Artículos de revistas: "Contrastive stress"

1

McDaniel, Dana y Thomas L. Maxfield. "Principle B and Contrastive Stress". Language Acquisition 2, n.º 4 (octubre de 1992): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327817la0204_4.

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2

Goffman, Lisa y Anne Smith. "A kinematic analysis of contrastive stress." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99, n.º 4 (abril de 1996): 2494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.415638.

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3

Betti, Mohammed Jasim y Warkaa Awad Ulaiwi. "Stress in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study". English Language and Literature Studies 8, n.º 1 (8 de febrero de 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n1p83.

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This study is descriptive which describes and compares stress in English and Arabic in order to arrive at the points of similarity and difference. This is primarily achieved by showing its degrees, types, and functions, by surveying the literature available and by contrasting it in the two compared languages, conducting a contrastive study. The study hypothesizes that there is no difference between English and Arabic in terms of degrees, types and functions of stress. The study finds out that stress as a phenomenon exists in both languages and it is not phonemic. In addition, in both languages, it is connected with strong syllables, and its primary functions of stress are emphasis and contrast.

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4

Zmarich, C. y S. Bernardini. "Contrastive stress and intonation in Italian stutterers". Journal of Fluency Disorders 25, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2000): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-730x(00)80353-8.

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5

Zmarich, C. y E. Farnetani. "Contrastive stress and intonation in Italian stutterers". Journal of Fluency Disorders 22, n.º 2 (mayo de 1997): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-730x(97)89236-4.

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6

Avrutin, Sergey, Stuart Lubarsky y Jennifer Greene. "Comprehension of Contrastive Stress by Broca's Aphasics". Brain and Language 70, n.º 2 (noviembre de 1999): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2154.

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7

Bernstein, Lynne E., Silvio P. Eberhardt y Marilyn E. Demorest. "Judgments of intonation and contrastive stress during lipreading". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, S1 (diciembre de 1986): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2023972.

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8

Klouda, G. V. y W. E. Cooper. "The effects of contrastive stress on stutterers' speech". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, S1 (mayo de 1986): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2023205.

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9

Berkovits, Rochele. "Durational Effects in Final Lengthening, Gapping, and Contrastive Stress". Language and Speech 37, n.º 3 (julio de 1994): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383099403700302.

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10

Cooper, William E., Stephen J. Eady y Pamela R. Mueller. "Acoustical aspects of contrastive stress in question–answer contexts". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, n.º 6 (junio de 1985): 2142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.392372.

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11

Patel, Rupal y Pamela Campellone. "Acoustic and Perceptual Cues to Contrastive Stress in Dysarthria". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 52, n.º 1 (febrero de 2009): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0078).

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12

Honbolygó, Ferenc, Andrea Kóbor y Valéria Csépe. "Cognitive components of foreign word stress processing difficulty in speakers of a native language with non-contrastive stress". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, n.º 2 (4 de septiembre de 2017): 366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917728393.

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Objectives: Stress “deafness” is a difficulty in the detection of stress pattern changes of second language (L2) words. This study investigated the influence of cognitive factors and L2 proficiency on the processing of L2 stress. Methodology: Fifty-four native speakers of Hungarian, a language with non-contrastive stress, participated in the study; the participants were categorized as not speaking German or having a proficiency at the intermediate or advanced level. They had to recall sequences with increasing length consisting of German pseudowords that differed in either their phonemes (phoneme task) or stress patterns (stress task). Cognitive factors measured included working memory, phonological awareness and inhibitory control. Data and Analysis: The accuracy data obtained in the sequence recall task was analysed with generalized linear mixed modelling. Two separate analyses were performed to investigate the presence of stress “deafness” and the effect of cognitive factors. Findings: Results showed that the stress task led to lower performance than the phoneme task, irrespective of L2 proficiency. Furthermore, the analysis showed different cognitive factors contributing to the performance in the tasks: in the phoneme task, it was working memory, phonological awareness and inhibitory control, while in the stress task, it was only working memory and phonological awareness but not the inhibitory control. Originality: This is the first study to provide evidence about the cognitive background of the stress “deafness” effect, and to suggest the differential role of inhibitory control in phoneme and stress processing. Implications: These findings demonstrate the robustness of the stress “deafness” effect in a language with non-contrastive stress, provide evidence of the effect being independent of L2 proficiency and suggest that speakers of languages with non-contrastive stress do not have the necessary cognitive basis to form accurate L2 stress representations.

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13

Carlson, Robert. "Genitive focus in Supyire". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 46 (1 de enero de 2006): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.46.2006.335.

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Supyire has two distinct genitive constructions, one consisting of juxtaposed nouns, and the other marked with a particle. This study demonstrates that the marked genitive correlates significantly in natural discourse with contrastive focus as operationally defined in Myhill and Xing (1996). The method used avoids the vicious circularity of many discourse-based studies of focus. Contrastive focus, rather than being "coded", is a pragmatic construal which is dependent on other elements in the communicative context. This construal is only one of the possible construals of the marked genitive (contra Carlson 1994). In this it is not unlike other so-called "contrastive focus" constructions noted in the literature, such as contrastive stress in English.

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14

Vick, Jennell C. y Christopher A. Moore. "Imitation of contrastive lexical stress in children with speech delay". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2005): 1965–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4781649.

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15

Nguyễn, T. Anh-Thư, C. L. John Ingram y J. Rob Pensalfini. "Prosodic transfer in Vietnamese acquisition of English contrastive stress patterns". Journal of Phonetics 36, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 158–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2007.09.001.

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16

Segal, Osnat y Liat Kishon-Rabin. "INFLUENCE OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE ON SENSITIVITY TO LEXICAL STRESS". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2018): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000390.

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AbstractArabic stress is predictable, varies across words, and does not have a contrastive role, whereas, Hebrew stress although nonpredictable, carries contrastive value. Stress processing was assessed in speakers of the two languages at three processing levels: discrimination, short-term memory, and metalinguistic awareness. In Experiment 1, Arabic speakers with Hebrew as L2 (n = 15) and native Hebrew speakers (n = 15) were tested on discrimination and memory of stress placements. Arabic speakers had fewer correct responses and longer reaction times compared to Hebrew speakers. In Experiment 2, the influence of nonnative language acquisition on metalinguistic awareness of stress was assessed. Arabic speakers (n = 10) were less able to identify stress in their native and nonnative languages compared to Arabic speakers with advanced knowledge of English and Hebrew (n = 10) and Hebrew speakers (n = 10). Our findings support the assumption that variations in stress at the surface level of L1 are insufficient to facilitate awareness and memory for stress placement.

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17

Lunden, Anya, Jessica Campbell, Mark Hutchens y Nick Kalivoda. "Vowel-length contrasts and phonetic cues to stress: an investigation of their relation". Phonology 34, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2017): 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000288.

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The functional load hypothesis of Berinstein (1979) put forward the idea that languages which use a suprasegmental property (duration, F0) contrastively will not use it to realise stress. The functional load hypothesis is often cited when stress correlates are discussed, both when it is observed that the language under discussion follows the hypothesis and when it fails to follow it. In the absence of a more wide-ranging assessment of how frequently languages do or do not conform to the functional load hypothesis, it is unknown whether it is an absolute, a strong tendency, a weak tendency or unsupported. The results from a database of reported stress correlates and use of contrastive duration for 140 languages are presented and discussed. No support for the functional load hypothesis is found.

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18

McCauley, Rebecca J. y Linda Lilley Skenes. "Contrastive Stress, Phonetic Context, and Misarticulation of /r/ in Young Speakers". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, n.º 1 (marzo de 1987): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3001.114.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of contrastive stress and phonetic context on misarticulations of consonantal /r/. Subjects were 9 children between the ages of 4:5 (years:months) and 5:7 who exhibited normal articulation development but inconsistently misarticulated /r/. The experimental task was designed to elicit consonantal /r/ in two phonetic contexts ([rV] & [CrV]) and two stress conditions (primary & nonprimary stress). Three listeners who were naive to the experimental hypotheses judged the children's productions for accuracy of /r/ production and for stress. Significant main effects were obtained for context and stress: /r/ productions were more often judged as correct in clusters than in singletons and in words not receiving primary stress than in words receiving primary stress. Results are discussed in terms of the possible effects of production and perceptual variables on listener judgments. Inferences are drawn concerning future research on speaker and listener effects in the study of articulation.

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19

Vinet, Marie-Thérèse. "Contrastive Focus, French N-words and Variation". Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100020454.

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AbstractThe aim of this article is to argue that the similarities and differences in the interpretation ofn-words (personne, rien, etc.) in two closely related dialects of French can be explained by considerations linked to lexical properties as well as to properties of contrastive stress in Universal Grammar. The minor lexical differences in the two systems are related to the fact that only in Standard French is a single negation reading ruled out when an adverbial negative marker bearing [+neg, −T, −Asp] features, i.e.,pas, appears in the scope of an unstressedn-word. A general principle is proposed to account for the fact that a contrastively focusedn-word always blocks the local relation which seems necessary for a negative concord reading. It is observed that the presence of an intervening quantifier between the negative quantifier and then-word always induces a Double Negation reading.

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20

Huang, Xiao Xiao, Wen Dong Xue, Jie Liu y Fa Han. "Effect of Slit Structure of Purging Plug on Stress Field". Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (diciembre de 2011): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.884.

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The three-dimensional model of purging plug was analyzed by the finite element method. The influence of slit structure (length, width, center radius and numbers) on the maximum principal stress was Contrastive studied in argon blowing process under the same boundary conditions.

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21

Wang, Dong, Jian Xin Zhang, Bin Tian y Jia Cao. "The Contrastive Research of Direct Shear Test on Different Pile-Soil Interface". Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (septiembre de 2011): 1743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1743.

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In order to discuss the friction resistance properties between pile and soil, three groups of shear laboratory tests of pile-soil interface are adopted among concrete-soil , steel-soil and plastic(HDPE)-soil, and each test applies six normal stresses. The result indicates that with the growth of normal stress, the shear strength of pile-soil are increased; under the same normal stress, there is little change in frontal parts of curve with shear stress and displacement, but the rest of curve have a striking change along with the increase of normal stress; when the normal stress is less, the shear stress of different interfaces have little change; when the normal stress is greater, it shows that the shear strength of HDPE-soil interface is the greatest.

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22

Gandour, Jack y Bernd Weinberg. "Production of intonation and contrastive stress in esophageal and tracheoesophageal speech". Journal of Phonetics 13, n.º 1 (enero de 1985): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30727-2.

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23

Cheang, Henry S. y Marc D. Pell. "The effects of Parkinson’s disease on the production of contrastive stress". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115, n.º 5 (mayo de 2004): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4781345.

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24

Scukanec, Gail P., Linda Petrosino y Roger D. Colcord. "Age-Related Differences in Acoustical Aspects of Contrastive Stress in Women". Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 48, n.º 5 (1996): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000266414.

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25

Weiss, Amy L., Arlene E. Carney y Laurence B. Leonard. "Perceived Contrastive Stress Production in Hearing-Impaired and Normal-Hearing Children". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 28, n.º 1 (marzo de 1985): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2801.26.

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Contrastive stress production patterns of 20 moderate-to-severely hearing-impaired children, aged 4:5–18:2 (years:months), were compared with those of 20 normal-hearing children, aged 3:7–6:7. The groups were matched on the basis of a linguistic measure, mean length of utterance. Analyses of judges' responses to the speakers' audiotapes recorded during a conversation-based task yielded evidence of similar production patterns for the groups although considerable individual performance variation was noted. This finding supports the view that language-matched normal and hearing-impaired children may not be very different in their production of this prosodic cue. Results of this study further support the idea that prosodic features of the speech signal enhance intelligibility, a factor which merits consideration in the intelligibility assessment and training of hearing-impaired children.

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26

Travis, Catherine E. y Rena Torres Cacoullos. "Stress on I". Studies in Language 38, n.º 2 (8 de agosto de 2014): 360–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.2.04tra.

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Much previous work on stress describes its function as being that of marking contrast. While some evidence has been adduced in experimental studies, work on spontaneous speech data has been plagued by a lack of operational definitions. To address this, we examine approximately 1,500 tokens of the English first singular subject pronoun in a corpus of conversational American English. Independently motivated operationalizations of contrast fail to support an overarching contrastive function of stress on I. Rather, examining co-occurrence patterns through multivariate analysis, we find that, besides chunked units (including discourse formulae as delimited by frequency and positioning), patterns of stress are subject to context-dependent discourse factors: accessibility (measured in distance from the previous mention), in tandem with coreferential priming (a tendency to repeat a preceding coreferential stressed I), as well as turn taking (an initial-position effect), and contrast in a semantic sense (manifested in higher rates of stress under negative polarity).

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27

Connaghan, Kathryn P. y Rupal Patel. "The Impact of Contrastive Stress on Vowel Acoustics and Intelligibility in Dysarthria". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0291.

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28

Zhang, Yun, Xiao Rong Zhou y Bei Li. "Internal Force Calculation Method of the Double-Curved Arch Bridge Reinforcement Based on Stress Superposition". Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (mayo de 2012): 2091–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2091.

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Increasing the section method is the commonest method in double-curved arch bridge reinforcement. In order to research on the force condition of main arch ring in double-curved arch bridge reinforcement, we use internal force superposition method and stress superposition method to deduce the stress distribution of arch ring, and make contrastive analysis on each construction stage in bridge reinforcement. Internal force superposition method is unsafe; the stress superposition meets the actual situation.

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29

Yu, Alan C. L. "Quantity, stress and reduplication in Washo". Phonology 22, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2005): 437–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675705000679.

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Plural internal reduplication in Washo has generated much interest in the phonological literature. This study presents a novel analysis that unifies the treatment of a set of seemingly disparate aspects of this plural reduplication pattern (e.g. variation in the placement and size of the reduplicant, contrastive vowel length in stressed syllables, post-tonic gemination, and vowel-length inheritance in reduplication), relying on the interaction between constraints on weight assignment, affix anchoring and stress assignment. In particular, the odd placement of the plural reduplicant in roots with internal consonant sequences and the restricted distribution of long vowels in Washo can be attributed to a previously unnoticed emerging preference for heavy stressed syllables on the surface. The results of this study have implications for theories of reduplication and theories of weight phenomena in general.

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30

Carney, Arlene E., Amy L. Weiss y Richard Fahey. "Acoustic analyses of contrastive stress production in children with normal and impaired hearing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, n.º 4 (abril de 1992): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.403398.

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31

Pitermann, Michel. "Effect of speaking rate and contrastive stress on formant dynamics and vowel perception". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, n.º 6 (junio de 2000): 3425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.429413.

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32

Kachkovskaia, Tatiana V. y Maya A. Nurislamova. "ON CONSONANT DURATION IN СУ AND CCV SYLLABLES". Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, n.º 3 (2017): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2017_3_4_34_44.

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In this paper, we investigate two factors influencing consonant duration: phrase accent and syllable length (in segments). First, we performed a corpus-based analysis of consonant duration in stressed CV and CCV syllables in 3-syllable words using a 30-hour speech corpus. As a result, we have found the following tendencies: (1) consonants in CV syllables are longer than those in CCV syllables; (2) under phrase accent, consonants in CV and CCV syllables are lengthened; (3) the increase in consonant duration is higher for CCV syllables than for CV syllables. As a post hoc experiment, we recorded a set of phrases with target words Natasha (female name), zasada (=ambush) and zastava (=cordon) in neutral context and under contrastive stress. Then consonant duration in the stressed syllables /sa/, /ta/ и /sta/ was measured. The measurements supported the initial tendencies. In addition, we found out that under contrastive stress we may observe extra high consonant lengthening (over 50%).

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33

Dresher, B. Elan. "The motivation for contrastive feature hierarchies in phonology". Linguistic Variation 15, n.º 1 (21 de septiembre de 2015): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.15.1.01dre.

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The notion that phonological features are organized into contrastive hierarchies has been entertained at different times in the history of linguistics. My main focus will be on the motivation for such hierarchies: what principles govern the ordering of the features? I will show that they have been motivated by three different principles: a) Activity: to identify the contrastive features that are relevant to the phonological computation, b) Minimality: to minimize redundancy in phonological representations and to maximize the amount of information conveyed by each feature, and c) Universality: to express universal tendencies in the nature of phonological inventories and the order of acquisition of feature contrasts. These principles do not necessarily conflict in every case, but in practice situations arise where they lead in different directions. To some extent Jakobson and Halle (Jakobson & Halle 1956; Halle 1959) and Clements (2001; 2003; 2009) appeal to all these principles, though they do so with differing emphases: Jakobson began by appealing to Activity, Halle came to stress Minimality, and Clements focused on Universality. I will argue on behalf of the centrality of Activity, which I understand to be the original and most compelling motivation for feature hierarchies.

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34

Jiang, Yang y Li Jun Jia. "Contrastive Analysis on Limitation Span between Suspension Bridge Using Steel and CFRP Cable". Advanced Materials Research 568 (septiembre de 2012): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.568.57.

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Bridge constructions of crossing wider sea straits allowed the span of suspension bridge to move forward unceasingly, but the self-weight stress of the traditional high-strength steel as the material of main cable accounted for the ratio of allowable stress would be increasing with the growth of main span. That would limit the main span and load-carrying efficiency. Due to its high tensile strength，small mass density，excellent corrosion and fatigue resistant ability, the carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) was the ideal material for the main cable of suspension bridge. In this paper the limitation spans of two suspension bridge systems were studied by the static analysis and the theoretical formula derived from the ultimate strength of the main cable.

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35

O'Halpin, Rosemary. "An auditory and acoustic analysis of contrastive stress in profoundly deaf children follovving training". Child Language Teaching and Therapy 9, n.º 1 (febrero de 1993): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026565909300900104.

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36

Trudeau, Michael D., Robert A. Fox y Lisa M. Fornataro. "Use of the tracheostoma valve in the marking of contrastive stress and sentence intonation". Journal of Communication Disorders 21, n.º 1 (febrero de 1988): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(88)90008-1.

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37

Ma, Hai Ping, Wei Shen Zhu, Song Yu y Jing Wang. "Research on the Cavern Stability and Rock Fracture with Different Joint Groups". Applied Mechanics and Materials 188 (junio de 2012): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.188.96.

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The numerical simulation using DDARF was carried out to analysis the rock samples with two and four cracks under uniaxial loading condition. Contrastive research was made about the fracture process analysis of rock mass with joints sets at the three different angles. The rock stability with difference of joint rock mass was compared when the lateral coefficient of initial stress varied. It is shown that distribution of joint groups will bring effects on rock surroundings in controlling deformation, stress status and stability.

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38

Rusiewicz, Heather Leavy, Susan Shaiman, Jana M. Iverson y Neil Szuminsky. "Effects of Prosody and Position on the Timing of Deictic Gestures". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, n.º 2 (abril de 2013): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0283).

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Purpose In this study, the authors investigated the hypothesis that the perceived tight temporal synchrony of speech and gesture is evidence of an integrated spoken language and manual gesture communication system. It was hypothesized that experimental manipulations of the spoken response would affect the timing of deictic gestures. Method The authors manipulated syllable position and contrastive stress in compound words in multiword utterances by using a repeated-measures design to investigate the degree of synchronization of speech and pointing gestures produced by 15 American English speakers. Acoustic measures were compared with the gesture movement recorded via capacitance. Results Although most participants began a gesture before the target word, the temporal parameters of the gesture changed as a function of syllable position and prosody. Syllables with contrastive stress in the 2nd position of compound words were the longest in duration and also most consistently affected the timing of gestures, as measured by several dependent measures. Conclusion Increasing the stress of a syllable significantly affected the timing of a corresponding gesture, notably for syllables in the 2nd position of words that would not typically be stressed. The findings highlight the need to consider the interaction of gestures and spoken language production from a motor-based perspective of coordination.

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39

Hubbard, Carol P. "Stuttering, Stressed Syllables, and Word Onsets". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, n.º 4 (agosto de 1998): 802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4104.802.

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The relationship of syllabic stress, word onsets, and stuttering was examined on selected words within a set of 40 carefully controlled sentences containing bisyllabic words with contrastive stress. Ten stuttering adults displayed significantly more stuttering on the word-initial syllables than on the subsequent (word-final) syllables, whereas stressed syllables were not stuttered significantly more than unstressed syllables. Participants displayed a greater tendency to stutter on word-onsets than stressed syllables within words. These findings are discussed with respect to potential relationships of stutter events to layers of metrical structure associated with speech production.

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40

Buczek-Zawiła, Anita. "Do they understand more? Turkish EFL speakers perception of sentence stress in English". Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 2 (30 de diciembre de 2016): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5636.

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As one of the most prominent elements of intonation sentence stress frequently contributes to the meaning expressed by speakers. It most typically signals details of an utterance information structure, but it also performs a contrastive or emphasizing function, thus expressing focus in the spoken discourse. In English and many other languages its location, while exhibiting certain regularities it additionally determined by extra relevant or relative information. As such, either alone or in combination, it may communicate certain additional shades of meaning that, similarly to the contribution of sentence intonation, may escape the attention of EFL speakers. The paper explores the comprehension sensitivity of Turkish speakers of English when it comes to identifying meaning details contributed by sentence stress. It investigates their awareness as detected through perception of variable sentence stress location. The target group are Turkish advanced speakers of English, with various levels of competence, and only sporadic phonetic training in English for part of them. In a perception-based experiment they were asked to identify the details they perceive. Their results were then compared and analysed, also in relation to what their native language (with a distinction into sentential and focal stress) adds in terms of this module of utterance intonation. Finally, their results were correlated with those achieved by Polish advanced speakers of English as investigated in a similar study conducted earlier. The interpretation of the results reveals that Turkish EFL speakers are more sensitive to the highlighting or contrastive function of sentence stress, achieving overall better result here than when they are to judge its contribution to notion such as politeness or impatience. They are also rather competent at detecting the prominent element in an utterance.

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41

Leder, Steven B., Jaclyn B. Spitzer, Paul Milner, Carole Flevaris‐Phillips, Frederick Richardson y J. Cameron Kirchner. "Reacquisition of contrastive stress in an adventitiously deaf speaker using a single‐channel cochlear implant". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, n.º 6 (junio de 1986): 1967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393204.

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42

Liss, Julie M. y Gary Weismer. "Selected acoustic characteristics of contrastive stress production in control geriatric, apraxic, and ataxic dysarthric speakers". Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 8, n.º 1 (enero de 1994): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699209408985574.

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Ling, Low Ee y Esther Grabe. "A Contrastive Study of Prosody and Lexical Stress Placement in Singapore English and British English". Language and Speech 42, n.º 1 (marzo de 1999): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00238309990420010201.

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Liss, Julie M. y Gary Weismer. "Acoustic characteristics of contrastive stress production in normal geriatric, apraxic, conduction aphasic, and dysarthric speakers". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S1 (mayo de 1989): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027242.

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45

Lin, Bin, Zhi Bo Chen y Tao Ma. "The Test Study of Genetic Creep Kernel Function of Artificial Frozen Clay and its Parameters". Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (octubre de 2011): 2634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2634.

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The test study the creep property of artificial frozen clay at different frozen temperature by independently developed uniaxial creep testing machine WDT-100, the test result indicated that the nonlinear creep property of deep artificial frozen clay can be described by the function as ε=atb. It is found that the creep of deep frozen clay can be calculated by genetic theory through contrastive study, analysis of parameters of genetic creep kernel function shows that the parameter a and creep stress are exponential relationship while linear correlation with test temperature, parameter b is only related to creep stress.

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46

De Wit, Astrid, Adeline Patard y Frank Brisard. "A contrastive analysis of the present progressive in French and English". Studies in Language 37, n.º 4 (20 de diciembre de 2013): 846–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.37.4.05wit.

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In this study, we address the semantics of the present progressive constructions in French and English by looking into their present-day uses and their diachronic evolution. Corpus data show that both constructions are frequently used in contemporary English and French to stress the atypical nature of situations. This suggests that these constructions share an epistemic core meaning, which we define as “contingency in immediate reality”. However, in terms of concrete usage types which elaborate this meaning in context, the two progressive constructions differ significantly: the French progressive occurs in fewer types of context than its English counterpart and it is, overall, less frequently used and not obligatory for referring to present-time events, as is usually the case in English. We argue that these differences can be systematically related to the different diachronic evolutions that have shaped the present-tense paradigms in both languages.

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47

McCaleb, Peggy y Barry M. Prizant. "Encoding of New versus Old Information by Autistic Children". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 50, n.º 3 (agosto de 1985): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5003.230.

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Research and literature on communication problems of autistic individuals have identified specific pragmatic deficiencies. This preliminary study focused upon describing autistic children's verbal performance in regard to the pragmatic ability of encoding new versus old information. Four autistic children with MLUs of 1.96–2.82 were videotaped on two occasions in interactions with their teachers or speech-language pathologists. All of the subjects' referential utterances, including referential echolalic utterances, were categorized as the encoding of new or old information. Two prominent means that speakers used for encoding new versus old information were examined: the encoding of new information through single-word utterances (i.e., a lexicalization strategy) and the use of contrastive stress to highlight new information in multiword utterances. The results revealed that the 4 subjects did encode new information through lexicalization in single-word utterances and through contrastive stress in multiword utterances. However, the subjects encoded old information almost as frequently as they encoded new information. The encoding of a new action or state change was marked relatively infrequently by the subjects, and they consistently produced repetitions of previously encoded information when they failed to offer new information to their listeners. The results are discussed in reference to cognitive processing patterns of autistic individuals.

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Habibi, Ghader. "Contrastive response of Brassica napus L. to exogenous salicylic acid, selenium and silicon supplementation under water stress". Archives of Biological Sciences 67, n.º 2 (2015): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs140411006h.

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The present research was designed to determine the effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA), selenium (Se) and silicon (Si) on the resistance of canola (Brassica napus L. cv Okapi) seedlings to salt stress. Foliar application of SA (0.1 mM) in canola plants under drought stress for 25 days exhibited a significantly positive effect on shoot dry mass and raised the levels of total chlorophyll as well as boosting the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, soil application of silicon (0.35 g Na2SiO3/kg soil) had ameliorative effects on canola root growth under drought. It is concluded that SA and Si enhanced the salt tolerance of canola by protecting the cell membrane against lipid peroxidation. However, the foliar application of Se (10 mg/l) had no ameliorative effects on canola growth and antioxidant capacity under drought stress, as could be judged by accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA).

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Ren, Xiang. "Structural Line Shape and Stress Analysis in the Construction of Kaziwan Bridge". Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (octubre de 2010): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.553.

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Cantilever installation is a construction method of which is often used in the construction of Concrete Oblique-pulling truss bridge. For ensuring the safety of construction process, the structural line shape and stress under different construction phases of the bridge were tested. Contrastive analysis between the testing results and the calculating results was carried on in different construction phases. The results showed the testing values of vertical displacement is smaller than the calculating values because the actual stiffness of the structure is bigger than the theory stiffness. But the stress of key section’s stress of the truss bridge in the whole construction phases agreed pretty well between the testing results and the calculating results. The maximal cantilever length phase to entire bridge closure phase is the most disadvantageous state in the whole construction process.

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Ni, Hong Jie, Ying Sheng Ni y Jun Tian. "Contrastive Analysis on Hinge Joint Reinforcement Measures of Hollow Plate and Deduction Design Parameter". Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (julio de 2014): 1379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.1379.

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After describing the diseases on hinge joints of the hollow plate and analyzing causes, eight reinforcement measures are put forward and introduced herein accordingly. By means of solid finite element analyzing method, the article conducts a contrastive analysis on a variety of working conditions of those eight reinforcement measures, including the hinge joint stress and transverse distribution parameter. Three ideal methods are selected to conduct further analysis on the reinforcement effect of the hinge joint stress and it is concluded that there is risk in one way steel beam hinge joint reinforcement and two ideal methods are two-way steel beam reinforcement and adding transverse diaphragm in precast phase. From the perspective of fundamental solution to hinge joints, two-way reinforcement exerts more obvious effect on the bridges in service while adding transverse diaphragm is better for newly built bridges. Making it easy for design and construction, this paper offers constructive reference for engineering practice by deducting the vertical arrangement distance of the steel beam, presenting needs to be met by the shear resistance and flexural bearing capacity after verifying reasonable distance, discussing numbers and distance of transverse diaphragm and summarizing the strain of the external prestressed steel beam.

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