the control volume. Computed results are compared with experimental measurements at different air-mineral oil flow rate combinations. Good agreement is observed for the change of slug body length to slug unit length ratio.

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