Tesis: "Conventionality"

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Martínez, Adriana N. y Oscar E. Defelippe. "Human right to water and conventionality control". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115348.

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Humanity faces the challenge of achieving the sustainability of water resources supply for the satisfaction of human needs and ofensuring the sustainability of the natural ecosystems for the achievement of sustainable human development and the quality of life of present and future generations. For this reason the recognition of access to water as a Human Right has fundamental significance. We proceed to analyze the international instruments that provide content and legal basis to the human right to water and the obligations of States. In this context, we deal with the constitutional reception of human right to water in Argentina in the constitutional reform of 1994 and the control of conventionality as guarantor of access to water, which has led to different domestic courts to consider cases in which a violation ofthe right to water was proved.
La humanidad enfrenta el desafío de lograr la sostenibilidad de la oferta de los recursos hídricos para la satisfacción de las necesidades humanas y garantizar la de los ecosistemas naturales para el logro del desarrollo humano sustentable y la calidad de vida de la generación presente y de las futuras. Es por ello que el reconocimiento del derecho al acceso al agua como derecho humano adquiere primordial relevancia. Procedemos al análisis de los instrumentos internacionales que dan contenido y fundamento jurídico al derecho humano al agua y de los que derivan las obligaciones de los Estados. En ese contexto, abordamos la recepción constitucional del derecho humano al agua en Argentina, a partir de la reforma constitucional de 1994, y al control de convencionalidad como garante del acceso al agua, que ha llevado a que distintos tribunales internos se ocuparan de casos en los que se constató la vulneración del derecho al agua.

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Sagüés, Néstor Pedro. "The advisory opinion of the Interamerican Court in the conventionality control". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122881.

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This article discusses the conventionality control according to the jurisprudence of the interamerican Court of Human rights. Particularly, the author analyzes whether advisory opinions, like judgments, constitute the “controlling material” of the conventionality control. in this way, the author presents and discusses theses derived from the referred jurisprudence, to conclude that the interpretative guidelines contained in advisory opinions of the interamerican Court of Human rights constitute the “controlling material” under certain circumstances.
El presente artículo aborda el control de convencionalidad según la jurisprudencia emitida por la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos. En particular, el autor se detiene a analizar si las opiniones consultivas, al igual que una sentencia, pueden constituir el “material controlante” del control de convencionalidad. De esta forma, el autor expone y examina las principales tesis que se derivan de la referida jurisprudencia, para concluir los lineamientos interpretativos contenidos en opiniones consultivas de la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos valen como el “material controlante” bajo ciertas circunstancias.

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Debs, T. A. "An analysis of the tension between objectivity and conventionality in modern physics". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598483.

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This dissertation attempts a resolution of the apparent tension between objectivity and conventionality in modern physics. It is argued that the physical sciences, though dependent on convention, may nevertheless produce objective representations of reality. In demonstrating this, a view of representation is introduced which explicitly includes the human subjects between whom representation actually takes place; this view is termed, 'representation as performance.' These human subjects are, as ever, sources of subjective ambiguity in representation. Nevertheless, representation may still be substantially objective. It has been suggested that objectivity may be conceived in terms of group theoretical invariance. Rejecting Hermann Weyl's well-known proposal along these lines, a new notion, 'objectivity of alignment,' is introduced which rehabilitates the notion of objectivity as related to invariance. Even within representations which are objective in this sense, however, remaining ambiguities present themselves which must be resolved through various kinds of conventional choice. Two case studies illustrate this argument, relating to the 'twin paradox' of special relativity and the localization of a single particle in relativistic quantum mechanics. It is shown that objective representations of the twin paradox rely on the invariant, 'proper time,' but that even such objective representations contain certain conventional ambiguities. To show this, a novel scheme for unifying the various versions of the twin paradox is presented and elucidated. In the case of localizing a quantum state, it is shown that the choice of how to recover objectivity is also one of convention, made on the basis of a number of criteria. In the process it is also shown that Hegerfeldt nonlocality can be understood as arising from what is termed the 'Jericho effect;' in addition, a direct evaluation of the Hegerfeldt integral is provided. Thus in both case studies objectivity and conventionality need not be held permanently in opposition.

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Eriksson, Peter. "Effects of conventionality and proficiency in metaphor processing : A response time study". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90854.

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Some researchers that work with metaphor theory claim that metaphors and figurative language are understood and processed just as easily as literal language. However, as this thesis will explore in detail, other research indicates that such is not always the case. That is, if the category of metaphor is further subcategorized into conventional and non-conventional metaphor, the scope will change because of the fact that it is possible to argue that non-conventionalized metaphors require a more conscious path of processing. In order to explain this alternative path, there are two primary approaches to language processing worth introducing: implicit and explicit. These approaches vary in required attention and speed of processing. With regards to conscious effort, these approaches are rather similar to the way in which we process conventionalized and non-conventionalized metaphors. Conventional metaphors are processed more quickly and easily than non-conventional ones. Hence, the claim that all metaphors are similarly processed may not always be true. Furthermore, an individual’s level of proficiency presumably correlates with speed in language processing. However, if non-conventional metaphor requires a more deliberate path of processing, this thesis assumes that the processing of this type of metaphor will be relatively unaffected by proficiency level, thus causing informants to process them in similar manners. In this thesis, 24 non-native speakers (NNS), categorized into intermediate proficient and advanced proficient, and seven native speakers (NS) were tested with an RT-test on subjective metaphor comprehension. Results were compared using mean response times and standard deviations, as well as looking at correlations and coefficient of variation. The results showed a distinct difference in processing speed with conventional metaphors being processed significantly faster. Moreover, the findings indicate that conventional metaphor processing speed seems to be predicted by proficiency, whilst non-conventional processing speed is not. The RT differences remained relatively consistent in both conventional and non-conventional metaphor processing, but when taking correlations, variance and coefficient of variation into consideration, the findings indicate that these other factors help level out the differences in non-conventional metaphor processing in more subtle ways than simply by RT’s.

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Mecca, Jennifer Lynn. "Home-modification : a search for the American home amid a structure of conventionality". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68753.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-90).
Since its origin in the postwar period the image and spatial structure surrounding the suburban house has perpetuated a singular notion of what house and family are. This postwar concept of what the average family and house are do not correspond to the multiple social groupings and life-styles prevalent today. As it is currently produced, the suburban house is intended in form, program and policy for a single-family structure, and any attempt to alter these aspects produces a disjuncture between the structure and the household it must support. While some, such as Dolores Hayden, have suggested alternative housing designs for those families that do not match the postwar notion of the average family, these families remain marginalized by the form, policy, and space afforded them in available housing. Given the multiplicity of household organizations present today, several examples of domestic architecture provide insight into potential spatial characteristics that allow flexibility in response to alterations in the constructs surrounding family organization and use. In formulating a new sense of spatial organization, qualities of place extracted from existing models provide an understanding of the spatial characteristics necessary to make the house function as a place for both collective activity and private, individual habitation. Aspects of these precedents -- contextual relationships, transition space, threshold, and access -- serve to support necessary distinctions between public and private realms of the house, while simultaneously allowing for the flexibility necessary to accommodate changing social structures. The implementation of a new structure for the suburban house that is based in a spatial rather than programmatic distinction of place is intrinsic to the meaning of the house in its current social context. Such a framework for thinking about the house can provide a basis for a lasting structure in the suburbs, while allowing for alterations in the specific aspects required of the dwelling that will inevitably change with the passage of time. In response to the need for a change in the nature of the suburban house, a series of diagrams are proposed as a means of reconciling the discrepancies found between the suburban house and the current exigencies of American families. Through the application of a series of spatial arrangements derived from existing models, these diagrams are intended as an operative framework for rethinking the design of the suburban house. By employing the spatial characteristics found in the precedents and overlaying needs, family structures, and use patterns, the diagrams are able to provide a flexible structure for the suburban house -- one that is able to turn the house, an object of repetitive production, into a home that can accommodate a multiplicity of households.
by Jennifer Lynn Mecca.
M.S.

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Feist, Richard. "Spreading time through space: An analysis of the conventionality of intra-frame simultaneity". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6622.

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It is shown that the simultaneity of distant events is taken for granted by some major thinkers, most notably Leibniz and Newton, preceding Einstein. However, in 1905, the STR's examination, and subsequent reconstruction, of this assumption, engendered two types of simultaneity: intra-frame and inter-frame. The former is the focus of this investigation and deals with the simultaneity of distant, yet relatively stationary, events. The latter involves the simultaneity of distant, yet relatively moving, events. Einstein glossed over the former, briefly claiming that distant clocks are synchronized according to a definition. Reichenbach interpreted this as illustrating that the STR supports a conventionalist reading. The synchronization of distant clocks within the same inertial frame is only possible according to a convention. This is known as the conventionality of simultaneity, not to be confused with the relativity of simultaneity which deals with the setting of clocks in different inertial frames. Grunbaum follows Reichenbach's view and argues further that inter-frame relativity of simultaneity must be understood on the basis of intra-frame conventionality of simultaneity. It is argued that Grunbaum occupies a middle position between the two major approaches to the philosophy of space-time. Grunbaum's defence of the conventionality of simultaneity is the main concern of this investigation. Reichenbach's a priori, inter-theoretical conventionalism is clearly separated from Grunbaum's a posteriori, intra-theoretical conventionalism. This is done because the two thinkers are often misleadingly equated. They are linked simply because a particular argument, which connects conventionality and light signals, is shared. The moral of this chapter is not only that shared conclusions do not entail shared premises, but more importantly, shared arguments do not entail shared approaches. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Debs, Talal Atif. "Representation and symmetry : an analysis of the tension between objectivity and conventionality in modern physics". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248893.

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Thomas-Taillandier, Delphine. "Contribution à l'étude des dérogations en procédure pénale : pour une approche cohérente et encadrée des procédures pénales dérogatoires". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1029.

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La conceptualisation des procédures pénales dérogatoires n'est pas chose aisée, si bien que c'est sous un angle à la fois constitutionnel et conventionnel qu'il semble intéressant d'appréhender les critères délimitant naturellement ces procédures particulièrement attentatoires aux droits fondamentaux. Partant de ces approches constitutionnelle, conventionnelle et législative, on parvient ainsi à mieux percevoir les difficultés rencontrées par les autorités policières et judiciaires lorsqu'il s'agit de mettre en oeuvre ces techniques spéciales d'investigation. En effet, si la diversité de ces procédures complexifie leur utilisation, elle risque par conséquent d'encourager une utilisation abusive de celles-ci pour favoriser la recherche de la vérité au détriment des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales de tout un chacun. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de repenser la place et l'encadrement des procédures pénales dérogatoires dans les textes fondamentaux pour parvenir à la mise en oeuvre d'une pratique efficace mais avant tout respectueuse des droits de l'homme et des libertés individuelles. Dans la présente étude, les procédures pénales dérogatoires font donc l'objet d'une pensée volontairement modératrice en quête d'un juste milieu entre la liberté et la sécurité, éternelle problématique qui anime depuis son origine la procédure pénale et que le législateur a parfois du mal à résoudre
Conceptualizing derogatory criminal procedures is no easy task, so it is under an angle both constitutional and conventional that it seems interesting to apprehend criteria defining these procedures that particularly violate fundamental rights. From these approaches constitutional, legislative and conventional, it succeeds in better perceive difficulties encountered by police and judicial authorities when it comes to implement these special investigation techniques. While the diversity of these procedures complex their use, it may therefore encourage a misuse of these to foster pursuit of truth at the expense of human rights and fundamental freedoms of everyone. Therefore there is a need reconsider the place and the framing of criminal procedures in the fundamental derogatory texts to achieve the implementation of effective practice and above all respectful of human rights and individual freedoms. In this study, derogatory criminal procedures are therefore subject to a voluntarily restraining thought seeking a balance between freedom and security, eternal question that has raised criminal procedure from its origin and that the legislature may difficult to solve

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Lamparelli, Alvamar Helena de Campos Andrade. "A naturalidade na tradução: quem garante?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-04122007-102315/.

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Este estudo se baseou em dados extraídos de um corpus paralelo composto por textos originais em inglês de artigos da Revista National Geographic, suas respectivas traduções publicadas em português na National Geographic Brasil, e os textos traduzidos antes da revisão para publicação. O objetivo foi cotejar os três textos a fim de identificar, na tradução, elementos que promovem a produção de um texto natural e fluente, que reflete o uso mais corrente na língua. Sua inserção no âmbito da lingüística de corpus se deu por essa permitir um estudo lingüístico descritivo e não prescritivo da língua e por se voltar não só para as palavras, estruturas ou usos possíveis na língua mas também o que é provável que ocorra, isto é, a diferença entre o que os falantes podem dizer e o que na verdade dizem. Esse cotejo possibilitou o levantamento de aspectos lingüísticos que afetam a naturalidade e fluência do texto, como a fraseologia típica na língua de chegada, suas colocações naturais, suas próprias expressões fixas, que refletem um modo preferido de se expressar de cada comunidade lingüística. Esses aspectos estão intimamente relacionados à convencionalidade, que abrange aquilo que é consolidado pelo uso, constituindo muitas vezes fonte de dificuldade ao \"tradutor ingênuo\" que pode não perceber que dentre formas possíveis existe aquela mais provável de ocorrer. Dentre os elementos levantados, selecionou-se a tradução dos advérbios terminados em *ly em inglês, nem sempre traduzidos por advérbios terminados em *mente em português, procurando compreender essa opção dentro do âmbito da convencionalidade. Essas opções nem sempre são ilustradas em dicionários, constituindo a pesquisa baseada em corpora, tanto paralelos quanto monolíngües, um recurso valioso ao tradutor seja para mostrar estratégias empregadas por outros tradutores profissionais como para conscientizá-lo de um uso consagrado na língua.
This study was based on data collected from a parallel corpus composed of original texts in English of articles from National Geographic magazine, and their respective translations in Portuguese as published in National Geographic Brazil and the texts translated before their revision for publication. The aim was to compare the three texts in order to identify, in translation, elements that enable the production of a text which sounds natural and fluent, reflecting the current use by the speakers. Corpus Linguistics was chosen as an approach for the research since it allows a descriptive rather than a prescriptive study of the language and is typically concerned not only with what words, structures or uses are possible in a language, but also with what is probable, likely to occur, the difference between what the speakers can say and what they actually say. This comparison brought to light linguistic features which might affect naturalness and fluency of a text, as the typical phraseology in the target-language, its natural collocations and its own fixed expressions, which reflect a preferred way of a community of saying things. These aspects are closely related to conventionality, which encompasses that which is attested by the use, and represent precisely where the difficulties lie for the \"innocent translator\", who might not notice that among a range of possible forms there is one which is more likely to occur. Among the elements found, one was particularly investigated, namely, the translation of adverbs ending in *ly in English , not always translated by adverbs ending in *mente in Portuguese, with a view to understand this option within the idea of conventionality. These options are not frequently displayed in dictionaries, which makes corpus-based research , either using parallel corpora or monolingual corpora, an invaluable resource to translators, in eliciting strategies employed by other professional translators and in bringing awareness to an attested use in language.

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Santos, Vanessa de Campos Melo. "Controle de convencionalidade: crítica ao entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19179.

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This dissertation aims to analyze the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in the light of conventionality control institute focused on the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the interpretation that it does about the international human rights treaties. To emphasize the importance and necessity of dialogue among courts for the construction of ius commune of human rights. In order to do so, the work was divided into four parts. Initially, related to the Federal Constitution of Brazil in 1988 and the international human rights treaties. After that, run to an examination of conventionality control. Afterwards, discuss the Supreme Court jurisprudence. Finally, from the data collected, analyzed and compared critically pondered that the Supreme Court in this matter is far short of what is expected of the highest court of the Brazilian judiciary and guardian of the Brazilian Federal Constitution
A presente dissertação objetiva analisar a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal à luz do instituto do controle de convencionalidade voltada à Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e a interpretação que ela faz dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Ressaltar a importância e a necessidade do Diálogo entre as Cortes para a formação de um ius commune dos direitos humanos. Para tanto, o trabalho dividiu-se em quatro partes. Inicialmente, relacionou-se a Constituição Federal do Brasil de 1988 e os tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Seguidamente, partiu-se para um exame do controle de convencionalidade. Posteriormente, discorrer sobre a jurisprudência do STF. Por fim, a partir dos dados colhidos, analisados e comparados ponderou-se, criticamente, que o Supremo Tribunal Federal está nesta matéria aquém do que se espera da mais alta instância do poder judiciário brasileiro e guardião da Constituição Federal brasileira

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Einheuser, Iris 1969. "Conventionalism". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17648.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101).
Certain fundamental philosophical disputes, in contrast to disputes in the empirical sciences, are characterized by the persistence of disagreement. This has led some to endorse conventionalism, the view that the 'facts of the matter' partly depend on our conventions and that disagreements persist because both sides to the dispute employ different conventions. What does it mean to say that the facts of the matter partly depend on conventions? My thesis is concerned with this question. It has four parts. Part I ('Convention, Dependence, Covariance') examines how some matters of fact may depend on convention. I argue that while versions of conventionalism which can be construed in terms of one of the familiar dependence-relations are intuitively plausible, most interesting versions of conventionalism (about, say, ontology, modality and morality) cannot be so construed. To maintain the claim that some range of facts depends on convention, conventionalists need to explain how the features they take to be conventionally determined systematically covary with conventions. Part II ('A Framework for Conventionalist Reasoning') provides the formal tools to model conventionalist dependence-relations, tools that respect the methodological assumptions of conventionalists and reflect the logic of conventionalist discourse.
(cont.) The framework developed is also useful for perspicuously formulating other philosophical accounts that take some aspect of reality to depend on human practices, such as neo-Kantian, projectivist and response-dependence accounts. Part III ('Facts by Convention') investigates how to make philosophical sense of the dependence-relations invoked by conventionalists. I critically examine several conventionalist accounts in the literature, and, employing the tools developed in part II, I propose various explications of how a range of facts may depend on convention. Part IV ('Putting everything together') classifies conventionalist accounts according to what kind of dependence-relation they invoke and critically discusses the interest and plausibility of ontological conventionalism.
by Iris Einheuser.
Ph.D.

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Sales, Dimitri Nascimento. "Diversidade sexual, proteção constitucional e controle de convencionalidade". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6423.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Body, sexuality and Law are elements that conform the subject. In society, body and sexuality are submitted to external means of control, that intends to control individuals. Law is the instrument through which behavioral patterns are imposed, limiting the fruition of corporal and sexual experimentations. To acknowledge sexual differences, whether centered in sexual orientation or gender identity, is to deny lesbians, gays, bisexuals, travesties and transsexuals the fulfillment of fundamental rights. This thesis analyses social interactions concerning sexuality, from a perspective that considers the relationship among body, sexuality and Law, stressing the means of control over the individual. Moreover, it will be studied the constitutional norms that protects the rights of sexual diversity. At the end, we scrutinize how the conventionality review has reshaped Brazilian constitutionalism and has impacted on the protection of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, travesties and transsexuals rights. The result of such study rests in the assurance that the rights of sexual diversity are inserted in the constitutional dimension, entailing the obligation to be enforced whether through the interpretation of the Constitution or through the interaction between constitutional law and international human rights, due to the conventionality review
Corpo, sexualidade e direito constituem elementos que formam o sujeito. Inseridos num espaço social determinado, corpo e sexualidade são submetidos a controles externos, objetivando o governo dos indivíduos. O direito é o instrumento utilizado para impor padrões comportamentais, delimitando o pleno gozo das experiências corporais e sexuais. O reconhecimento das diferenças sexuais, sejam centradas na orientação sexual ou identidade de gênero, é tomado como prerrogativa para negar a lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais o exercício dos direitos fundamentais. Este trabalho abordará as interações sociais em torno das sexualidades, partindo da análise da relação entre corpo, sexualidade e direito, assinalando as formas de controle exercidas sobre o indivíduo. Em seguida, serão estudados os elementos da Constituição que asseguram a expansão da proteção constitucional aos direitos da diversidade sexual. Por fim, será analisado o redesenho institucional proporcionado pelo Controle de Convencionalidade para o constitucionalismo brasileiro, bem como seu impacto na proteção dos direitos de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais. O resultado alcançado permite assegurar que os direitos da diversidade sexual estão inseridos no âmbito constitucional, devendo ser concretizados por força da atuação interpretativa da Constituição Federal ou pela interação entre direito constitucional e direito internacional dos direitos humanos, proporcionada pelo Controle de Convencionalidade

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Fonsêca, Vitor Moreira da. "Processo civil e direitos humanos: o controle de convencionalidade no processo civil". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21139.

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Despite the importance of the conventionality control by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, little is known about the relation between civil procedure and human rights. This study shows how the conventionality control may affect civil procedure. It analyzes the case-law of the Inter-American Court about the articles 8 (right to a fair trial) and 25 (right to judicial protection) of the American Convention on Human Rights and how it applies to civil procedure. Based on the most important cases of the Inter-American Court, it proposes a type of conventionality control in Brazilian civil procedure. In the end, the final chapter discusses some impacts of the results in Brazil
Apesar da importância do controle de convencionalidade exercido pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, pouco se sabe sobre a relação entre o processo civil e os direitos humanos. Este trabalho mostra como o controle de convencionalidade pode afetar o processo civil brasileiro. O estudo analisa a jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana sobre os arts. 8º (garantias judiciais) e 25 (proteção judicial) da Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos e como se aplicam ao processo civil. Com fundamento nos mais importantes casos da Corte Interamericana, o estudo propõe um modelo de controle de convencionalidade no processo civil brasileiro. Por fim, o capítulo final discute alguns impactos dos resultados no Brasil

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Tonietto, Lauren. "Desenvolvimento da convencionalidade e especificidade na aquisição de verbos : relações com complexidade sintática e categorização". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17823.

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Esta tese investigou o desenvolvimento da convencionalidade e especificidade na aquisição de verbos. No Estudo 1, uma amostra de verbos do Português Brasileiro (PB) foi julgada por 605 universitários, em escala likert de 1 a 5 pontos, gerando escores de convencionalidade e especificidade. O Estudo 2 comparou a convencionalidade em 80 crianças divididas em 2 grupos etários (2:0-3:0 e 3:1-4:5) utilizando 2 análises: dicotômica e contínua (escala likert). Os resultados mostraram que ambas são válidas para diferenciar os grupos, embora a contínua apresente vantagens. No Estudo 3, foram analisadas 55 crianças em 2 momentos. Os resultados mostraram um desenvolvimento significativo da convencionalidade e especificidade ao longo do tempo e diferenças significativas entre gêneros: meninas foram mais convencionais e específicas do que meninos. As correlações mostraram uma interdependência entre variáveis linguísticas e cognitivas. O Estudo 4 apresentou diferenças de gênero na organização semântica dos verbos por meio de um modelo gráfico.
This dissertation investigated the development of conventionality and specificity in the acquistion of verbs. In Study 1, a sample of Brazilian Portuguese (PB) verbs was judged by 605 undergraduate students, in a 1 to 5 points likert scale, generating conventionality and specificity scores. The Study 2 compared conventionality in 80 children divided in 2 age groups (2;0-3;0 and 3;1-4;5) using 2 analyses: dichotomic and continuous (likert scale). The results showed that both are valid to differentiate the groups, although the continuous presents advantages. In Study 3, we analized 55 children in 2 moments. The results showed a significant development of conventionality and specificity through time and significant differences between genders: girls were more conventional and specific than boys. The correlations showed an interdependence between linguistic and cognitive variables. The Study 4 showed gender differences in verbs semantic organization throuth a graphic model.

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Espinosa-Saldaña, Barrera Eloy. "When the Latin American constitutional judge forgets his/her job of conventionalization of law: reflections about a recent sentence of the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123779.

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In this article, the author tell us about the job of the constitutional judge and the importance that this takes in a context of crisis. Also, he highlights the conventionalization of law as the central task of constitutional judges. Likewise, he details the difficulties involved in this task and the challenges to be faced for the consolidation of a common law in Latin America.
En el presente artículo el autor nos habla sobre la labor del juez constitucional y la importancia que adquiere está en un contexto de crisis. Asimismo, resalta la convencionalización del Derecho como tarea central de los jueces constitucionales. De igual manera, detalla las dificultades que acarrea esta tarea y los retos a enfrentar para la consolidación de un derecho común en América Latina.

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16

Malam, Oumarou Zara. "Les engagements internationaux et les défaillances de la protection constitutionnelle des droits fondamentaux : l'exemple des paradoxes des mécanismes de contrôle nigériens au regard des expériences française et internationale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1025.

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Les États semblent ériger les Cours constitutionnelles en meilleur garant de la protection des droits fondamentaux. Cette étude propose une délimitation des compétences, voire des responsabilités constitutionnelles. Elle démontre que si l'inneffectivité de la protection des droits a été mise en évidence en dépit de l'existence des mécanismes de justice constitutionnelle et des ratifications massives des conventions internationales, c'est la recherche des défaillances de la protection constitutionnelle qui s'impose. La confrontation « des engagements internationaux aux défaillances de la protection des droits fondamentaux » pose la question du contrôle qui est censé être exercé par le juge constitutionnel. Au regard des expériences française et internationale, le Niger offre un exemple parfait des paradoxes de ces mécanismes de contrôle tant a priori qu'a posteriori. Ces défaillances apparaissent à travers les limites constitutionnelles de l'intervention du juge constitutionnel, voire du juge international. Cette étude à la fois micro et macrocomparative, révèle le décalage entre la justice constitutionnelle nigérienne et française. Bien plus, elle illustre le déficit de la protection constitutionnelle, y compris de la France, par rapport aux véritables exigences internationales de la protection. Au-delà, cette thèse propose des pistes d'une protection conventionnelle efficace, voire effective des droits fondamentaux conventionnels
States seem to assign a more important role to Constitutional courts to protect fundamental rights. This study proposes a delimitation of powers and constitutional responsibilities. It shows that if the ineffectiveness of human rights has been highlighted despite the fact that there are mechanisms of constitutional justice and massive ratifications of international conventions, research focusing on constitutional protection deficiencies remains crucial. Comparing “international commitments and deficiencies in the protection of fundamental rights” raises the issue of control which is supposed to be exercised by the Constitutional court. In the light of the French and international experiences, Niger provides a perfect example of paradoxes of the pre-control and post-control mechanisms. Such deficiencies appear through constitutional limits of the intervention of the Constitutional judge and the international judge. This micro and macro comparative study reveals the difference between the Nigeren and the French constitutional justice. It also illustrates the shortfall of the constitutional protection including France in the face of the real international requirements of the protection. Furthermore, this doctoral thesis proposes courses of action for effective and efficient protection under the convention

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17

Thomas, Lucie. "L’application du principe d’interprétation stricte de la loi pénale par la chambre criminelle à l’aune des mutations de la légalité criminelle". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND012.

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L'article 111-4 du Code pénal prévoit, par une formule laconique, que « la loi pénale est d'interprétation stricte ». Corollaire de la légalité criminelle, ce principe a vocation à protéger les individus des risques d'une répression arbitraire en soumettant toute atteinte à leur liberté au strict domaine de la loi, expression de la volonté générale. À dépasser les désaccords entourant les théories de l'interprétation, analysée comme un procédé de révélation ou de construction de sens, cet impératif intervient a minima comme une limite à la liberté de l'interprète. Or le principe de légalité dans lequel l'exigence tire son fondement a subi d'importantes mutations. L'admission de la représentation, l'inflation législative, et l'instrumentalisation de la fonction intimidatrice de la norme pénale, ont en effet entraîné une certaine déliquescence de la loi. L'instauration de contrôles de constitutionnalité et de conventionnalité de la loi participent à ce mouvement. Par un effet de balancier, le recul de la loi s'est traduit par une recrudescence du pouvoir judiciaire. Chargée de contrôler la conventionnalité de la loi et les conditions de renvoi d'une question prioritaire de constitutionnalité, la chambre criminelle a vu son office profondément modifié. La protection effective de la liberté individuelle est dorénavant réputée être mieux assurée par le contrôle judiciaire des normes pénales que par le recours à la loi : la légalité formelle se mue en une légalité matérielle. Or, en qualité de corollaire de la légalité criminelle, le principe d'interprétation stricte est nécessairement atteint par cette mutation. Bien que demeurant pareillement formulé, il voit en effet son fondement substantiellement modifié. L'exigence d'une stricte interprétation étant originellement justifiée par déférence à l'égard de la volonté générale exprimée par la loi, la reconnaissance de l'incapacité de cette dernière à la saisir entraîne une certaine souplesse dans l'application du principe. Dès lors qu'il est compétent pour contrôler la loi, le juge est par ailleurs davantage enclin à se libérer de son emprise. Il convient alors de s'interroger sur la manière dont la chambre criminelle applique le principe d'interprétation stricte de la loi pénale à l'aune des mutations de la légalité. Il apparaît que, sans suivre une ligne de conduite précise, la chambre criminelle tend à influer sur la politique pénale en usant de son pouvoir d'interprétation pour réajuster, de manière conjoncturelle et par touches d'ajustements ponctuels, le seuil de la répression fixé par le législateur. Dans un système de hiérarchie des normes se transformant en réseau normatif, l'interprétation devient outil de construction de la norme pénale
Article 111-4 of the Penal Code succinctly provides that “criminal law is to be interpreted strictly”. Deriving from the principle of legality, the principle of strict construction intends to protect individuals from arbitrary repression by submitting any infringement on their freedom to the strict scope of the law, which is the expression of the general will. Setting aside the disagreements regarding the theory of interpretation – analyzed as a method of either revealing or constructing meaning – this imperative, at least, limits the interpreter's freedom. However, the principle of legality, on which the imperative of strict construction is based, has undergone significant changes. The adoption of a representative system, legislative inflation, along with authorities taking advantage of the deterrence provided by criminal norms has, to a degree, led to a decline of the law. The establishment of constitutionality and conventionality reviews of the law has also contributed to it. As a result of a seesaw effect, the decline of the law resulted in an increase in the role of the judiciary. The Criminal Division of the French Supreme Court of Appeal (Court de Cassation) is responsible for reviewing the conventionality of the law and the referral procedure of preliminary rulings on constitutionality. Consequently, the Criminal Division's function has undergone major changes. Protecting individual freedom is now deemed more effective when carried out by the judicial review of criminal norms rather than by resorting to the law. Procedural legality turns into substantive legality. Therefore, as a result of the principle of legality, the principle of strict construction is affected by this transformation. Even though the principle of strict construction remains formulated in the same way, its founding principle has substantially changed. The requirement of a strict construction was originally justified out of deference for the general will, which is expressed by the law. Thus, the acknowledgement of the law's incapacity to grasp the general will leads to some flexibility in the implementation of the principle. Since the judge has the authority to review the law, he is more inclined to interpret it freely. How the Criminal Division implements the principle of strict construction of criminal law in light of changes in legality needs then to be examined: The Criminal Division tends to influence criminal policies, even though it does not seem to be following a particular course of action, by exercising its power of interpretation to adjust, as circumstances dictate, the threshold for punishment set by the legislator. In a normative hierarchy system that turns into a normative network, interpretation becomes a tool to construct criminal norms

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18

Coombes, E. "Depiction : Conventionalist and naturalist theories". Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374715.

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19

Ivanova, Milena. "Realism, conventionalism and theory choice". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.684741.

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Two prominent debates in the philosophy of science literature - namely the scientific realism debate and the conventionalism debate - originate in the work of Pierre Duhem and Henri Poincare. This thesis explores problems in the current scientific realism and conventionalism debates and analyses Duhem's and Poincare's roles within these debates. In particulal~ it discusses the problems of underdetermination and theory choice, the problem of constitutivity, the problem of theory change and shows how Duhem and Poincare develop and address them. I present the current scientific realism debate and show Duhem's and Poincare's contribution to it. I evaluate Duhem's and Poincare's arguments against instrumentalism, explain their defence of structuralism and argue that their position is not realist, contrary to what is often assumed. I explore different solutions to the problem of underdetermination and develop objections to them. Following Duhem, I argue that the employment of theoretical virtues does not solve the problem of theory choice on the grounds that they are inconclusive and lead to a further form of underdetermination. Furthermore, I analyse Duhem's notion of 'good sense', which is an attempt at providing a normative non-rule governed account of rationality in theory choice. I address recent interpretations of this concept and develop problems for them. I develop a reading that overcomes the objections to the current readings. I present the evolution of conventionalism, from Poincare's conventions and Hans Reichenbach's constitutive a priori, to Michael Friedman's relativized a priori. I analyse Poincare's arguments for conventionalism and remove some longstanding confusions regarding his view. I discuss Friedman's defence of rationality in scientific revolutions as a solution to the Kuhnian objection of irrationality. Last, I analyse the epistemological status of the relativized a Priori and its intricate relationship with structuralism, which originates in Poincare's philosophy, and argue against current attempts that aim to connect the two theses.

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20

Torres, Zúñiga Natalia. "Review (laws) for compliance and human rights multi-level protection in Inter-American Human Rights System". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115501.

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This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for compliance and the process of putting international law of human rights on a constitutional footing. Therefore, a parallel is established between reviewing (laws) for compliance and constitutional review (laws) in order to outline features and application impact of this research. The design of a multi-level protection system for fundamental rights in Latin America is also discussed in this article.
El presente artículo aborda aspectos relativos a la relación entre el control de convencionalidad y el proceso de constitucionalización del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Así, se establece un paralelo entre el control de convencionalidad y el control de constitucionalidad, a fin de determinar las características y el impacto de la aplicación del examen mencionado. El documento da cuenta de la configuración de un sistema de protección multinivel de los derechos fundamentales en Latinoamérica.

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21

Friedman-Biglin, Noah. "Carnap's conventionalism : logic, science, and tolerance". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6334.

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In broadest terms, this thesis is concerned to answer the question of whether the view that arithmetic is analytic can be maintained consistently. Lest there be much suspense, I will conclude that it can. Those who disagree claim that accounts which defend the analyticity of arithmetic are either unable to give a satisfactory account of the foundations of mathematics due to the incompleteness theorems, or, if steps are taken to mitigate incompleteness, then the view loses the ability to account for the applicability of mathematics in the sciences. I will show that this criticism is not successful against every view whereby arithmetic is analytic by showing that the brand of "conventionalism" about mathematics that Rudolf Carnap advocated in the 1930s, especially in Logical Syntax of Language, does not suffer from these difficulties. There, Carnap develops an account of logic and mathematics that ensures the analyticity of both. It is based on his famous "Principle of Tolerance", and so the major focus of this thesis will to defend this principle from certain criticisms that have arisen in the 80 years since the book was published. I claim that these criticisms all share certain misunderstandings of the principle, and, because my diagnosis of the critiques is that they misunderstand Carnap, the defense I will give is of a primarily historical and exegetical nature. Again speaking broadly, the defense will be split into two parts: one primarily historical and the other argumentative. The historical section concerns the development of Carnap's views on logic and mathematics, from their beginnings in Frege's lectures up through the publication of Logical Syntax. Though this material is well-trod ground, it is necessary background for the second part. In part two we shift gears, and leave aside the historical development of Carnap's views to examine a certain family of critiques of it. We focus on the version due to Kurt Gödel, but also explore four others found in the literature. In the final chapter, I develop a reading of Carnap's Principle - the `wide' reading. It is one whereby there are no antecedent constraints on the construction of linguistic frameworks. I argue that this reading of the principle resolves the purported problems. Though this thesis is not a vindication of Carnap's view of logic and mathematics tout court, it does show that the view has more plausibility than is commonly thought.

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22

Panjvani, Cyrus. "Rule-following : conventionalism, scepticism and rationality". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12950.

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The thesis argues, in lie main, for both a negative and positive agenda to Wittgenstein's rule-following remarks in both his Philosophical Investigations and Remarks on the foundations of Mathematics. The negative agenda is a sceptical agenda, different than as conceived by Kripke, that is destructive of a realist account of rules and contends that the correct application of a rule is not fully determined in an understanding of the rule. In addition to these consequences, this negative agenda opens Wittgenstein to Dummett's charge of radical conventionalism (a charge that also, but differently, applies to certain mid-period views and this is addressed in the first chapter). These negative consequences are left unresolved by Kripke's sceptical solution and, notably, are wrongly assessed by those that dissent from a sceptical reading (e.g., McDowell). The positive agenda builds on these negative considerations arguing that although there is no determination in the understanding of a rule of what will count as a correct application in so far unconsidered situations, we are still able to follow a rule correctly. This seems to involve an epistemic leap, from an underdetermined understanding to a determinate application, and, in respect of this appearance, involves what Wittgenstein calls following a rule "blindly" in an epistemic sense. Developing this view, of following a rule blindly, involves developing an account of an alternative rational response to rule instruction, one that need not involve a role for interpreting or inferring, but all the same allows for correctness in rule application in virtue of enabling agreement in rule application.

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23

Louro, Inês da Conceição dos Anjos. "'Enxergando' as colocações: para ajudar a vencer o medo de um texto autêntico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-22112001-000335/.

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Este trabalho lida com unidades lexicais compostas por mais de uma palavra usadas com função referencial,ou seja, cada uma dessas unidades lexicais constitui um nome. Em uma sala de aula de ensino de língua inglesa para brasileiros, observou-se como o fato de o aluno 'enxergar' essas unidades lexicais pode ajudá-lo a ler um texto.
This study is about multi-word lexical units which have referential meaning, i.e., each unit is used as a name. In an English teaching classroom for Brazilian students it was noticed that making students aware of such lexical units may help them read a text.

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24

Glasenapp, Ricardo Bernd. "Controle de convencionalidade por omissão: a responsabilidade do Presidente da República na efetividade dos instrumentos internacionais de Direitos Humanos". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6942.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Bernd Glasenapp.pdf: 1156753 bytes, checksum: 12ce5c06ea724956a19e4e0743747f51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01
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This thesis aims to demonstrate the possibility of realization of conventionality control by default in our legal system in the absence of regulations and especially the lack of adaptation of the legal rules existing on Human Rights on the legal innovations arising through treaties international human rights. Faced with such a scenario, this thesis develops having to justify the need for effective human rights within our legal system on the certainty that the simple conclusion of international treaties on human rights is no longer just enough. Once demonstrated the existence of conventionality control by default as a way of realization of human rights by virtue of court decisions, the present thesis switches to the possibility of overcoming the legal problems arising from the legislative omission on human rights through the creation reallocated to the President for legislative initiative to adapt the domestic legal system to international human rights treaties. With such legal innovation presented here, and defends, you can become more effective human rights in our country, without the problem of legislative omission to endure in time unconventional way
Esta tese tem por objetivo demonstrar a possibilidade de realização do controle de convencionalidade por omissão em nosso ordenamento jurídico diante da ausência de regulamentação e, especialmente, da ausência de adaptação das normas jurídicas já existentes relativas Direitos Humanos diante das inovações jurídicas advindas por meio de tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Diante de tal cenário, a presente tese desenvolve-se tendo como justificativa a necessidade de efetivação dos direitos humanos dentro de nosso ordenamento jurídico diante da certeza de que a simples celebração de tratados internacionais de direitos humanos já não é mais só suficiente. Uma vez demonstrada a existência do controle de convencionalidade por omissão como forma de efetivação dos Direitos Humanos por força do Poder Judiciário, a presente tese passa a trabalhar com a hipótese de superação do problema jurídico decorrente da omissão legislativa relativa aos Direitos Humanos por meio da criação de uma nova atribuição ao Presidente da República para iniciativa legislativa de adequação do ordenamento jurídico interno aos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Com tal inovação jurídica que aqui se apresenta, e defende, será possível tornar mais efetivos os Direitos Humanos em nosso País, sem que o problema da omissão legislativa se perdure no tempo de forma inconvencional

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25

Santos, Andrea Geroldo dos. "Working closely with corpora. Proposta de ensino de colocações adverbiais em inglês para negócios, sob a luz da Linguística de Corpus". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-31052012-164145/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma proposta para o ensino de colocações adverbiais em inglês, típicas da área de negócios, à luz da Linguística de Corpus. Para isso, compilamos um corpus monolíngue em inglês britânico e americano, composto de periódicos de negócios e relatórios de empresas disponíveis on-line, num total de 2.310.143 palavras. Com a ajuda do Wordsmith Tools 5.0 e de cálculos estatísticos (escores T e Informação Mútua), levantamos as vinte e cinco colocações adverbiais mais recorrentes no corpus de estudo e as analisamos quanto aos padrões léxicogramaticais. Feita a análise, selecionamos dentre essas unidades colocacionais aquelas que poderiam ser abordadas em sala de aula, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pela pesquisadora, com base na abordagem DDL de Tim Johns (1991), na modelagem de Carter (1998) e nas críticas feitas ao uso das linhas de concordância no ensino de línguas. Elaboramos, assim, exercícios que foram aplicados em três estudos-piloto, realizados com alunos de inglês para negócios de um instituto de idiomas privado, nos seguintes níveis: pré-intermediário, intermediário e intermediário superior. Nos três estudos, comprovamos a aplicabilidade dos exercícios e a importância da Linguística de Corpus como abordagem ao ensino de línguas.
The aim of this work is to put forward a proposal for teaching typical adverbial collocations in Business English, based on Corpus Linguistics principles. To accomplish that, we compiled a monolingual corpus in British and American English, composed of business press texts as well as company reports available on-line, totalling 2,310,429 words. With the use of Wordsmith Tools 5.0 and statistical scores (T-score and Mutual Information), we found the twenty-five most frequent adverbial collocations, which were lexically and grammatically analysed concerning their patterns. Next, from these collocational units we selected the ones which could be approached in class, following the criteria set by the researcher, based on Tim Johns DDL (JOHNS, 1991), Carters modelling (CARTER, 1998) and the objections raised concerning the use of concordance lines for language teaching. Thus, we planned exercises to be applied in three pilot studies, carried out with Business English students at a private language school in São Paulo, Brazil, at the following levels: preintermediate, intermediate and upper-intermediate. The three studies demonstrated that such exercises can be successfully used in Business English classes thus confirming the relevance of Corpus Linguistics as an approach to language teaching.

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26

Murillo, Cruz David Andrés. "Le droit international humaniste : entre crise et révolution de l'ordre juridique international". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0380/document.

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L'arrivée de la globalisation a révélé l'existence de deux crises. La crise de l'État-nation et la crise du droit international. Ces crises sont devenues plus aigües à cause des nouveaux problèmes de l'humanité. Problèmes qui échappent tant au contrôle de l’État qu’à la régulation du droit international interétatique. Face à cette problématique, il est apparu le droit global, qui prétend substituer le droit international, en supprimant les Nations Unies, à travers la création d’une nouvelle organisation internationale dénommée : l’humanité unie. Afin de sauver le droit international ainsi que d’éviter les conséquences nuisibles qui pourrait porter le droit global à la communauté internationale, il est proposé la création d’un nouveau droit, le droit international humaniste, fondé sur la protection des intérêts des personnes et de l’humanité. Pour faire effectif le droit international humaniste, il est proposé le concept d’État-outil ainsi que la mise en œuvre du contrôle de conventionnalité, dans le but d’harmoniser les droits étatiques avec la régulation humaniste
The arrival of the globalization revealed the existence of two crises. The crisis of the nation state and the crisis of the international law. These crises became more acute because of the new problems of the humanity. Problems which escape both the control of the State and the regulation of the interstate international law. In the face of this problem, it appeared the global law, which claims to substitute the international law, by eliminating the United Nations, through the creation of a new international organization: The United Humanity. To save the international law as well as avoid the harmful consequences who could wear the global law for the international community, is proposed the creation of a new law, the international law for humankind, based on the protection of the interests of the people and the humanity. To make staff the international law for humankind, is proposed the concept of Tool- State as well as the implementation of the conventionality control, with the aim of harmonizing the state rights with the humanist regulation

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27

Manson-Whitton, Chris. "Squeeze casting of a conventionally wrought aluminium alloy". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403577.

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28

Caussiol, Laure. "Postharvest quality of conventionally and organically grown banana fruit". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/909.

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Quality is increasingly important for retailers, who tend to look for more definitive assessment criteria. Taste has become a major issue over past years for consumers, who are seeking higher quality produce. For banana fruit, at least one major retailer is asking TSS measurement in addition to the usual assessment based on skin colour. At the same time organic produce sales are increasingly important for ripeners and retailers to consumers. This study investigated variability in banana pulp with regard to sampling position from proximal, middle and distal portions. Also two different devices, the traditional pocket refractometer and the digital refractometer were evaluated. TSS was measured on juice obtained directly from the pulp, as practised by one supermarket representative, versus the more conventional method of homogenizing pulp samples in distilled water. Finally, a comparison of postharvest qualities of conventionally and organically grown banana fruit from nearby plantations in the Dominican Republic was made. This comparison involved several harvest times over the seasonal period from February to June 2001. Green mature Cavendish bananas var. Grand Nain were imported from the Dominican Republic by SH Pratt’s & Co. (Luton, UK). Both the conventionally and the organically grown bananas from the same area were held at about 15 degrees C during shipping and handling. The fruit were then ripened in a postharvest laboratory in the UK with a shot of 100 muL/L ethylene applied for 48 hours at 20 ±1 degree C. They were then assessed over 12 days of shelf life at this same temperature and at 60 ±10 % relative humidity. Fruit weight (g), colour (L* and H degrees), acidity (ml of 0.1 N NaOH), firmness (N) and TSS (%Brix) were assessed every second day during shelf life. In addition, starch breakdown was visualised by dipping slices of banana in iodine solution. Sensory analysis on the ripened fruit was also made with 30 panellists for four out of six of the harvest times.

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29

Ker, M. K. "The strength enhancement of conventionally ground silicon nitride ceramics". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332353.

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30

Newman, Scott. "Microstructural evolution in coated conventionally cast Ni-based superalloys". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12468.

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The aim of this research project was to investigate the microstructural changes of MCrAlY coated Ni-based superalloys that are routinely used in industrial gas turbine engines for power generation. One of the main aims of the characterisation was to understand ageing time and temperature effects on the microstructural evolution so that a methodology could be developed where the characterisation of a thermally exposed microstructure can be used to estimate unknown service exposure conditions.

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31

Asfour, Khaled S. (Khaled Sayed). "The villa and the modern Egyptian intelligentsia : a critique of conventionalism". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29887.

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32

Carvalho, Bossolani Iderpaulo. "Cosmopolitan Greetings: Mixed-Form inter-American Judicial Review and the Latin American Path to Global Constitutionalism". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22054.

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In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich in Lateinamerika ein neuer Kontext für die Durchsetzung von Menschenrechten herausgebildet. Die organisatorische Entwicklung des Interamerikanischen Menschenrechtsschutzsystems (IAS), die Verabschiedung neuer Verfassungen durch die nationalen Gesetzgeber und die Anwendung innovativer Verfassungsauslegungen durch die maßgeblichen Gerichte in der Region haben zur Entstehung eines kosmopolitischen lateinamerikanischen Konstitutionalismus geführt. In diesem neuen Kontext hat der Interamerikanische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (IACtHR) damit begonnen, die gerichtliche Überprüfung innerstaatlicher Gesetze zu praktizieren, d.h. er hat bei mehreren Gelegenheiten nationale Behörden angewiesen, innerstaatliche Gesetze wegen ihrer Unvereinbarkeit mit der Amerikanischen Menschenrechtskonvention (ACHR) für ungültig zu erklären. Angesichts der zunehmenden Konflikte zwischen nationalen und internationalen Menschenrechtsautoritäten zielt diese Studie darauf ab, den legitimsten und effektivsten Ansatz für die Praxis der interamerikanischen Konventionskontrolle zu finden. Ausgehend von der Debatte über die innerstaatliche richterliche Normenkontrolle werden zunächst die Gründe für die Praxis einer starken internationalen Normenkontrolle untersucht. Anschließend adressiert diese Studie Theorien, die versucht haben, die interamerikanische Konventionskontrolle zu schwächen. Diese Theorien haben sich häufig für die Übernahme des nationalen Ermessensspielraums auf der Grundlage der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte ausgesprochen. Schließlich plädiert die vorliegende Studie für eine kontextbasierte Theorie der interamerikanischen gerichtlichen Überprüfung und versucht, den nationalen Ermessensspielraum mit dem kosmopolitischen Konstitutionalismus Lateinamerikas in Einklang zu bringen.
In recent decades, a new human rights enforcement context has emerged in Latin America. The organizational evolution of the Inter-American System for Human Rights Protection (IAS), the adoption of new constitutions by national legislatures, and the adoption of innovative constitutional interpretations by the most authoritative courts in the region have led to the emergence of Latin American cosmopolitan constitutionalism. Within this new context, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) has started practicing the judicial review of domestic laws, i.e., on several occasions, it has ordered national authorities to invalidate domestic laws due to their incompatibility with the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). By reviewing domestic laws, the IACtHR has placed itself in the middle of a dialogue between legislatures and courts that was long seen as an exclusively domestic conversation within Latin American constitutionalism. This strong form of international jurisprudence has made the normative questions relating to judicial review much more complex to address. Given the increasing conflicts between domestic and inter-American human rights authorities, this study aims to find the most legitimate and effective approach to the practice of inter-American judicial review. In line with this, and drawing on the debate about domestic judicial review, it first assesses the reasons behind the practice of strong international judicial review. In order to offer a better form of inter-institutional interaction within the IAS, this study later addresses theories that have sought to weaken the practice of inter-American judicial review based on the principle of subsidiarity. These theories have often advocated for the adoption of the national margin of appreciation based on the European experience with this concept of deference to national authorities. Finally, this study advocates for a context-based theory of inter-American judicial review and tries to reconcile the national margin of appreciation with Latin American cosmopolitan constitutionalism.

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33

Parke, Matthew C. "Comparison of satellite-derived MSU brightness temperatures and conventionally-derived fields". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA293692.

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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.
Thesis advisor(s): Paul A. Hirschberg, Carlyle H. Wash. "December 1994." Bibliography: p. 97-100. Also avaliable on microform. Also available online.

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34

Ottesen, Andrea Ruth. "Microbial ecology and horticultural sustainability of organically and conventionally managed apples". College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9017.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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35

Zaborenko, Nikolay. "Continuous-flow study and scale-up of conventionally difficult chemical processes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59854.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-192).
Microfluidic systems provide valuable tools for exploring, studying, and optimizing organic syntheses. The small scales and fast transport rates allow for faster experiments and lower amounts of chemicals to be used, reducing costs and increasing safety. Additionally, continuous flow processes allow for a large number of experiments to be performed after a single setup. These advantages were exploited to enable continuous-flow study of chemical syntheses that are hazardous or difficult to perform by conventional methods and of applying the acquired knowledge toward improvement of industrial processes at large scales. Using silicon semiconductor microfabrication techniques, microdevices have designed and produced to address various challenges in continuous-flow reaction study and synthesis, enabling operation at reaction conditions not easily obtained in batch setups or on macroscopic scale. Several model reactions and systems were selected for study and/or augmentation. Silicon micromixers were designed and microfabricated to ensure low-pressure-drop millisecond-scale mixing of liquid streams. The micromixers were used to perform a quantitative kinetics and scale-up study of the direct two-step synthesis of sodium nitrotetrazolate by a Sandmeyer type reaction via a reactive diazonium intermediate. The use of continuous-flow microsystems significantly reduced the typically high explosion hazard associated with the energetic product and intermediate. An epoxide ring opening reaction was augmented and kinetics of the reaction were rapidly obtained using a silicon microreactor at high temperatures and pressures, demonstrating microreactor utility for rapid reaction space profiling, as well as the use of continuous flow to easily study and sample reaction conditions not readily accessible in batch. Scale-up was demonstrated using obtained kinetics. Synthesis steps of two pharmaceutical APIs were thus studied and greatly accelerated, which may be useful for considerations of continuous manufacturing. Finally, a system has been designed and studied to enable microfluidic study of solids forming reactions such as an organic coupling reaction with inorganic salt byproduct precipitate. Conventionally, these solids render such reactions difficult to study in microreactors, which limits the types of chemistries that could be investigated and improved using microfluidic technology. To minimize these constraints, the formation of solids in flow was systematically studied, and a combination of reactor design and application of acoustic forces to effect solid agglomerate disruption was used to allow slurries with relatively large amounts of solids to flow through microchannels.
by Nikolay Zaborenko.
Ph.D.

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36

Vrastil, Jill A. "A Comparison of Mineral Content in Conventionally and Organically Grown Almonds". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10840734.

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The current debate over whether conventional or organic farming is superior has produced an abundance of literature, however, only a small portion is devoted to mineral composition of foods ready for consumption. The purpose of this study was to compare mineral content in conventional versus organic foods. Specifically, this study tested almonds because they are a convenient and popular product. Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry was used to analyze triplicate samples of conventional and organic almonds for quantities of the following essential minerals: calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc.

Results of the analyses showed no significant differences in conventional versus organic almonds for calcium (p = .359), iron ( p = .368), magnesium (p = .921), potassium ( p =.129), or zinc (p = .875). Although this data suggests little difference in mineral content between conventional versus organic almonds, the small sample size (n = 6) provides unsubstantial evidence that a difference does not exist in larger samples.

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Trandel, Marlee Anne. "Nitrogen and Carbon Stable Isotopes in Organically and Conventionally Grown Tomatoes". OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2013.

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Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) require high amounts of nitrogen to maximize fruit production. The type of nitrogen and timing of fertilizer applications are important in tomato production systems to reduce nitrogen losses while optimizing yields. A two-year greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of organic and inorganic fertilization treatments on nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of tomato plant leaves and fruit at immature and mature stages of plant growth. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios together will also help to better depict trends that develop from conventional versus organically grown tomatoes and their resulting water use efficiency (WUE). ‘Better Bush’ tomatoes were grown in 8 L plastic pots filled with 1:1:1 steamed-sterilized sand:silt loam soil:peat mix. Eight fertility treatments were evaluated: no fertility, synthetic Miracle Grow® (MG), organic bonemeal and bloodmeal (BB), BB with liquid Earthjuice (BBL), BB with 25% vermicompost (VC), BBL with 25% VC, MG with 25% VC, and no fertility with 25% VC. The results indicated that for both growth stages, δ15NAir differed (P ≤ 0.05) between fertility treatments, while no major differences were observed for δ13CVPDB (P > 0.05), although conventionally fertilized tomatoes with MG and MG with 25% VC tended to have lower δ13CVPDB values suggesting a greater transpirational water loss through open stomata. The organic treatments with VC had higher δ15NAir values than the conventional or no added fertility treatments for all five leaflets from three different branches, fruit skins from the first two fruit clusters, fruit juices from the first two clusters and soil samples. Generally, the 15N/14N stable isotope values of tomato foliage and fruit are distinctly different between organic and conventional fertilizers, which could provide a powerful forensic tool in fingerprinting tomatoes grown by organic farming methods. Therefore, nitrogen isotopes can distinguish among different fertility treatments and also help to label the VC applications, which are thought to provide better fertility management due to less soil leaching and volatilization.

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Patel, Rishikumar M. "Investigating the Mechanical Behavior of Conventionally Processed High Strength Aluminum Alloy 2024". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1523106869575194.

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Ojo, Taye Oluwafemi. "PERFORMANCE OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED AND CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED POST-TENSIONED FLAT PLATES". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105008.

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With the increasing need for commercial and residential buildings, post-tensioned (PT) flat plates have become a preferred choice for floor systems, because of the numerous advantages over non-prestressed slabs such as better efficiency, reduced slab self-weight, as well as crack and deflection control. To improve the competitive advantage of PT flat plates through improved economy and performance, a study was undertaken. This study investigated the performance and behavior of three one-third scale models of a nine-panel two-way unbonded post-tensioned flat plate. One of the slabs had conventional reinforcement with uniform-banded tendon layout, another had conventional reinforcement with banded-banded tendon layout while the last had banded-banded tendon layout reinforced with steel fiber. The specimens were loaded to service limit state, factored load and then to failure, using a whiffle tree loading system that approximated a uniformly distributed load. Experimental results were compared to analytical results from finite element and yield line analysis. The performance of the banded-banded specimens was very similar to the uniform-banded specimens at service and factored load. The failure loads for all specimens were considerably higher than the design factored load of 197 psf. Steel fiber was able to replace conventional reinforcement and the performance of the specimens with steel fibers was satisfactory, and comparable to their corresponding conventional reinforced specimens at service and factored limit state. Analytical results from finite element analysis showed a fairly reasonable agreement with experimental results. The results from the experimental tests showed that the use of steel fiber in post-tensioned flat plates is a viable and safe technology that will lead to improved performance and economy. The experimental results seem to indicate that the requirement of conventional reinforcement may be unnecessary in the negative moment regions and also in the positive moment region if the tensile stress is not more than 3√(f'c ) in this region. ACI 318-19 code design recommendations were provided for design of banded-banded PT system and SFRC post-tensioned flat plate. Additional testing should be conducted before SFRC post-tensioned flat plates are incorporated in the ACI 318 code (ACI 318, 2019) with a maximum allowable tensile stress of 6√(f'c).
Doctor of Philosophy
Over the years, the use of post-tensioned flat plates as flooring system has increased and became popular in residential and commercial buildings. Post-tensioned flat plates are a type of concrete structural slabs typically used for flooring in high-rise building because of the numerous advantages over non-prestressed slabs such as better efficiency, reduced slab self-weight, as well as smaller crack and deflection. This type of slab typically consists of high strength steel strands called tendons, which are stretched to compress the concrete slab in both directions. To improve the performance of this type of slabs a research study was performed. This study investigated the performance and behavior of three one-third scale models of a nine-panel two-way post-tensioned flat plate. One of the slabs was strengthened with conventional steel bars and the tendon layout was uniform-banded tendon, another had conventional steel bar with banded-banded tendon layout while the last had banded-banded tendon layout reinforced with steel fiber. Actual load that will act on the slab when in use was applied and then this load was increased by a factor as specified in the building code, before loading the slab to the point where it cannot carry any more load. Results from the load test were compared to results obtain from analytical software package. The performance of the specimens that had banded-banded tendon layout was very similar to the specimens that had uniform-banded tendon layout, at actual operational load when in use. The failure loads for all specimens were considerably higher than the load they were designed for. The results suggest that steel fiber is a good alternative to conventional steel bars. The results from the load tests suggest that steel fiber can be used to strengthen post-tensioned flat plates which will lead to better performance and reduced cost.

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40

Cameron, Margaret A. "The role of the imagination in modal inquiry, a critical examination of conventionalism". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24813.pdf.

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41

Watkins, Maria A. C. "Are there significant differences in academic achievement between homeschooled and conventionally schooled students?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22736.pdf.

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42

Huber, Guilherme Ziegler. "O CONTROLE JURISDICIONAL DE CONVENCIONALIDADE: análise do tratado internacional das pessoas com deficiência em relação à legislação previdenciária brasileira e argentina". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6405.

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This work has the objective analysis about the treatment of the conventionality control laws in the Brazilian and Argentine legal scenario. As we search problem is to analyze what the hierarchy of international human rights treaties entered into both legal systems and, in result, analyze the existence or not of vertical compatibility and material between the laws governing the retirement of people with disabilities in each of these countries on the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Regarding methodology, we chose to use the deductive method of approach, based on the study of the concepts brought by the International Convention, the Brazilian legislation and the Argentine legislation with the aim of achieving the ability to analyze it in everyday cases from the application of conventionality control theories. Still, regarding the method of procedure, because of the need precisely to point out that the similarities and dissimilarities between the domestic laws of each country in relation to international rule. In this way, it was noticed that lies a discrepancy regarding the person of significance with disabilities in each of these standards, since the international treaty brings an extremely broad definition of disabled person in order to seal the right to a large section of society that because of medical, social, educational, vocational, psychological or cultural barriers are outside the social life and the labor market. In contrast to this, Brazilian law restricts the finding of disability to cases of medical and social order, although the Argentine law restricts only to medical disability cases. Such existing conceptual discrepancy between the rules affect too much a large part of society, since, acting in such a way, one is undeniably excluding the legal protection a large portion of society that fails to include socially and professionally because of issues beyond the mere medical or social look. Therefore, it shows extremely important study with the aim of triggering the incompatibility of existing laws can be act to modify the current state of affairs and, by consequence, to include a greater number of individuals in the legislative seal in strict observance of the auspices of the human rights of persons with disabilities
A presente dissertação tem como escopo a análise acerca do tratamento dado ao controle de convencionalidade das leis no cenário jurídico brasileiro e argentino. O problema se pesquisa reside em analisar qual a hierarquia dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos inseridos em ambos os ordenamentos jurídicos e, em virtude disso, analisar a existência, ou não, de compatibilidade vertical e material entre as leis que regulamentam a aposentadoria das pessoas com deficiência em cada um desses países em relação à Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência. No que tange à metodologia empregada, optou-se pela utilização do método de abordagem dedutivo, partindo do estudo dos conceitos trazidos pela Convenção Internacional, pela legislação brasileira e pela legislação argentina com o fito de lograr a possibilidade de analisá-la em casos do cotidiano, a partir da aplicação das teorias do controle de convencionalidade. Ainda, em relação ao método de procedimento, em virtude da necessidade, justamente, de apontar quais as semelhanças e dessemelhanças existentes entre as legislações domésticas de cada país em relação à norma internacional. Nesse propósito, percebeu-se que reside uma discrepância no que tange à significação de pessoa com deficiência em cada uma dessas normas, uma vez que o tratado internacional apresenta um conceito extremamente amplo de pessoa com deficiência, a fim de chancelar o direito de uma grande parcela da sociedade que, em virtude de barreiras de ordem médica, social, educacional, profissional, psicológica ou cultural, se encontram à margem do convívio social e do mercado de trabalho. Em contraponto a isso, a legislação brasileira restringe a constatação da deficiência para casos de ordem médica e social, conquanto a legislação argentina restringe a mesma somente aos casos de deficiência médica. Tal discrepância conceitual existente entre as normas prejudica em demasia uma grande parcela da sociedade, uma vez que, agindo de tal forma, está-se, inegavelmente, excluindo da proteção legal uma grande parcela da sociedade que não consegue se incluir social e profissionalmente em virtude de questões que ultrapassam o mero olhar clínico ou social. Portanto, mostra-se de fundamental importância o estudo, no intuito de, deflagrando a incompatibilidade de leis existentes, possa-se agir no sentido de modificar o atual estado de coisas e, por consequência disso, incluir um maior número de indivíduos na chancela legislativa, em estrita observância aos auspícios dos direitos humanos das pessoas com deficiência.

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43

Kim, James H. y n/a. "A comparison of osseointegration in conventionally versus immediately restored implants in a sheep model". University of Otago. School of Dentistry, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071206.162016.

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Objectives: To compare the osseointegration of conventionally and immediately restored tapered implants in a split-mouth animal model, and to compare different methods of analysis for measuring osseointegration. Materials & Methods: Twenty tapered implants were placed in the posterior mandibles of ten sheep, three months after premolar extractions. Ten control implants were placed and were restored after three months submerged healing. Ten test implants were placed on the contralateral side at this time and immediately restored. Animals were sacrificed after a further three months healing. Resonance frequency analysis (Implant Stability Quotient, ISQ), and standardized radiographs were taken at all stages. Alveolar bone height relative to the implant shoulder was measured on digitized radiographs. Histomorphometric and micro-Computed Tomograph ([mu]CT) morphometric analysis for Bone-to-Implant Contact (BIC) and Bone Density (BD) were performed. Radiographic, stability and morphometric measurements were compared statistically. Results: Only three (30%) of conventionally restored and two (20%) immediately restored implants survived (p = 0.74). Mean crestal bone level after three months loading differed significantly (control 5.3 � 0.9 mm versus test 0.9 � 1.3 mm; p = 0.02). Control implants lost more crestal bone over three months than test implants but this was not statistically significant (3.5 � 1.0 mm versus 0.7 � 1.0 mm; p = 0.06). The test group showed a higher mean ISQ value (85.4 � 6.9) compared to the control group (72 � 14.4; p = 0.349). Both groups showed a slightly reduced stability during the loaded period. This was more marked for the test group but not statistically significant (-0.5 � 3.8 ISQ versus -4.35 � 6.6 ISQ; p = 0.8). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the loss of crestal bone and ISQ with loading (Pearson�s coefficient of correlation r = -0.473 p = 0.026). Both groups showed a statistically significant difference in BIC for both histomorphometric analaysis (HMA); p = 0.039 and [mu]CT morphometric analysis; p = 0.013. When the two forms of morphometric analysis were compared, HMA and [mu]CT morphometric analysis differed significantly for both BIC (p = 0.05) and BD (p = 0.048). However, a statistically significant correlation was found between the two measuring techniques, for both BIC (r = 0.335 p = 0.013) and BD (r = 0.439 p = 0.01). Conclusions: The placement of wide-bodied 3i Osseotite NT[TM] tapered implants into sheep mandible resulted in high failure rate regardless of the loading protocol. The sheep mandibular model may be inappropriate as a model for evaluation of immediate loading, and to test implants which are designed for soft bone. Further investigations are needed to look into the variations in bone microstructure along with their impact on the mechanics of implant-bone union. Although a statistically significant difference was found between the two measurement techniques, a positive correlation was found between HMA and [mu]CT morphometric analysis suggesting non-invasive methods may have a potential in assessing osseointegration. Further research is required to optimize the variables in [mu]CT analysis, such as, voltage, filters, and thresholding to minimize artifacts and to maximize bone contrast when titanium implants are present.

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Eckert, Bernd. "Analytical and a numerical ground resonance analysis of a conventionally articulated main rotor helicopter". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/385.

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Zioris, Stavros y Alija Vranjkovina. "Evaluation of a Tramway’s Track Slab in Conventionally Reinforced Concrete or Steel Fibre Concrete". Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177890.

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The dominant reinforcement used widely for concrete structures is conventional steel bars (rebars). Nevertheless, the perpetual effort toward evolution and development could not exclude the engineering field, thus new innovative and sophisticated methods are introduced. It is true that, due to lack of extended regulations and standards, the fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) was limited to non-structural applications. However, the last years the situation is changing rapidly and already the applications of FRC include actual structural members. The subject of the current thesis was a tramway’s track slab from “Sparvag City” project in Stockholm. The aim was to evaluate the track slab, in terms of alternative reinforcing ways. In particular three models were examined; model I – conventional reinforcement, model II – steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) and model III – SFRC with conventional reinforcement. The assessment was performed from structural, regulations – compliance, economic and ergonomic perspective. A static linear analysis of the track slab was performed using Abaqus; a finite element analysis (FEA) software. The track slab was subjected only to mechanical loads (selfweight and traffic actions) and thus, the design internal forces were extracted. Thereafter, Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1, 2004) and Swedish standards for FRC structures (SS 812310:2014) were utilized for the reinforcement design of the models. The design was performed in ultimate limit state (ULS), for bending moment and shear resistance, and in serviceability limit state (SLS), for stress limitation and crack control. Model I and III were successfully designed abiding with the respective regulations and requirements, while “only fibres” model was considered valid only for bending moment resistance according to SS 812310:2014. Consequently only models I and III were compared with each other. From the economic comparison it was obtained that model I was less expensive than model III, but on the other hand its construction time was larger. Furthermore model III contained significantly less total rebars’ mass in comparison to model I. This particularity was crucial for the ergonomic assessment. The human factors, that were relevant to the ergonomic assessment, improved the quality of the comparison and the extracted inferences, but also introduced aspects impossible to be put against economic facts as an equal quantity. Thus, there was not a final proposal as the best solution for the thesis subject.
Armeringen av betongkonstruktioner domineras av konventionell armering (armeringsjärn). Med den ständiga strävan mot utveckling och förbättring har inom teknikområdet nya innovativa och avancerade metoder introducerats. Det är på grund av bristen på normer, standarder som fiberarmerad betong begränsats till icke- bärande ändamål. Däremot har situationen förändrats under de senaste åren, redan idag kan man se konstruktioner där fiberarmering används till bärande ändamål. Amnet for den aktuella masterexamen var betongplatta i projektet ”Sparvag City” i Stockholm. Syftet var att utvärdera betongplattan, i form av att undersöka alternativa armeringsmöjligheter. I synnerhet undersöktes tre modeller; modell I- konventionellt armerad platta, modell IIstålfiberarmerad platta och modell III stålfiberarmerad platta kombinerad med konventionell armering. Modellernas möjligheter att uppfylla regelverkens krav undersöktes, men de jämfördes även ur ekonomiskt samt ergonomiskt perspektiv. En statisk linjär analys av betongplattan genomfördes i ett finit element program, Abaqus. Betongplattan utsattes för mekanisk belastning (egenvikt samt trafiklast) för vilken dimensionerande krafter extraherats. Därefter användes Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1, 2004) och den svenska standarden för fiberarmerade betong konstruktioner (SS 812310:2014) för vidare konstruktionsberäkningar. Konstruktionsberäkningarna för betongplattan genomfördes i brottgränstillstånd för böjmoment samt tvärkraft, i brukgränsmotståndet undersöktes betongplattan för spänningsbegränsningar samt sprickkontroll. Konstruktionsberäkningarna kunde genomföras för modell I och III med de existerande föreskrifterna och kraven, men modellen med ”endast fibrer” kunde endast dimensionerna för böjmoment enligt SS 812310:2014. Därför kunde endast modell I och III fortsättningsvis jämföras med varandra. Från den ekonomiska jämförelsen erhölls det att modellen I var billigare än modell III, men att konstruktionstiden var längre. Dessutom var behoven för konventionell armering (armeringsjärn) betydligt mindre för modell III till skillnad från modell I. Modellernas innehåll av konventionell armering var avgörande för den ergonomiska bedömningen. Den mänskliga faktorn, som var relevanta för den ergonomiska bedömningens, gav jämförelsen av modellerna en annan dimension, där de viktiga mänskliga faktorerna

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46

Pearson, Joanne Miller. "Ultra-high-temperature processed and conventionally processed milk in the preparation of instant pudding". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104533.

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Smith, Caitlin Vanessa. "Non conventionalité et généricité dans la catégorisation lexicale d'apprenants en anglais L2 : le cas de "cut" et "break"". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967413.

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Notre travail se focalise sur deux phénomènes observés dans le cadre de l'apprentissage de l'anglais langue seconde (L2) chez des adultes francophones: d'une part, l'usage non conventionnel de verbes, et d'autre part, l'importance du taux de production des verbes génériques (vs spécifiques). Notre population est constituée d'un groupe d'étudiants universitaires francophones en situation d'apprentissage de l'anglais de niveau B1 (population cible), ainsi que d'un groupe de locuteurs d'anglais L1 (population de référence), placés en situation de dénomination orale de 42 vidéos d'actions de type cut et break. Nos résultats montrent des différences significatives entre la manière dont les deux groupes catégorisent ces types d'actions, avec un taux plus élevé de descriptions non conventionnelles et de verbes génériques chez les locuteurs de l'anglais L2. A l'appui de ces résultats, nous soulignons l'importance de l'usage des verbes non conventionnels et génériques, qui constitue des stratégies de communication permettant aux apprenants L2 de pallier leurs lacunes lexicales.

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48

Dotse, Charles Kafui. "Assessing Commercial Organic and Conventionally Grown Vegetables by Monitoring Selected Heavy Metals Found in Them". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1715.

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Commercially available organic and conventionally grown vegetables were studied by quantitative determination of selected metals in them and to determine if any differences found are statistically significant. These findings can help the consumers to determine if the vegetable products are within the recommended maximum limits as proposed by the joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on organic foods designation. Eight edible vegetables were purchased from local stores in both the organic and conventionally grown categories. Samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and the metals monitored were zinc, copper, lead, iron, cadmium, and nickel using flame atomic absorption. The concentration range for the heavy metals found are as follows: Zn, 2.04-69.4; Cu, 0.35-15.1; Pb, 0.00-3.99; Cd, 0.00-0.74; Fe, 2.52-319; and Ni, 39.9-53.8 μg/g. It was found that in general, conventional vegetables contain higher amounts of most of the heavy metals studied as compared to their organic counterparts. The study also showed that all vegetables products contain below the permissible limits for Zn, Cu, Ni, and Fe. For Pb all vegetables exceeded the safe limit except organic cucumber and conventional cabbage. For Cd, organic lettuce and green pepper, and conventional leafy green, green pepper, and spinach all exceeded the limit recommended by FAO/WHO.

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Zaniolo, Guido Timoteo da Costa. "Direitos materialmente fundamentais, tratados internacionais de direitos humanos e controle jurisdicional de convencionalidade das leis no Brasil". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6531.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guido Timoteo da Costa Zaniolo.pdf: 1473829 bytes, checksum: b5897088ab8d81bbed8e5e312509e4b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26
treaties. It also studied topics surrounding this theme such as: the range and meaning of article 5th, § 2, of Brazil s Federal Constitution, that opens the national law system to the international law system; the material concept of fundamental rights in the 1988 Brazilian Constitution; the parameters used in order to establish a definition of material fundamental rights; the relationship between fundamental principles, the human dignity principle and the fundamental rights; the human dignity, its historical outlining and its recent concept; the core elements, functions and types of efficiency regarding the human dignity; definitions, subjects and formal components of international treaties, the relation involving International Right and National Right (Dualism, Monism, alternate theories); foreign constitutional provisions about International Right and National Right. Besides all that, there have been examined the juridical value of the human rights treaties for the doctrine and for the Brazilian Supreme Court; the General Theory of Judicial Conventionality Control in Brazilian Law; the Double Vertical Material Compatibility Control; the diffuse and concentrated species of control and its affinity with the Theory of Source Dialogues and the Pro Homine principle
O presente trabalho apreciou os tratados internacionais de direitos humanos como fontes de direitos fundamentais e objetivou, ao longo de seus quatro capítulos, avaliar tópicos que com ele se relacionam indiscutivelmente, dentre eles o significado e a abrangência do artigo 5º, § 2º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, cláusula de abertura do ordenamento jurídico nacional à ordem jurídica internacional; o conceito material de direitos fundamentais na Magna Carta de 1988; os parâmetros de referência para um conceito material de direitos fundamentais; os princípios fundamentais, princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana e os direitos fundamentais; a dignidade humana, seus delineamentos históricos e conceito atual, os conteúdos essenciais, as funções e as modalidades de eficácia da dignidade humana; os conceitos, os sujeitos e os elementos formais dos tratados internacionais; a relação entre Direito Internacional e Direito Interno - Dualismo e Monismo e correntes alternativas; o relacionamento entre o Direito Internacional e o Direito Interno nas Constituições de diversos países (estudo de direito comparado). Além destes foram abordadas a natureza jurídica dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos na doutrina e para o Supremo Tribunal Federal, dando-se destaque às quatro correntes identificadas em sua jurisprudência (supraconstitucionalidade, legalidade, constitucionalidade e supralegalidade), à Teoria Geral do Controle de Convencionalidade no Direito Brasileiro, ao estudo acerca deste controle e da Teoria da Dupla Compatibilidade Vertical Material, às espécies, difusa e concentrada, de controle, bem como à afinidade dele com o denominado Diálogo das Fontes e o Princípio Pro Homine

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50

Fitzgibbon, Daniel Nathan y n/a. "Assessment and comparison of osseointegration in conventionally and immediately restored titanium implants in a sheep model". University of Otago. School of Dentistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081201.161832.

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Objectives: The present work was under taken to compare osseointegration of immediately and delayed restored implants in a sheep model, and to compare methods of assessing osseointegration. Methods: Twenty wide-platform implants were placed in the posterior mandibles of 10 sheep, 3 months after premolar extractions. Ten were control implants placed and restored after 3 months of submerged healing. Ten were test implants placed contralaterally and immediately restored. Animals were sacrificed after a further 3 months of healing. At each experimental stage implant stability was measured with resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and standardized radiographs were taken. Tissue blocks with the implants were embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were analysed by three-dimensional micro tomogram (micro-CT) images. Ground sections of the tissue blocks were then prepared for light microscopy and quantitative morphometry. Morphometric parameters computed by both methods were mean percent bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and mean percent bone density (BD). Radiographic, stability and morphometric measurements were compared statistically. Results: The survival rate was 60% (controls) versus 40% (test) (p=0.28). Mean crestal bone levels after three months restoration did not differ significantly between control (5.54 � 0.92) and test groups (4.35 � 1.61) (p=0.56). All surviving implants were stable at stage three and RFA values in implant stability quotient (ISQ) did not differ significantly between the two groups (test 82.3 � 3.9 versus control 78.8 � 4.3, p=0.36). No correlation was found between crestal bone loss and RFA (Spearman�s rho =-0.27, p=0.46). Histomorphometric analysis found no statistical difference (%BIC test 65.65 � 12.7%, control 53.36 � 6.41%, p=0.18; and %BD test 54.84 � 8.45%, control 64.69 � 13.57%, p=0.11). A similar trend was observed for mean micro-CT (%BIC test 65.72 � 72, control 50.84 � 4.19, p=0.11). Histology revealed high density inflammatory infiltrates beneath the sulcular and pocket epithelium. No significant difference was found between histomorphometric (HMA) and microCT analysis (%BIC p=0.08, %BD p=0.08). A statistically significant correlation was observed between HMA and microCT for %BIC (Spearman�s rho = 0.89, p=0.02) but not %BD (Spearman�s rho = 0.51, p=0.30). Conclusions: The results suggest that the sheep mandibular model has limited potential for evaluation of implants designed for poor quality bone and for the assessment of implant loading protocols. This thesis does highlight the potential for the use of this model in peri-implantitis studies. The results suggest that morphometric variables determined by HMA and microCT analysis are comparable, however further studies are required to standardize the microCT protocol to reduce metal artifacts and enhance bone-implant contrast.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Conventionality"

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