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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Continuous isotope labeling"

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Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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1

Browne, Thomas R., George K. Szabo, Alfred Ajami, and David Wagner. "Performance of Human Mass Balance/Metabolite Identification Studies Using Stable Isotope (13C,15N) Labeling and Continuous-Flow Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry as an Alternative to Radioactive Labeling Methods." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33, no. 3 (1993): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03951.x.

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2

Dusny, Christian, and Andreas Schmid. "The Metabolic Flux Probe (MFP)—Secreted Protein as a Non-Disruptive Information Carrier for 13C-Based Metabolic Flux Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (2021): 9438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179438.

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Novel cultivation technologies demand the adaptation of existing analytical concepts. Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) requires stable-isotope labeling of biomass-bound protein as the primary information source. Obtaining the required protein in cultivation set-ups where biomass is inaccessible due to low cell densities and cell immobilization is difficult to date. We developed a non-disruptive analytical concept for 13C-based metabolic flux analysis based on secreted protein as an information carrier for isotope mapping in the protein-bound amino acids. This “metabolic flux probe” (MFP) concept
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3

Dashper, Stuart G., Ching-Seng Ang, Paul D. Veith, et al. "Response of Porphyromonas gingivalis to Heme Limitation in Continuous Culture." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 3 (2008): 1044–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01270-08.

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ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic, asaccharolytic, gram-negative bacterium that has essential requirements for both iron and protoporphyrin IX, which it preferentially obtains as heme. A combination of large-scale quantitative proteomic analysis using stable isotope labeling strategies and mass spectrometry, together with transcriptomic analysis using custom-made DNA microarrays, was used to identify changes in P. gingivalis W50 protein and transcript abundances on changing from heme-excess to heme-limited continuous culture. This approach identified 160 genes and 70 proteins t
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4

Bhatia, Muskan, Jyotika Thakur, Shradha Suyal, et al. "Allosteric inhibition of MTHFR prevents futile SAM cycling and maintains nucleotide pools in one-carbon metabolism." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 47 (2020): 16037–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.015129.

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Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) links the folate cycle to the methionine cycle in one-carbon metabolism. The enzyme is known to be allosterically inhibited by SAM for decades, but the importance of this regulatory control to one-carbon metabolism has never been adequately understood. To shed light on this issue, we exchanged selected amino acid residues in a highly conserved stretch within the regulatory region of yeast MTHFR to create a series of feedback-insensitive, deregulated mutants. These were exploited to investigate the impact of defective allosteric regulation on one-carb
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5

Ermolaev, Stanislav, Aino Skasyrskaya, and Aleksandr Vasiliev. "A Radionuclide Generator of High-Purity Bi-213 for Instant Labeling." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 6 (2021): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060914.

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A new two-column 225Ac/213Bi generator was developed specifically for using 225Ac containing an impurity of long lived 227Ac. The parent 225Ac was retained on the first Actinide Resin column, while 213Bi was accumulated on the second column filled with AG MP-50 resin via continuous elution and decay of intermediate 221Fr. The 213Bi accumulation was realized in circulation mode which allowed a compact generator design. It was demonstrated that 213Bi could be quickly and effectively extracted from AG MP-50 in form of complexes with various chelating agents including DTPA and DOTA. The performanc
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6

Rambal, Corinne, Christiane Pachiaudi, Sylvie Normand, Jean-Paul Riou, Pierre Louisot, and Ambroise Martin. "Effects of specific dietary sugars on the incorporation of 13C label from dietary glucose into neutral sugars of rat intestine and serum glycoproteins." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 3 (1995): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950046.

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Although theoretically all glycoprotein sugars can be derived from glucose, it may be hypothesized that specific dietary sugars could be preferential substrates for glycoprotein synthesis. To test this hypothesis, groups of rats received either continuously (continuous-labelling experiment) or for a single nutritional period (pulse-labelling experiment) a 13C-rich diet containing either maize starch or artificially labelled [13C]glucose. Some groups of rats were also provided during a single nutritional period with low amounts (20–200 mg/animal) of low-13C dietary sugars (mannose, galactose, f
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7

Wasinger, Valerie C., Ming Zeng, and Yunki Yau. "Current Status and Advances in Quantitative Proteomic Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Proteomics 2013 (March 6, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/180605.

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The accurate quantitation of proteins and peptides in complex biological systems is one of the most challenging areas of proteomics. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have forged significant in-roads allowing accurate and sensitive quantitation and the ability to multiplex vastly complex samples through the application of robust bioinformatic tools. These relative and absolute quantitative measures using label-free, tags, or stable isotope labelling have their own strengths and limitations. The continuous development of these methods is vital for increasing reproducibility in the rapidly expa
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8

Holm, Lars, Søren Reitelseder, Kasper Dideriksen, Rie H. Nielsen, Jacob Bülow, and Michael Kjaer. "The single-biopsy approach in determining protein synthesis in human slow-turning-over tissue: use of flood-primed, continuous infusion of amino acid tracers." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 306, no. 11 (2014): E1330—E1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2014.

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Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rate is determined conventionally by obtaining two or more tissue biopsies during a primed, continuous infusion of a stable isotopically labeled amino acid. The purpose of the present study was to test whether tracer priming given as a flooding dose, thereby securing an instantaneous labeling of the tissue pools of free tracee amino acids, followed by a continuous infusion of the same tracer to maintain tracer isotopic steady state, could be used to determine the MPS rate over a prolonged period of time by obtaining only a single tissue biopsy. We showed that the
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9

Kuzyakov, Y. "How to link soil C pools with CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes?" Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (2011): 1947–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1947-2011.

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Abstract. Despite the importance of carbon (C) pools and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems and especially in soils, as well as many attempts to assign fluxes to specific pools, this challenge remains unsolved. Interestingly, scientists investigating pools are not closely linked with scientists studying fluxes. This mini-review therefore focused on experimental approaches enabling soil C pools to be linked with CO2 flux from the soil. The background, advantages and shortcomings of uncoupled approaches (measuring only pools or fluxes) and of coupled approaches (measuring both pools and fluxes
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10

AlSalka, Yamen, Osama Al-Madanat, Amer Hakki, and Detlef W. Bahnemann. "Boosting the H2 Production Efficiency via Photocatalytic Organic Reforming: The Role of Additional Hole Scavenging System." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (2021): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121423.

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The simultaneous photocatalytic H2 evolution with environmental remediation over semiconducting metal oxides is a fascinating process for sustainable fuel production. However, most of the previously reported photocatalytic reforming showed nonstoichiometric amounts of the evolved H2 when organic substrates were used. To explain the reasons for this phenomenon, a careful analysis of the products and intermediates in gas and aqueous phases upon the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from oxalic acid using Pt/TiO2 was performed. A quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) was used for the continuous flow
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11

Kuzyakov, Y. "How to link soil C pools with CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes?" Biogeosciences 8, no. 6 (2011): 1523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1523-2011.

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Abstract. Despite the importance of carbon (C) pools and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems and especially in soils, as well as many attempts to assign fluxes to specific pools, this challenge remains unsolved. Interestingly, scientists investigating pools are not closely linked with scientists studying fluxes. This review therefore focused on experimental approaches enabling soil C pools to be linked with CO2 flux from the soil. The background, advantages and shortcomings of uncoupled approaches (measuring only pools or fluxes) and of coupled approaches (measuring both pools and fluxes) wer
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12

Bequette, B. J., F. R. C. Backwell, M. S. Dhanoa, et al. "Kinetics of blood free and milk casein-amino acid labelling in the dairy goat at two stages of lactation." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 2 (1994): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940025.

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The kinetics of blood free amino acids (AA) transfer into milk casein were compared in goats (n 4) at 61 (SE5)d (Expt 1; post-peak, 4.51 (SE 0.26) kg milk/d) and at 180 (SE 6) d (Expt 2; late, 2.36 (SE 0.16) kg milk/d) of lactation during non-primed, continuous (Expt 1, 12 h; Expt 2, 16 h) intravenous infusions of mixtures of L-[1-13C]leucine and L-[1-13C]phenylalanine with either L-[1-13C]valine (Expt 1) or L-[5-13Cmethionine (Expt 2). The 13C enrichments of blood free and casein-bound AA were fitted to a single exponential model to estimate isotopic plateaux and the fractional rate constant
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13

Fuller, Malcolm F., and Daniel Tomé. "In vivo Determination of Amino Acid Bioavailability in Humans and Model Animals." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 88, no. 3 (2005): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.3.923.

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Abstract Because the digestion of many dietary proteins is incomplete, and because there is a continuous (but variable) entry into the intestinal lumen of endogenous protein and amino acid nitrogen that is also subject to digestion, the fluxes of nitrogen, amino acids, and protein in the gut exhibit a rather complicated pattern. Methods to distinguish and quantitate the endogenous and dietary components of nitrogen and amino acids in ileal chyme or feces include the use of a protein-free diet, the enzyme-hydrolyzed protein method, different levels of protein intake, multiple regression methods
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14

Chisanga, Malama, Howbeer Muhamadali, David I. Ellis, and Royston Goodacre. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) in Microbiology: Illumination and Enhancement of the Microbial World." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 7 (2018): 987–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818764672.

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The microbial world forms a huge family of organisms that exhibit the greatest phylogenetic diversity on Earth and thus colonize virtually our entire planet. Due to this diversity and subsequent complex interactions, the vast majority of microorganisms are involved in innumerable natural bioprocesses and contribute an absolutely vital role toward the maintenance of life on Earth, whilst a small minority cause various infectious diseases. The ever-increasing demand for environmental monitoring, sustainable ecosystems, food security, and improved healthcare systems drives the continuous search f
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15

NAKSHABENDI, I. M., S. DOWNIE, R. I. RUSSELL, and M. J. RENNIE. "Small-intestinal mucosal protein synthesis and whole-body protein turnover in alcoholic liver disease." Clinical Science 97, no. 6 (1999): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0970633.

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We used stable-isotope-labelled amino acids to measure the effects of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) on whole-body protein turnover and small-intestinal mucosal protein synthesis. Groups comprising eight patients with ALD and eight healthy control subjects were studied. They received primed, continuous intravenous infusions of L-[1-13C]leucine after an overnight fast; after 4 h, duodenal biopsies were obtained via endoscopy. Protein synthesis was calculated from protein labelling relative to intracellular leucine enrichment. Rates of duodenal mucosal protein synthesis were 2.58±0.32%·h-1 (mean±
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16

Gomes, J., N. Brüggemann, D. P. Dick, G. M. Pedroso, M. Veloso, and C. Bayer. "Urea and legume residues as 15N-N2O sources in a subtropical soil." Soil Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18300.

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In this work, we used the 15N labelling technique to identify the sources of N2O emitted by a subtropical soil following application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertiliser (urea) and residues of a legume cover crop (cowpea). For this purpose, a 45-day incubation experiment was conducted by subjecting undisturbed soil cores from a subtropical Acrisol to five different treatments: (1) control (no crop residue or fertiliser-N application); (2) 15N-labelled cowpea residue (200 μg N g–1 soil); (3) 15N-labelled urea (200 μg N g–1 soil); (4) 15N-labelled cowpea residue (100 μg N g–1 soil) + unlabelled ur
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17

Errante, Paolo Ruggero, Pâmela Carolina Cruz Ebbing, Francisco Sandro Menezes Rodrigues, Renato Ribeiro Nogueira Ferraz, and Neusa Pereira Da Silva. "Flow cytometry: a literature review." Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 14, no. 2 (2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v14i2.12182.

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Introduction: flow cytometry is a technique that employs an optical-electronic detection apparatus to analyze the physical and chemical properties of microscopic particles suspend in a liquid medium. Objective: to review the literature in search of the main studies that used flow cytometry as the main methodology. Method: Articles were selected according to their impact factor in the Journal of Citation Reports. Literature review: a light beam is direct to a continuous flow of suspended particles marked with fluorescent substances. The light is scattered differently from the beam by the partic
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18

Van Voorhis, Wesley C., Kasey L. Rivas, Pravin Bendale, et al. "Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Metabolism of Tetrahydroquinoline Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Protein Farnesyltransferase." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 10 (2007): 3659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00246-07.

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ABSTRACT New antimalarials are urgently needed. We have shown that tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) protein farnesyltransferase (PFT) inhibitors (PFTIs) are effective against the Plasmodium falciparum PFT and are effective at killing P. falciparum in vitro. Previously described THQ PFTIs had limitations of poor oral bioavailability and rapid clearance from the circulation of rodents. In this paper, we validate both the Caco-2 cell permeability model for predicting THQ intestinal absorption and the in vitro liver microsome model for predicting THQ clearance in vivo. Incremental improvements in efficac
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19

Abdallah, Nadine, Francis Buadi, Patricia T. Greipp, et al. "Cytogenetic abnormalities in MM: Association with disease characteristics and treatment response." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (2020): e20520-e20520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e20520.

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e20520 Background: Cytogenetic abnormalities detected by FISH are found in the majority of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Although their prognostic value has been studied extensively, less is known about their association with disease characteristics and treatment response. Methods: To address these questions, we designed a retrospective study including 2031 Mayo Clinic patients diagnosed with MM from 2004 to 2018. We compared baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes between primary cytogenetic groups: t(11;14), t(4;14), t(14;16), (14;20), t(6;14), unknown IgH translocation/del and tri
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20

Minya, Ferenc, Ádám Mészáros, Eszter Csizmadia, Dávid Suskó, Mounir Raji, and Gellért Sipos. "Raney Nickel‐Catalyzed Deuterium Labeling of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles and Pharmaceuticals under Continuous Flow Conditions." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, May 14, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.202400168.

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Deuterium‐labeled compounds play a pivotal role in physical organic chemistry, life sciences, and materials science. This has resulted in a surge of interest in deuterium‐labeled active pharmaceutical ingredients in recent years. In this study, we present a continuous flow Raney nickel‐catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange process that boasts compatibility with a wide spectrum of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles and pharmaceutical compounds. The broad applicability of the developed method was demonstrated through successful labeling of various purine bases, imidazoles, pyridines, and active phar
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21

Soong, Jennifer L., Dan Reuss, Colin Pinney, et al. "Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling." Journal of Visualized Experiments, no. 83 (January 16, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/51117.

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22

Dreydoppel, Matthias, Roman J. Lichtenecker, Mikael Akke та Ulrich Weininger. "1H R1ρ relaxation dispersion experiments in aromatic side chains". Journal of Biomolecular NMR, 12 вересня 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10858-021-00382-w.

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AbstractAromatic side chains are attractive probes of protein dynamic, since they are often key residues in enzyme active sites and protein binding sites. Dynamic processes on microsecond to millisecond timescales can be studied by relaxation dispersion experiments that attenuate conformational exchange contributions to the transverse relaxation rate by varying the refocusing frequency of applied radio-frequency fields implemented as either CPMG pulse trains or continuous spin-lock periods. Here we present an aromatic 1H R1ρ relaxation dispersion experiment enabling studies of two to three tim
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23

Möbius, Klaus, and Anton Savitsky. "High-field/High-frequency EPR Spectroscopy in Protein Research: Principles and Examples." Applied Magnetic Resonance, December 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-022-01511-w.

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AbstractDuring the last decades, the combined efforts of biologists, chemists, and physicists in developing high-field/high-frequency EPR techniques and applying them to functional proteins have demonstrated that this type of magnetic resonance spectroscopy is particularly powerful for characterizing the structure and dynamics of stable and transient states of proteins in action on biologically relevant time scales ranging from nanoseconds to hours. The review article describes how high-field EPR methodology, in conjunction with site-specific isotope and spin-labeling strategies, is capable of
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24

Rao, Nalini R., Arun Upadhyay, and Jeffrey N. Savas. "Derailed protein turnover in the aging mammalian brain." Molecular Systems Biology, January 5, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44320-023-00009-2.

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AbstractEfficient protein turnover is essential for cellular homeostasis and organ function. Loss of proteostasis is a hallmark of aging culminating in severe dysfunction of protein turnover. To investigate protein turnover dynamics as a function of age, we performed continuous in vivo metabolic stable isotope labeling in mice along the aging continuum. First, we discovered that the brain proteome uniquely undergoes dynamic turnover fluctuations during aging compared to heart and liver tissue. Second, trends in protein turnover in the brain proteome during aging showed sex-specific differences
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25

Bessler, Larissa, Jason Sirleaf, Christopher J. Kampf, et al. "Esterification of Cyclic N6‐threonylcarbamoyladenosine during RNA Sample Preparation." ChemMedChem, April 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202400115.

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The continuous deciphering of crucial biological roles of RNA modifications and their involvement in various pathological conditions, together with their key roles in the use of RNA‐based therapeutics, has reignited interest in studying the occurrence and identity of non‐canonical ribonucleoside structures during the past years. Discovery and structural elucidation of new modified structures is usually achieved by combination of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) at the nucleoside level and stable isotope labeling experiments. This approach, however, has its p
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26

Li, Pengfa, Jia Liu, Muhammad Saleem, et al. "Reduced chemodiversity suppresses rhizosphere microbiome functioning in the mono-cropped agroecosystems." Microbiome 10, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01287-y.

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Abstract Background Rhizodeposits regulate rhizosphere interactions, processes, nutrient and energy flow, and plant-microbe communication and thus play a vital role in maintaining soil and plant health. However, it remains unclear whether and how alteration in belowground carbon allocation and chemodiversity of rhizodeposits influences microbiome functioning in the rhizosphere ecosystems. To address this research gap, we investigated the relationship of rhizosphere carbon allocation and chemodiversity with microbiome biodiversity and functioning during peanut (Arachis hypogaea) continuous mono
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27

Zheng, Chunyu, Christina Khoo, and Frank M. Sacks. "Abstract 675: Contrasting Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Compared to Mono-unsaturated Fat on Hepatic Production of ApoE and ApoC-III Containing VLDL, and Formation of LDL." Circulation 116, suppl_16 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.116.suppl_16.ii_125-b.

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The effects of substituting dietary carbohydrate (CHO) with mono-unsaturated fat (MUFA) on plasma apoB metabolism were evaluated in 12 adults: 6 with normal and 6 with high plasma triglyceride levels. They consumed for 3 weeks each time a high CHO diet (48% complex CHO, 8% MUFA) and a high MUFA diet (31% complex CHO, 24% MUFA). ApoB100 kinetic studies were performed at the end of each dietary intervention using stable isotope labeling with a bolus and a primed continuous infusion. Multiple VLDL, IDL, and LDL fractions were prepared according to their apoE and apoC-III content. Compared to the
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28

Li, Juan, Yu Xia, Xiaowei Song, Bolei Chen, and Richard N. Zare. "Continuous ammonia synthesis from water and nitrogen via contact electrification." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, no. 4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2318408121.

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We synthesized ammonia (NH 3 ) by bubbling nitrogen (N 2 ) gas into bulk liquid water (200 mL) containing 50 mg polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles (~5 µm in diameter) suspended with the help of a surfactant (Tween 20, ~0.05 vol.%) at room temperature (25 °C). Electron spin resonance spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that water acts as the proton donor for the reduction of N 2 . Moreover, isotopic labeling of the N 2 gas shows that it is the source of nitrogen in the ammonia. We propose a mechanism for ammonia generation based on the activation of N 2 caused b
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29

Wang, Mengle, Stefan Asam, Jianqi Chen, Matthias Ehrmann, and Michael Rychlik. "Production of Four 15N-Labelled Cobalamins via Biosynthesis Using Propionibacterium freudenreichii." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (August 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.713321.

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Cobalamins (vitamin B12) are required by humans for their essential roles as enzyme cofactors in diverse metabolic processes. The four most common cobalamin vitamers are hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), and cyanocobalamin (CNCbl). Humans are not able to synthesise cobalamins de novo and thus must acquire them from external sources. Therefore, a reliable and robust analytical method to determine the cobalamins in dietary sources is highly required. For such a purpose, stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) with LC-MS/MS are most suited due to their
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Sarri, Laura, Joaquim Balcells, Ahmad Reza Seradj, and Gabriel de la Fuente. "Protein turnover in pigs: A review of interacting factors." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, November 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13906.

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AbstractProtein turnover defines the balance between two continuous and complex processes of protein metabolism, synthesis and degradation, which determine their deposition in tissues. Although the liver and intestine have been studied extensively for their important roles in protein digestion, absorption and metabolism, the study of protein metabolism has focused mainly on skeletal muscle tissue to understand the basis for its growth. Due to the high adaptability of skeletal muscle, its protein turnover is greatly affected by different internal and external factors, contributing to carcass le
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31

Wang, Ting-Hua, and Jean Phillipe Merlio. "Purification of Megakaryocytes for flow cytometric analysis." New Cell, August 1, 2023, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.61958/ncwj7398.

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Objectives: Megakaryocytes (MKs) represent only a limited cell number in normal bone marrow, which hampers the analysis of MKs by flow cytometric technique. To optimize the usage of flow cytometry for the analysis of megakaryopoiesis, we established a simple method to enrich MKs. Methods: Bone marrow tissues were taken from mice (n=5) and made into cell suspensions. The cell suspension was processed by velocity sedimentation with a continuous BSA solution (3%-6%) for 1h at room temperature from top to bottom of the gradient to purify MKs. Each layer (1 ml) gradient from top to bottom was colle
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32

Voss, Caroline M., Lene Arildsen, Jakob D. Nissen, et al. "Glutamate Dehydrogenase Is Important for Ammonia Fixation and Amino Acid Homeostasis in Brain During Hyperammonemia." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (June 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.646291.

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Impaired liver function may lead to hyperammonemia and risk for hepatic encephalopathy. In brain, detoxification of ammonia is mediated mainly by glutamine synthetase (GS) in astrocytes. This requires a continuous de novo synthesis of glutamate, likely involving the action of both pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). An increased PC activity upon ammonia exposure and the importance of PC activity for glutamine synthesis has previously been demonstrated while the importance of GDH for generation of glutamate as precursor for glutamine synthesis has received little attent
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