Tesis sobre el tema "Contratti associativi"

Il legislatore, con la previsione di cui al comma 4- ter dell'art. 3 del d.l. 10 febbraio 2009, n. 5, convertito con modificazioni dalla legge 9 aprile 2009, n. 33, e sostituito dall'art. 42, comma 2-bis del d.l. 31 maggio 2010 n. 78, ha introdotto una nuova figura contrattuale avente la chiara finalità di favorire lo sviluppo dell'economia del paese. Il lavoro, partendo da una ricognizione empirica dei singoli contratti effettivamente stipulati, intende procedere ad una ricostruzione economicagiuridico del nuovo strumento della rete contrattuale tra imprese, fondandola sulla possibilità di costituire rapporti orizzontali tra partecipanti, che il legislatore ha espressamente previsto nella disciplina di legge, intendendosi tali tutte le obbligazioni che vengono assunte, al fine di realizzare il «programma comune di rete», da parte di uno o più degli aderenti nei confronti e a favore di uno o più degli altri partecipanti. Tale ricerca, anzitutto, verifica nel primo capitolo, la rilevanza che i rapporti orizzontali costituibili all'interno del nuovo contratto possono avere nel raggiungimento dei fini di politica economica perseguiti dalla norma: a tal fine si procede, dunque, sinteticamente all'analisi delle caratteristiche del sistema economico italiano, individuando i concetti economici e giuridici di “distretto” e “rete fattuale di imprese” ed evidenziando come gli stessi siano fondati su relazioni economiche recepibili in forma di rapporti orizzontali tra partecipanti al nuovo strumento contrattuale e si accerta che la potenzialità/effettività/volontariatetà di questi ultimi permette di tracciare il confine tra le stesse figure. La ricerca prosegue, poi, a verificare se la previsione di tali rapporti orizzontali tra i partecipanti - permettendo, al nuovo strumento contrattuale, di recepire a livello giuiridico la effettiva struttura economica delle modalità produttive a rete del nostro paese (distretti e reti fattuali d'impresa) - sia rilevante rispetto alla politica economica legislativa ed individua quali vantaggi ciò possa generare a livello di economie esterne alle singole imprese aderenti, ma interne alla rete stessa (in particolare rispetto alla finanziabilità delle imprese partecipanti alle reti). Appurato che, almeno in via teorica, la possibilità di costituire rapporti orizzontali tra partecipanti può essere utile nel perseguimento della finalità di politica economica, si procede a comprendere quanto tale previsione abbia comportato nella strutturazione giuridica del contratto. Nel secondo capitolo, riprendendo l'analisi delle attuali categorie contrattuali e considerata anche la loro evoluzione, si ricostruisce, da un punto di vista dogmatico-giuridico, il contratto di rete e, analizzando ed escludendo quelle teorie che attribuiscono allo stesso una natura “ibrida” ed una sua possibile riconducibilità ai contratti di scambio, si evidenziano tutte le motivazioni che portano a ritenerlo sempre e comunque un contratto associativo. Dato atto di ciò, ripercorrendo le caratteristiche di questa categoria contrattuale, nella ricerca si procede ad evidenziare le problematiche conseguenti all'applicazione delle norme di cui agli artt. 1420, 1446, 1459 e 1466 c.c., espressamente richiamate dal legislatore: tali norme, nate per disciplinare contratti che prevedono esclusivamente rapporti verticali tra l'ente e gli associati (caratterizzati, pertanto, esclusivamente da un “sinallagma per partecipazione”) appaiono non del tutto adeguate a regolare un contratto ove, in presenza di rapporti orizzontali, sussiste anche una sinallagmaticità “per corrispettività”, la quale rende necessaria una riconsiderazione dei criteri interpretativi delle suddette norme, che permetta di offrire adeguate tutele ad ogni interesse contrattuale. La terza parte analizza se, all'interno della categoria dei contratti associativi, la rete contrattuale sia un contratto del tutto nuovo ovvero se sia riconducibile a preesistenti figure e, nel caso, entro quali limiti: nel procedere a tale esame, tenendo conto che il dettato legislativo contiene un espresso riferimento ad alcune norme che disciplinano il fondo comune consortile, si verifica se sia giustificabile una riconduzione della rete contrattuale all'interno della generale tipologia consortile, evidenziando, peraltro, che i rapporti orizzontali permettono di qualificarla come nuova tipologia consortile, che offre strumenti ulteriori rispetto a quelle preesistenti e che la presenza di tali rapporti è di ostacolo alla possibilità che la rete possa assumere forme societarie. La conclusione del lavoro evidenzia che il legislatore, con l'introduzione del contratto di rete, ha introdotto una innovativa species associativa, riconducibile al genus consortile, consentendo, per la prima volta, che la strutturazione di un tale tipologia di contratto possa avvenire non solo attraverso gli abituali rapporti verticali, che obbligano i partecipanti nei confronti dell'ente, ma, pure, attraverso rapporti orizzontali, i quali concorrono, insieme con gli ordinari rapporti verticali, a rendere possibile, anche attraverso la combinazione delle attività dei partecipanti e lo scambio tra di essi sia di prestazioni sia di risorse, la realizzazione dell'attività volta al perseguimento dello scopo comune del contratto in questione.
The Legislator, with the provision of paragraph 4-ter art. 3 of d.l. February 10, 2009, No 5, converted with some amendments by the law “April 9, 2009, No 33”, and replaced by. Art.42, paragraph 2-bis of the d.l. nr. 78 of May 31st 2010, has introduced a new figure of contract with the clear aim of promoting the development of the Country. The work, starting from an empirical survey of individual contracts actually concluded, intends to define under new legal and economic background the new instrument of the network contract between companies, establishing the possibility of establishing horizontal relations between participants, that the Legislator has expressly provided for in the common law, meaning such network as all the obbligations that are taken in order to realize the "joint network program”, by one or more of its members against and in favor of one or more other participants. This research, first of all, shows in the first chapter, the relevance that horizontal relations established within the new contract may have in achieving the goals of economic policy pursued by the law: to this end we proceed, therefore, in a brief analysis of the characteristics the Italian economic system, identifying the economic and legal concepts of "district" and "factual business network" and pointing out that the same are based on economic relations that can be represented in the form of horizontal relations between participants in the new contractual instrument. This research verifies that the potentiality/ effectiveness/volontariaty of the latter allows you to draw the line between the same figures. The research continues, then, to verify if the prediction of such horizontal relationships among the participants - allowing, to this new type of contract, to transpose in a giuridical way the actual economic structure of our country's production structure (business districts and de-facto networks of compaies) - is material in relation to legislative economical policy and identifies what benefits it may be generated in terms of external economies at the level of individual member company, but internal to the network itself (in particular with respect to the improved credit eligibility of the firms participating in networks). Having verified that, at least in theory, the possibility of establishing horizontal relations between participants can be helpful in pursuing the aim of economic policy, we proceed to understand how this provision has resulted in the legal structuring of the contract. In the second chapter, continuing the analysis of the current contract categories and considered also their evolution, is defined, from a legal-dogmatic point of view, the “network contract”, and analyzing and excluding those theories which attribute to it an “hybrid” nature and its possible link to exchange contracts, the research highlights all the reasons that lead us to conclude that it has always to be considered an associative contract. Because of this act, recapitulating the features of this contract category, the research proceeds to highlight the problems connected to application of Articles. 1420, 1446, 1459 and 1466 cc, expressly cited by the Legislator: such articles, created to regulate contracts involving only vertical relationships between the “entity” and the “associates” are not the entirely adequate to set a contract with horizontal relations, which requires a reconsideration of the criteria for interpretation of those rules, which allows to offer adequate protection to any contractual interest. The third part analyzes whether, within the category of associative contracts, the network contract is a new kind of contract or whether it is reconductable to existing contractual types and, if so, to what extent: in making such examination, taking into account that the legislation contains a specific reference to certain rules governing the mutual fund, it is verified if the network contract can be justified within the general type of consortium contract, emphasizing, however, that the horizontal relationship qualify it as a new type of consortium, which offers more than existing tools and that the presence of such relationships is an obstacle to the possibility that the network contract can assume societary forms. The conclusion of this paper stresses that the Legislator, with the introduction of the network contract, has introduced an innovative associative species, reconductable to that of a consortium, allowing, for the first time, that the structuring of such a type of contract can occur not only through the usual vertical relationships, which formally link the participants with the Entity, but also through horizontal relationships, which contribute, together with the ordinary vertical relationships, to make possible, through the combination of the activities of participants and the exchange between them of both performances or resources, the implementation of activities aimed at achieving the common purpose of the contract in question

La connaissance de l'association oblige d'abord à présenter son fondement juridique traditionnel, le contrat d'association. Son interprétation a donné lieu à des solutions qui ne respectent pas les spécificités du consentement, de l'objet et de la cause du contrat d'association. Toutefois, malgré les précisions apportées sur ces éléments, la référence au contrat n'est pas satisfaisante pour saisir la nature juridique de l'association. Le fondement contractuel de l'association est, en effet, concurrencé par la théorie de l'institution et par la notion de personnalité morale. Puisque la théorie de l'institution ne semble pas adaptée à constituer le fondement juridique de l'association, il faut se tourner vers la notion de personnalité morale. Or, celle-ci est insuffisamment élaborée. Une approche renouvelée de la personnalité morale est donc nécessaire. Elle permettra de présenter deux concepts juridiques complètement distincts : l'association-contrat et l'association-personne morale.

The association the alignment of the psychological contract has to workplace outcomes in the South African emerging market context was investigated at a total psychological contract level but also on a psychological contract construct level. The results of 106 manager and employee dyads supported that there are correlations between psychological contract alignment and the performance of employees as rated by their manager, the commitment of the employee to the organisation and the propensity of the employee to leave the organisation. Models were developed that indicated alignment on loyalty aspects explaining the performance outcome and that a combination of alignment on fulfilment and performance support explained the commitment and propensity to leave outcome. Differences in responses between same gender dyads and different gender dyads were explored, as well as between same population group and different population group dyads with no statistically significant differences observed. The results of the study are discussed in terms of its practical use for general and human resource management. Further related research areas are suggested: the association of psychological contract alignment to propensity to leave in a positive economic climate, the degree of bias in performance ratings by managers when highly committed to the employee.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, 2015.
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O controle preventivo do antitruste procura impedir a formação de estruturas de mercado que podem alterar as relações de concorrência e favorecer a concentração ou a formação indevida de poder econômico. Duas são as formas de estruturação do poder econômico que estão sujeitas a este controle: as concentrações tradicionais e as “concentrações por cooperação”. As concentrações por cooperação podem assumir distintas formas legais, sendo três delas de especial relevância para aplicação da Lei n. 12.529/2011: os consórcios, as joint ventures e os contratos associativos. O objeto do presente estudo centra-se na figura dos contratos associativos, procurando fixar um conteúdo típico dessa modalidade contratual – principalmente numa lógica de compreensão geral de tipos de relações negociais – que possa servir de diretriz prática para a racionalização da aplicação do direito concorrencial aos casos concretos, principalmente no que toca aos critérios de notificação destes contratos e seu enquadramento nas hipóteses elencadas no artigo 90 da Lei n. 12.529/2011. Na busca da sua compreensão, economistas, principalmente aqueles ligados à Teoria da Organização Industrial, construíram importante instrumental de análise para assimilar a função que os contratos associativos assumem no atual cenário econômico. O ponto de partida da análise é, portanto, tentar compreender os contratos associativos, enquanto estruturas que correspondem à “terceira-via”, a partir de suas diferenças com as formas extremas de organização da atividade empresarial: o mercado e a empresa. Para tanto, o primeiro capítulo procura delimitar o objeto de incidência do controle preventivo do antitruste. O segundo capítulo aborda uma dimensão do estudo compreendida na denominada economia industrial, que se mostra relevante para compreender a função que os contratos de cooperação interempresarial assumem no atual cenário econômico. As formas de “concentração por cooperação” serão estudadas no terceiro capítulo, procurando identificar o núcleo próprio dos contatos associativos, enquanto estruturas que correspondem à “terceira-via”. Por fim, o último capítulo traz uma abordagem geral sobre a Resolução nº 10 de 2014, recentemente editada pelo CADE, que trata dos critérios de identificação e notificação dos contratos associativos ao controle preventivo. O intuito final do trabalho é poder contribuir para a compreensão e o aperfeiçoamento do controle preventivo que vem sendo conduzido pelo CADE no que diz respeito aos contratos associativos, principalmente em razão dos critérios fixados pela Resolução, que ainda estão longe de trazer parâmetros claros e objetivos que permitam a identificação desses contratos.
The preventive control of antitrust seeks to prevent the formation of market structures that can alter the competitive relationship and promote concentration or improper training of economic power. There are two ways of structuring the economic power that are subject to this control: the traditional concentrations and "concentrations by cooperation." Concentrations by cooperation can take different legal forms, three of them of particular relevance to the application of Brazilian Antitrust Law No. 12.529/2011: consortium, joint ventures and associative contracts. This study focuses on associative contracts, seeking to fix a typical content of this type of contract - especially in logic of general understanding of business types of relationships - that can serve as a practical guideline for streamlining the application of competition law. In this regard, economists, especially those related to the Theory of Industrial Organization, built important instrumental analysis to understand the function that associative contracts take in the current economic scenario. The analysis starting point is therefore try to understand associative contracts while structures that correspond to the "third-way" between the extreme forms of business activity organization: the market and the firm. Thus, the first chapter seeks to define the object of incidence of antitrust preventive control. The second chapter covers a dimension of the study comprised the so-called industrial economies, which seem to be relevant for understanding the role that cooperation contracts take the current economic scenario. The forms of "concentration by cooperation" will be studied in the third chapter, trying to identify the very core of the associative contacts, while structures that consist on the "third-way" between the extreme forms of business activity organization: the market and the firm. Finally, the last chapter provides a general approach on Resolution No. 10 of 2014, recently published by CADE, which deals with the identification and notification criteria of associative contracts to structural control. The ultimate aim of the work is to contribute to the understanding and improvement of the preventive control that is being conducted by CADE with respect to associative contracts, mainly due to the criteria established by the Resolution, which are still far from bringing clear and objective parameters to identifying these contracts.

Ce travail de recherche traite de l’engagement organisationnel au sein d’une association de Microfinance au lendemain d’un changement organisationnel. Une stratégie de sortie de crise a été mise en place dans le cadre dudit changement et a eu une incidence sur les contrats psychologiques des agents organisationnels et par conséquent sur les relations qui les lient à leur organisation (association).Notre objectif à travers l’adoption du contrat psychologique comme grille de lecture des contrats d’AL AMANA est d’expliquer les processus d’évolutions des contrats psychologiques individuels et collectifs des agents organisationnels suite à l’évènement du changement qui constitue, comme nous le verrons, un incident critique. Cela permettra de déterminer les facteurs intra-organisationnels et extra-organisationnels de l’évolution des contrats psychologiques qui impactent la résilience de l’organisation observée au sein de l’association et permettant la sortie de la crise
This research is about the organizational commitment within a microfinance association after an organizational change. An exit strategy was put in place as part of this change and had an impact on the psychological contracts of the organizational agents and consequently on the relations that bind them to their organization (association).Our objective through the adoption of the psychological contract as a grid for reading AL AMANA's contracts is to explain the processes of evolution of the individual and collective psychological contracts of the organizational agents following the change event which constitutes, as we will see, a critical incident. This will help us to determine the intra-organizational and extra-organizational factors of the evolution of the psychological contracts that impact the resilience observed within the association and allowing it to exit the crisis

The present study explores the concepts behind Japanese and Swedish dimensional adjectives. The focus is on examining which similarities and differences in the conceptualisation across the two languages exist, if any at all. In order to see how concepts underlying dimensional adjectives are represented in the speaker's minds, data was collected mainly from two word-association tests. The results show that dimensional adjectives are conceptualised and represented differently by speakers of these two languages. The most remarkable difference resulting from the word-association tests is that Japanese participants associate dimensional adjectives mostly with nouns that denote entities the prominent extension of which is aptly described by the stimulus dimensional adjective (e.g. 'long' is associated with 'river'). In Swedish, however, participants associate dimensional adjectives with both adjectives and nouns, and the association patterns and their underlying conceptualisations are thus more diverse (e.g. 'high' is associated with 'building', and 'long' is associated with 'narrow').

La joint-venture est une technique juridique étroitement liée au secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière internationale. Pratiquement, elle correspond dans ce domaine à des architectures contractuelles très diversifiées basées sur des ingénieries juridiques différentes. Depuis sa création dans l’industrie pétro-gazière américaine, la technique de la joint-venture, par sa grande adaptabilité congénitale, a généré différentes versions servant les relations juridiques entre les acteurs internationaux dans ce domaine. La structure juridique de chacune de ses variantes a une particularité qui lui est propre. Elle est formée selon les stratégies, les objectifs, les besoins, les expériences, les limites techniques et les moyens financiers et managériaux des participants. Dans ce contexte, l’étude sur le rôle de cette technique dans les relations juridiques entre deux principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers dans la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle est très importante. En effet, dès son entrée dans les relations juridiques entre les pays producteurs de pétrole et de gaz naturel et les sociétés pétro-gazières internationales, la technique de « joint-venture participation » est progressivement devenue la stratégie principale du secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière des pays producteurs. En d'autres termes, quel que soit la structure contractuelle principale de l’État-hôte au secteur amont du pétrole et du gaz, lorsque lui, ou l’un de ses membres, participe conjointement,avec une société pétro-gazière internationale, à des projets d’exploration et de développement, le recours à la technique juridique de la joint-venture est indispensable.L’impact de telle participation sur la joint-venture est considérable. La présence d’un participant doté de prérogatives de la puissance publique au sein d’une joint-venture pétrogazière affecte l’équilibre paritaire entre les participants, et en conséquence influence sa structure juridique, son processus de formation et son fonctionnement
The joint venture is a legal technic closely related to the international upstream oil and gasindustry. Practically, it corresponds to very diversified contractual architectures based ondifferent legal engineering. Since its creation in the USA oil and gas industry, the technic ofjoint venture with its great congenital adaptability has generated various versions assistingthe legal relationship of international players in this field. Legal structure of each of itsvariants has its particularities formed according to the strategies, objectives, needs,experiences, means and technical, financial and managerial limits surrounded participants. Inthis context, the study of the role of this technic in the contractual framework between twooil and gas main players in the second half of the 20th century is very important. Indeed, uponit enters in the legal relationship between oil and gas producers countries and international oiland gas companies, the technic of "participating joint venture" has gradually become a keystrategy of producers countries in their upstream oil and gas sector. In other words,regardless of the principal contractual structure of the host-state in upstream oil and gassector, where it or its dismemberment participates with an international oil and gas companyin exploration and development projects, the use of legal technic of the joint venture isindispensable. The impact of such participation on the joint venture is considerable. Thepresence of a participant with public powers within a petroleum joint venture affect the paritybalance among participants and therefore influence its legal structure, and the process of itsformation and its functioning

Il presente lavoro di ricerca indaga il concetto di “contiguità mafiosa” nell’ordinamento italiano. L’elaborato si articola in quattro capitoli. Il primo capitolo è dedicato all’inquadramento della nozione di “contiguità mafiosa” dal punto di vista della letteratura sociologica. Il secondo capitolo, dopo una specificazione della nozione di “contiguità” adottata nella presente ricerca, è dedicato alla ricostruzione della disciplina vigente nel settore del diritto penale. Oggetto di analisi sono le disposizioni che rendono punibili o puniscono più gravemente condotte di collateralità alle associazioni di tipo mafioso. Il terzo capitolo è invece dedicato agli strumenti delle misure di prevenzione che mirano a prevenire il fenomeno della contiguità mafiosa. Il quarto è infine relativo all’istituto della c.d. documentazione antimafia, dunque nell’ambito del diritto amministrativo, specificamente destinato alla prevenzione del fenomeno nell’ambito delle attività economiche. L’indagine si sviluppa tramite l’analisi delle posizioni emerse in dottrina e in giurisprudenza con riferimento al settore della normativa oggetto di esame, facendo emergere le criticità della normativa esaminata. In conclusione al lavoro, ci si confronta con la complessità del panorama normativo esaminato, vagliando la possibilità di ritenere “esaustiva” la legislazione relativa al fenomeno della “contiguità mafiosa”.
The research investigates the concept of “mafia contiguity” in Italian law. The dissertation is structured in four chapters. The first one explains what is “mafia contiguity” from a sociological point of view. The second one, after specifying the concept involved by the dissertation, aims to analyse the current discipline in the criminal law sector. The provisions that make punishable or apply more serious punishments of collateralism to mafia-type associations are the object of analysis. The third chapter deals with the tools of preventive measures aiming to prevent the phenomenon of mafia contiguity. Finally, the fourth relates to the institution of the so-called anti-mafia documentation, therefore in the framework of administrative law, specifically intended for the prevention of the phenomenon in the context of economic activities. The investigation is developed through the analysis of the different positions emerged in doctrine and jurisprudence in this field, with reference to the sector of the legislation under analysis, highlighting the critical issues of the examined legislation. The author deals with the complexity of the regulatory landscape, probing the possibility of considering "exhaustive" the legislation relating to the phenomenon of "mafia contiguity".

Nous avons utilisé deux polymères hydrosolubles formant un système associatif, un polymère de cyclodextrine (pβ-CD) et du dextrane greffé avec des chainons lauryles (DM), afin de former spontanément dans l’eau des nanoparticules (NPs). Des agents de contraste à base de gadolinium, pour l’imagerie médicale ont été incorporés avec succès dans ces NPs. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des nouveaux dérivés d’adamantane couplé aux chélates de Gd3+. L’adamantane permet en effet la formation de complexes d’ inclusion stables avec les CDs dans les NPs. Des augmentations très significatives de relaxivité ont été obtenues (48. 4 mM-1. S-1, 20 MHz et 37°C). Nous avons étudié le mécanisme de formation de ces assemblages supramoléculaires basés sur le concept "clef-serrure" par combinaison de différentes techniques complémentaires comme la calorimétrie par titration isotherme, la spectroscopie 1H-RMN, la microscopie électronique. Par ailleurs, une famille de nouveaux agents de contrastes amphiphiles à base de squalène a été synthétisée. Ces derniers ont permis d’obtenir de bonnes relaxivités (15-22 mM-1 s-1, 20 MHz et 37 °C). De manière remarquable, tous ces nouveaux matériaux ont conduit à la formation d’assemblages supra moléculaires (micelles ou structures liposomales). Ces produits ont des applications potentielles en tant qu’agents de contraste. De plus, ils peuvent être combinés avec d’autres analogues nucléosidiques squalénisés pour conduire à la formation de NPs composites, avec un fort potentiel en thèranostique
We have established that two neutral polymers, namely polymerised β-CD (pβ-CD) and dextran grafted with lauroyl side chains (MD), may completely associate in water, to form supramolecular nanoassemblies (NPs) of spherical shape. We have synthesized a new gadolinium complex functionalized with an adamantane group which has been efficiently entrapped into these NPs, leading to a high payload of 1. 8×105 units of Gd3+ complex per nanoparticle and a great relaxivity r1 enhancement of 48. 4 mM-1. S-1 at 20 MHz and 37°C. The cohesion of these nanostructures is based upon a “lock and key” mechanism in which the hydrophobic alkyl chains of MD and the adamantyl moieties of Gd3+ complex incorporate into the molecular cavities of (pβ-CD). We have investigated here the mechanism of the NPs formation, as well as the inclusion of Gd3+ derivative into mono-and poly β-CD by isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) in conjunction with 1H-NMR and dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy. Moreover, it was possible to directly form novel supramolecular nanoassemblies using five newly synthesized CAs based on squalene. All these CAs were characterized, had high relaxivities (15-22 mM-1 s-1 at 20 MHz and 37°C) and formed micelles or liposome-like structures in water. Moreover, they could be combined with other squalenoylated nucleoside analogues to obtain composite nanoassemblies of interest in theranostics

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The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the possibility of using the Silent Partnership in order to organize private interests in the scope of public contracting. However, it is possible to observe in the research that such use is indeed applied in practice, as well as the rules which such use is subject to. Based upon the identification of the rules, the need for the Public Administration authorization for the constitution of the Silent Partnership in the context of public contracts is discussed, the subjective and objective limits of its application, and other relevant aspects - notably tax, labor rights, which, together with the benefits linked to the silent partnership, should be considered by legal practitioners and companies in the prior assessment of the suitability of the use of silent partnership, and in the preparation of the incorporation contract of that partnership. The relevance of the present study can be specially justified by the fact that silent partnerships are sui generis partnerships, whereas being a clearly established institute in the Civil Code. This peculiarity comes from the fact that the silent partnership does not have all the characteristics that are common in other companies, such as legal personality and compulsory requirement of its constitutive acts in public records. In the regulations governing public bidding and contracting, the silent partnership may be classified, in contracts governed predominantly by Law No. 8.666, of 1993, as the figure of the ‘association’ of the contracted party with third parties (provided for in article 78, VI , Law No. 8,666 of 1993) and, in the area of concessions and permissions of public services, and public-private partnerships, in contracting with third parties (in accordance with Article 25, §1, of Law No. 8,987 of 1995). As a consequence, silent partnerships may be applied in the context of public contracts, subject to the applicable norms to association and contracting with third parties, respecting each context, in particular those regarding the subjective and objective limits of participation in public contracts, from third parties who are not related, to the relationship between the Public Administration and the contracted party (ostensive partner in the silent partnership).
O objetivo do trabalho é o de identificar e analisar a possibilidade do uso da sociedade em conta de participação para organizar interesses privados no âmbito das contratações públicas, apesar de ser possível observar na pesquisa trazida no trabalho que tal uso se aplica na prática, bem como as regras a que tal uso está submetido. A partir da identificação das regras, discute-se a necessidade de autorização da Administração Pública para a constituição da sociedade em conta de participação no contexto dos contratos públicos, os limites subjetivos e objetivos do seu emprego, e outros aspectos relevantes - notadamente, tributários, trabalhistas, referentes à atestação e à responsabilidade assumidas pelos sócios - que, juntamente com os benefícios atrelados à sociedade em conta de participação, merecem ser considerados pelos operadores do direito e pelas empresas na avaliação prévia da pertinência da utilização da sociedade em conta de participação e na formatação do contrato de constituição dessa sociedade. A relevância do tema tratado justifica-se, especialmente, por se tratar a sociedade em conta de participação de uma sociedade sui generis, conquanto seja um instituto expressamente previsto no Código Civil. Essa natureza decorre do fato de a sociedade em conta de participação não possuir todas as características que são comuns nas demais sociedades, tais como personalidade jurídica e obrigatoriedade do arquivamento dos seus atos constitutivos nos registros públicos. Nas normas que regem as licitações e contratações públicas, a sociedade em conta de participação pode ser enquadrada, nos contratos regidos predominantemente pela Lei nº 8.666, de 1993, na figura da ‘associação’ do contratado com terceiros (prevista no art. 78, VI, da Lei nº 8.666, de 1993) e, no universo das concessões e permissões de serviços públicos, e parcerias público-privadas, na contratação com terceiros (disposta no art. 25, §1º, da Lei nº 8.987, de 1995). Consequentemente, as sociedades em conta de participação podem ser empregadas no âmbito das contratações públicas, atendidas as regras aplicáveis à associação e à contratação com terceiros, cada uma no seu contexto, principalmente, aquelas referentes aos limites subjetivos e objetivos da participação, nos contratos públicos, de terceiros estranhos à relação entre Administração Pública e contratado (sócio ostensivo na sociedade em conta de participação).

Electronic medical record (EMR) data is collected on a daily basis at hospitals and other healthcare facilities to track patients’ health situations including conditions, treatments (medications, procedures), diagnostics (labs) and associated healthcare operations. Besides being useful for individual patient care and hospital operations (e.g., billing, triaging), EMRs can also be exploited for secondary data analyses to glean discriminative patterns that hold across patient cohorts for different phenotypes. These patterns in turn can yield high level insights into disease progression with interventional potential. In this dissertation, using a large scale realistic EMR dataset of over one million patients visiting University of Kentucky healthcare facilities, we explore data mining and machine learning methods for association rule (AR) mining and predictive modeling with mood and anxiety disorders as use-cases. Our first work involves analysis of existing quantitative measures of rule interestingness to assess how they align with a practicing psychiatrist’s sense of novelty/surprise corresponding to ARs identified from EMRs. Our second effort involves mining causal ARs with depression and anxiety disorders as target conditions through matching methods accounting for computationally identified confounding attributes. Our final effort involves efficient implementation (via GPUs) and application of contrast pattern mining to predictive modeling for mental conditions using various representational methods and recurrent neural networks. Overall, we demonstrate the effectiveness of rule mining methods in secondary analyses of EMR data for identifying causal associations and building predictive models for diseases.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la recherche et l'optimisation d'applications médicales à partir de nano-objets magnétiques. La première partie décrit une application appelée hyperthermie magnétoinduite, consistant à transformer les nanoparticules en sources locales de chaleur en les soumettant à un champ magnétique haute fréquence. Après avoir rappelé les mécanismes à l'origine de ce phénomène ainsi que les contraintes associées à son utilisation thérapeutique, nous proposons une étude de différents types de nanoparticules ainsi que de systèmes plus complexes. La seconde partie est consacrée aux propriétés d'agent de contraste IRM des nanoparticules magnétiques. Nous présentons le rôle des nanoparticules dans cette technique d'imagerie et les mécanismes de relaxation associés à leur présence. Nous les modélisons en calculant l'expression du temps de relaxation longitudinale T1 et confrontons les prédictions obtenues à l'expérience. Enfin, nous examinons l'effet de l’internalisation cellulaire des nanoparticules sur ce temps T1. La dernière partie aborde le devenir des nanoparticules magnétiques une fois injectées dans l'organisme. Nous analysons d'une part leur dégradation in vivo (à l'aide de mesures magnétiques permettant de suivre leur évolution) et d'autre part, les modifications subies par leurs propriétés magnétiques du fait de l’internalisation cellulaire
This thesis sets itself into the field of research and optimization of medical applications using magnetic nano-objects. The first part describes an application called magnetic hyperthermia. It consists in using nanopar-ticles as local heating mediators, submitting them to a high frequency magnetic field. After recalling the hyperthermia mechanisms as well as the associated therapeutic constraints, we report a study on different kinds of nanoparticles and other more complex Systems. The second part is focused on MRI contrast agent properties of magnetic nanoparticles. We present the role of nanoparticles in this diagnostic technique and the relaxation mechanisms they induce. The longitudinal relaxation time T1 is theoretically evaluated and compared with experiments. At last, we investigate the cellular internalization effect on the time T1. The last part focuses on the evolution of magnetic nanoparticles injected in the organism. We first investigate their long term in vivo biotransformation (using different magnetic methods to follow their evolution) and then, we consider the impact of cellular metabolism on their magnetic properties

Юркевич Ю.М. Договірні форми об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб у цивільному праві України: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.03 «Цивільне право і цивільний процес; сімейне право; міжнародне приватне право» (081 – Право) / Юркевич Юрій Миколайович . – Київ: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка; Інститут держави і права ім. В.М. Корецького НАН України, 2017. - 437 с.
Актуальність теми дослідження зумовлена потребою у формулюванні цілісної теорії договірних форм об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб у цивільному праві України, з’ясування їх правової природи та сутності; необхідністю розробки науково обґрунтованих пропозицій спрямованих на реформування цивільно-правового регулювання окреслених відносин. Розділ 1 «Місце договору в регулюванні об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб у цивільному праві України» складається з двох підрозділів і присвячений дослідженню цивільно-правового договору як форми реалізації права фізичних та юридичних осіб на об’єднання, а також здійсненню загальнотеоретичної характеристики договорів як правової форми існування об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб у цивільному праві України. Автором запропоновано передбачити положення, відповідно до якого сторона договору про створення об’єднання осіб, який визнаний недійсним, може вимагати від іншої сторони відшкодування збитків у розмірі, необхідному для відновлення попереднього майнового становища, якщо інша сторона знала або повинна була знати про підстави недійсності договору на момент його укладення. Дисертантом обґрунтовується висновок, що поняття договору про створення об’єднань фізичних та або юридичних осіб доцільно розглядати у широкому та вузькому значеннях. Розділ 2 «Договір як підстава створення об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб у цивільному праві України» складається з трьох підрозділів, які присвячені дослідженню методології та історіографії договірних форм об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб, аналізу порядку укладення, змісту та форми договорів про їх створення, а також класифікації. При цьому предметом договору про створення об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб є дії, які повинні виконати учасники у відповідності до змісту цього договору, серед яких, зокрема: створення об’єднання, внесення вкладів для здійснення спільної діяльності, виконання функцій з управління об’єднанням чи його представництва у відносинах з третіми особами тощо. Розділ 3 «Договірні форми об’єднань фізичних осіб» складається з двох підрозділів та присвячений дослідженню договірних форм об’єднань фізичних осіб з метою реалізації підприємницьких інтересів у сфері професійної діяльності, а також договірних форм об’єднань фізичних осіб з метою реалізації громадських та інших інтересів. У роботі обґрунтовується доктринальне визначення правової природи договору про створення сімейного фермерського господарства, який належить до договорів про спільну діяльність і передумовою якого є об’єднання фізичних осіб певної кваліфікації та професії, що перебувають у сімейних відносинах, з метою реалізації ініціативи щодо виробництва товарної сільськогосподарської продукції, її переробки, реалізації на внутрішньому і зовнішньому ринках, а також забезпечення раціонального використання і охорони земель, правового та соціального захисту фермерів. Питання підприємницького чи непідприємницького статусу адвокатського об’єднання повинні визначатися в його установчих документах, зокрема в договорі про створення адвокатського об’єднання. В Законах України «Про адвокатуру та адвокатську діяльність» та «Про громадські об’єднання» необхідно також закріпити правила реорганізації адвокатських бюро / адвокатських об’єднань та громадських об’єднань зі статусом юридичної особи відповідно. Розділ 4 «Договірні форми об’єднань юридичних осіб» містить три підрозділи та присвячений здійсненню загальнотеоретичної характеристики об’єднань юридичних осіб у цивільному праві, а також аналізу договірних форм створення асоціацій, корпорацій та інших форм об’єднань юридичних осіб. Автор відстоює думку про необхідність нормативно закріпити поняття «поглинання» юридичних осіб, передбачивши при цьому відповідні механізми захисту інтересів кредиторів організацій, що поглинаються. У законодавстві варто закріпити, що асоціація та корпорація можуть створюватися як зі статусом, так і без статусу юридичної особи. Автором обґрунтовується доцільність прийняття Закону України «Про державні корпорації», в якому серед іншого визначити: поняття державних корпорацій; можливість їх створення зі статусом або без статусу юридичної особи; договірні форми взаємодії та співпраці з іншими суб’єктами господарської діяльності, органами державної влади тощо. Розділ 5 «Договірні форми об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб» складається з п’яти підрозділів та стосується дослідження договірних форм об’єднань, учасниками яких можуть виступати як фізичні, так і юридичні особи. Доцільно законодавчо закріпити можливість засновникам юридичних осіб включати до їх статутів тільки ті положення, які відрізняються від модельних. Крім цього, статтю 88 Цивільного кодексу України необхідно доповнити ч. 4 наступного змісту: «Визнання судом установчих документів юридичної особи недійсними не впливає на дійсність будь-яких зобов’язань, взятих на себе цією юридичною особою, які виникли до набрання відповідним судовим рішенням законної сили». У роботі відстоюється думка про надання можливості створення повних товариств як зі статусом, так і без статусу юридичної особи, проте з можливістю наділення таких товариств ключовими ознаками правосуб’єктності на підставі нотаріально посвідченого засновницького договору. Правова природа відносин між вкладниками і командитним товариством є договірною. Доцільно в законодавстві встановити вимогу щодо обов’язкової письмової форми з нотаріальним посвідченням договорів між вкладниками та командитними товариствами. У Законі України «Про об’єднання співвласників багатоквартирного будинку» необхідно чітко визначити процедуру реорганізації таких об’єднань. Водночас автором також обґрунтовано висновок, відповідно до якого необхідно внести зміни до Закону України «Про товарну біржу», які б чітко закріпили і визначили товарні біржі як організаційно-правові форми непідприємницьких товариств – договірних об’єднань фізичних, юридичних осіб, фізичних та юридичних осіб. Загалом, наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що вперше на дисертаційному рівні здійснено комплексний теоретичний аналіз договірних форм об’єднань фізичних та юридичних осіб у цивільному праві України, визначено напрями вдосконалення законодавства у цій сфері, а також запропоновано рекомендації щодо вдосконалення їх правового регулювання. Варто зазначити, що на підставі проведеного дослідження автором, окрім іншого: - запропоновано доповнити чинний Закон України «Про державну реєстрацію юридичних осіб, фізичних осіб-підприємців та громадських формувань» положеннями, які передбачають державну реєстрацію об’єднань без статусу юридичної особи шляхом подання їх сторонами (учасниками) уповноваженому державному реєстратору примірника підписаного сторонами і нотаріально посвідченого договору; - обґрунтовано правовий висновок, відповідно до якого, якщо фермерське господарство створюється на підставі договору членами сім’ї, то таке фермерське господарство повинно підлягати державній реєстрації як об’єднання без статусу юридичної особи на підставі поданого державному реєстратору примірника нотаріально посвідченого договору про створення сімейного фермерського господарства, що підписаний усіма його членами; - обґрунтовано концепцію договірного врегулювання особливостей здійснення адвокатської діяльності в рамках адвокатського об’єднання на основі договору про створення адвокатського об’єднання, в якому встановлюються правовий режим переданого йому майна, особливості управління, використання ділової репутації окремих адвокатів, визначення підприємницького чи непідприємницького статусу; - здійснено обґрунтування необхідності доповнення Цивільного процесуального кодексу України, Господарського процесуального кодексу України та Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України нормами, які б наділяли процесуальною правосуб’єктністю об’єднання фізичних, юридичних, фізичних і юридичних осіб, які не є юридичними особами згідно з законами України, але мають місцезнаходження на території України і яким законами України не заборонено здійснювати діяльність на її території; - визначено необхідність передбачити у ч. 1 ст. 118 Господарського кодексу України положення, згідно з яким «1. Господарським є об’єднання зі статусом юридичної особи або об’єднання, створене на підставі договору без статусу юридичної особи, яке утворюється на певний строк, невизначений строк або для досягнення конкретної цілі двома або більше суб’єктами господарювання з метою координації їхньої виробничої, наукової та іншої діяльності, спрямованої на виконання спільних економічних та соціальних завдань»; - запропоновано ч. 1 ст. 1142 Цивільного кодексу України викласти в наступній редакції: «1. Учасник може зробити письмову заяву про відмову від подальшої участі у безстроковому договорі простого товариства не пізніш як за три місяці до виходу з договору. Участь учасника у договорі простого товариства вважається припиненою зі спливом трьохмісячного строку з дати подання письмової заяви про відмову від подальшої участі у безстроковому договорі простого товариства учаснику (одному із учасників), що здійснює ведення спільних справ простого товариства, або вручення такої письмової заяви цій особі органами поштового зв’язку. Умова про обмеження права на відмову від безстрокового договору простого товариства є нікчемною»; - обґрунтовано, що засновницький (установчий) договір об’єднань юридичних осіб може набувати форму змішаного договору з можливістю передбачати в ньому право розпорядження майновими правами інтелектуальної власності; - обґрунтовано доцільність законодавчого врегулювання права засновників (учасників) у договірному порядку встановлювати обмеження щодо володіння, користування чи розпорядження майном усім організаційно-правовим формам об’єднань юридичних осіб; - обґрунтовано правову позицію щодо можливості обмежень виходу учасників з кола суб’єктів господарських об’єднань. Також дисертантом удосконалено: положення щодо можливості участі фізичних осіб-підприємців в асоціаціях, а також встановлення засновницьким договором субсидіарної відповідальності учасників асоціації за її зобов’язаннями в порядку і на умовах, що ним визначаються; визначення про доцільність внесення змін до Закону України «Про акціонерні товариства», відповідно до яких у випадку створення акціонерного товариства за участю фізичних осіб, засновницький договір підлягає нотаріальному посвідченню; позицію про необхідність передбачити у законодавстві можливість засновників (учасників) юридичних осіб корпоративного типу додатково врегульовувати взаємні права та обов’язки за допомогою договору про реалізацію прав та виконання обов’язків. У роботі набули подальшого обґрунтування, зокрема: положення, відповідно до якого термін дії засновницького договору не слід обмежувати датою державної реєстрації юридичної особи чи датою реєстрації звіту про результати приватного розміщення акцій та положення про необхідність розширення кола учасників повного товариства за рахунок надання можливості бути учасником товариства всім дієздатним фізичним особам, а не тільки особам, що володіють статусом індивідуального підприємця, що спричинить за собою спрощення процедури державної реєстрації товариства. Результати дисертаційного дослідження зможуть бути використані для подальших наукових розробок, вдосконалення національного законодавства та практики його застосування, а також для підготовки підручників, навчальних посібників та викладання курсів/спецкурсів студентам юридичних факультетів. The relevance of the research has been determined by the need to formulate a coherent theory of contractual forms of associations of individuals and legal entities in the civil law of Ukraine and to define their legal nature and essence,as well as by the need to develop the scientifically based proposals to reform the civil regulation of the defined relationships. Chapter 1 «The place of contract in regulating the associations of individuals and legal entities in the civil law of Ukraine» consists of two subchapters and has been dedicated to the study of the civil contract as a form of exercising the right of individuals and legal entities to association, as well as to the provision of general theoretical characteristic of contracts as a legal form of existence of associations of individuals and legal entities in the civil law of Ukraine. The author has proposed to ensure the provision, according to which a party to the contract on the establishment of the association of persons, that was declared invalid, may seek reimbursement from the other party in the amount required to regain the previous property status, if the other party knew or should have known about the grounds of invalidity of the contract at the time of its conclusion. The author has substantiated the conclusion that the concept of the contract on the establishment of associations of individuals and/or legal entities should be considered in broad and narrow terms. Chapter 2 «Contract as a basis of the establishment of associations of individuals and legal entities in the civil law of Ukraine» consists of three subchapters that focus on the study of methodology and historiography of contractual forms of associations of individuals and legal persons, analysis of the conclusion procedure, content and form of the contracts on their establishment as well as classification. The subject of the contract on the establishment of associations of individuals and legal entities is the actions which participants have to perform according to the content of this contract, including, in particular, establishment of associations, contributions to the implementation of joint activities, execution of functions of managing the association or its representative office in relations with the third persons, etc. Chapter 3 «Contracting forms of associations of individuals» consists of two subchapters and deals with the study of contractual forms of associations of individuals for the purpose of the implementation of business interests in the field of professional activity as well as contractual forms of associations of individuals for the purpose of the implementation of public and other interests. The work substantiates a doctrinal definition of legal nature of the contract on establishing a family farm, which belongs to the cooperation agreements and the prerequisite of which is the association of individuals of certain qualification and profession, who are bound by family ties, for the purpose of the implementation of initiatives connected with the production of marketable agricultural products, their processing and sale on the domestic and foreign markets as well as ensuring rational use and protection of land, legal and social protection of farmers. The issues of business or non-business status of the bar association should be defined in its constituent documents, in particular, in the contract on the establishment of the bar association. The Laws of Ukraine «On the Bar and Advocacy» and «On Public Associations» should also stipulate the rules of reorganization of law offices / lawyers' associations and public associations with the status of legal entity respectively. Chapter 4 «Contractual forms of associations of legal entities» comprises three subchapters and deals with the provision of general theoretical characteristic of the associations of legal persons in the civil law as well as analysis of contractual forms of associations, corporations and other forms of legal entities. The author has defended the idea of the necessity to to statutory consolidate the concept of "take-over" of legal entities, having provided for the appropriate mechanisms to protect the interests of creditors of the organizations being taken over. It should be enshrined in legislation that association and corporation can be created with the status of legal entity or without it. The author has justified the feasibility of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On State Corporations», which among other things should determine the notion of government-owned corporations; the possibility of their establishment with the legal entity status or without it; contractual forms of interaction and cooperation with the othet subjects of economic activity, government authorities, etc. Chapter 5, «Contractual forms of associations of individuals and legal entities» consists of five subchapters and deals with the study of contractual forms of association, the members of which can be both individuals and legal entities. It would be useful to enshrine in law the possibility of founders of legal entities to include in their charters only those provisions that differ from the model ones. In addition, the Article 88 of the Civil Code of Ukraine should be amended by adding Part 4 as follows: «If the court declares the constituent documents of the legal entity to be invalid, this does not affect the validity of any obligations undertaken by this legal entity, arising prior to the effective date of the court ruling». The thesis defends the idea of enabling the establishment of general partnerships both with the status of legal entity and without it, but with the possibility of giving such companies the key features of legal personality on the grounds of the notarized memorandum of association. The legal nature of the relationships between limited partners and a limited partnership is contractual. It is appropriate to establish in the legislation a mandatory written form with notarization of contracts between limited partners and limited partnerships. The Law of Ukraine «On Condominiums» should clearly define the procedure for the reorganization of such associations. At the same time the author also justifies the opinion, according to which it is necessary to make amendments in the Law of Ukraine "On the Commodity Exchange" that would clearly identify and recognize commodity exchanges as organizational and legal forms of non-commercial companies, i.e. contractual associations of individuals, legal entities, individuals and legal entities. In general, the scientific novelty of the obtained results is that it is for the first time when in the thesis there was a comprehensive theoretical analysis of contractual forms of associations of individuals and legal entities in the civil law of Ukraine carried out, the directions of improvement of legislation in this area were defined and recommendations for improvement of their legal regulation were suggested. It should be noted that the author, based on the investigation conducted by him, among other: - proposed to amend the current Law of Ukraine "On the State Registration of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organizations" by adding the provisions that provide for the state registration of associations without the status of legal entity by submitting a copy of notarized contract to the authorized state registrar by the parties (members) of such associations; - justified the legal opinion, according to which, if a farm is created under a contract by family members, such farm should t be subjected to the state registration as an association without legal personality on the grounds of a copy of the notarized contract on the establishment of a family farm, signed by all its members and submitted to the state registrar; - substantiated the concept of contractual settlement of peculiarities of advocacy within the bar association on the basis of the contract on the establishment of the bar association, which determines the legal regime of the property transferred to it, peculiarities of management, use of business reputation of individual lawyers, definition of business or non-business status; - provided justification for the necessity to amend the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine, Economic Procedural Code of Ukraine and Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine by adding the provisions that would endow the associations of individuals, legal entities, individuals and legal entities with legal standing, that are not legal entities under the laws of Ukraine but have a location in the territory of Ukraine and are allowed to operate in its territory in accordance with the laws of Ukraine; - determined the necessity to provide for the provision in Part 2 of Article 118 of the Economic Code of Ukraine, according to which «1. A business association is the association with the status of legal entity or association established under the contract without legal personality, which is formed for a certain period of time, for an indefinite period or to achieve a specific goal by two or more business entities with the aim to coordinate their production, scientific and other activities aimed at the implementation of joint economic and social objectives»; - proposed to amend Part 1 of Article 1142 of the Civil Code of Ukraine as follows: «1. A member can make a written statement of refusal to continue to participate in the permanent treaty of the simple partnership no later than three months prior to the withdrawal from the treaty. The participation of a member in the treaty of the simple partnership shall be deemed terminated on the expiry of three months from the date of submitting a written statement of refusal from further participation in the permanent treaty of the simple partnership to the member (one of the members), who manages the joint activities of the simple partnership, or delivering such written statement to this person by postal service. The condition of the restriction of the right to refuse from the participation in the permanent treaty of the simple partnership is useless»; - justified that the memorandum (founding agreement) of associations of legal entities can take the form of a mixed contract with the possibility to provide for the right to dispose the intellectual property rights; - proved the expediency of legislative regulation of the rights of founders (members) to impose limitations, on a contractual basis, on the possession, use or disposal of property to all organizational and legal forms of associations of legal entities; - provided justification for the legal view regarding the possibility of restrictions of withdrawal of the members from the range of business association entities. The author has also improved the following: provisions allowing participation of individual entrepreneurs in the associations and establishing subsidiary liability of the association members for its obligations subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the memorandum of association; defining the feasibility of introducing amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On Joint-Stock Companies», according to which in the event of the establishment of a joint-stock company involving individuals, the memorandum of association should be notarized; the viewpoint that the law should provide for the possibility of founders (members) of legal entities of corporate type to additionally regulate the mutual rights and obligations by means of the contract on the execution of rights and fulfillment of obligations. The following provisions have been justified: the provision according to which the duration of memorandum of association should not be limited by the date of the state registration of a legal person or the date of registration of the report on the results of the private placement of shares, as well as the provision concerning the necessity to expand the circle of members of the general partnership by granting the opportunity to be a partnership member to all capable individuals, not just to persons, who have the status of an individual entrepreneur, which will simplify the procedure of the state registration of a partnership. The results of the research can be used for further scientific development, improvement of the national legislation and practice of its application, as well as for compiling textbooks and manuals and teaching the courses / special courses for law students.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire avait pour but de synthétiser de nouvelles molécules dont l'architecture donne accès à des complexes hétérobimétalliques aux propriétés intéressantes pour l'imagerie médicale multimodale. Dans ce manuscrit plusieurs points principaux ont donc été abordés. La première partie de se travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation des ligands. Nous décrivons dans ce manuscrit la synthèse de cinq nouveaux ligands hétérobismacrocycliques basés sur l'association d'une porphyrine et d'un ou de plusieurs dérivés du cyclène. Ces ligands présentent la particularité d'être solubles en milieux aqueux. Au cours des synthèses, nous avons ciblé les améliorations à apporter à notre travail et élaboré une nouvelle voie de synthèse qui permet d'accéder, en seulement six étapes, à un ligand composé d'une porphyrine, d'un dérivé du cyclène et d'une fonction amine libre qui permettra de greffer le ligand sur un vecteur biologique. La seconde partie de ce manuscrit porte sur l'incorporation de centres métalliques dans les ligands synthétisés ainsi que l'étude de leur efficacité en tant qu'agent de contraste de l'IRM. Nous décrivons la synthèse de cinq complexes de gadolinium (III) et de trois complexes hétérobimétalliques associant du gadolinium (III) et du cuivre (II). En effet, le gadolinium est actuellement utilisé dans les agents de contraste de l'IRM et un des isotopes du cuivre, le cuivre-64, est utilisé en imagerie PET. Nous décrivons un protocole de mesure de la relaxivité des complexes à haut et à bas champs magnétiques. Cinq complexes présentent des valeurs de relaxivité quatre fois supérieures à celles des agents de contraste commerciaux de l'IRM. Le dernier chapitre de ce travail porte sur la synthèse, la caractérisation et les études photophysiques de quatre antennes moléculaires associant des porphyrines et des BODIPY. Nous avons développé deux voies de synthèses originales. La première est basée sur la création de liaisons bore-oxygène en substituant les atomes de fluor portés par l'atome de bore des BODIPY. L'autre voie de synthèse utilise la réaction de cycloaddition dipolaire d'Huisgen. Nous décrivons des études photophysiques qui mettent en évidence des transferts d'énergie du BODIPY vers la porphyrine Nous avons mis en évidence le premier exemple de transfert d'énergie d'une porphyrine vers un BODIPY grâce à un système "blue" BODIPY étendu couplé à des porphyrines par une réaction de chimie "click".

Este trabajo de suficiencia profesional, busca sustentar dos expedientes pertenecientes a las dos principales ramas del derecho. Por un lado, un expediente de derecho público, correspondiente a una controversia de protección al consumidor y, por otro lado, un expediente derecho privado, que busca determinar la naturaleza de un acto jurídico celebrado en el marco del derecho civil. El primero de los expedientes, se trata de la controversia iniciada por la señora Denise Marissa Buckley Soto contra Lan Perú S.A. por la presunta infracción al deber de idoneidad del servicio, el cual habría sido afectado debido al retraso en el vuelo LA 2706 en la ruta Lima-Madrid. El segundo caso bajo análisis, es la controversia entre José Luna García y su cónyuge, y la empresa Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, sobre de la naturaleza del acto jurídico que celebraron de forma verbal durante el primer trimestre el año 1997. La posición de los señores Luna es que el acto jurídico celebrado fue un contrato de compraventa del Inmueble, mientras que la empresa Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, considera que se celebró un contrato de naturaleza asociativa, en el que los señores José Luna y su cónyuge, participaron en una asociación para el desarrollo de un proyecto inmobiliario.
This work of professional sufficiency seeks to support two files belonging to the two main branches of law. On one hand, a public law file, that corresponds to a consumer protection dispute and, on the other hand, a private law file, which seeks to determine the nature of a legal act executed within the framework of civil law. The first of the files is the controversy initiated by Mrs. Denise Marissa Buckley Soto against Lan Perú S.A. for the alleged violation of the duty of suitability of the service, which would have been affected due to the delay in flight LA 2706 on the Lima-Madrid route. The second case under analysis is the controversy between José Luna García and his spouse, and the company Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, about the nature of the legal act that they celebrated verbally during the first quarter of 1997. The position of Mr. Luna is that the legal act was a contract for the sale of the property, while the company Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, considers that an agreement of an associative nature was executed, in which Mr. José Luna and his spouse participated in an association for the development of a real estate project.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Se observa en el Perú un incremento sostenido del número de arbitrajes en contrataciones con el Estado, por lo que es cada vez más trascendente el interés público que subyace en ello. Por ende, las disputas del arbitraje se tratan bajo el escrutinio de la sociedad en general y lamentablemente, casos como el de Orellana e investigaciones como las realizadas a raíz de Lava Jato han puesto en materia de discusión la transparencia del arbitraje. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es contribuir un poco más al entendimiento de la realidad arbitral de modo que se hagan más observables ciertas realidades del arbitraje peruano y se identifiquen preliminarmente algunos aspectos susceptibles de mejora como son las designaciones de los árbitros y el deber de revelación. También, se plantea una propuesta primigenia de marco normativo usando como base las reglas del International Bar Association (en adelante IBA) y teniendo en consideración características propias de nuestro contexto. Cabe mencionarse que esta investigación es en su mayoría de metodología dogmática, ya que usa normativa, doctrina y jurisprudencia para fundamentar el razonamiento. Sin también se presentan cifras y datos obtenidos de estudios e informes jurídicos para dar solidez a la argumentación. Una de las conclusiones principales es que dada la existencia de materias especializadas con pocos profesionales en dichos campos y de un creciente número de arbitrajes los parámetros numéricos de las IBA deben ser modificados para que puedan ser herramientas idóneas para nuestro sistema jurídico.
A sustained increase in the number of arbitrations in contracting with the State is observed in Peru, so the public interest underlying this is becoming more transcendent. Therefore, arbitration disputes are dealt with under the scrutiny of society in general and, unfortunately, cases such as the Orellana case and investigations such as those carried out as a result of Lava Jato case have put the transparency of arbitration under discussion. Therefore, the objective of this article is to contribute a little more to the understanding of the arbitration reality in such a way that certain realities of Peruvian arbitration become more observable and some aspects susceptible to improvement are preliminarily identified, such as the appointments of the arbitrators and duty of disclosure . Also, an original proposal o normative framework was made using as a basis the rules of the International Bar Association (hereinafter IBA) and taking into account characteristics of our context. It should be noted that this research is mostly dogmatic methodology, since it uses legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence to support the reasoning. Also, figures and data obtained from legal studies and reports are also presented to give strength to the argument. One of the main conclusions is that considering the existence of specialized subjects with few professionals in these fields and a growing number of arbitrations, the numerical parameters of the IBA must be modified so that they can be suitable tools for our legal system.

Nés en France en 1994 dans les milieux ruraux en réponse à une conjoncture difficile, les systèmesd’échanges locaux s’inscrivent dans une logique en marge du modèle économique dominant, en permettant àleurs membres d’échanger des biens, des services et des savoir-faire au moyen d’une monnaie conventionnellebasée sur le temps, concurrente, mais licite, de la monnaie légale.La crainte de voir des personnes trouver dans le SEL le moyen de dissimuler une activité économiquerémunératrice est écartée dès lors que l’on distingue les sélistes-particuliers qui participent aux échanges demanière occasionnelle, de sorte qu’ils n’en tirent qu’un complément de revenu modeste, et les sélistesprofessionnelsexerçant une activité économique permanente et rémunératrice dans les conditions analogues àcelles d’un professionnel. Ces derniers doivent être soumis aux mêmes règlementations que celles applicablesaux professionnels, sous peine de sanctions.Le recours à une structure juridique permet d’organiser les échanges en leur apportant les moyens nécessaires àleur développement, spécialement par l’édition d’un catalogue des offres et des demandes et la mise en placed’un compte courant multilatéral. Même si la forme sociale est envisageable, l’association est la structure lamieux adaptée pour répondre aux besoins en organisation juridique des SEL. Elle correspond tant à leur but nonlucratif qu’à leur philosophie fondée sur des valeurs humaines et la solidarité
Born in France in 1994 in the rural areas in reply to a difficult economic situation, Local ExchangesSystems became an alternative of the dominant economic model, which enables members to exchange goods,services and know-how thanks to a conventional currency based upon time, which is a competitive licit solutionof the existing legal currency.The fear of seeing people using the LES to hide a remunerative econonomical activity would be taken away assoon as a clear distinction is made between private-members, who take part in exchanges occasionally to add asmall additionnal income, and those who become professional by developping a permanent and lucrative activitywithin professional conditions. This category of members must abide by the same rule that applies toprofessionals, subject to sanctions.In order to organize the exchanges, the members can use a legal structure. This would give them the necessaryhelp for their development by providing a catalogue of offers and demands and the creation of a multilateralcurrent account. Even if a type of company structure is possible, an association is better adapted for the needs ofthe legal organization of the LES. It corresponds to their non lucrative and philosophical goals based uponhuman values and solidarity

Le droit des sociétés est marqué par un phénomène de "contractualisation", lequel témoigne de la multiplication de l'aménagement des rapports entre associés, qu'il concerne les modalités de direction de la société ou l'exercice de leurs prérogatives et obligations. Ces aménagements peuvent revêtir deux formes : l'une statutaire, l'autre extrastatutaire. L'étude du statutaire et de l'extrastatutaire en droit des sociétés se consacre donc à la comparaison de ces deux formes d'aménagement et propose d'identifier leurs deux traits caractéristiques : une finalité commune et un caractère distinct.Les actes statutaires et extrastatutaires partagent une finalité commune : ils concourent à la réalisation de l'opération sociétaire. Parmi tous les actes relatifs à la société, ils se caractérisent par leur but qui est de permettre à leurs signataires de satisfaire leurs intérêts spécifiques par le truchement de l'intérêt social, à savoir par la réalisation d'une entreprise commune en vue de l'enrichissement collectif des associés. Cette finalité commune exerce alors une influence sur leur régime juridique car les actes statutaires comme ceux extrastatutaires sont soumis aux règles du droit des sociétés. Cette influence se mesure surtout à l'égard des actes sociétaires extrastatutaires, lesquels sont tenus de respecter l'ordre public sociétaire, sont soumis à la lex societatis en droit international privé et relèvent de la compétence des tribunaux de commerce dans les sociétés commerciales. Même s'ils partagent une finalité commune qui permet leur rattachement à la catégorie des conventions sociétaires, les actes statutaires et ceux extrastatutaires n'en demeurent pas moins distincts. Classiquement, ces deux types d'actes sont distingués en considération d'un critère formel, à savoir selon leur localisation dans le document dénommé statuts ou à l'extérieur de celui-ci, mais celui-ci ne permet pas de saisir l'essence de cette distinction. Plus fondamentalement, il doit être distingué entre les aménagements du statut d'associé, applicable à toute personne ayant la qualité d'associé, et ceux extérieurs au statut, lesquels ne sont que l'expression des engagements personnels des associés et applicables à leurs seuls signataires. Le caractère statutaire d'une stipulation emporte alors deux conséquences spécifiques. Parce que le statut d'associé a vocation à s'appliquer à tout associé de manière identique, il peut être modifié à la majorité. Cette règle doit cependant être appliquée en tenant compte des situations de conflit d'intérêts susceptibles de se présenter lors de la création de différentes catégories d'associé ou de l'octroi d'avantages particuliers. Parce que le statut d'associé a vocation à s'appliquer à tout associé présent et à venir, seules les stipulations statutaires s'appliquent à l'acquéreur de titres sociaux
Corporate law is characterized by a trend of "contracting", which reflects the multiplication of the systems of relationship between partners, whether this involves the management rules of a company or the application of their rights and obligations. These systems can take two shapes: statutory or non-statutory. The study of statutory and non-statutory in corporate law is devoted to comparing these two forms and identifying their two key features: a common purpose and a distinct nature.Statutory and non-statutory acts share a joint purpose : they contribute to the accomplishment of the corporation. Among all acts in connection with a company, they are characterized by their purpose which aim to enable their signatories to meet their specific interests through the interest of the corporation, i.e. through a joint enterprise targeting the joint enrichment of the partners. This common purpose influences their legal regime because both statutory as well as non-statutory acts are subject to corporate law. This influence can be mainly felt towards non-statutory acts, which have to comply with the corporate public order, are governed by the lex societatis in international private law and fall under the competence of commercial courts in business corporations. Even though they share a common purpose which makes them fall under the category of corporate agreements, statutory and non-statutory acts remain distinct. Traditionally, these two sorts of acts can be distinguished by applying a formal criteria, namely whether they can be found in the document named articles of associations or outside of those, but this criteria doesn't express the essence of this distinction. More fundamentally, one has to distinguish between the adjustments of the partners' statutes, which apply to any partner, and those outside the statutes, which only represent the personal commitment of the partners and only apply to the signatories. The statutory nature of a clause triggers two specific consequences. Since the partner statute is meant to apply equally to all partners, it can be modified with a majority vote. However, this rule must take into account potential conflicts of interest which can arise when creating different categories of partners or when granting special benefits. Since the status of partner is destined to apply to all present and future partners, only statutory clauses apply to the purchaser of ownership shares

La presente tesi di dottorato di ricerca ha come oggetto la ristorazione collettiva intesa come settore merceologico. Risulta tuttavia oggetto di verifica l’assunto che essa possa essere definita settore merceologico a sé stante e l’effettiva esistenza autonoma anche rispetto a settori riconosciuti unanimemente, quale quello della ristorazione tradizionale, o in genere dei pubblici esercizi, all’interno dei quali era collocabile – almeno in considerazione della contrattualistica – fino a tempi recenti, se non addirittura sino ai giorni presenti. Nel primo capitolo si utilizza il metodo storiografico per comprendere il percorso autonomo della ristorazione collettiva rispetto a settori considerati affini, con l’obiettivo non limitato ad affermare l’esistenza o meno di un comparto autonomo, quanto piuttosto a cercare di delineare una crescita settoriale che ha probabilmente attraversato momenti caratterizzati da diverse peculiarità, degne certamente di analisi. Oggetto di trattazione del secondo capitolo sono gli assetti contrattuali per il settore, che proprio in questi ultimi anni stanno vivendo un completo stravolgimento. L’analisi prende avvio dall’evoluzione e dalla struttura della contrattazione settoriale in seno al Contratto Turismo; dagli anni ’70 la ristorazione collettiva viene identificata quale sotto-settore con un alto grado di autonomia all’interno dei pubblici esercizi, facenti anch’essi parte del mondo del Turismo. È dunque necessario prendere in esame da un lato l’intero testo contrattuale così come sviluppatosi negli anni, e dall’altro le specificità all’interno del testo riguardanti la ristorazione collettiva, intesa come soggetto meritorio di specifiche normazioni e/o deroghe rispetto alla parte generale. Il Contratto collettivo nazionale di lavoro per i dipendenti da aziende del settore Turismo del 20 febbraio 2010 è oggetto di specifica trattazione per comprendere le specifiche declinazioni degli istituti e per eventualmente valutarne la rilevanza rispetto alle esigenze del settore. In particolare si prende in considerazione la validità, sfera di applicazione, decorrenza e durata, il secondo livello di contrattazione, l’Ente Bilaterale Turismo, il lavoro a tempo parziale, l’orario di lavoro e la flessibilità, il trattamento economico, la malattia e, da ultimo, le norme specifiche per il settore. A seguito di tale analisi si può valutare il recesso nel 2012 dell’Angem dalla Fipe, all’interno della quale si collocava sin dalla sua creazione nel 1974, e la successiva disdetta del Contratto collettivo Turismo del 2010 – poi ritirata – alla quale seguì la rivendicazione di un proprio testo contrattuale specifico. La definizione di un contratto, probabile in un futuro non tanto remoto, potrebbe dunque rappresentare il definitivo riconoscimento di un comparto che mai ha avuto un proprio testo specifico. Nel terzo capitolo si presentano le determinanti del nuovo assetto della rappresentanza nella ristorazione collettiva, suddivise in tre categorie: storico-istituzionali, giuridiche ed economiche. L’analisi di tali determinanti appare fondamentale per comprendere se, al di fuori di un percorso storico specifico e della tipologia di imprese diverse rispetto a quelle dei pubblici esercizi, vi sia una reale necessità che spinga le aziende del settore a ricercare una propria autonoma rappresentanza. Chiude la tesi la literature review con l’obiettivo di presentare la letteratura di riferimento rispetto agli argomenti trattati e le diverse posizioni assunte.
The subject of this doctoral dissertation is contract catering, intended as product group. It is anyway not confirmed the existence of so-called product group, completely independent, which could be considered autonomous compared to other product groups universally recognized, as the traditional catering or, in general, retail and catering businesses, product group where contract catering was included – at least according collective labour agreements - until recent times. In the first chapter of the dissertation it is chosen the historiographical method to better understand the autonomous path of contract catering compared with similar sectors, with the main purpose not just limited to affirm the existence of the category, but also to describe a sectorial development which has experienced moments characterized by several peculiarities, certainly worthy to be analysed in detail. Subjects of the second chapter are the structure of collective labour agreements of the sector, which in these years are under a complete renovation. The analysis begins with the evolution and the description of the evolution of the collective bargaining inside the sphere of Tourism collective labour agreement; since the beginning of the seventies the contract catering is identified as an under-sector, with high level of autonomy, of retail and catering businesses, which is also included in the framework of the Tourism category. It is therefore necessary to examine on one side the entire collective labour agreement of the category, as it developed until today, and on another side the specific provisions included in the collective agreement related to contract catering, where existing. It is indeed necessary to analyse the Tourism Collective Labour Agreement, signed on the 20th of February 2010, the last one applicable for contract catering, to understand the peculiarity of every contractual institute included into the Collective Agreement and to evaluate the capability to comply with the sectorial necessities; particularly interesting for the dissertation the analysis of the following contractual institutes: field of application, validity, duration, second level collective bargaining, Tourism bilateral bodies, part-time contracts, working time, flexibility, wages, illness compensation and specific regulation of contract catering sector. At the end of such analysis it is described the 2012 withdrawal of Angem (Italian Association representing Contract Catering companies) from the FIPE (Italian Federation representing retail and catering businesses), which was the employers’ Association where Angem was associated since its institution in 1973, and the cancellation by Angem – later withdrawn – of the Tourism Collective Labour Agreement, and the claim of signing a new specific Collective Labour Agreement, which will be probably finalized in 2017. Determinants of the new order of the representation of contract catering companies are the main subject of the third chapter. They could be divided into three categories: historical and institutional, juridical, economical. The analysis of these determinants emerge to be fundamental to comprehend if, beyond a specific historical path and specific type of companies different from retail and catering businesses, there is a real need which is encouraging sectorial companies to search for a typical autonomous representation. At the end of the dissertation it is included a specific literature review, which disclose the relevant literature related to the arguments presented and different positions assumed.

Le consommateur est la personne qui obtient du produit ou du service public ou privé mis à sa disposition, une satisfaction objectivement et subjectivement substantielle, le défaut de sécurité correspond à une insatisfaction objectivement substantielle. La prévention des atteintes à la sécurité du consommateur a pour objet une consommation objectivement satisfaisante. La répression vise la sanction de l'absence objective de consommation, cependant; la distinction entre les règles préventives et répressive n'est pas toujours nette. Essentiellement, la protection du consommateur isole - qui agit seul devant les juridictions civiles, administratives et pénales - est limitée. D'autre part, l'action des consommateurs regroupés en association est elle-même limitée par l'état qui bride le statut associatif et déclare irrecevables les actions en justice des association poursuivant la défense de l'intérêt général. Seul l'état doit donc assurer cet intérêt général, sous la forme d'un service public. Or, le service public de la consommation, qui satisferait l'intérêt général des consommateurs à la sécurité, n'offre pas la sécurité à laquelle on peut constitutionnellement et communautairement s'attendre, bien que des institutions peu connues, relevant du droit public (la normalisation, la médiateur de la république), tendant, plus ou moins officieusement ; à combler les lacunes du droit
One can define a consumer as an individual or collectivity deriving objective and subjective satisfaction from the purshase of any given goods or services. Physically dangerous products of services would be an example of an objectively substantial insatisfaction. Preventive mesurces directed at faulty products or services are destined to improve objective satisfaction at the consumer level. Repression aims to penalise the makers of products or services which are in fact not consumable at all. Essentially, the protection of the rights of an isolated consumer (acting in his own behald before the designated judicial instances) is limited. At the same time, judicial actions undertaken by consumer associations are also limited by the french state which refuses the role of these associations as representatives of the general interest. Only the state has the right to pursue the general interest by means of its various governmental agencies. Unfortunately, these same agencies do not provide sufficient security to the consumer with respect to the general interest, although certain institutions la normalisation, le mediateur) currently show a tendancy, at least officially, to address the more severe manifestations of consumer insecurity

The diploma thesis deals how public sector co-opete with private one. The are explain the types of cooperation and the reasons why they are used or not. In the beginning are defined the main terms used later in this thesis, those definitions are based on the datas from the books. The second part, practical part, is focused on evaluation of the respondents’s answers, which have been gotten from questionnaire. There are used also my personal opinions and experience in the practical part. In the final part there is decribed current cooperation those sectors and there are given the recommendations for improving their relationships.

Metformin är förstahandsvalet för behandling av diabetes mellitus typ 2. Genom att öka känsligheten för insulin och minska leverns produktion av glukos har läkemedlet en framgångsrik effekt att sänka blodsockret hos diabetespatienter. Dosen metformin bör på grund av dess utsöndring via njuren anpassas efter patientens njurfunktion. Risken att drabbas av en njurskada efter tillförd jodkontrast administrerad i blodbanan har länge övervärderats och laktatacidos sekundärt till metforminbehandling och kontrastmedel är ovanlig. Därför har Svensk uroradiologisk förening (SURF) kommit med nya rekommendationer för rådande behandlingssituationer gällande metformin i samband med jodkontrastundersökningar. Syfte med studien är att kartlägga hur röntgenkliniker i Sverige arbetar med njurstatus och utsättande av metformin i samband med jodkontrastadministrerade DT-undersökningar med utgångspunkt i SURFs rekommendationer gällande metformin och jodkontrast. Studien är en enkätstudie med kvantitativ ansats som baseras på data från universitetssjukhus och medelstora sjukhus i Sverige. Resultat baseras på 34 klinikers svar och redovisas utifrån varje fråga. Resultatet visar klinikernas svarsfördelning och följsamhet i rekommendationerna. Slutsatsen av studien visar att klinikerna följer rekommendationerna övervägande bra. De flesta klinikerna värderar diabetes mellitus typ 2 patienters njurfunktion i samband med jodkontrastundersökningar.

This thesis illustrates the real estate environment from a professional and legal perspective. The first part of this thesis will refer to the legislative components and organizations, which affect the development of laws related to the industry. Then, the real estate market will be defined from two angles - a broker's and the competitors, as well as illustrating the differences in the Czech and Slovak markets. A case study will show the process of two property sales. In the first, a family house is sold under normal conditions and in the second, an apartment building is sold under shared ownership. The final segment of the thesis will summarize a research, which was focused on service quality in the Czech and Slovak real estate brokerage markets.

Les enjeux de la quasi-régie (traduction française du « contrat « in house » ») sont multiples car elle constitue avant tout une dérogation aux règles de passation des contrats publics. Elle est de ce fait entièrement conditionnée par cette caractéristique et repose sur une combinaison particulière entre plusieurs modalités liées au fonctionnement des prestataires intégrés et aux relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leurs détenteurs. Seules les situations qui ne sont pas susceptibles de porter atteinte au bon fonctionnement du marché peuvent donc être qualifiées de mécanismes interorganiques. La quasi-régie est ainsi clairement distincte d’autres notions, telles les associations transparentes ou les montages artificiels, et constitue une véritable construction juridique légitime que les acteurs du secteur peuvent manier. Sa malléabilité est toutefois révélée par l’étude des modes d’intervention multiples avec lesquels elle est compatible en France : la société publique locale n’est par exemple qu’un moyen parmi d’autres de la mettre en oeuvre. Cette flexibilité est confirmée par le fait que les disciplines financière et fiscale françaises ne se saisissent pas de ce mécanisme, de telle sorte que la quasi-régie ne constitue pas un mode de gestion intermédiaire entre régie et externalisation. La qualité de contrat spécial, plus précisément celle de « contrat interorganique », semble toutefois pouvoir lui être attribuée car la quasi-régie repose sur une combinaison de circonstances contractuelles et institutionnelles spécifiques qui impliquent avant tout des modalités particulières en termes de passation, sans pour autant exclure certaines singularités en matière d’exécution
“In-house providing procurements” concern contracts awarded by contracting authorities without application of the procedures laid down in european secondary law. They thus have to be first considered as a derogation, which reveals their stakes but also the way they’ve been shaped. To make sure that it would’nt be used to abuse european law, european institutions have paid special attention to in-house operation’s conditions. In-house contracting parties have to prove the existence of particular conditions relating to the functioning of the contractor and its relations with its holders. Through those characteristics lies the particularity of in-house providing, which can be distinguished from other notions, such as “transparent associations” or “artificial schemes”. This is also a way to affirm in-house procurements’ legitimacy and to make it a real legal construction. This naturally leads to its qualification. Studying its manifestations in french public law makes clear that this construction is not complete. In-house contractor may take many legal forms, which brings to light in-house providing’s flexibility. It also prevents financial and fiscal french law to seize this derogation. In house-contracts can’t therefore be described as a an intermediary governance mode, between outsourcing and internal governance (in-house operations stricto sensu). Nevertheless, in-house providing procurements embody a type of special contracts, “les contrats interorganiques”, which implies particular rules relating to their passation and admits a certain particularity concerning their execution

This work deal with a consumer protection in insurance in conditions of the Czech Republic. It specifies an insurance service and reasons leading to necessity of clients of insurance companies protection. The central theme of the work is delimitation of instruments serving to consumer protection in insurance. It treats of legislative acts, Czech National Bank as a supervisory authority in insurance, consumer associations, codes of ethics, financial education of consumers and institute of insurance arbiter or ombudsman, which is not still established in the Czech Republic. A proposal of European Commision to Insurance Guarantee Schemes is mentioned too. The work deal with an insurance terms as well, its transparency for clients of insurance companies and necessity to read it before signing a contract of insurance. In conclusion of the work the most important deficiencies of the particular instruments and the recommendations for improvement of situation are presented.

The work provides the basic knowledge and principles of operation of the franchise business methods. In theory explains the path which leads to a formation of franchise system, from creation of conception to signing of franchise contract. The introduction captures dedicate to development of franchising from the very beginning, explains the basic concepts and the nature of franchise, advantages and disadvantages that brings stakeholders and briefly describes the legal environment in Czech republic. The following is a detailed description, step by step, leading to a creation of a franchise system and signing of franchise contract. The work deals with the content of franchise agreements, clarifying the role of franchise associations and Ethical Code in developing this type of business.

This study is an investigation into water management policies in South Africa, their effect on water users and the perceptions users have of these policies. The investigation begins with an exposition of concepts such as water demand management (WDM), as well as integrated water resource management (IWRM). A sub-discourse of the main theme is the societal tendency to neglect its common property. Garret Hardin's groundbreaking observations on the "tragedy of the commons" (1968) are explored in an effort to locate issues of relevance in effective water management strategies. In contemplating the commons, it is evident that aspects of morality and ethics are involved. The morality of a society be it in a global or national context, seems to manifest itself in legislation and policies, and in the way these are implemented. The relevance of good governance, hydropolitics and sustainable development is also discussed to provide the necessary theoretical background to an understanding of the relationship between consumers and the water commons. Access to safe drinking water is protected in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996. Flowing from the government's obligation to take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the progressive realisation of fundamental human rights stipulated in section 27(2) of the Constitution, the challenge since 1994 has been to provide access to water for all inhabitants and to manage the available water resources effectively. Furthermore, the objective of subsequent water legislation such as the National Water Act, 36 of 1998 and regulatory plans, like the National Water Resource Strategy has been to incorporate international trends in water governance. The Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) divided South Africa into 19 regions, called water management areas (WMA). In this study, attention is focused on what constitutes a catchment and how a catchment management agency (CMA) governs its water resources. A description is provided of the functions of water user associations (WUAs) and how ththe Lower Orange Catchment Management Area is, for example, the blueprint from which stakeholders develop their goals. In this study, the water situation in the Lower Orange Water Management Area is under scrutiny. The focus is on the three main institutional components of water management (the Lower Orange catchment management, the Upington Islands Water User Association [UIWUA] and the //Khara Hais Local Municipality). The progress of the establishment of the Lower Orange Catchment Management Agency is outlined over a period of five years. Meanwhile, the Upington Islands Water User Association was developed and this has grown in stature. The work being done by these institutions is investigated by looking at grassroots effects, especially in respect of irrigation activities. The unique water management circumstances of the //Khara Hais Local Municipality are then investigated along with the plans outlined in their Integrated Development Plan {lOP) and their Water Services Development Plane Internal Strategic Perspective (ISP) of(WSDP). Because local irrigation operations consume most of the available surface water in the Lower Orange Water Management Area, irrigation farmers and their activities warrant closer attention. A historical overview is given of the development of irrigation in the region followed by an assessment of the role of two of the most prominent historical figures in Upington, Reverend Adriaan Schroder and Abraham "Holbors" September. Ultimately, however, the focus falls on the current state of irrigation in the area. It is possible to distinguish between the approach of large commercial farming operations and that of smaller irrigation farming units to irrigation. Specific attention is given to the perceptions of irrigation farmers as far as the policies and legislation pertaining to water issues is concerned. This study will hopefully provide the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs(DWEA), //Khara Hais Local Municipality and organised agriculture with some recommendations on efficient integrated water management strategies. It might well be of value to other municipalities who are experiencing similar problems. The aim has been to identify typical problems and potential disputes between water management institutions and relevant role-players.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Au milieu des années 90, des changements de scénarios à la fois nationaux et internationaux ont conduit au développement d’un nouveau partenariat euro-latino-américain, fondé sur de nouveaux outils contractuels. Le Mexique et le Chili furent les premiers pays émergents de la région à bénéficier de cette rénovation contractuelle : cette rénovation est le sujet de cette thèse ; son but est de déterminer la nature juridique du point de vue du droit communautaire des accords Euro-Mexicain et Euro-Chilien, signés respectivement en 1997 et 2002, dans la mesure où ceux-ci ont cassé la tradition euro-latino-américaine de ne signer que des accords non préférentiels; ils inauguraient ainsi une nouvelle et ambitieuse étape dans ces relations. L’analyse du contenu de ces accords basés sur des valeurs et intérêts communs, démontre leur nature associative et révèle l’essence et la portée de ces relations qui sont devenues la base du nouveau modèle d’alliance stratégique au niveau international
From the mid 90’s, changes in both internal and international scenarios led to a development of strategic Euro-Latino-American partnerships paving the way for new contractual tools. Mexico and Chile were the first emerging countries to benefit from this contractual renovation herewith the subject of this thesis which will seek to determine the juridical nature from the European Community Law point of view of the euro-Mexican and euro-Chilean agreements, signed respectively in 1997 and 2002 seeing as these broke the euro-Latino-American tradition of only signing non-preferential agreements, thus opening the way for a new and ambitious future for the relations between the parties. The content analysis of these agreements which are based on mutual values and interests demonstrates the associative nature as well as the essence and the scope of these relations which became the base of a new model of strategic alliances on the international level

Le pacte d'actionnaires se place dans une forme de dépendance unilatérale au contrat de société qui n'est pas sans rappeler le rapport juridique d'accessoire à principal.En effet, s'il est fondamentalement distinct du contrat de société qu'il complète, tout pacte conclu par certains actionnaires, en dehors des statuts, afin d'organiser leurs relations interindividuelles d'actionnaires, trouve nécessairement sa matière et puise sa raison d'être dans le pacte social. Ainsi, la dépendance du pacte au contrat de société se manifeste-t-elle, de la manière la plus évidente, par la caducité qu'entraîne pour le pacte l'arrivée du terme du contrat de société ou la perte de la qualité d'actionnaire d'un partenaire.Dès lors, par analogie avec la règle selon laquelle l'accessoire a vocation à suivre le sort du principal, cette dimension d'accessoire du contrat de société justifie que le pacte subisse l'influence du cadre juridique auquel le contrat de société est lui-même soumis, à savoir le droit des sociétés et, en particulier, l'ordre public sociétaire.Cette dépendance au contrat de société, par essence commune à tous les pactes d'actionnaires en raison de leur objet matériel et de leur cause, est à géométrie variable. Elle repose en effet sur divers facteurs de rattachement au contrat de société que sont l'exercice du droit de vote, la détention des actions ou la qualité d'actionnaire des partenaires, lesquels impriment, selon qu'ils s'immiscent plus ou moins profondément dans le fondement, la structure ou encore le fonctionnement de la société, différents degrés de dépendance dans la relation pacte - contrat de société.Malgré l'hétérogénéité du régime des pactes d'actionnaires, il est alors possible de dégager,à l'aune de cette dimension d'accessoire, une tendance fondamentale qui anime, en droit positif, la jurisprudence relative aux pactes. Cette ligne directrice réside dans la variabilité du degré d'emprise des règles qui encadrent le contrat de société sur le régime des pactes d'actionnaires.La jurisprudence se révèle être, en effet, d'une manière générale et par-delà la casuistique, en cohérence avec cette influence proportionnelle de l'environnement sociétaire à l'intensité du degré de dépendance que présente chaque type de pacte en fonction du facteur qui le rattache au contrat de société. Les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance marquée au contrat de société bénéficient ainsi d'une marge de liberté à la mesure de celle dont bénéficie le contrat de société pour l'aménagement de l'exercice du droit de vote ou de la perte de la qualité d'actionnaire. Au contraire, les pactes caractérisés par une dépendance modérée au contrat de société, qui organisent des cessions ou des acquisitions d'actions,sont plus largement libérés des contraintes auxquelles est soumis le contrat de société au regard du principe de libre négociabilité des actions. Quant à l'influence sur les pactes de certains autres principes d'ordre public sociétaire, tels que la prohibition des clauses léonines ou l'expertise de l'article 1843-4 du Code civil, elle demeure incertaine en droit positif. Toutefois, la jurisprudence tend à reconnaître le particularisme de ces règles et à leur retirer, en conséquence, tout caractère impératif en dehors du cadre des relations entretenues collectivement par les actionnaires avec la société.

У тезах доповіді показано, що наявні у § 1.1 концепції оновлення Цивільного кодексу України положення про визнання таким, що втратив чинність Господарського кодексу України, виходять за межі предмета оновлення самої концепції, є недоведеними та такими, що у випадку реалізації призведуть до колапсу в економіці і зашкодять тисячам українських підприємств, установ, організацій, їх обʼєднанням, негативно вплинуть на і без того не надто стабільний інвестиційний клімат. Концепція оновлення Цивільного кодексу України повинна містити положення, покликані саме оновити Цивільний кодекс України. І тільки у такому випадку від неї буде значна користь.
В тезисах доклада показано, что существующие в § 1.1 концепции обновления Гражданского кодекса Украины положения о признании утратившим силу Хозяйственного кодекса Украины, выходят за пределы предмета обновления самой концепции, являются недоказанными и такими, что в случае реализации приведут к коллапсу в экономике и навредят тысячам украинских предприятий, учреждений, организаций, их объединениям, негативно повлияют на и без того не слишком стабильный инвестиционный климат. Концепция обновления Гражданского кодекса Украины должна содержать положения, призванные обновить именно Гражданский кодекс Украины. И только в таком случае от нее будет значительная польза. In the abstracts of the report it is shown that the provisions in § 1.1 of the concept of updating the Civil Code of Ukraine on recognizing as invalid the Economic Code of Ukraine go beyond the subject of updating the concept itself, are unproven and that in case of implementation harm thousands of Ukrainian enterprises, institutions, organizations, their associations, negatively affect the already not very stable investment climate. The concept of updating the Civil Code of Ukraine should contain provisions designed to update the Civil Code of Ukraine. And only in this case it will be of great benefit.

Apparue dans l’arrêt fondateur Teckal de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, l’exception « in house » l’une des sources de dérogation à l’application du droit de la commande publique. A l’origine essentiellement prétorien, ce procédé juridique revient à dispenser certains pouvoirs adjudicateurs des obligations de publicité et de mise en concurrence qui caractérisent le droit de la commande publique, lorsque ceux-ci entendent confier un activité, ou déléguer une mission, à un prestataire sur lequel ils exercent un contrôle analogue à celui qu’ils exercent sur leurs propres services, et qu’en retour, ce prestataire réalise plus de 80% de son activité avec le pouvoir adjudicateur qui le contrôle. Le prestataire, bien qu’extérieur à l’administration est alors assimilé à l’un de ses service propres, si bien que la mission est considéré comme réalisée « en interne », d’où l’expression « in house »
No summary available

Depuis la succession des récentes crises financières, les « dérivés de crédit » connaissent une notoriété médiatique très intense qui dépasse la seule sphère des spécialistes. Créés au début des années 1990, ils sont des instruments financiers de transfert du risque de crédit. Ils autorisent tant la protection que la spéculation. Ils sont juridiquement documentés par des conventions-Cadres proposées par l’International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), et dans une très petite mesure, par la Fédération Bancaire Française en France. Ils regroupent cinq grandes catégories de contrat : « credit default swap » ou « contrat d’échange sur le risque de crédit », « credit linked notes » ou « dérivé de crédit titrisé », « credit spread option » ou « option sur écart de taux », « credit spread forward » ou « dérivé sur écart de taux » et « total rate of return swap » ou « dérivé de transfert total de rendement ». La nature et la diversité des « dérivés de crédit » posent depuis toujours de sérieuses difficultés de qualification dans de nombreux pays. En droit français, si une qualification commune semble émerger, celle d’instrument financier, elle est hélas insuffisante à apporter un régime juridique complet. Un travail complémentaire de qualification est indispensable pour chaque contrat membre des « dérivés de crédit »
Nowadays, since financial crisis, « credit derivatives » are famous. Born in 1990’s, they transfer the credit risk. They are speculation’s instrument or margin’s instrument. International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), and the Fédération Bancaire Française (in France), point to pattern juridical agreement. Credit derivatives include five big sort of agreement : « credit default swap » (« contrat d’échange sur le risque de crédit »), « credit linked notes » (« dérivé de crédit titrisé »), « credit spread option » (« option sur écart de taux »), « credit spread forward » (« dérivé sur écart de taux ») and « total rate of return swap » (« dérivé de transfert total de rendement »). Their variety and essence ask difficult question of juridical appreciation in many countries. In French law, credit derivatives are « instrument financier ». But this juridical appreciation is incomplete. Every sort of agreement must being individually studies

博士
中山醫學大學
醫學研究所
106
Objective: The risks of thyroid dysfunction after iodinated contrast media (ICM) exposure are largely unknown, especially in Asian populations. Therefore, we used Taiwan’s nationwide population-based study to determine whether ICM exposure would increase the risk of thyroid dysfunction, including hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism in general population and patient with history of thyroid nodule. Methods and Material: We used two different study design to evaluate the risk of thyroid dysfunction. The first design was primarily designated to general population, i.e. patients without prior thyroid disease. This retrospective cohort study included a random selection of 1 million people in 2005 in Taiwan. Patients with ICM exposure between 2005 and 2006 were identified as cases, while patients without any ICM exposure were selected as controls. The primary endpoint was the composite risk of thyroid dysfunction associated with ICM exposure. For the second study design, patients with ICM exposure were recruited and we selected patient with history of thyroid nodule as cases, while patient without history of thyroid nodule as control. We further evaluate whether patients with history of thyroid nodule have higher risk of thyroid dysfunction after ICM exposure compared with patients without thyroid nodule. Hazard ratio (HR) and Cox proportional hazards model with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to analyze the data and to determine the risk of thyroid dysfunction. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS Statistical Package, version 18 (SPSS Inc). Results: For the first study design, a total of 19,642 cases and 78,568 matched controls were recruited in this study. The mean age of ICM exposure and non-exposure were 53.9 and 53.6 years old, and mean follow-up durations were 4.1 and 5.6 years, respectively. After adjustment, patients with ICM exposure had a significantly higher risk of thyroid dysfunction (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.29-1.66). In the subgroup analysis, the adjusted hazard ratios of hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism compared with controls were 1.22 (95% CI 1.04-1.44), and 2.00 (95% CI 1.65-2.44), respectively. For the second study design, the risk of thyroid dysfunction was more obvious in patients with thyroid nodule after ICM exposure with HR of 5.43, 95% CI 3.01-9.80, including hyperthyroidism (HR 5.77, 95% CI 2.64-12.62) and hypothyroidism (HR 4.95, 95% CI 2.15-11.40). Conclusions: ICM exposure was associated with higher risk of thyroid dysfunction, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The risk was more obvious in the patients with history of thyroid nodule.

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito dos Contratos e da Empresa
A presente dissertação procede à análise dos acordos parassociais. Verifica-se frequentemente a celebração de acordos parassociais entre os sócios de uma sociedade comercial, como meio de regulação das suas relações societárias. Estes acordos são instituto jurídicos tutelados em Portugal. No entanto, estes acordos apresentam vários problemas que reclamam uma solução. Em particular, estão aqui em causa a identidade das partes que podem celebrar estes acordos, as funções que os acordos podem assumir, a relação destes com o contrato social, os limites dos acordos, o seu incumprimento e a sua natureza jurídica. A resolução destas questões é necessária para a consolidação do entendimento destes acordos não só daqueles que são partes negociais em acordos parassociais mas também como daqueles que neles não participam. Foi analisada para o efeito a doutrina e a jurisprudência nacionais. Fez-se referência à doutrina estrangeira quando o considerámos adequado ou imprescindível. Depois de identificar cada questão, apresentámos a nossa perspetiva pessoal sobre a solução que é mais adequada. Constatou-se que os tópicos explorados, apesar do trabalho doutrinal que já se verifica em Portugal, ainda estão longe de receber soluções consensuais. O silêncio do legislador depois de ter admitido legalmente os acordos parassociais e a esporádica atividade jurisprudencial sobre o tema não permitem alcançar uma resposta definitiva para a aplicação na realidade prática até agora.
The present dissertation is a study on parassocial agreements. These agreements are frequently celebrated between corporation partners as a means of regulating their social partnerships. These agreements are legal institutes protected by law in Portugal. However, they present several problems which reclaim a solution. In particular, it is the identity of the parties that may celebrate these agreements that is at stake, as well as the roles these deals may assume, their relationship with the memorandum of association, the limitations of the agreements, their breach and their legal nature. Solving these matters is a necessity in order to consolidate the understanding of such deals not only by those who are negotiating parties in it but also by those who are not. To this end, both national doctrine and case law has been studied. Foreign doctrine was referred whenever we considered it adequate or indispensable. After identifying each question, we presented our personal perspective about its most adequate solution. We found that the explored topics, despite the doctrinal work already performed in Portugal, are still far from receiving consensual solutions. The legislator’s silence after the legal admission of parassocial agreements and the sporadic case law activity concerning this theme do not allow the reaching of a definitive answer to be applied on the legal reality so far.

Law and development mainstream conceptions of labour market policies, while still marked by long-dominant views of contract law as economically superior to any labour regulation, have recently incorporated certain specific labour (human) rights. Core labour rights are thus accepted by global policy-makers, on the basis of their radical distinction from non-core labour standards and their rationalization according to certain foundational principles. This thesis criticizes the prevailing dichotomies between core labour rights and non-core standards, on the one hand, and contract law and regulation, on the other, bringing to bear the post-legal realist idea of legal indeterminacy. It argues that the organizing legal concepts that justify these dichotomies contain gaps and ambiguities that often lead to contradictory and indeterminate outcomes. It thus suggests that the core/non-core labour standards and contract/regulation distinctions are unproductive and should be rejected if a better conception of labour governance is to come to fruition.

碩士
真理大學
企業管理學系碩士班
98
This study investigated the psychological contract, organizational justice, organizational commitment, job performance and leadership of the association in case ─ R & D team. Knowledge explosion era, organizations in order to enhance competitiveness, providing a good employee's work environment, while for employees, care, training, business continuity Fa Zhan Yi Jing is the cornerstone of organizations must also have a quick insight, with more Danxing characteristics, and better ability to adapt, whether in the promotion or reward employees can make an objective and fair judge, or the organization's commitment to employees is not to allow staff convinced Furthermore, the leaders of the how the right time and not have blind spots make the right decisions, the leader of the staff what type of leadership not have blind spots make the right decisions, the leader of the staff what type of leadership model to take to get maximum performance, so as long as the employees in the organization to adapt well and be committed to the organization or is the staff of the psychological, can lead to good employee performance, thus promoting the smooth operation of the organization itself.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
藥學研究所碩士在職專班
101
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between marketing mix strategies, customer relationship management, and customer satisfaction of the NHI contracted pharmacies in the Kaohsiung urban area. The subjects of this study were 620 consumers randomly selected from the pharmacies. There were 603 valid questionnaires collected. The researcher employed research tools such as marketing mix strategy scale, customer relationship management scale, and customer satisfaction scale. After being analyzed with reliability test, item analysis, factor analysis, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis, Pearson’s product correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis, the followings had been found: (1) there is a significant difference among demographic variables toward “marketing mix strategy”; (2) there is a significant difference among demographic variables toward “customer relationship management”; (3) "marketing mix strategy" has a significant influence on “customer satisfaction”; (4) "customer relationship management" has a significant influence on both “marketing mix strategy” and "customer satisfaction"; and (5) "customer relationship management" has a significant interfering effect on both “marketing mix strategy" and "customer satisfaction". In addition to providing an explanation to the research results, and having a discussion on the applications of the results, this study suggests that the NHI contracted pharmacy industry to (1) strengthen market segmentation effect in their marketing strategies to enhance customer satisfaction; (2) apply customer relationship management strategies at all levels to improve the service quality of NHI contracted pharmacies; (3) understand customer’s demands for the products and the distribution channels to enhance customer satisfaction; (4) strengthen customer relationship management to enhance customer satisfaction; (5) focus on the dimensions of customer attraction and customer improvement to positively influence product promotion strategies to enhance customer satisfaction; and (6) implement proper marketing strategies for the pharmacies to run their businesses.

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito Judiciário
Os acordos parassociais empreendem uma dinâmica própria na vida das sociedades, pois permitem responder a concretas necessidades do seu dia-a-dia sem o formalismo normalmente presente para a alteração do contrato social. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em analisar o regime jurídico dos acordos parassociais em Angola, em especial no âmbito das sociedades por quotas e anónimas. Para tal, utilizou-se o método de abordagem dedutivo, estudando-se a legislação e a doutrina angolanas e portuguesas, bem como de alguma jurisprudência portuguesa, devido à proximidade das soluções dos dois ordenamentos jurídicos, assim como da impossibilidade de aceder a jurisprudência angolana sobre o tema, respectivamente. De entre as várias conclusões a que se chegou, pode-se aqui destacar que deve-se admitir os acordos parassociais atípicos, sendo que nesses participam não sócios, e aplicar o regime dos acordos típicos aos atípicos, analogicamente; que saber se os acordos devem ou não justificar-se pelo interesse social depende da tipologia de acordo segundo o critério do fim que visam; que o princípio da relatividade dos efeitos dos acordos parassociais pode não vingar em alguns casos de acordos omnilaterais; que os meios de tutela preventiva são mais eficazes que os mecanismos de tutela sucessiva, pelo facto de compelirem ao cumprimento; e que o recurso aos mecanismos de tutela sucessiva devem ser vistos com toda a cautela, pois podem contender com o princípio legal da inoponibilidade dos acordos a quem nele não seja parte e configurar-se, por tanto, como fraude à lei.
Parassocial agreements undertake their own dynamics to the life of corporations, since they allow to respond to their concrete needs of day-to-day life without the formalism normally present for the amendment of the memorandum of association. The objective of this study was to analyze the Angolan legal system of parassocial agreements, especially in case of limited liability companies and stock corporations. For this, the method of deductive approach was used, studying the Angolan and Portuguese legislation and doctrine, as well as some Portuguese court jurisprudence, due to the proximity of the solutions of the two legal systems, as well as the impossibility of accessing Angolan jurisprudence on the subject, respectively. Amongst the various conclusions reached, it should be noted that atypical parassocial agreements should be allowed, with non-shareholders participating in them, and applying the regime of typical to atypical agreements, analogically; whether or not the agreements are justified by the social interest depends on the type of agreement according to the criterion of the purpose for which they are sought; that the principle of relativity of the effects of parassocial agreements may not avenge in some cases of omnilateral agreements; that the means of preventive protection are more effective than the mechanisms of successive protection, for they compel to compliance; and that the use of the mechanisms of successive protection should be viewed with all caution, since they may contend with the legal principle of the unenforceability of the agreements to whom is not part in them and thus be a fraud against the law.

Celem rozprawy jest wykazanie, że de lege lata akcjonariusze mogą dochodzić od pozostałych akcjonariuszy kontraktowej odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej za naruszenie obowiązków, wynikających ze stosunku spółki. Źródłem stosunku spółki akcyjnej jest umowa spółki akcyjnej, na którą składają się statut oraz oświadczenia osób, które mają objąć akcje o wyrażeniu zgody na zawiązanie spółki, brzmienie statutu oraz objęcie akcji (art. 313 k.s.h.). Dodatkowe porozumienia akcjonariuszy, odnoszące się do zasad funkcjonowania w korporacji shareholders’ agreements), nie stanowią części stosunku spółki. Z tego powodu analiza skutków ich niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania poza zakres opracowania. Rozważania zawarte w rozprawie opierają się na założeniu, że umowa spółki akcyjnej jest umową na rzecz osoby trzeciej, o dwoistej, obligacyjno-organizacyjnej naturze. Ze względu na fakt, że umowa spółki akcyjnej jest umową w rozumieniu prawa zobowiązań, jej zawarcie prowadzi do powstania obligacyjnego stosunku prawnego między jej stronami – akcjonariuszami. Jednocześnie, jako umowa na rzecz osoby trzeciej, umowa spółki powoduje powstanie więzi prawnych między akcjonariuszami a spółką, występującą w roli beneficjenta pactum in favorem tertii. Spełniając świadczenie, do którego akcjonariusz zobowiązuje się w umowie spółki akcyjnej (np. wnosząc wkład), akcjonariusz zwalnia się ze swojego zobowiązania zarówno względem spółki (wynikającego ze stosunku waluty), jak i względem pozostałych akcjonariuszy (wynikającego ze stosunku pokrycia). Ponadto, jako dokument kreacyjny, określający wewnętrzne zasady działania korporacji, umowa spółki akcyjnej prowadzi do powstania organizacyjnego stosunku prawnego między akcjonariuszami. Tego typu stosunki stanowią samodzielną grupę stosunków cywilnoprawnych, wykazując zarówno podobieństwa, jak i różnice względem stosunków zobowiązaniowych oraz prawnorzeczowych. Uzasadnieniem wykreowania przez ustawodawcę poszczególnych obowiązków, wpisujących się w treść łączącego akcjonariuszy organizacyjnego stosunku prawnego, jest dążenie do łagodzenia zachodzących między nimi konfliktów interesów, wynikających zwłaszcza horyzontalnej relacji agencyjnej pomiędzy akcjonariuszem strategicznym a przedstawicielami mniejszości. W rozprawie wykazano, że de lege lata akcjonariusze mogą dochodzić od pozostałych akcjonariuszy odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej w oparciu o przepis art. 471 k.c., stosowany wprost w przypadku niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania obowiązków, wynikających z łączącego ich obligacyjnego stosunku prawnego, a w drodze analogii legis w razie naruszenia tych z nich, które wpisują się w treść organizacyjnego stosunku prawnego, zachodzącego pomiędzy akcjonariuszami. Pogłębionej analizie poddano również zakres szkód, które podlegają kompensacji, z uwzględnieniem dopuszczalności domagania się naprawienia szkody polegającej na spadku wartości akcji, czy też na nieuzyskaniu należnych korzyści w związku z uczestnictwem w spółce Zawarta w pracy analiza prawnoporównawcza wskazuje, że doszukiwanie się bezpośrednich stosunków prawnych pomiędzy akcjonariuszami nie jest sprzeczne z tendencjami dostrzegalnymi we wiodących obcych systemach prawnych. Również postulowana w rozprawie akceptacja możliwości dochodzenia przez akcjonariusza odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej od pozostałych akcjonariuszy za naruszenie obowiązków wynikających ze stosunku spółki jest rozwiązaniem spotykanym w innych porządkach prawnych.
The dissertation argues that under current Polish law, shareholders of joint stock companies are entitled to seek contractual liability from fellow shareholders, for breach of their duties, arising out of the company relationship. The company relationship stems from the joint stock company agreement, comprising two separate parts, i.e. the statutes and statements of consent to the formation of the company and to the wording of the statutes, as well as to the subscription for the shares (Art. 313 of the Polish Commercial Companies Code). Additional shareholders’ agreements, governing mutual relations between shareholders and terms of their cooperation in corporate matters, do not constitute part of the company relationship. Thus, the consequences of breach of such agreements are not analysed in the dissertation. The dissertation is based on the assumption, that the joint stock company agreement is a third party beneficiary contract of a twofold nature: purely contractual and organizational. As a contract within the meaning of the law of obligations, the joint stock company agreement engenders contractual relation between its parties – company’s shareholders. At the same time, as a third party beneficiary contract, the joint stock company agreement creates legal ties between its parties (the shareholders) and the beneficiary of the contract (the company). By performing his or hers promise contained in the joint stock company agreement (e.g. making contribution to the company), the shareholder fulfils his or hers obligations both to the company (the beneficiary of the contract) and to other shareholders (counterparties of the contract). Moreover, as the companies’ constitution, specifying mode of its internal operation, the joint stock company agreement creates organizational relation between shareholders. Such relations constitute a separate group of the civil-legal relations. They show both differences and similarities to contractual and property-law relations. The reason why the legal systems imposes on shareholders obligations that make up organizational legal relation between them is to minimize the adverse consequences of conflicts of interest between various groups of shareholders, and in particular of the horizontal agency conflict between the strategic shareholder and the minority. The dissertation demonstrates that under current Polish law, shareholders may seek from fellow shareholders contractual liability based on the Art. 471 of the Polish Civil Code applied directly to breach of duties, stemming from their contractual relation and by analogy to those arising out of the organizational relation between them. It also analyzes what losses may be compensated, with the particular regard on those in the form of decrease in value of the company’s shares or loss of anticipated profits from the participation in the company. The comparative analysis contained in the dissertation makes it clear, that the acceptance of the existence of direct legal relations between shareholders complies with the current tendencies in the leading foreign jurisdictions. Moreover, other jurisdictions allow shareholders to seek liability from other shareholders for breach of their duties arising out of the company relationship, which confirms the validity key point made in the dissertation.

The war against Germany was perceived by the majority of English Canadians as a necessity to defend the British Empire, democracy and justice. However, it became increasingly evident to the public that some individuals were being permitted to prosper, while others — particularly those of the working class — endured immense hardship. These individuals who prospered at a level judged excessive became known as "profiteers." Initial criticisms of profiteering were connected to graft, jobbery and patronage apparent in government military purchases. However, as public sacrifices intensified, the morally acceptable extent to which individuals and businesses could profit came to be more narrowly defined. Criticisms of profiteering expanded to challenge the mainstream liberal notions of private wealth and laissez-faire policies as being inequitable and undemocratic. The federal government's unwillingness to seriously implement measures against profiteering led to rising discontent. Consequently, working-class English Canadians aspired to form a 'new democracy' that was worth the sacrifices of the war.
Thesis (Master, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-19 19:02:13.077

Temat oszust ubezpieczeniowych jest tematem dość popularnym. Coraz więcej osób dopuszcza się popełniania przestępstw ubezpieczeniowych, zarówno w sferze ubezpieczeń majątkowych jak i ubezpieczeń osobowych. W sferze wyłudzeń ubezpieczeń majątkowych największą popularnością cieszą się ubezpieczenia komunikacyjne takie jak OC i AC, jak również wyłudzenia w zakresie samego majątku przedsiębiorstw np. podpalenia lokali, towaru, który niedługo traci ważność. Jeżeli chodzi o wyłudzenia osobowe, najwięcej do takich dochodzi w zakresie fingowania śmierci, chorób nowotworowych, samookaleczenia. Ubezpieczeni sami wyrządzają sobie krzywdę, a następnie składają wnioski o wypłatę świadczeń. Ubezpieczalnie na szczęście posiadają z roku na rok coraz większe doświadczenie w zakresie metod zwalczania przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej. Współpracują z bankami, Policją Narodowym Funduszem Zdrowia. Rozszerzają bazy danych, zbierają wszelkie informacje o wnioskodawcach również z portali społecznościowych, takich jak np. Facebook. Jednakże nie jest sprawą łatwą wykryć, iż osoba, która złożyła wniosek o wypłatę odszkodowania z tytułu ubezpieczenia majątkowego bądź świadczenia z tytułu ubezpieczenia osobowego ma na celu wyłudzenie. Najtrudniejszą sprawą jest wykrycie, czy do zdarzenia doszło, czy zostało ono sfingowane. Ubezpieczalnie szybciej wykrywają próby wyłudzenia, jeżeli w zdarzeniu wzięło udział więcej niż jedna osoba, gdyż w drodze przyjmowanych wyjaśnień, okoliczności zdarzenia zeznania muszą się w 100% pokrywać, jeżeli jest jakaś rozbieżność daje to sygnał ubezpieczalni, iż któraś z osób poświadcza nieprawdę. Wówczas ubezpieczalnia może, ale nie musi złożyć zawiadomienie na prokuraturę o próbie popełnienia przestępstwa z art. 298 §1 k.k., a następnie cała sprawa jest wyjaśniana. Mimo tak wielu przypadków prób wyłudzenia odszkodowań majątkowych, (jest to zawsze ok tysiąca spraw rocznie) liczba ta cały czas wzrasta, metod popełniania przestępstw przybywa, a do najczęstszych sfer wyłudzenia dochodzi w zakresie ubezpieczeń komunikacyjnych. Jest to łatwy sposób na zarobienie szybkich pieniędzy. W ostatnim czasie rozwojowa stała się także sprawa wyłudzeń ubezpieczeń z polis na życie. Ubezpieczeni podejmują próby wyłudzenia udając chorobę, fałszując dokumentację medyczną z udziałem lekarza, a następnie dzielą się zyskiem. Bardzo niebezpieczne stały się zorganizowane grupy przestępcze, które poszukują osób, które np. ucinają sobie palce, a następnie składają wniosek do swojego ubezpieczyciela o wypłatę. Ubezpieczalnia ma obowiązek wówczas wypłacić świadczenie, które może wynieść nawet do kilku tysięcy złotych, a takich osób w takich grupach jest bardzo dużo. Regulacja prawna z art. 298 kk jest dość łagodna, gdyż z tego tytułu sprawca może odpowiadać karą do 5 lat pozbawienia wolności, gdzie większość wyroków wydawana jest w zawieszeniu bądź sąd orzeka grzywnę. Badania uwzględnione w pracy doktorskiej pokazały, że istnieje społeczne przyzwolenie na popełnianie tego rodzaju przestępstw, gdyż nie można go porównać np. do gwałtu czy rozboju. Ludzie uważają, iż to ubezpieczalnie nas okradają, więc dlaczego to my nie możemy okradać ubezpieczalni. Rodzaj tego przestępstwa zaliczany jest do łagodniejszych, gdzie nie ma większego protestu, a tym samym ustawodawca nie zdecydował się na zwiększenie kary pozbawienia wolności np. do 8 lat, tak jak jest to w przypadku art. 286 §1 k.k. tj. zwykłego oszustwa. W mojej ocenie należy w przyszłości zadbać o to aby regulacja prawna w zakresie art. 298 §1 kk była bardziej surowa, co miałoby na celu odstraszenie sprawcy od popełnienia tego rodzaju przestępstwa. Uważam także, że ubezpieczalnie powinny bardziej wrócić uwagę na pracowników ubezpieczalni, którzy znają wszelkie procedury wewnętrzne związane ze zwalczaniem przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej w zależności od rodzaju ubezpieczenia. Pracownicy ubezpieczalni często dopuszczają się antydatowania umów ubezpieczenia bądź też fałszują dokumenty co nie powinno mieć miejsca. Problem przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej istnieje nie tylko w Polsce, ale na terenie bynajmniej całej Europy. Zauważalny jest on dość intensywnie w Niemczech, gdzie największą sferą wyłudzeń pozostają ubezpieczenia domów, mniej samochodów. Do zwalczania przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej niezbędne jest podjęcie kroków zmiany ustawy kodeks karny, w zakresie zwiększenia kary nawet do 10 lat pozbawienia wolności, także zwrotu kwoty odszkodowania nie tylko z odsetkami, ale w kwocie większej aniżeli pobrana uwzględniając przestępczy charakter czynu. Nie powinno być tutaj żadnych ulg w tym zakresie, a sprawca powinien odpowiadać równie surowo, jak za inne przestępstwa z większą dolegliwością karną. Ubezpieczalnie powinny także położyć większy nacisk na szkolenia swoich pracowników w poznawaniu nowych metod zwalczania przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej, a tym samym ich współpraca ze sprawcą powinna generować nie tylko odpowiedzialność karną w tym zakresie, ale wysokie kary finansowe z uwagi na to, iż dopuszczają się oni także okradania swojego pracodawcy. Tylko sztywne i surowe prawo może przyczynić się do zmniejszenia przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej, a szeroko rozwinięta technika powinna pomóc w wykrywaniu zdarzeń, które mają charakter przestępczy.
The topic of insurance crimes is quite popular. More people and more people commit insurance crimes, including property and personal insurance. Property insurance fraud consist mainly of communication insurance extorsions (OC and AC) and intentional company property destruction (burning down buildings or expiring merchandise). On the other hand, examples of personal insurance extorsions are faking death, self-inflicting injuries or falsely reporting a cancer disease. Luckily, each year companies are more experienced in fighting insurance crimes. They cooperate with banks, the Police and the National Health Service. They update their database and collect information of the claimants from social media, such as Facebook. However, it is not easy to discover if the person who files a property or personal insurance claim commits fraud. The hardest part is to discover whether the situation occurrs or is faked. Insurance companies discover fraud faster if more than one person takes part in the event. It happens because the version of events must be a 100% match - if it is not, then it is a signal that someone doesn’t tell the truth. If such situation occurs, the insurance company will notify the prosecution of an attempt to commit crime, based on article 298 par.1 of the polish Criminal Code for further investigation. Despite so many cases of insurance fraud (around a thousand cases each year), the number continues to increase as well as the amount of criminal methods. The most common area is communication insurance especially because this is a fast way to extort money. Lately life insurance crimes also have been growing. People attempt to commit fraud by faking disease or medical documentation. The documentation fraud involves doctors and splitting the shares with them. Organized crime groups have become very dangerous as they search for people who inflict self-injuries for money. For example they cut off their finger and then file a claim with the insurance company which is obliged to pay the claim (up to a few thousand zlotys). Later on victims and the group share their profits. The legal provisions of article 298 of the polish Criminal Code are quite mild, as the perpetrator may receive up to 5 years of deprivation of liberty, however most often courts sentence limitation of liberty or a fine. Presented in this PhD research shows that there is a public acceptance to commit such crimes, because they cannot be compared to rape or robbery. People share the opinion that insurance companies stole from them, so why couldn’t they stole from the companies? This type of crime is considered light, and the legislator has not decided to raise the punishment to 8 years, contrary to 286 par.1 of the criminal code (regular fraud). In my opinion, it is important to make 298 par.1 more severe, which would discourage from committing these types of crimes. I also think that insurance companies should become more aware of their employees, who know all the procedures related to fighting insurance crimes, depending on the type of insurance. Insurance employees often fraud dates on insurance certificates or falsify documents, which must not take place. The problem of insurance crimes is present not only in Poland, but also in Europe. It is noticed in Germany, where the most insurance crimes are committed in the area of property insurance and less in the area of communication insurance. Inorder to fight insurance fraud, it is necessary to change the Criminal Code. Raising the punishment, even up to 10 years of deprivation of liberty, returning claims with additional interest. There should not be any reliefs in this matter, and the perpetrator should receive punishment as strict as other criminal punishments. Insurance companies should also focus on educating their employees in new methods of committing insurance fraud. Furthermore, the employeescooperation with the perpetrator should result in not only criminal liability, but also high financial penalties, considering that this cooperation is theft of their employer. Only strict laws can contribute to the drop of insurance crime rates, yet broadly developed technology should help discovering such criminal events.