Tesis sobre el tema "Criminal liability of artificial intelligence"

Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, Univeristy of Arizona
Fear about identity verification reached new heights since the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, with national security issues related to detecting identity deception attracting more interest than ever before. Identity deception is an intentional falsification of identity in order to deter investigations. Conventional investigation methods run into difficulty when dealing with criminals who use deceptive or fraudulent identities, as the FBI discovered when trying to determine the true identities of 19 hijackers involved in the attacks. Besides its use in post-event investigation, the ability to validate identity can also be used as a tool to prevent future tragedies. Here, we focus on uncovering patterns of criminal identity deception based on actual criminal records and suggest an algorithmic approach to revealing deceptive identities.

Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of Arizona
Effective and efficient link analysis techniques are needed to help law enforcement and intelligence agencies fight organized crimes such as narcotics violation, terrorism, and kidnapping. In this paper, we propose a link analysis technique that uses shortest-path algorithms, priority-first-search (PFS) and two-tree PFS, to identify the strongest association paths between entities in a criminal network. To evaluate effectiveness, we compared the PFS algorithms with crime investigatorsâ typical association-search approach, as represented by a modified breadth-first-search (BFS). Our domain expert considered the association paths identified by PFS algorithms to be useful about 70% of the time, whereas the modified BFS algorithmâ s precision rates were only 30% for a kidnapping network and 16.7% for a narcotics network. Efficiency of the two-tree PFS was better for a small, dense kidnapping network, and the PFS was better for the large, sparse narcotics network.

Liability laws currently in use rely on a fault-based system that focuses on a causal connection between driver actions and the resulting road accident. The role of the driver is set to reduce with the emergence of autonomous vehicles, so how will liability adapt to meet the needs of an autonomous world? The paper discusses possible frameworks of liability that could be implemented in the future, and accentuates the importance of the causal aspects of the current framework in the new system.

Os criminosos seriais que atuam no cometimento do crime de furto possuem modos de operação (Modus operandi) distintos e, que podem ser identificados através da análise dos exames periciais utilizando-se redes neurais. No sistema proposto, identificado um determinado modo de operação, um analista forense utilizando as informações adicionais coletadas e as hipóteses geradas pelos peritos de campo tem a competência de definir conjuntos de ações periciais complementares, que serão adicionados aos registros do modo identificado. Durante um novo exame pericial, em tempo real, a sub-rotina auxiliar analisa os blocos de dados enviados pelos peritos criminais de campo e, em caso de similaridade com um modo de operação anteriormente identificado, envia a eles um conjunto de ações complementares que, a critério do responsável em campo, pode ou não ser usado para alterar o procedimento de campo escolhido. Neste trabalho definimos Neurônios Espelho como sendo a associação das redes neurais para a identificação de padrões com a planilha de trabalho, utilizada pelo analista forense para a definição de ações complementares, com a sub-rotina auxiliar que verifica os blocos de informação recebidos e, que pode identificar partes de um modo de operação, remetendo para os peritos de campo um conjunto de ações complementares. Esta definição deve-se a descoberta pela neurobiologia de um tipo especifico de neurônio que tem a capacidade de disparar ao receber um input sensorial ativando uma área de memória que, em consequência, pode ativar outras áreas de memória ou enviar um comando motor. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos os programas de rede neural utilizados para a identificação dos modos de operação parcial e o final, além, das planilhas de trabalho para a elaboração das ações complementares e a sub-rotina auxiliar para identificação em tempo real dos modos de operação parciais. O treinamento da rede foi efetuado com 98 ocorrências e na verificação de validade foram utilizados 10 ocorrências.
The serial criminals who operate in the commission of the crime of theft have different modes of operation (modus operandi) and which may be identified through the analysis of forensic examinations using neural networks. In the proposed system, identified a particular mode of operation, a forensic analyst using the information collected and the hypotheses generated by field experts have the competence to define sets of complementary expert shares, which will be added to the records so identified. During a new forensic examination, in real time, the auxiliary subroutine examines data blocks sent by forensic experts in the field and, in the case of similarity to previously identified a mode of operation, sends them a complementary set of actions that the discretion of the responsible in the field, or can not be used to change the procedure chosen field. In this paper we define Mirror Neurons as the association of neural networks to identify patterns with the worksheet, used by forensic analyst for the definition of complementary actions, with the auxiliary subroutine that checks the blocks of information received and that can identify parts of a mode of operation, referring to field experts a set of complementary actions. This definition should be discovered by the neurobiology of a specific type of neuron that has the ability to shoot while receiving a sensory \"input\" activating an area of memory that, in consequence, can activate other areas of memory or send a motor command. This work programs of neural network used for identifying the modes of operation and the final part were developed, in addition, the worksheets for the elaboration of complementary actions and the auxiliary subroutine for real-time identification of the modes of partial operation. Network training was performed with 98 occurrences and validity check 10 events were used.

Are agency and responsibility solely ascribable to humans? The advent of artificial intelligence (AI), including the development of so-called “affective computing,” appears to be chipping away at the traditional building blocks of moral agency and responsibility. Spurred by the realization that fully autonomous, self-aware, even rational and emotionally-intelligent computer systems may emerge in the future, professionals in engineering and computer science have historically been the most vocal to warn of the ways in which such systems may alter our understanding of computer ethics. Despite the increasing attention of many philosophers and ethicists to the development of AI, there continues to exist a fair amount of conceptual muddiness on the conditions for assigning agency and responsibility to such systems, from both an ethical and a legal perspective. Moral and legal philosophies may overlap to a high degree, but are neither interchangeable nor identical. This paper attempts to clarify the actual and hypothetical ethical and legal situations governing a very particular type of advanced, or “intelligent,” computer system: medical decision support systems (MDSS) that feature AI in their system design. While it is well-recognized that MDSS can be categorized by type and function, further categorization of their mediating effects on users and patients is needed in order to even begin ascribing some level of moral or legal responsibility. I conclude that various doctrines of Anglo legal systems appear to allow for the possibility of assigning specific types of agency – and thus specific types of legal responsibility – to some types of MDSS. Strong arguments for assigning moral agency and responsibility are still lacking, however.

1 Criminal liability of artificial intellingence Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the possible criminal liability of artificial intelligence for its socially harmful unlawful conduct and if artificial intelligence cannot be criminal liable then evaluate criminal liability of persons for the unlawful acts of artificial intelligence, and also to assess whether it is necessary to change laws so that we can use in such situations the ultima ratio principle (criminal law). The first chapter deals with the concept of artificial intelligence. At the beginning of this chapter I deal with the definition of artificial intelligence from a technical point of view and I also deal with the most important points of its historical development. Then I analyze artificial intelligence from the perspective of the Czech legal order. First, I do so in connection with private law (specifically with civil law, respectively mainly with copyright) and then with public law (specifically with criminal law). The second chapter aims to introduce the concept of criminal liability as an institute of Czech law. I focus here on the individual components of criminal liability and its legal requirements, but not in an exhaustive way, but only to the extent that it is necessary to fulfill the topic of the thesis and to...

碩士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
107
When autonomous vehicles (AVs) eventually begin to fill our roads, we are sure to be sorely reminded, aside from their numerous benefits, of the risk they bring forth in the form of accidents. This thesis attempts to explore the identification, management and allocation of AV-related risks from a tort liability perspective. It is first discovered that current tort liability schemes fail to address AVs properly, not only due to the “responsibility gap” caused by the autonomy and unpredictability of modern artificial intelligence systems, but also since both driver liability and product liability regulations exhibit fatal flaws in accounting for the attributes of such a revolutionary technology. This thesis instead proposes a liability scheme catered towards AVs. First and foremost, AVs are divided into two categories, fully- and non-fully-autonomous, according to whether the role of “driver” is present within. Non-fully-autonomous AVs should follow the traditional automobile accident liability paradigm where the driver is primarily responsible for the injury. Fully-autonomous AVs, on the other hand, give rise to a more sophisticated resolution of accidents. Initially, the victim should be entitled to partial but immediate compensation from an AV-injury public fund. Then, in court, the victim should be allowed to make claims against the AV owner, lending from vicarious liability theory, and against the manufacturer in terms of strict liability. This thesis aspires to involve all stakeholders regarding AV safety and liability, with aim to safeguard unfortunate AV accident victims, and ultimately build confidence among the public towards a future including AVs.

碩士
國立中正大學
財經法律系研究所
107
Autonomous vehicles, one of the most crucial parts of artificial intelligence, will soon be mass-produced and commercialized. Especially when the concepts of drivers and driving no longer exist in level 4 and 5 autonomous vehicles, it raises an important issue about the imputation in a car accident. In U.S. Law, the liability in the car accident is transformed from autonomous vehicles users to manufacturers. Meanwhile, the concept of manufacturer enterprise responsibility is also proposed as a solution, in which the manufacturers share the liability of personal damage caused by the autonomous vehicles. In our country, we can use product liability enacted under article 7 of Consumer Protection Act to tackle the problem of liability in an accident. Furthermore, service liability in Consumer Protection Act, which the manufacturers should compensate consumers or the third parties when the transportation service they provide fails to meet the contemporary technical and professional standards with reasonably expected safety, can be used to deal with the problem as well. The author tries to examine Contract Law in our country with autonomous vehicle. First, autonomous vehicles will concern issues related to defect warranty and the liability of non-performance after they are commercialized. Among others, the establishment of accessory obligation and collateral obligation is prominent. Besides, the transportation service with autonomous vehicles are related to the contract of hire of work and carriage of passengers. The author tries to blaze a trail by observing the autonomous vehicles as quasi-entities to deal with the humanlike characteristic of artificial intelligence, and hope to construct a more rigorous legal system.

Thesis title: Artificial intelligence and liability for its actions The artificial intelligence has recently become a ubiquitous phenomenon with a potential to change the world as we know it. Therefore, this thesis is concerned with the topic of artificial intelligence, specifically with a connection to a civil-law liability for its actions. It is absolutely clear that there will be more and more events in the future where damage will occur due to actions of artificial intelligence. Thus, the primary goal of this thesis is the determination of the person liable for damage caused in such cases under Czech law. Further goals of this thesis are an analysis of the question how is the dawn of autonomous cars influencing the legal instrument of liability for the damage caused by the operation of a means of transport as well as an introduction and examination of a recent resolution of the European Parliament which is supposed to serve as a basis for a future legal framework addressing the artificial intelligence in the area of the European Union. First, the paper focuses on the definition of the term artificial intelligence from a technical and legal viewpoint. This analysis shows that the definition of this term is not a straightforward one from neither of these viewpoints which can have serious...

Computers have become indispensable in all walks of life, causing people to rely increasingly on their accurate performance. Defective computer programs, the incorrect use of computer programs and the non-use of computer programs can cause serious damage. Expert systems are an application of artificial intelligence techniques whereby the human reasoning process is simulated in a computer system, enabling the system to act as a human expert when executing a task. Expert systems are used by professional users as an aid in reaching a decision and by nonprofessional users to solve a problem or to decide upon a specific course of action. As such they can be compared to a consumer product through which professional services are sold. The various parties that may possibly be held liable in the event of damage suffered by the use of expert systems are identified as consisting of two main groups, namely the producers and the users. Because of the frequent exemption of liability for any consequential loss in standard form computer contracts, the injured user may often have only a delictual action at her disposal. The faultbased delictual actions in SA law give inadequate protection to unsuspecting software users who incur ·personal and property damage through the use of defective expert systems since it is almost impossible for an unsophisticated injured party to prove the negligence of the software developer during the technical production process. For this reason it is recommended that software liability be grounded on strict liability in analogy to the European Directive on Liability for Defective Products. It is also pointed out that software standards and quality assurance procedures have a major role to play in the determination of the elements of wrongfulness and negligence in software liability and that the software industry should be accorded professional status to ensure a safe standard of computer programming.
Private Law
LL.D.

In connection with the development of autonomous systems supporting artificial intelligence technologies, respectively machine learning, there is a growing concern both in the public and in the media, as well as among legislators and developers. Naturally, such concerns have naturally arisen in the case of other, earlier technologies, but it is clear that there is something atypical in the case of modern technologies. The period when robots, artificial intelligence and other autonomous systems were only a sci-fi topic is already to some extent obsolete and autonomous systems in various forms have been reaching a large number of areas for several years and represent an integral element of the world around us. In practice, more and more companies are engaged in the development of autonomous systems equipped with artificial intelligence, especially the development of chatbots, autonomous vehicles or autonomous drones is nowadays a good example that the operation of similar systems is not so far from reality. In the first and subsequent second chapter, the paper deals in general with an introduction to the topic of autonomous systems with an emphasis on artificial intelligence, respectively machine learning technologies, description of society's ideas of these new technologies, basic defining features...

Les contrats intelligents sont des programmes informatiques qui s’exécutent d’eux-mêmes dès lors que certaines conditions, déterminées au préalable par les parties, sont remplies. Ce type de contrat est récemment entré dans une nouvelle ère suite à la démocratisation des cryptomonnaies, notamment le Bitcoin et sa technologie sous-jacente ; la chaîne de blocs. Celle-ci se définit comme un registre virtuel répertoriant des historiques de transactions, permettant entre autres de réaliser des transferts d’actifs de pair à pair, sans intermédiaire. Désormais, la chaîne de blocs est aussi capable de servir de support au contrat intelligent, ce qui soulève de nouvelles problématiques juridiques. En raison de sa nature, il est possible que le contrat intelligent puisse causer un préjudice en cas de mauvaise ou de non-exécution. Le présent mémoire consiste à déterminer l’applicabilité du régime de responsabilité civile à ce type de contrat, au regard des dispositions du Code civil du Québec et de la Loi concernant le cadre juridique des technologies de l’information.
Smart contracts are computer programs that run on their own when conditions, previously determined by the parties, are met. This type of contract has recently entered a new era following the democratization of cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin and its underlying technology; the Blockchain. It’s a virtual register listing transaction history, making it possible, among other things, to carry out asset transfers from peer to peer without any intermediary. Now, the blockchain is also able to support smart contracts, which raises new legal issues. Due to its nature, it is possible that the smart contract may cause damage in case of bad or non-performance. The purpose of this paper is to determine the applicability of the civil liability regime to this type of contract, in light of the provisions of the Civil Code of Quebec and the Act to establish a legal framework for information technology.

More than ever, the competition to lead the technological race puts artificial intelligence in the centre of the global power play. The idea of a potential mortal weapon system that does not require a human agent on the loop is far from being just an academic hypothesis and the question arises on whom to allocate responsibility for its unlawful acts. Being a current topic, transversal to several legal and ethical issues, the focus of the present dissertation will remain on the possibility of accountability for Autonomous Weapon System’s unlawful acts in International Armed Conflicts.
Atualmente, mais do que nunca, a competição para liderar a corrida tecnológica coloca a inteligência artificial no centro do poder global. A ideia de um sistema de armamento autónomo que não requer a intervenção de um agente humano durante a sua operação está longe de representar uma mera hipótese académica levantando-se, assim, a questão de saber a quem imputar a responsabilidade por atuações ilegais. Sendo um tópico atual, transversal a várias questões éticas e jurídicas, o foco da presente dissertação permanecerá na possibilidade de imputação da responsabilidade por atos ilegais de sistemas de armamento autónomo em situação de Conflito Armado Internacional.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Esta dissertação apresenta uma breve evolução histórica das revoluções industriais e o seu particular papel no setor dos transportes, o qual proporcionou a criação do veículo automóvel. Conjuntamente, mostra a importância deste veículo contemporaneamente e identifica qual é o seu maior calcanhar de Aquiles: os acidentes de viação. A pesquisa descreve uma nova estratégia, fortemente financiada, para reduzir a sinistralidade rodoviária, a autonomização do veículo automóvel. Ao se prescindir do condutor, pretende-se eliminar o erro humano. O trabalho relaciona estes avanços tecnológicos com os ordenamentos jurídicos que têm acompanhado de perto este desenvolvimento, observando particularmente o ponto de situação em Portugal. O objetivo é indicar os receios e possíveis consequências da introdução desta tecnologia no mercado, especificamente no âmbito da responsabilidade civil e da colisão de veículos.This dissertation presents a brief historical evolution of the industrials revolutions and the particular role on the transports sector, which resulted on the creation of the motor vehicle. Together, we describe the importance of the motor vehicle in our days and identify its major concern: traffic accidents. The research also presents a strategy that has been strongly financed to decrease traffic fatalities and injuries, the automation of motor vehicle. The idea behind the introducing of autonomous vehicles is to eradicate the human error. This paper relates these technological innovations with the legal systems that have been accompanying the developments, particularly the Portuguese. Our intention is outlining some imaginable consequences, namely with regard to civil liability and vehicle collisions.
Esta dissertação apresenta uma breve evolução histórica das revoluções industriais e o seu particular papel no setor dos transportes, o qual proporcionou a criação do veículo automóvel. Conjuntamente, mostra a importância deste veículo contemporaneamente e identifica qual é o seu maior calcanhar de Aquiles: os acidentes de viação. A pesquisa descreve uma nova estratégia, fortemente financiada, para reduzir a sinistralidade rodoviária, a autonomização do veículo automóvel. Ao se prescindir do condutor, pretende-se eliminar o erro humano. O trabalho relaciona estes avanços tecnológicos com os ordenamentos jurídicos que têm acompanhado de perto este desenvolvimento, observando particularmente o ponto de situação em Portugal. O objetivo é indicar os receios e possíveis consequências da introdução desta tecnologia no mercado, especificamente no âmbito da responsabilidade civil e da colisão de veículos.This dissertation presents a brief historical evolution of the industrials revolutions and the particular role on the transports sector, which resulted on the creation of the motor vehicle. Together, we describe the importance of the motor vehicle in our days and identify its major concern: traffic accidents. The research also presents a strategy that has been strongly financed to decrease traffic fatalities and injuries, the automation of motor vehicle. The idea behind the introducing of autonomous vehicles is to eradicate the human error. This paper relates these technological innovations with the legal systems that have been accompanying the developments, particularly the Portuguese. Our intention is outlining some imaginable consequences, namely with regard to civil liability and vehicle collisions.

Le développement exponentiel de la technologie et le vieillissement de la population permettent d’introduire dans notre quotidien les robots d’assistance. La coexistence de l’homme avec ces robots intelligents et autonomes soulève une question fondamentale: dans l’éventualité où un robot provoquerait un accident causant un dommage à une personne ou à un bien qui serait le responsable? Aucune loi ne réglemente les activités de la robotique d’assistance dans le monde. Cette étude vise l’analyse de l’applicabilité des régimes de responsabilité du Code Civil du Québec aux cas de dommages causés par le robot d’assistance. L’analyse des régimes de responsabilité du Code civil du Québec permet de constater que deux régimes de responsabilité sont susceptibles d’être appliqués aux cas spécifiques de dommages causés par le robot d’assistance: le régime de responsabilité du fait des biens, énoncé à l’article 1465 C.c.Q., et le régime de responsabilité du fait des fabricants et vendeurs spécialisés, énoncé à l’article 1468 C.c.Q. Cela s’explique par la présence de critères et de conditions de mise en œuvre des régimes qui sont transposables aux différents aspects concernant la fabrication et l’utilisation du robot d’assistance.
The exponential development of technology and the aging of the population foster the introduction of assistive robots in our daily life. The coexistence of man with these intelligent and autonomous robots raises a fundamental question: in the event that a robot would cause an accident bringing about injury to a person or to property, who would be responsible? No law regulates the activities of assistive robotics in the world. This study aims at analysing the applicability of the Civil Code of Quebec liability regimes to cases of damages caused by assistive robots. The analysis of the liability regimes existing in the Civil Code of Quebec shows that two systems of liability may be applied to the specific cases of damages caused by assistive robots: the regime of liability for property enunciated in Article 1465 of the C.C.Q., and the regime of liability for manufacturers and specialized sellers contained in Article 1468 of the C.C.Q. This is due to the presence of criteria and conditions of implementation of the regimes that are transferable to the different aspects of manufacture and use of assistive robots.

Les assistants vocaux ont mis au jour une nouvelle manière pour l’humain d’interagir avec les technologies en n’utilisant que la voix. Une technologie qui est également évolutive et interactive grâce à l’intelligence artificielle. Nous verrons que les caractéristiques techniques et logicielles les composant concourent à une collecte massive de renseignements personnels par les entreprises. L’imprécision des politiques de confidentialité, l’absence d’information sur le mode de fonctionnement, l’imperfection du traitement automatique du langage naturel (ci-après le « TALN ») caractérisée par les faux positifs et les difficultés inhérentes à l’exercice par l’individu de certains de ses droits tendent à limiter l’effectivité des différentes lois existantes à l’assistant vocal. En outre, la possibilité pour plusieurs personnes d’interagir avec l’objet ainsi que son absence d’autonomie tendent à compliquer l’application des régimes de responsabilité civile, dont celui résultant du fait des biens. Cette apparition récente de l’assistant vocal n’a pour l’heure pas permis au juge de se prononcer pour faire évoluer les jurisprudences relatives au droit à la vie privée, à la protection des renseignements personnels et à la responsabilité civile. Celles déjà existantes ne semblent plus être adaptées à ce contexte technologique autour de l’assistant vocal, et plus généralement autour de la voix. C’est ainsi que le test de Oakes, permettant de déterminer le caractère raisonnable d’une violation des droits et libertés énoncés dans la Charte canadienne, repris pour être appliqué à la LPRPDE, apparaît comme étant inadapté à ce nouveau contexte technologique. Enfin, le manque de pouvoirs conférés aux autorités compétentes représente un obstacle majeur dans le suivi de l’application des règles de droit.
Voice assistants bring a new way for humans to interact with technology by only using their voice. Scalable and interactive technology thanks to artificial intelligence. We will see that the technical and software characteristics of voice assistants contribute to a massive collection of personal information by companies. The imprecision of confidentiality policies, the absence of information on the mode of operation, the imperfection of the Natural Language Processing characterized by false positives and the difficulties inherent in the exercise by individuals of some of their rights contribute to the mismatch between voice assistants and various existing laws. In addition, the possibility for people to interact with the object as well as its lack of autonomy tend to complicate the application of civil liability regimes, including that resulting from the act of thing. This recent appearance of voice assistants has so far not giving judges the possibility to rule on the right to privacy, protection of personal information and civil liability. Current case law doesn’t seem to be well adapted to the technological context around the voice assistant, and more generally the voice. The Oakes test, which was design to determining the reasonableness of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Canadian Charter, appears to be unsuited to this new context. We will see that the lack of powers conferred on the competent authorities represents a major obstacle in monitoring the application of the rule of law.

Modern Technologies in Medicine and Law Abstract This thesis deals with the application of modern technologies in medicine from the perspective of law. The primary aim of this work is to analyse the given provisions of the Civil Code, Act on Health Services and Act on Medical Devices, and also to determine whether the current legislation represents a suitable legal framework able to respond to the implementation of modern technology in the healthcare sector. In connection with this analysis, author presents possibilities of legislative changes that would respond to these modern technologies. The work inter alia deals with the question of whether the use of some of these technologies within the provision of healthcare services can be considered compliant with the principle of lege artis. In the first chapter, the reader is introduced to the topic of the thesis. This chapter defines the basic terms and presents an overview of the legislation related to the chosen topic. The second chapter represents a main part of the thesis, where author deals with the topic of artificial intelligence. In this chapter, the reader is acquainted with the term of artificial intelligence and the definition of its legal status. Subsequently, author evaluates whether the current legislation constitutes appropriate legal frameworks...

A presente dissertação atende aos mais recentes avanços da inteligência artificial para daí procurar fornecer um contributo atual, essencialmente dialogante com a Doutrina e a Jurisprudência a nível nacional e europeu, no tocante às implicações jusconcorrenciais e consequente responsabilidade civil dos cartéis. Cremos que essas duas realidades se revelam, agora, mais do que nunca, próximas e, em alguns casos, confundíveis, pois que os cartelistas parecem “preterir”, progressivamente, as salas físicas – onde acordavam, essencialmente, preços e outros aspetos relevantes das suas políticas comerciais com os seus concorrentes – relativamente a “salas virtuais” onde criam e/ou colocam os mais variados algoritmos ao seu serviço. Desafiante é, pois, o exercício de procurar prever, com clareza, os reais cenários que resultarão de uma massificação da utilização de algoritmos. Optar-se-á por encetar uma adaptação crítica (quando e se possível) de hipotéticos cenários à atual legislação do Direito da Concorrência, em especial a aplicável em Portugal, tanto a nível do public enforcement como do private enforcement.
This dissertation meets the most recent advances in artificial intelligence, in order to provide a current contribution, first and foremost through dialogue with literature and jurisprudence at national and European level, regarding competition matters and its consequent impacts in civil liability of cartels. We believe that these two realities are now, more than ever, close and, in some cases, confusable, since cartelists seem to progressively “discard” physical rooms – where they essentially agreed on prices and other relevant aspects of their commercial policies with its competitors – in comparison with “virtual rooms” where they create and/or put at their service a whole variety of algorithms. Therefore, being able to clearly predict the real scenarios that will result from a widespread use of algorithms turns up to be a challenging exercise. We will then choose to embark upon a critically adaptation (when and if possible) of hypothetical scenarios to the current Competition Law, especially the one applicable in Portugal, both in terms of public enforcement and private enforcement.