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Paterakis, Fotis Konstantinos. "Development of alternative pulse width modulation methods for conventional and multilevel voltage source inverters". Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13856.
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Multilevel inverters have attracted wide interest in both the academic community and the industry for the past decades. Therefore, the investigation and development of modulation strategies in multilevel inverters emerges as a necessity for the industry and researchers. In this doctoral thesis, alternative modulation methods suitable for three-level conventional single-phase inverters and especially for cascade H-bridge multilevel inverters are discussed and proposed. The theory of Equal Areas is reformed and presented and its modifications are proposed. These modifications are compared with other well-known modulation schemes, such as carrier-based modulation schemes and programmed pulse width modulation techniques. The advantage of the modified Equal Areas Pulse Width Modulation (EAPWM) is its algorithmic simplicity due to simple algebraic relationships, which results in less computational effort. A fully mathematical formulation for the Equal Areas modulation is proposed for both conventional and multilevel inverters. The EAPWM is shown to produce well-formed switched output voltages that have low total harmonic distortion at even low switching frequencies. The importance of this thesis is complimented by the results, produced after the implementation of EAPWM in multilevel inverters, which can be used as a more accurate reference when compared with other modulation strategies. Moreover, this direct modulation strategy has been extended to work on higher amplitude modulation ratios, in a linear manner, while entering the over modulation region. In this context, modified algorithms have been developed using different criteria for the calculation of the pulses’ width and their placement inside the time interval. The equal areas method, implemented in conventional single-phase inverters, uses odd pulse numbers per half cycle, holding integer frequency ratios in contrast to its implementation in multilevel inverters, where non-integer frequency ratios occur due to the level-by-level application. The application of the method is verified by simulations together with experimental work using a full-scale prototype inverter.
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Marinis, Aristotelis. "Fracture toughness of yttrium stabilized zirconia sintered in conventional and microwave ovens". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1017.
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Rao, Nan Yuan. "Conventional and multiple trellis-coded 8-PSK modulations over EHF mobile satellite channels". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9674.
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The increasing demand of the frequency spectrum for land mobile satellite communication services has led to the approach of moving the current operating frequency up to EHF (30/20 GHz) band. In this thesis, the propagation characteristics of the EHF mobile satellite communication channel are estimated and modeled. Conventional and multiple trellis-coded modulation schemes designed for fading environment are considered for the EHF mobile satellite channel. The design criteria for optimum trellis-coded modulation scheme on the folding channel are studied. Through computer simulation, the performances of both coherent and differential trellis-coded modulation systems with selected coding schemes on the EHF channel models are evaluated. The effects of using channel state information and interleaving technique on the trellis-coded modulation systems are also studied. Finally the simulation results are presented and discussed.
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Fayadh, Juma Abed. "Jurisdiction over aircraft hijacking in the Hague Convention 1970". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316093.
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Neeranartvong, Weerachai. "Utilizing optimal nulling to increase the number of supported wireless users over conventional beamforming". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123042.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-102).
The rapid growth of the number of devices and the gigantic amount of data present challenges to the healthy growth of telecommunication systems that is needed to support high-density environments. Multiple-antenna systems are deployed at base stations to support multiple users simultaneously on the same frequency, taking advantage of beamforming spatial diversity. In this thesis, we explore the application of antenna nulling in providing additional user coverage (as in increased number of supported users) over conventional beamforming. We consider, as a special case to validate the idea, the uplink line-of- sight narrowband transmission of a single base station equipped with uniform circular antenna array (UCA) through conventional, complete nulling, and optimal beamformers. We demonstrate, numerically and analytically, the average number of active users and outage probabilities under different beamformers, given a minimally acceptable signal-to-interference-and-noise (SINR) threshold and additional power margin. Variations of the antenna radius, number of antenna elements, and low- and high-SINR threshold are considered. We have shown a significant gain associated with the use of optimal beamformers instead of conventional beamformers. We discover that the improvements largely depend on the SINR threshold and is limited by the number of antenna elements for the unsaturated array and by the antenna aperture for the saturated array.
by Weerachai Neeranartvong.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Can, Mukaddes. "Hydrogen Generation From Conventional Fuels Over Mesoporous Mixed Oxide Catalysts Under Time Interrupted Reaction Conditions". Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614520/index.pdf.
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In this study, catalytic activity of the Co and/or Pb-SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts in methane partial oxidation reaction was investigated. By using sol-gel, incipient wetness impregnation and post grafting method, SBA-15 samples are incorporated with Co and/or Pb at different weight loadings to provide a controlled geometry in nanometer scale. The characterization of the synthesized samples was done by XRD, N2 adsorption isotherms, FTIR, TEM images, Raman and XPS analysis. In the present study also, gas phase methane partial oxidation modeling and the synthesizing of mesoporous SBA-15 silica with different pore sizes were investigated.
For the samples prepared by sol-gel method, XRD analysis showedthat cobalt exists in the form of Co3O4and Pb exist in the form of PbO. BET surface areas of the Co loaded catalysts are in the range of 479.5-640.1 m2/g. However, in Pb loaded samples, higher metal loading decrease the surface area up to 4.63 m2/g. Considering the both Co and Pb containing bi-metallic samples, TEM and BET results revealed that the ordered hexagonal mesostructure was fully destroyed.
The samples prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and post grafting method characterized by using BET, TEM, Raman and XPS analysis. According to the BET results all the samples show ordered mesostructure in agreement with TEM results for all Co and/or SBA-15 mesoporous samples. TEM results also revealed that, the Co(5%) Pb(5%)-SBA-15 catalyst prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method possess big cobalt and lead oxide crystallines on the mesoporous structure. Raman analysis results indicated that cobalt exist in Co3O4 form. According to XPS results all samples containing cobalt include Co3O4.
The partial oxidation of methane was carried out in a fixed bed flow-type reactor in a temperature range of 50&ndash850°
C under atmospheric pressure.According to the reaction test results, the 0.5%Rh-Co-SBA15 catalyst shows the highest methane conversion (82%) and H2 selectivity. The non-precious metal show lower reactivities, addition of Pb to the Co-SBA-15 catalyst increases the catalytic activity and decrease the H2 production temperature.
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Lee, Kang Yeun. "Performance of fast frequency-hopped noncoherent MFSK conventional and self-normalization receivers over Rician- and Rayleigh-faded channel with partial-band interference". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28447.
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Wilson, Ben Robert. "AFRICAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN ISRAELI POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND THE CONTESTATION OVER ZIONIST IDEOLOGY". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/348579.
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AnthropologyM.A.
Since the time of their arrival beginning around 2005, there remain approximately 46,000 African asylum seekers in Israel. The following paper reviews the foundations and implications of Israel’s political discourse in reference to the presence of this community. I situate the treatment of the asylum seekers in their relationship to the Jewish State, Zionist ideology, international refugee law, and Israel’s human rights community. I argue: 1) that the discourse surrounding the asylum seekers reflects larger changes within the ethos of the Jewish State and models of Israeli personhood; 2) that notions of “security” and “threat” in relation to the asylum seekers take on new meanings shaped by Israel’s ongoing demographic concerns; and 3) that the political response to the African asylum seekers sheds light on irreconcilable goals of the Zionist nation-building project seeking to both maintain a Jewish majority and liberate world Jewry from life segregated and isolated in the Diaspora.
Temple University--Theses
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Nishimoto, Keiko. "Value creation over time: the application of IIRC integrated reporting framework to demonstrate the value of MICE business". Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259085.
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Al-Brashdi, Hamid Ahmed Sulaiman. "Forecasting techniques for seedable storms over the Western Hajar mountains in the Sultanate of Oman". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25997.
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Oman faces a water resources crisis as the demand of fresh water increases day by day. Most of the renewable water resources in the country are directly or indirectly dependent on the rainfall. The Western Hajar Mountains extend to the borders with the UAE. This area is a very important source of ground water for both countries. A collaborative program to investigate the feasibility of rainfall enhancement over the Omani mountains by means of hygroscopic cloud seeding was implemented in the UAE during the summer of 2003 and 2004. Due to the complicated logistics and astronomical cost involved in the cloud seeding experiment, it is crucial that timely and accurate forecasts are made for these mesoscale storms. However, convective clouds of the Al Hajar Mountains are notoriously difficult to predict as they result from mesoscale circulation. This study developed forecasting techniques for seedable storms over the Western Hajar Mountains in the Sultanate of Oman. A period of 10 days (5th-14th of July 2004) was investigated in order to describe the differences in the atmospheric parameters between days when convection occurred and days which remained dry. The main ingredient for convective development is the influx of surface moisture from southeast over the Arabian Sea. This moisture often results from the circulation around the surface low over the central part of the Arabian Peninsula but may occasionally be caused by the sea breeze circulation. The northeasterly sea breeze moves in from the Gulf of Oman to the mountains where it converges with the southeasterly moist flow and this may result in the occurrence of convective clouds. Localized wind convergence zones near the mountains are good indicators of the onset of convection. The Oman Convection Index (OCI) was developed to replace the K-index (KI) and was found to provide a good indication of convective development over the mountains. A forecasting decision tree table for predicting convective storms over the Al Hajar Mountains is proposed where circulation criteria are stipulated as well as critical values for meteorological variables. The ingredients includes the location of the heat low over the centre of Arabian Peninsula, latent instability of the atmosphere, and critical values of mixing ratio and the OCI. This research results have shown that careful investigation and manipulation of the available data allow for increased accuracy in the forecast of convection. The OCI was developed to describe the conditions favorable for summer convection over the mountains of Oman specifically. The results show that the OCI fairs considerably better than the KI in identifying days when significant convection is likely to occur. However, the OCI is only one element of the forecasting techniques table. For truly significant convection to occur there are at least four other circulation criteria which should be satisfied. The forecasting decision tree table provides a systematic approach to the forecasting of convection of the mountains and therefore, for the first time in Oman, objective verification is possible and opens the door for improving these and other forecasting techniques. The techniques developed here may therefore contribute to future cloud seeding projects in the mountains of Oman.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Tévar, Hernández Helena. "Evolution of SoftwareDocumentation Over Time : An analysis of the quality of softwaredocumentation". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97561.
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Software developers, maintainers, and testers rely on documentation to understandthe code they are working with. However, software documentation is perceivedas a waste of effort because it is usually outdated. How documentation evolvesthrough a set of releases may show whether there is any relationship between timeand quality. The results could help future developers and managers to improvethe quality of their documentation and decrease the time developers use to analyzecode. Previous studies showed that documentation used to be scarce and low inquality, thus, this research has investigated different variables to check if the qualityof the documentation changes over time. Therefore, we have created a tool thatwould extract and calculate the quality of the comments in code blocks, classes,and methods. The results have agreed with the previous studies. The quality of thedocumentation is affected to some extent through the releases, with a tendency todecrease.
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Campbell, Maria E. "Inking Over the Glass Ceiling: The Marginalization of Female Creators and Consumers in Comics". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1437938036.
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Jestin, Kevin. "La notion d'abus de convention fiscale : réflexions à la lumière des droits français et américain". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0461.
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Le droit fiscal international contemporain vit une époque de bouleversement profond dont les développements relatifs à l’utilisation des conventions fiscales portent l’empreinte. La recherche conduira à s’intéresser à différents agissements qui se trouvent, grâce aux travaux consacrés au BEPS, sous le feu des projecteurs. Un éclairage nouveau s’avérait nécessaire, il a permis d’apporter un peu plus de lumière sur la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale trop longtemps restée dans l’ombre. Face à l’absence de définition unanimement consacrée, certains traits caractéristiques seront mis en évidence en insistant sur la dimension fonctionnelle de la notion qui épouse la forme d’un standard. Dans le cadre d’une analyse comparée menée à l’aune des droits français et américain, l’étude a pour objet de l’appréhender sous un regard nouveau en délimitant précisément les modalités de contrôle des opérations abusives. Les techniques de répression des abus mises en œuvre par les juges seront analysées. Les différents dispositifs internes et conventionnels anti-abus seront discutés en insistant sur les points de divergence et de convergence des politiques fiscales conventionnelles américaine et française. Une attention particulière sera portée aux conflits de norme inhérents à la juxtaposition de différents ordres fiscaux. L’idée selon laquelle, sous l’effet de l’instrument multilatéral notamment, la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale a acquis une individualité propre sera défendue. Il importera d’en préciser les conséquences au regard de la répression des abus par le juge françaisContemporary international fiscal law is undergoing a period of upheavals regarding the use of tax treaties. The research will lead to an interest in the different type of abuse that, thanks to the work devoted by the BEPS, are under the spotlight. It was necessary to shed some new light on the notion of tax treaty abuse that had long remained in the background. Faced with the absence of an unanimously adopted approach, many characteristics will be highlighted by insisting on the functional dimension of the notion which follows the form of a standard. In the context of a comparative analysis conducted in the light of French and American law, the object of the research is to analyse its several aspects from a new perspective by defining precisely the modalities of controlling abusive schemes. How judges deal with tax treaty avoidance strategies will be analysed. The various internal and international anti-abuses mechanisms will be discussed, highlighting the points of divergence and convergence of U.S. and French tax treaty policies. Attention will be paid to the conflicts of law regarding the juxtaposition of different tax order. The idea that under the effect of the multilateral instrument the notion of tax treaty abuse has acquired a distinct individuality will be defended. It will be important to specify what are the consequences for the application of the notion by the French judge
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Shahid, Imran y Syed Mubbasher Hassan. "Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Consumer’s Choice of Buying Green Products: An Empirical Study of Swedish Electricity Market : Can demographic characteristics of Swedish consumers, influence the choice of green electricity over conventional electricity?" Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12650.
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Title Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Consumer’s Choice of Buying Green Products: An Empirical Study of Swedish Electricity Market. Purpose Purpose of the research to study the consumer behaviour of the Swedish audiences based on different demographic characteristics i.e. age, gender, income status, educational level and area of residence. The information will be useful to know that how different target groups based on different demographic attributes, perceive and respond the green electricity programmes, which will helpful to study the consumer behaviour and marketing of green electricity in Sweden. Methodology This research is mainly based on quantitative research, method which deals with use of statistical tools and numbers. A part of this research is also based on qualitative research which emphases on in depth analysis of information and finding a conclusion from the information gathered. The data have collected through using both primary and secondary sources. This research is mainly based on quantitative pattern; hence the data have collected using primary sources; the questioners. The questionnaires were distribute among the people of different age groups, income status, number of persons living in a household, residential status and income status. The aim of this survey was to target the audiences from whole Sweden, but due to limited time the data has collected only from the inhabitants of Eskilstuna, Västerås, Kvicksund, Södetalje, Köping, Arboga and Stockholm. Analysis and findings For finding and analysis we have adopted a conceptual model to study the impacts of demographic characteristics on consumers’ choice of green electricity. This model leads to analysis according to findings from questionnaire and literature. Conclusion After careful compilation and analysing the results of our findings and with reference to the research topic of this thesis we have come to a conclusion that demographic characteristics (gender, age, income, education and area of residence) of Swedish consumers can influence their decision making to purchase green electricity.
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Awan, Usama y Raza Muhammad Aamer. "“What are the main factors that influence consumers in their choice of green energy company over the conventional energy”? : “The role of green marketing in development of consumer behavior towards green energy”". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9760.
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Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the factors affecting consumers while taking decision towards electricity providing company. Theoretical Frame work This academic work starts by presenting the background information of energy market, and then presents concept of green marketing, social responsibility, green energy, and consumer behavior in literature review. In conceptual frame work authors adopt consumer decision model, and strategic model which will answer research question and strategic question respectively.. Methodology /Research Limitations Primary data collected through questionnaire. Quantitative method will be used for analysis of the data. Sample size is limited and research findings are presented in the papers. This study examines few factors influence on consumer in decision making, further researcher needed to study and examine the consumer behavior including more factors. Findings/ Analysis/Recommendation Lower Price, Quality of Service and, Green Marketing efforts influence and develop the consumer behavior towards choosing the green energy. Survey result shows that consumers are willing to pay more for sustainability of environment, but they perceive that the price of green energy is high as compared to the conventional energy. For developing awareness in consumers mind companies should use advertisement and positioned themselves as a socially responsible. Key word: Green Energy, Green Marketing, Green. Consumer Behavior, Consumer Decision. Social Responsibility Paper Types: Master These Academic workThesis Project for ” Tobias Project ”
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Blomquist, Cindy Lou. "Effects of freezing and thawing on sensory quality and thiamin content of spaghetti and meat sauce after reheating in conventional or microwave oven". 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27395.
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Pina, Mafalda de Almeida Duarte. "Solution Based Synthesis of doped ZnO Nanowires with Rare Earth Elements for Optoelectronic Applications". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/92226.
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Semiconductor nanostructures, and in particular ZnO nanowires (NWs), have been intensively studied due to their unique properties that allow its implementation in optoelectronic devices such as UV sensors and 1D TFTs. The doping of these NWs with rare earth elements allows to tune its conductivity and optical properties.
The present work reports the synthesis and characterization of undoped and europium doped ZnO NWs, produced through solvothermal methods assisted by microwave irradiation (MW) and conventional oven heating (CO). Different doping concentration levels were this way studied.
Both synthesis methods were successful in the production of ZnO nanostructures as confirmed by SEM and XRD, and the doping of Eu lead to the formation of Eu(OH)3 nanostructures attached to the ZnO NWs. The MW synthesis lead to the formation of aggregated NWs forming nanoflowers while in the CO route the aggregation was less evident, with more isolated structures, both with average lengths of 6 μm and a very broad size distribution. Optical characterization allowed to extract the band gap (Eg≈3.2 eV). Electrical characterization was conducted on single ZnO NWs, with different alignment methodologies and in NWs with different post-annealing treatments. An optimization of the alignment strategy to add contacts to isolated NWs using conventional photolithography was achieved. In each substrate 6 individual NWs were aligned. After processing, the yield of working devices was still low as concluded from the electrical characterization where it was possible to extract a resistivity value in just 5 of the measured NWs and no trend for the resistivity values was observed. The use of a passivation layer (Parylene-C) on top of the NWs allowed to improve the stability and adhesion of the NW to the substrate.
These nanostructures were tested as UV sensors showing a responsivity of 1.5 mA/W, 1.7 mA/W and 53 μA/W for ZnO NWs without annealing, annealing at 300°C and 700°C.
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Neijat, Mohamed. "Nutrient dynamics and production performance of Shaver White laying hens housed in either enriched or conventional cage systems over an entire production cycle". 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4788.
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The current data provide estimates of the flow of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in Shaver White layers housed under conventional cage (CC) and enriched cage (EC) systems from 19 to 63 wks of age. The experiment was conducted at the University of Manitoba poultry unit. Both feed disappearance (P < 0.01) (92.5 vs. 95.0 ± 0.6 g/hen/d, DM basis) and manure output (P < 0.01) (79.8 vs. 91.3 ± 1.2 g/hen/d, fresh basis and 27.0 vs. 28.1 ± 0.2 g/hen/d, DM basis) were lower in hens housed in EC compared to CC. Manure DM was 34.1 and 31.0 ± 0.3% for EC and CC, respectively. Feed conversion ratio; body weight; and egg production, weight and mass were not significantly different between the two systems. Although there was no difference in the overall manure N (EC: 1.94 vs. CC: 1.96 ± 0.02 g/hen/d, respectively), N balance was greater (P < 0.05) for the CC compared to EC system (85.0 vs. 30.2 ± 13.6 mg/hen/d, respectively). Lower (P < 0.01) Ca and P excretions were observed in EC (Ca: 2.11 vs. 2.29 ± 0.04 and P: 0.619 vs. 0.643 ± 0.005 g/hen/d) compared to CC. Overall egg N output was similar between the systems. Although lower Ca deposition (P < 0.0001) (2.07 vs. 2.13 ± 0.01 g/hen/d) and output (P < 0.05) (38.3 vs. 38.8 ± 0.15 mg/g egg) were noted in eggs from EC compared to CC, shell quality measurements were not different between the two systems. In addition, Ca outputs in eggs expressed as a proportion of Ca intake in both systems were similar (56.5 vs. 56.6 ± 0.51). Although overall mean P retention (-7.22 vs. -7.45 ± 0.71% P intake) was not different between the two groups of hens, Ca retention was higher (P < 0.05) in EC than CC hens (-1.37 vs. -4.76 ± 0.89% Ca intake, respectively). In addition to providing environmental enrichment and maintaining the production performance to the levels of those achieved by CC systems, EC may also help in reducing Ca and P excretions and improving their efficiency of utilization.
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KOTAŠKA, Vladimír. "Příčiny nízkých výnosů obilovin v ekologickém systému pěstování". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-395310.
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The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the causes of low returns on chosen cereals (oat, wheat, rye, and spelled) in ecological agriculture based on evaluating information on growing procedures obtained via the method of questionnaires. Gradually, 21 ecologically farming companies controlled by the Abcert AB a Biokont CZ, s.r.o. organizations were chosen. Based on the analysis of growing procedures, the most frequent mistakes made by farmers were identified. Companies with lower returns apply mainly an inappropriate structure of crops grown, a high representation of cereals, and they do not respect crop rotation principles. Especially in favourble conditions, some farms are run without livestock production. Leguminosae representation is low in most companies, intercrops are used very seldom. In case of straw plow, the C:N ratio is not maintained using manure. Mineral manure is not used at all, liming very seldom. Vegetation is usually not fertilized during vegetation period. Cereal weed regulation is carried out, but not sufficiently. Using farm seed is quite frequent, which increases the growth of weed. Comparing returns on cereal among better and worse companies, it is obvious that respecting given principles may increase return on seed in 1.0 to 1.9 t/ha.
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Dragoun, Radek. "Ústavní zvyklosti v České republice". Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357359.
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This diploma thesis focuses on constitutional conventions in the Czech Republic. Its aim is to analyze their role in the Czech constitutional system. The work focuses on five areas where the influence of constitutional customs is often spoken. Priority is given to exploring the places where several constitutional institutions are interwoven because it is precisely on them that the power of constitutional conventions is best documented. It focuses in particular on how the practices have been observed in the past and how other constitutional actors have responded. The thesis examines the influence of introducing the direct election of the president to constitutional conventions. A directly elected president may feel more legitimate, and in order to gain a stronger position for himself, he may tend to violate some constitutional conventions or try to introduce new ones. As a result, the finding that the Czech constitution is still a relatively new document and that there was not enough time to fully establish most of the constitutional conventions. However, some constitutional conventions are already becoming an integral part of the constitutional order, whose strength will be decided by the following years. If the constitutional actors - and especially the directly elected presidents - will continue to...
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Kalwahali, Kakule. "The crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in Africa: a reflection on jurisdictional and accountability issues". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9950.
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This thesis investigates both substantive and procedural issues pertaining to allegations of crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in three African countries, Somalia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the current UN Model Status-of-Forces Agreements, criminal jurisdiction over peacekeepers rests with their sending States. However, although the UN has no criminal jurisdiction, it has been the Office of Internal Oversight Services that has conducted investigations. It is argued that every Status of Force Agreement and every Memorandum of Understanding should contain specific clauses obligating Troop-Contributing Countries to prosecute and the UN to follow-up.
If rape, murder, assault, and any other crimes by UN peacekeepers go unpunished, the message sent to the victims is that peacekeepers are above the law. Rape is the most commonly committed crime by peacekeepers, but is usually considered as an isolated act. The procedural issue of prosecuting peacekeepers is investigated in order to establish whether troops can be caught under the ambits of the criminal law of the Host State to hold UN troops criminally accountable for their acts. The laws relative to the elements of each crime and the possible available defences under the three Host States, and the criminal law of South Africa as a Troop-Contributing Country, are discussed. The apparent lack of prosecution is investigated and existing cases of prosecution discussed. Alternatives to the unwillingness by States with criminal jurisdiction under the Status of Forces Agreement or under the Memorandum of Understanding are considered. Considering the current rules related to crimes committed by peacekeepers, the argument put forward is that crimes by peacekeepers must be dealt with completely and transparently though a Convention aiming at barring Troop-Contributing Countries who do not meet their obligations under international law from participating in future operations of peace.
This thesis, furthermore, suggests a tripartite court mechanism to fill the lacunae in the law relating to the prosecution of peacekeepers. It considers the issues of reserving jurisdiction over peacekeepers to the Troop-Contributing Countries which are reluctant to prosecute repatriated alleged perpetrators. The victims’ importance in criminal proceedings and their their right to a remedy are highlighted.Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.D.